howe_1926_3424706
Transcription
howe_1926_3424706
THE HISTORICAL BJ.CKGROUID OF VIOT011 fID~O 'B ~ QUA'tBE-VIJM-'rREJ:2E'" Nina CattiB.r1ne Howe~ A .. B., Uni varsity of ltatlsas, Jltl1e, 192-4 Submi tte-d to the llepartiaent. of llomane-e Ltmsuas;e-e and the '"t?ao~lty the Graduate Sch-001 of the UniVe-f'\ei t7 of Ke.neas in paPtial rulflllnwn~ cf t-he requirerne1rts fo-r the deg1,.e0 of Master or Ar~a .. A:w1-roved by: C,G~, , l 1 1 1 JPt11••1.d°'agG r • 1 Sources of lnfarmation ,~a Ind:1eated b3" the Author.•r----·~·-·-·~,~----"""""'~..,....._,....... ••• ' !! ~e ,I' Vena'.ea--r 1 _ • 11 ,, , Hi ; • I F •u1111•, 1Paf£a li 1'..J'fil i• .p_ag.a I, 1. 6. b. -Page :L~. O~he na1ld1ngs wMo;h Housed thQ Convention • , · •• m, i ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 111 ;:i, 0 ;),2,_ I 6-Radoub-•1..,.>_ bilU! •• - - _...,I/I_,_,___,,,, __,~......,.._...,._ _ _ ,..,,..,,... I i .... ~sge ••.,, .J?ago ~3 :J., '+. 26. ;J., 'b u. of Oontents (continued) ~able II-The Ohar actors of 0 Qu.atre- Vingt,...Treize" {cont it1Ued } B-The Minor Characters 1-The Men of the Oonvantion---------------------Page 2-Royalist Leaders------------------------------Page :l 9. 6 0, 3-~iscallaneous---------------------------------Page 6 'f, of"Qustre-Vingir-Treize"-----------------Page 7 ;L. A-The Passage of the Oleymore --------------Page 1~, III-!fhe ~ents :B-Hoatilities in the Vend6a-- -------------Page 0-!!he frial of Louis XVI-------------------------Page D-5!he Decrees of the Convention----------------Pa.ge 7 J, 79. 90 E-The Oonversat ion i!l the Cabaret of the Bue du.-Paon------------------------------------------Paga -------------------Page 1 0 ::Lt. Notes------------ ---------------------------Page ~ 0 3 ' Conclusion.----- , I BibliograpllJ' llu5"0., V1<ltor Qaatre-Vingt-Tre1ze Paris-J. Hetzel. A~ Quantin-2 Vols. 1880 Archives Parlementairas_, l?re.aiiere Serie • 1787 a 1799-l?a.risLibrair le Adminiatrat ive-Vols. I-LXXXll-13\;)7-l.;13 Aul.a.rd, Alphonse Ristoire Eoaitique d1 la Re'volutiou F.t-an~alse~ 1?8~-1804-Pa.ris Librairia Armand eolin-1909. Salut ?~blio ~vae la Becaail des Aotes du Gom:J.ta de Corraspond~'ll!Ge O££ioielie 'tants an :!ission et le .Registre du Oonsail ?r:Jr ia-Iiup.r mer le d~a ~ee'1tl.f ReprasenPr<J'Vusoire- :i'iac ionale-1889-1;115 .. Carlylew !fhomas French Revolatio~-1ondon-Ohapraan aud Hall-3 Vols. - 1837 -Oaron, Pierre Paris p9ndaat la Terraur. Rapports des Agents Seorets du ~inistre de l'lnterieur; ?ublies pour la Societe d'Histoire Oontempora1nePario-Libraire Alphonse Picard et Fils-Vol.I-1910. n Davidso:a. A.. F. Victor lit1g0, His L:tfre and tVork - London- ]?V'eleigh Nash-1~12. Oolleotion CoaJ!Pl~te des Lois., D eorets, Ordonnanoes • .Reglements, .Avis du Oonseil d'~tat-pu.bliee sur les 3'"clitions Oi"zie1elles du Louvre J do i • !m'nrimerie Nationala -t>ar :sia.ua.ouln .'"';/.':{ di35Lols {de 1788 Vol VIII., a a~ du :Bulletin 1830 inolusivema:.1t par ordre ehronol!ogiqu.e )~~etc. 1835~ Godefl"o:1 • F • Diction aire de la .langiuf fran~a1se et; de tous ses dialeates du IXeeu Xv-c::>sioale-Paris-F. Viewe4.8,L1bralre-1uiteur- 7~Vols. and 3 Suppleman~ara Vo1a.-l885-1~02. Lamartine, Alphonse da Hiatoire des Girondins-Paris-Baohette et O:ie, Ftlrr1e et Cieiditions p-.ibliae par la de Lamar~ins-o societ'9 proprietaire des CE9Y.vres de 1-t. Vols- Larousse. Pierre Grand Dictionna.ire Universal du dU. Xl~Sieele-Paris-Adminis~ration Grand Dictionnaire Universel- VolsI-XV-1866-1876. ill 1Uetoire de Franee <:onteu1poraine depuia le. Revolution JUSqu"'~ la Paix de 1'919-Tome Seccmd-La Revolntion {1792} par G. Pariset-J?aris-Libralrie Ifachette-1920 Le11..btre, G. 1?93 d•apres des Documents In'6.its-Paris-Perrin et Cie-1920 {1Ton.velle Edition)- lS20., Vieilles IIQ.ison-9, Viei:.ut T~3iaieme Serie-P~ri$-Perrin et Oie, ~npiers- Librairiea-Editeurs-1921~ Sons-1916 Pitraj.' L-G. La Jou.rn~e du 14 ju.illet 1789, FrO£,iment deo , :oooires ln$a.ii..s royaliste franouis durant la s d~x-niere refvolution-5 Vola- L"1ndon-Oox; Fils and D4.yle 1 s- Vols l & II~ ld03- Vol. !II, 1804~ Poris-1'1llet a'rn6-Vol. lV,, 1625- Vol V~ 1824; London- 1Y Harper & Oo. - Vol. VI- 180? - 1808. B61mpr-ess1on de 11'.Anoien Meniteur. Saul& Histo1ve Autmnttque et lnalt&roo de ls REivolut.!.on F.t.