Fuels - Air Transport Net

2nd AirTN Forum - Greening and independence from fossil fuel
EXPLIC program
EXPloration of the LImits of a "drop-in" jet fuel
Mickaël SICARD
(ONERA, France)
8-9 October 2012, Frankfurt Airport
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Context
Jet fuels from petroleum sources
Flight security concerns (low temperature at high altitude, high specific
energy needed…)
Fulfil a strict list of requirements (composition, volatility, combustion…)
⇒ Two main standards : ASTM D1655 and DEF STAN 91-91
Why producing jet fuels from other sources (fossil or not)?
Developing threat to air transportation
Jet fuel price ≤ 30% operating costs
Security of supply
An environmental concern shared by the aviation sector
Industry emissions reduction targets
ICAO's resolution on climate change in October 2010
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Context
Issues of alternative jet fuels
Submitted to the same flight security concerns
What is the impact due to the chemical composition differences?
Are they "drop-in" fuels?
⇒ Standards not adapted
Development of new standards
To streamline the approval process
ASTM D 4054
To define the standard specifications of jet fuels containing synthezised
hydrocarbons
ASTM D 7566
2 jet fuel solutions approved: XTL and HEFA
XtL and HEFA : only alkanes
Fully "drop-in“ but blending rate limited up to 50 % (8 % aromatics)
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Context
Synthetic kerosene with aromatics (SKA)
⇒ Sasol (FSJF) → generic approval for SKA
Fermentation routes: Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) and Sugar to hydrocarbon
⇒ Multiple processes with multiple primary feedstock
[1]
Unanswered questions
Are the limits in the standards always justified?
Is it possible to change them?
What are the impacts of synthesized molecules and the modification
of the molecule distributions?
[1]: IATA 2011 Report on Alternative fuels
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Explic program: objectives
Main objectives
To better understand the consequences of the modification of the
fuel composition on its properties
To determine the acceptable blending limits of alternative jet fuels with
“classic“ jet fuels
Focus
To determine the minimal concentration of the aromatic compounds
To better understand the role of the aromatics and the influence of the
chemical composition on material compatibility, density, emissions…
To study the impact of alternative fuel with a disrupted profile
blended with “classic” jet fuels
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Explic program: two axes
Aromatic compounds
To identify, if possible, all the consequences involved by the
modification of the amount and the kind of aromatics in a jet fuel
To evaluate the reduction or the substitution possibilities of aromatics
Fuels
Jet A-1 (aro ~ 16 %)
50 % SPK/50% Jet A-1 (aro ~ 8 %)
75 % SPK/25 % Jet A-1 (aro ~ 4 %)
87,5 % SPK/12,5 % Jet A-1 (aro ~ 2 %)
SPK (aro ~ 0 %)
Aromatic cut
SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 2 %)
SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 4 %)
SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 8 %)
SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 16 %)
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Fuels
Mono-aromatic cut
SPK+ mono-aromatic cut (aro ~ 8 %)
SPK+ mono-aromatic cut (aro ~ ? %)
Di-aromatic cut
SPK+ di-aromatic cut (aro ~ 8 %)
SPK+ di-aromatic cut (aro ~ ? %)
1 aromatic
SPK+ 1 aromatic (aro ~ 8 %)
SPK+ 1 aromatic (aro ~ ? %)
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Explic program: two axes
Impact of the modification of the hydrocarbon distribution in a jet fuel
To evaluate the influence of the blending of products with a narrow
distribution on the jet fuel properties
To determine the blending limits
Fuels
C12 cut
5 % (C12)/95 % Jet A-1
10 % (C12)/90 % Jet A-1
20 % (C12)/80 % Jet A-1
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Fuels
C10 - C15 cuts
5 % (C10-C15)/95 % Jet A-1
10 % (C10-C15)/90 % Jet A-1
20 % (C10-C15)/80 % Jet A-1
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Explic program: structure
EXPLIC
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WP 0
WP 1
WP 2
WP 3
WP 4
Management &
logistics
Aromatic
concentration
Kind of aromatic
hydrocarbon
Addition of 1
compound
Addition of 2
compounds
SWP 0.1
SWP 1.1
SWP 2.1
SWP 3.1
SWP 4.1
Management
Physico-chemical
properties
Physico-chemical
properties
Physico-chemical
properties
Physico-chemical
properties
SWP 0.2
SWP 1.2
SWP 2.2
SWP 3.2
SWP 4.2
Supply and
logistics
Material
compatibility
Material
compatibility
Material
compatibility
Material
compatibility