-anqaise depuis la :a6un1on des Etats-Generaux. )lsqll 'au oonsulat (mai 17 89-novembre 1799 J-Pari s- Rerll"i Pion.- Impr1meu~-Ed1 teur - Vo1a. 1-XXIIl - 1858 -1862. Bol>inet {J .-lf• )_. Robert (Adi>l;pbeJ; Le Oba.plain (J .) ; et collaborateura Diotionnai re Bistorique et Biographiqua de la Revolution et de l 'Em.p:ilfe 1789 - 1815 - Paris - Libra.uie Hiatorique de la RtiVttlu t1oo et de l 'Empire - 2 Vels._ - 1899 (1898). Saint - Victor-• Paul de Victor Hugo - Pazis _, Oal.mann L~vz - 1884. Thiara., Adolph& Bisto1re de la Revelu.tion Franqa.ise - lll.ris-J.ila.rme et Cie.- ltilran:es ./ Edi teurs - 10 Vols and Atlas-'fhit!teenth Elli tion - 185? - 18&1. Introduction Soureee ot Inforr~tion Ind.icatetl by the Author Rautevillo Rouse in Guernsey between the sixteenth of and th& ninth of June 18731" h&s. briefly in the foo~-notes, sone of indicated~ Dee~mber. 16?2 both in "the text and souroeo ot the .'l:nforron.tion which he included in his ror.lallee to give it the aemblan:e 0£ historic reality. de-aaribine the various delegotiono 'tihieb. before the han~~ Convention~ at different t-!nes rslatee th3t "Le Oitoyen Arao:ux, diocit lo its verification is rendered ' a;pr;e~red praetic~lly im~ossible. P.cl.n.cien !!oniteur,. \'11:.ia.h was ,;.nblished before the 'l.'1rit!:ng of r•Qul'htre- 2 Vingtt-Treize", this latter is not to be £o~nd on the page indic~ted. In the inde;.; of the '~hives Parlamentaires., 'there is no note r_,. .$.de of 3.'tJ1' letter whatsoever written by Uanterre durL'1g l"'is mission to tlJe / Vandee. In the description of the e'hanges made in the Palace of t'he Tu.iler1es to prepare it for occupaney b7 the Convention. the statement, "G'est a l'h6tel de uoigny qu.'apres le 10 ao~t. si l'on en oroit ane let·tre de lord 3rsdf'ord. on ~ransporta le mobi1ier royal 4 (4) would :s seem to imply that Viator Ru.go had access to at laa&t a :nor t..1.on of the correapo:ndenoe o:t sorne individual., p1•esumably a. Lord B-1·ad:to1·d. In a gr-aphic description ot a eoene between Rol!apier~e and Danton d.tri.ag one ot the meetings o-t the Ooiwention, it is e.c..11lain.el1 that ' ''cette seance a eu. pour temoill le v.ieu Buonarottirt arotti. {6) a descendant of 5al•celit1 in l 792. Ee ~Pe beC~"J?lle (5L M'ichel Buon- great Michelangelo, came to ?aria with an influential mGmber of the Ja.oobin Club and most probably attended many of the sessions o:r the Oouv-entlon. In 1836 Trela.t pu.b .ished a n:Notiae biosraphique sur Buonarotti'"• ( 7 l Victor ffll.go u~entions but once. a:nd then var1 brie:fly, the connection of his father with the vendean i~surreotion.. ity with his su.b ..jeot and justifies Be explains his famil1ar- llis trth.tme:nt or it in these VIOrds. ttOette gJ.erre9 mon p~re 1 1 a f'aite, et j'en puis parlarn. (8) It falls easily within the ra!lge ot probabilit;v that mu.eh of the m.iss of inform- atio:n used 'throughout the novel W•:ts drawn :tram h1s mamoey of the stories told to him by his :father. who was an ofri8f1er1n the llepublioan a:R!1lY 3 in the Vend6'a. fhe source whioh Viator Hugo rnent.ions most ofl;en is the''1~einoires ,, ot the Count Joseph de Puianse genaral-in- chi~f ot the forces ro~alist in the Vend~e until 17~?. Unfortunate1y. Hugo did not choose el~ays to make accurate references. Some of tl1em are but slight misquotations; while others are even given an inoorreet page indioa.t1on. as tha statement "Das secrets 11vr6"s ete religieu.s-ement a plus de quat1•e cent mille individus Ont gard~tl",. (~) which is referred to a llage {10) dis- eu.ssi:ag religious history. To this same page is re:fel"re(i the follow- ing anecdote; "A Saint-Germain-sur-Ille. un de leurs capitainee{ll)ll gs:ntilJiomme. tua d•un ooup de fusil leJ proaureur de la commune et lui prit sa mont:re". ( 12) 111hia incident is related eleetvhera in the'Memoiras 71 of Puisaya as follows: {13) ••i-t. le Comte de L-. H.':J••••••• ••••• rencontra dans une r..ie d'tourn~e. le procu.reur de la aomn_une; i l 1 f etendi t mort 'a sas p1ads d'un aoup de £~sil a bout portant, et s~appropria una montre qui etai t dans la. poahe de ce malheure-ax. » Again Bu.go. in the same dieaussion. brings information from saye to add weight to his discnssio.c1. J" ai pr$'serv' plusieurs "l?U.iseye dit,. toma lI~ Pui~~ page 18'/; to is le bourg de P l~ian du pillage." ( 14) The story as told by Puisaye i$ somewhat diffe~ent.A-fter hu.ving baeJ1 pro- tected £roro his enemies at one time by the rncyor of l?lelan, n Ce bourg de Pl,lan a ~te dopuis parmi le petit nombre de oaUA qu'i se sont oontre le parti royaliste. an des plus clar~s '.-v fora~nes; rnalgre , je l ai pros-:rve plu-sieu.rs f'ois du pillage, en memoi.ee t ~ ~ ~le de- aela oette ' 4 aventu.re, et dans tout le aours de la g12erre s'il a pordu un nombra considerable de sea nabitants, da.ns las combats au-dehors. ce~ qui a oourir d'entrer a ont demeur~., au-detlans n'ont jamais en {aia) a.uouns risqu.es Hugo continues ~t plus loin. u page 434 {15) il sa Prive .... 11 • ~ontfort. ' Je £is'un airo~it p~ur 'Yl~er le p11Laga dos roaiaons dee Jaoobins'"• (lo) This quotation also is somewhat inexact. 211.iscys had several reasons £or not entering Montfort; !lfnong them, the fact that the garrison, which had been d1feated in battleq had not returnad and the fa.et that the Jaoo'bins had fled in large numbers. (17) ''Je fis Ull Cll'O-!it ' / demeures, et pour po11r :ne pas COmprorrettre 1es royalistes qui y etaient I ~ter la pillage d~s ~aisons l '6taient sans savoir pourquoi". ( 18) regard nor £ear. that the statement in Paia~a des Jacobins Evidently it neglected the pil agrJ q~1 neither from 'tVfa& 0£ ~antfort~ as the novel might load one to believe. 1'1at H..igo makes another reference to l'uisage,,,.eould not:; be with the materials at han•i. (19} verified The sources of inf'oru.t:l.tion available g1Ve no elue to the letter written by, Roche (20},nor to the remark& q"1oted from .Bo irdo dV.S~u {21), nor to the re:f'ere:naa t.o the ft Arc.t1'.lives de la. -;tifa.rineu. (22) hie 1napirP..t:ton f1-om "rlGrka tihich he fails to most. interesting workth pe..z~s ~ ~e T-elloc~rch the nte17 a.re Soma hor:ro1.~u bodily Qf the from other ineidentl} which Will be, (\iseusaed in !ta proper place {25} 1a ttn tJtitstcJ1ding ~le"., J i~anticn., ~e soureoo ~ueh Hugo prdbablJ used but did not· irul.ieate and wbioh dl.l be noted tl!~h<r..l.t tbia. pa!)el",lll"e the "]fonitel1r)1 (24} • Oarl.Tla*a 'tJ1reneh Revolu.tton:"" • (25) G!.r.ondina" >t t L..."ililnartine•s nntetol~e des (26}, Thiers's"Ifist6ir& de la Revolution ~e:1s&" at:td the n~~OireSU 0£ Ptti~&~ {,as) (27}, locate e?..uetlJr the aeen_es wll.er£= the L~etion or tae st-or..r ~es place. The thr'ae that are the most elaborately ponrd§ed ere the '11'end6e 11 the t~ , ' , Rug-" deocr:t:,e::; ncr the center of"Vandee, s• ce qu.adT:tlatere £€'JY'L!le nu s11d p.:tr le ligne des Sables Thoue,Bu. nord p.1~ la Lo1r-e» a Tl1omr s~ 'a l 'est pt<r la ligne de et n l"ou.ast -par. 1 'oo&"ln'Juu(29).- !la towi'lS outoide of i·hJi as lioirmou.tiers and Lu~on, Th:ters i..'1 his fit[rto17 of the Freuoh Rei.rolutton· llnnits the scene of action in the Vend6e in muoh tne acme wc.w\• n-L•ins'ttrrection s'eteucl.lit d~n.s le- 11!arat~, dep!lis les eiivi:rona de Vih.iers et de viendrnit,, pa the toreos of Airvault~ PartlH:lnoy.,~1 Thcmar (30} Later he a·bates more hau~ted their resou.reee, und t~e trDl.'1sfer of fu..nds from Englani and the Ertiigrl ao12rts was exceodingly dii'f'ieult. Hugo tersely deoedbes the dress of the royalist troopso ''D 'u....fliformes point- Lrou.rs v~tem.ents .,.ae his a-rI'l!Jf were eurrent ~~ich ~ore untrue~ or only partially trae.