SWP 0.2
SWP 1.3
SWP 2.3
SWP 3.3
SWP 4.3
Synthesis
Combustion
Combustion
Combustion
Combustion
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Explic program: structure
SWP X.1 Physico-chemical properties
SWP 1.1
Physico-chemical
properties
Task X.1.1
Chemistry & Bulk
physical and
performance properties
Task X.1.2
Task X.1.3
Behavior at low
temperature
Stability
Rheometer
Oxidation
stability
Freezing point
Coking
Flow and
rheology test
bench
Fuel storage
stability
Detailed
chemical
analysis
Density
Net heat of
combustion
Distillation
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Explic program: structure
SWP X.2 Compatibility with fuel system materials
SWP X.2
Compatibility with fuel
system materials
Task X.2.1
Task X.2.2
Metallic materials
Polymers
SWP X.3 Combustion
SWP X.3
Combustion
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Task X.3.1
Task X.3.2
Task X.3.3
Task X.3.4
Vaporization/
Sparying
Ignition
Stability
Emissions
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Onera background on alternative jet fuels
CALIN (First national program on alternative fuels: 2009)
Candidate screening: low blending ratio of FAE, alcohol, XTL with Jet A-1
DREAM (EC FP7 – R.R.): Technologies for CO2 emissions reduction
Include demonstration of alternative fuels in aircraft and engines
Focused on drop-in fuels : Jet A-1 / GTL and Jet A-1 / HVO blend (50/50)
ONERA's contribution: altitude tests for injectors (Mercato)
⇒ Evidence of cold flow issues with HVO
ALFA-BIRD (EC-FP7 – Airbus): long term perspective of alternative fuels
Investigation of FT-SPK, HRJ, naphthenic cut, hexanol, furane, FAE
ONERA's contribution:
Fuel behaviour: long term storage, material compatibility, thermal stability
Spray properties
EMOSA (Ministry of defense): qualification of alternative fuels on military
aircraft
Technical support to DGA in connexion with French Air Force
Definition of a qualification approach for French military aircraft
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Onera background on alternative jet fuels
SWAFEA (EC) : Feasibility and Impact study of alternative fuels in aviation
Definition of a vision and roadmap for fuel deployment
A multidisciplinary study coordinated by ONERA for the
European Commission
Fuel technical compliance
Environmental and societal impacts
Fuel economics
20 partners including Airbus, Rolls-Royce, Snecma, Shell, IATA, Air France,…
ONERA's contribution:
Fuel characterisation (thermal stability, material compatibility…)
Combustion test and emissions measurement (Snecma's
lean combustion chamber)
Atmospheric impact of alternative fuels
Resources assessment & sustainability issues
General synthesis and overall analysis
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Capabilities for aviation fuel studies
Aircraft fuel use chain
Storage
Fuel system
Oxidation stability
Thermal stability &
coking
Material compatibility
Cold flow properties
Injection / Ignition / Combustion
Atomization
Vaporization
Spray test facility
Fuel laboratory
Flame characterization
Combustor performance
Pollutant formation
Relight
Emissions characterization
Atmospheric impact
Local air quality
Combustion test
benches
Diagnosis
Simulation
Modelling & simulation
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Emissions
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Capabilities for aviation fuel studies
Fuel laboratory
Thermal stability
Bomb
type
reactor
Back
surge
device
Cold flow properties
Autoclave
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Flow and rheology test bench
Storage behaviour
Fuel characterization
GC/MS
Rheometer
HPLC
Coking
Coking test bench
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Incubator
Capabilities for aviation fuel studies
Injection / Ignition / Combustion
Mercato
Ignition
(Toulouse)
LAERTE
(Palaiseau)
Spraying
Combustion &
emissions
Monodisperse droplet stream
(Toulouse)
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Conclusion
A four year program, kick off: early in 2013
An ONERA funded program, 16400 hours
4 departments involved
Fundamental and Applied Energetics Department (DEFA - Ile de France)
Aerodynamics and Energetics Modeling Department (DMAE - Toulouse)
Physics and Instrumentation Department (DMPH - Ile de France)
Metallic Materials and Structures Department (DMPH - Ile de France)
Beyond the scientific results
Reinforce ONERA ‘s positioning
Acquisition of a deeper knowledge of the technical problematic of
the alternative jet fuels
Development of new skills on jet fuel characterizations
Evaluation and validation of the modelling capacities
Explic: a strategic program!
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