~ ••• ~•• On va ju.squ1h. d.o.tm.er des d'taila m1.nutieux sur les co~jmmea dos soldats ou des officiors roynlistes. croix, etc-.~~ etc°' I~eve:rthelessp Ce sont dee cl!Qpelets,dee :r~uans, des Il n•y a pas un mot de vrai dru.w tout cela. chaeu.n llugo8' on other oooosiona. has quoted the fantnstic tri-J.es ' novel, although there is s-ome exaggeration in enm:puring it so closely to that o:t the Greek inau.rgent. -.rL1 inaur-g6 :Breton o.veit p--.ee3quo la figure de 1 1 in~rurge grec 11 veata evurte ~ fuoil en bra:uio~li~re~ jambi(}rea_~ larges b~l"aies pare Hlee 0 a la fns-tonelle; •••• " lhdf 9 (34} llistoire de 1rr..-J11Ce Conternporaine '._,,is £01..i.nd n 1 I-t is :111 Lavisao'a p~:'Jl""'tr~ynl tmich is quite- ro11ges. de !'enillages, de papiers E.:m.ltleoloros, de p1-iJ. nes,. do TJ.'tn:rns. ila placaient loa.rs !.> plstolets~ quand :!.le mi a-vaient; sur la tma un ils relevaient l'aile droite pour placer la n ~ &VO.ieDt cl~ a.utrcs viser plua arm.as q-11e lau.rs fusi13 dt' C'h:J;OS.9 et le"J.r-s lnstru..;antt! da travail trar..sf€.m:i6n pour la gne.rrai le9 bleue.n coc~rde ~t "9iqttc-s 9 :.»l't "hat:)tl.S tnmis de ;>ointes {35) ronpu, touo les pontn • ils avaient de.monte toutes leo cho.rrettes, et lls ~ tout se dire ot de ~ s~avcrti~ ohaumiare~ de de tout. Des relnis buioson b. buieson.'" (56} ,, Sur see dif£ersntn J?O"nts eta.lent das' 9 retruite aux qtl.Ja lea :roylt>Ustoo a.val.ant le deasOW!; si lea f"eu:x s!lee:adea c:on:tinu- vicm.t et a~-enfonc~ient"h tthoris~n~ c'tStLit sir91e qu~ils svaient le ; dassus.. Las blanes pGttmuivaient tau.jour-s; lea blGus ~s e-ontre eu:xll. (58) jw.ials~ a,yoot le This is aloost an exo.et -::.orr;; of Puiaa,fe'e stetem.ent thnt ntiegrsqua le parii ro;raliste- sa fut e)naltl6raul1ttent iaient jamaia.. La eosot:i'titJn subite des .f'eu::r de :tile leu.r l'ettOUVe11G&10-llt ann~~aieut a des ittt.enalles et a fl e~ <1Bt !'elat-:)n. ou :lstanOOS COttS~dt:.frEh.las la eontrt"iire. Cope!:{lmttll" .lorsque lee :eo.yaUe'teo en:~ont tro'tl.pes sold6cs ~ leu.r :is.niero de oonhattre acquit r.>J us de r6cula'l1.te"" hmi& eela fut de peu de i!':lr6-e$1' comme on le verra plus tanl. en ro'em.e !Phe proprietor 0£ the ;lp.:n 11 the Oro!x-nr~oha1~,. tells O!mourde"'in. wilo is oo Ms tt:.3 to jo1n ne:a.vnin and hia troopa) that ~e•etait une g11etta 10 from. ec.1!1p-8- Then~ too, the Fa.ibi.an policy wl th a groat deal of ~1.rO..:!cupied mar.r:r Ul\y"'S as poer:;lol :· nuit quelque~ois> 'a t:L11e. or their ehlefa left t-hem '!'heir officie-rs inventec1 to k'9ep tlmm contented, but Ju3t the ec.r.ie. "La tout ~ioquo, su.r la lo.ndG volsiue"'ll {44) ils sort~i~~t et o'en .fright~ne.d-, ~llaient 1~o the cPmp to- prepare "~!alhev..reu.sonent c '~tnit un dos jou.'l:'e !!-tU.Xr.titele nos soldats the royalists wou!.d have be-en eompletelyjr-outed. "lien the "Bltmcstt savr whnt night happen if the cuotorn of frequent petit no1abre., qui {46) danacr Pui.aaye tells that once when !le naa warned of a pos-sible a ttt~c1: by the Republioans 11 he fi!ent t1-'.te trounso. ~n setn~.lt ,., nomme e t-0ur de r~le-~ le~wes was et qa.'i'il resternit 11 ha Jlets or J..oo atc.(>c;r:oi"d;;J)i t hut~ fou.nl eonee...iled benaath tho treGs in the £oreots, .ct teur ltrn111.J'!·a ~~cnt&it et. en ~01JQrt1on. La £01-Gt d-e Foucere~ es e..--elle du 'Pel't:re~ entre la Gravello- et Vitr'• furent bic-ntO't peu.9l6es ll.Va.ient \ r1 e ces infor Lunefs. pc1~ctuea; les ~.yaans, qui S~ O'eu.x qui avaient e'!t des errnes lea re-fa.gieront f-;t1pr°€>s d 1euxt> n'en p~ssa.ieut S"J.r les routes bordfoe par ces fo~ts~ nasailJro ot pl'eoque t-oujours a-6.raltn., les en eusent bient&t f'ou.reioG Ila ne amme,,,..tsl!nient 'LhB royalists to stri.ke a.ntl disa,ppe.!.1::e" but it also t'.la.de 1 t evsy- for them 12 Each cal;in lodged se-vEu.'.1 men of vA1ioh one was to ba tha leader. Each anfonee"s en terre. at pa~ le~quele on ent~lapa1t des br~chas ~e boia ve1~L, a peu vres n~uvollo ~orce. po~r h~eeler 'a so.J.t~ir_, com.me est .fait un Le toit etnit i•ennehli et po~ pant-er. LG toi--t etait 4.e longu.ea reco~veri; ae 'Pl."Gp!lrer~ p~r eette petite gu.e:re, et )J. 1i vrer biontot £lea cor:ibuts ;?l:t.\a 1mportants et plus 13 goverll1-ilent by se.ndu1g in great quenti ties Sf wort!uess, pa.per to deatr-oy tha value of the aseignats. of the Intoriel.lr' oi·ten pointed Otl"t The $SeN~~t 'a 11 grand nrymbre remryli d~un aa p~tits freluquets a rosettes et Su.ch rernzrks- as the 1 ' ~~&.@.'iot~u.rs~ ' E., de rw.reho.nde petits so-uliersn; ,53} ... c"UJ.d E~O: ~un1ater Sur :tes midi)'i la l'c.llaia d'f.gel!te s'oat com.fii!G l'o~d~naire 3 d 9 argerdr et agents of tb.e in their ra1)0rt£j that eon.nterfei ters 'WE.re l)ly'll1g their tr&de even in the Pal.aia-Roycl. following are f-relJtte!!t: rrmney ,, on %iote main- :na-::ea a polut o-f' writing that thie'1-'ery rJ id 11ot exist llurlnf:'.' various i>he£tsv ~he --Jorau'd h$,d beet1 inf-o,ru..~d that nLes Chr.Jr.ps-ID..vseesu...-~ so11t tou.s l~s solra le ren\iaz-.-vou.s a\m. tas c.1.a briga.ads qui dOja ont v~l~ -plusiau.rs pcrti~uliers, at S'l..t.rtout utl clto$en gui apporteit de lB oodt11(}ious us is st.own "uy the foot. that RQlin co .ild aend in the obser-vatiou fili.~t- '~Lea g1'ottes et lea- eafee sou.tet"t:-o,i·c.e du Pale.is de l 'egaJ.ito tei1t du bri11 t .;riAe font lea lnatrument~ de mu.siqu.e pour entretenir l®ur 14 Likewise at the theaters, a number of robberies took plaee.1 "Les pnuvres des de'tllt sexes, aux po-rtes des apectnelea, font semblant ivres1 ils to:mbent sur lea 1ndiv1dus pour les volar plus d'~tre facileme..~t; Us tont entre aux un trru.it tel qtt' '11 eat impossible d •entendre ee qu. 'ilaveu/entdire.. A coup al.'\r ee sont tou.s de tres r:le:a.va!s sujeta." (59} One of the terrors of Paris dn:ring the period \iuS tltenEv'Och$i: which 1vas Ltore viol.ant thoo the 6:onventlon and even the Jacobin Olub. (60} It was ao powerful that both Robespierre and :Danton -tr.tad to destroy it. Thiara in hie l1isto'r3' gives a brief discussion of the "Eveche"• s'etc.it fo'rmJt, d•apres une doctrine de tiara.t, u.ne nou."1ella "Il ~fum1on plus violente encore Q.UO toutae las e.u.trea. rarat ava.it dit que juaqu."a ee j.ou.r on n•e.vnit fait queb'nvamer aur ls sou.vera.inet~ du peu.ple; qua d·a~s oette doctrine bien entendue, chaque aeot1on etait eouveraine dona son ~tendue et -pou.vait "'a eha1ue instant -r6vnq,uer les pouvoirs qu'e1le nvait do:rm6a. / Les plus forc~naa s.giteteura a'emparan:t de ce I I / prinoipe,. e'etaient en effet pre'tendu.s deputes TtS'l"ifiar l 'usage qttt ~Oll. f'aiaa1t d9 leurs la e'hese pn.blique. JW..1.J pOU..VOil"St les seotione. pour et t\Visar au ·Salut de Ile s"9taient r~unis a 1 'Ev~e11,, et se disaient S.tltGriS~S ). COttespondre O.VGO touteS les mtmiCipalitCS de la l'G:p1Wllque.AUSSi sa nommaient-ils. o.omite eontral de salut pu.bli~. .. o•est de1 1S qu.c partaient lea~ll'ositions les plus incend!aires." (61) !tlhe uorst of the situation. ucs the searaity of the ' llfe and the re-sa.'lta.nt high :prices. were fwnoua. neoes~ities of The "bread-1.1.in csfJ of the nevolution Bu.go tells "of how the women "pn.saa1ent les milts a attem~~ the Interior dtvelt incessantly on the dan~r of' allOtling the croOO.s to 15 gather and wait !"or hou:rs. "La difflcult~ d'avoir du pain s'a.cero1t au lieu de dlmi...l"ltter,. et &'acerott ~me u.ne personne qui n'a pu ·en obtenir a un point 1nqu.iete.nt. J'e eonnai.s q~'apr"'es une station de sept 11euras d&vant la ;;>orta d"un boulanger laquelle a commenc6a qustre heu.rea-du '7' mntin.-" (s2J FromdB.y- to de\V"• they noted tha increase and decrease of - crowd.a everywhere. Likewise they :reported m.Vf difficulties which arose as ttLes femmes se sont bat.tuea devant la porte d'un boulanger, rue Saint~aeques". (63) S0121e of t'ht:t bake.ta did not make eood bread" so that a even when bread was plentiful, there were large gatherings at tha better bake-shops.. { G4) E'ot only ta.a bread scares,, but aleo n1e eho..rbt0nl!lanqua.it, le oavon mallqtta1t". {65l On the tenth of September., 1793 2 it ie·reported that ttLes s.avona,. les huilas. ta ehand'.:llle .!;~ugm.e:ntent de Jou-r en t.iour. Le savon vaut 5 livres 10 sols ches lea ~~ieiers; l'huile 2 livrea 10 sols1 ls ehandelle 2 11vres 4 solsu.. The- thirtamth ot blonchi:s3usas surtout jettent les hau..ta 'a un 6011 imeli~" ...(GG) -er5~s: Selltam.ber~ " • .-.lea lo savon est a.ctuellement The six.teenth, "On manqltern perticulieremant de savon"• {67) The lack of co11l caused the people to S?hey often took possession of 'dlole- cart-loads of it as it t11ansported through the city.. v-err violent. was being "La d.iaette du charboncauae de la rmneur dans plu.sieu.rs quartiers. et-. s'U en ~rrivs q-ll.elqu.e voH;u.re psiir lea famom.rgs, alle est enlev~e de force par les malv ,,_illants~ au prix qui leur convient, de sQrte que lee revendaura qui ie vont oharcher ~ loin sont souvent ~tres de leura ava.noea." {68) Fo:t all their suffering, the that was ge>ing on. paopl~ were in-tensely 1nte:rest-ed in all 'New jOUfnals mo.de their e:ppeara.nce in the Paris 16 streets during this time. ( 69}, Among them were "I101bservataur de 1 •Etrropen "La Sans...aulotte -0baerva"teur'! t 'lG), qu.e" (71), and 6 Le Vieux Oordelier11. {72) "'La- aorrestxmde.nae pol1-tl.People ga.the-red :tn .Interest- ed groups and listen-ad to the reading of the eur:rent impera. nLee grou.pea de3 'Iuileries 'eoute.ient le P~re --~uchesne, avee attantionn-. (13) It ls gii t-e possible that, as 11ugo says$ "des ge.roons perru.quiare orep..s aiant en ptt'blic des perruques de f'emmes, pendant qu.e le patron lisait ha.ute V1lix le 'Mo11iteurr-•• _..n a (741 B:ugo also men"'tions tha chatl.ging or the na.oas of' places and streets 1n -fl]~ order to obliterate all traces of",@ld order of' th.::ngs-. In one 0£ 'Rousse.- ville's reparts to the r!in:tster of the Interior. he relates that " A la Section du :Bonnat-llouge1 d·~te ei-devant de la -veut part.ir e\ demande des am.es«--. (?6) 01'oix-Ro~~ la jeu.nesse Perhaps Hugo oos thin :ing of thia seetion when he- has Ra.dout }~xplain to tll.ab.elle l!...,16chard. qr~~ eqez pns paur" n-ous somro.es l.e ba.ta'illon du Bonnet- Rouge tt; E'1!ld the Yivand.- iere contbmes* "Le bataillon de la e;f ~avant ( sie l Ci-ob:- :Rouge0 • ,, ( 77) In ffQuatre-Vingt-'!1reizeu is given a b.rief bu.t striking sketch of the l'adica.l changes in Parisian sooiatat after the ninth of Therrnidor (78)1k af • twet--J' widah roplaaed -the terror_, und the- display 0£ ueal th ami beauty whieh followed the fall of the ~'Ineon-u.ptiblen o Even more significant than the streets of "Paria are the buildings in which the- Convention rnet-. The Convention first assembled in the lfanege {79) but moved to 'the lfuil-eries on the tenth o:t Msg. 1795. The assembly hall wes th-e 01-d "Salle des Giaors. riaehines~ p refmished b-y Itugo- gives the diminsions e.s "quarante-deux metres de lcngaeur., dix metres d.a largeu:r~ et onze ~tres de h-e.uteur •••• r.. (80] Ac-cord1Dg 17 to Lenotre, Pf.a Stt.lle flea sean:e-es,.. de lCO kiad-s, et large d.e 45~ La hltutenr etait d 1 euv1.l!Oil Bueo' s dEHJcript.i.on n13ar ly coinaitie s 60 pi eds~. in un earre long \.'H)CU}.-t\i t 0- • • • Le.-rl~&e'ti nn1stoi~e ~v:t th that g1 "9'ml ttLB de France CcntmnpDraineff. des S~lle •e11inen ;~it p1ac.ee enti~-e le pa.Villnn de 1 "BCJr-loge (ou du Hillen ou d~ 1 •trni te) etc le rav:tll-0n du Nord (G.e Mar-san ou de -elle a 'etend&1 t le. Liberte} : fitU: 't0-u te le. largenr du P&lai s. de a lo ln. -OOur e.U ja~lin, ?W.iG~ deja n~eeie ells a.vait f"in de la &l.On&rehie ate diminuoe encore par true C-Om~lieation de VSB~ibulee ou a?rtS:-aallee, de ooii1o1ra, d'e-se&lier-e~ de 4.egat;~ments, et elle et.alt- fin111lement redui'te aux dioonsionn de 42 metre:s de long sur 15 ui8t.res de ~rge ei 18 mtr~..res de ha~te-ur. Lee r1ombreusea tribunes 1cuvd>.ient contenir au rao1ns 1-500 sr-ectatenra, et le dou- . . a.utree~ 1ne&pablee de b~ruger une. fois el'looquem dar.lS leura grod1ns. vo7aie_n-t reep1ra1ent mal {~ien n•avait eta ~l~ ~ Le _public .l'&tion)., enten-daient :wal {la Salle eta1t. t.roJ! at'inora). • tr1oun~s b~aees tes .-. degagew~nte en g.rfi.J>.d. w kenetrer parmi lee deputes. ' nomcreux vermett~ie~t & ' la foule de stationir&s de:e n~mbre pcuvs.it l'ae- ~ p~vu Jttll'lr -Ii aisemen~ au a.bcrds • .. irnnec.U.~@ • de la. #' Sane tlonveut1o.n~ dottt,.e-u la Qalle ettt1 t de nebla avrs.rence.t elegBJll.Ple!lt deeoree de tt # gu1rlandes de laurieP dee .. eomite~ Oor.-1)1te ee • a l 'arrtiq® et d.e # tr~uvaient co~odeRent plaeee -a • lite) ~ le Comite de surete ganesale du # ~ bas .reltere; de ealu1i vttblio au pavillo-11 :du Sud li1trd)" ~*' ( 62 I ~ ~ lee bure&U.X ,, proximit-i~ le (de Ylere ou tie l tig-a- oote 0Pf"t'H30 {pav1ll® du 18 aimple$-des f}Daefs aur u...'le lonGL1e comiche saill.S:nte \3.Ui raisa~:t le tou.r de la salle et separ~it le ~eaple de l'agseablee. Les epeot~twars s•aceaudaient a oetto corrdohel>f1 (85) And lti\ter: ff tTne draperte varte., oU ~taient l.'aintes _en ven plu$ f911q-e le$ m~s oou~rmes {94) • desGen8ait 'a. pl.is droits de la co.mie-lie ft.e povtour et ~OS {)hauaeee de la s'slle oocup~e ta~ss:l.\t par l'assembl-aeff. {85} tout le rez- de- Lenct' ..re in h.is- "'1?a-ris ~volu.tio1msire'ff quotes from. the description of the joumal1str Dulmu:e jn t'he 11Thermomet:ra du j our'* of' the thirteenth "Of Dtf.lmure 'Wr'"ltes_, n.t\u pourtour de la Salle ct b9.:nqttettes de 1"runphi-the'lltre, r"egne avac o.r.c1ementa- EU""l bronze. de eoul~ 1l1l e~ !l~~ 1795. la hautettr des plus hau.tas entsbleraent 9 -couleu.r de porpeyre Au-desaous de cet enta'blernont eat u.YJ.e dra:perie vcrrte bo14dee en ronge-p. ornee de couromies et retrou.seree avce des eoTdons de la meme coulaur. lltt-d.essus de l 'ente.blement, on volt, aur de.a sQ]}l"® en porPh3re et entre les einq nortiqu.es qui sont de ohaque eSt~:t' des &tatuez des hom?nes illuotres de l 'ant:tq -ite. Du. c'Ote du pr~ sident on volt, p.eints en ma.niere de bronze et en g.raude prt>portiona!t hlieola, J. Emitus,, O!netnnatus; au-0.essus de leu,..s tetc-s c.ont s11s:pendues des oou.ronnes" •· (!6} Le:not:ce's desa-ri-,tlon of the tribune of the president of the Convention is oomecrhe,,t different from H~o"o.. Aecordine to Ler:.o ·,re~ "Le eorps de la tribu.ne pr6sidenti-elle sa c~mposeit d'u.ne t';lble e)pportee per deux ch1mares en bois de tilleul; sur le~ pan:neaux pl~ins ~taiant aoulpt~s en a:ppU.ct\tion de c~na los mots 'Liberte •, tE~"'ali te'. Au-dessus du fau- teuil du. preoident f'lo '.tc,l t- u.n trapl{ea de d:repe-e..ux. pris ch&quo cote sa trou.vaient d~n,ui; tableaux en po.pier peint l 'enne.-rni. et de au..,jourd•hu! 19 conserv6s au musA'soarha:V.llet. L*un portait la ±eel2rati-on des dr.oits. i•autre le text~ de la 01natittttionu. {87} Hngo-'s version has it that the president"s tabla wa-s mtpported *'{JUa~mo- astrea ail-6s ~ u.n seu.l pied" -(88} instead of by ~J two o_himer~a_. stead o£ tro:;plJl.as of war._ r.tost of the mate-rial oru tlie Ta.iler1es uaed by Hugo is authentic. Even so,, he ha.s so ek!lfull;r wov;:.n tocathar history end trt;d1t1on that thet the readers reels with him,,. "dun.a ce provisoire la FratA:oe a f'C1:1 t (1e 20 is unquestionably that of the l!arqu.is doing to kno\11 ju..~t which of the hero-ie figures tvhieh walked a. little while upon the stage of the Frsnch llevolution of Lantenae. It would be inteTest.. Le.utena.e~ Amon~ historic -perso~s, the prototypes for the Prinee des T!ugo his eonee!ltion g~ve there are two who aeei"n to Sept-For.~s- ~e The first leader of the insurrection in north\7e'St France was. the Marquis de la '.R(u "{t-ie,, who givins him iilll -powers in Br1ttell3• reeeiveo a eomnisaicn from the ~rinces Ris impetuous end teoperarnent does not eo1ncide effe~vaseent caloulat1ng coolness ot Lntttenae~ yet auch m1 ~ith the iflcident in the life ~r La RoP-jrie ns is described by J .) Duchemin (91} ; WO':tld h :.ve been nu:lte e!mracteristin of Lantenac~· In the autumn -of a -pnrty that hnd 1792~ been imaucceaofully se&rehing for the mnrnuia de la ly attacked near J3ou.rgneuf' by Jean Oho1'a.n and his J>l"'em.i~re ba.taille P.o~uerie rJ0n. was sud.den- "Dena eette livree par lea royalietea du Ba.s-Me.ine,. on remfl,,rqua, Chou.ans et qui cremblait ramenerau temps des aventu.ras- merveillouses de la Ohevalerie.. Un l\onrne inoonntt de tons, pal'l.l.t inop:b.'!e~ent ment de l taction et se mit a la t'ete des -p°"arms. au. eonnemce- Agissant en ehef~ ll prend le eomoe..ndem.ent oonne les ordres,. dirige les monve11ents,, se porte St ~rtnut OU. la danger l'a.ppelle, Mime lee oor:lbntoenta de -sa. vo1x de son $"ern~le et, 1 •u:f.faire terminee so :retire s&c~ns se :ta.ire con- nnttre. Cel-ui qui se montra ainai d '1nS- la j ourn~e dn :Bourgneu.f -por~ !nit le eostume des €GnS du pays; mais sa tournure, son languee~ son A 21 b't'nnies~ le fainaient aasez rem~r~u~r. Jean Ch~um1 seul J.Xiraissait le connst'tre; ct en e'ta!t asssz ,our que tout le .10ndo s 'emprtD::s-ttt de lui obe:rn 111 {92} Ls Rou. Jrie ~1ho was on, y in the ni7ht of the twenty-ninth u...~d fo~~ty....t~ro ;rears of [.'ge died thirtieth of Jan.uaryg 1793,at the er in tha Ven.dee, who rr..1,zht \1ill ho:ve beet.""! o:. p:1ttern for T.santenoo \7~s tho Cot.mt de 'Pttisnya., Tuiscqe '"'!US avcn 1yot..'.ngerf93) than La °!i<'JU.~.Jrie, but it is his exploits as re le.tad in his 1'1.r90oires"" th-at tire attributed to Lftr1te11ae.. Pu.is:o..ya did not come to Brittany v.ntil foatoa in Norr.i:l!ldy ~1th General W!mpfen 1:1 Jt1a.e=> ~fter 1793~ he 31ad boor. cle- aml his real aehiever.:le:nto feJ.1- in a -period later thctll th:tt covered in "Q;uatl..e-Vingt- ~utrefois fedd~alista 0 mernbrc de l'nssenblee ct ilJ'res le defaitc de Yernon, etsit venu se cn~her en :B:retagne et y reiJu-eill tJ'* le$ rsstes (te la eonsp3 l,.~t'ion de Le Ronarie / ,- ., l"sre hn.bt l ete y,our renm.r leo- elements d''un purt.1, _,I/ tle C-O-.!J.JS a & d ~ e.spri t ~ et une 110.ate ar1bi tl on .. n , ly Y!Ot s0lfishly onb:i.tious as \""as P1J.isaye, ,oxh~mG { 94} actlvite, E Lantonac is certain- yet h'la J'10.rtisan .lttitude made him sorie:1hPt ~crupu.l1:rua Of these too men Uue;o hno built !ll1other s snpcri.01~ to both --1i a fitting :;-ad.er devoted to their T(ing"1- or the poasrmtosi t. ·ho were blind}3 22 Gau.vain. the more tll&l human :revolutionary- lead.er, is all that best in the 'Revolution. , It ta thoueht that nnroeau:t t"ho was sent to tha Paul de Saint-Vietor Vendee in t:f.ny of 1793, is the model for Gauvsin. in his book on Victor Hugo scys thnt 11Victor Hugo, en songeait 6v1dermnent a Jrarcea:a.o terrain d 9 exploit de gu.erre. cr~ant use tant d 'a;rm€les Gau.vain, jeu.nesse et mroe heroi em.e. m~a !l~1ne Ma.rooau combnttit aussi en Vet1d&e. gi:terre te:trible acharnee~ aux tetee d'hydres 0 sans eeesa qui nva1 t w~a renaissantess et de g~e'rau.x,. devore -oa:nt oinquante hommea. en six mo1s. fut tra.ncbee .var sa Jeune epeeD Oetto mi lle Il sortait net d& eette eampagno qui souillu tant d'antres; 11 ennoblit par l*honnaur et !1 attendrit pn.r la pitie las hoYTeura de la gllerre civilc. Oomme Gauvain rJsrceou £aillit paye-r de S''I, t~ un exploit d'human:tte et de devf.:i uement • .Au fort de la bataille du ~tans. une amazon vendtenne se .jeta ~rd.ue- ment dans ses bl!as. qni, Q., Elle lui oria grace, de eette voix de Su!)plianta~ ns le monde anti(lu.e, e.rrtjtuit lea arra'eo aux prises.. desa.m~ t!e.reeau d 'u...11 geste., les Bleua qui pottrauivnient la joune £em.ra.e,. i1 ln recueilli t et la cllcha dallS sa. ten.ta. Denonea c..""Ction, il r1squa d"~tre envoye a la lfureeau are exceedingly similsr+ POlil'" cette sdnte ...."l gu.illotil"S• {95) It ia we 11 to note Gauvai~ and th~t L:it th& time l.furoea.u. was in the Vendee I which. is also tiie tir:ie of G-mvafntts activity there~ he was only twenty-four :rears oldi11 ryherea.s Gauva:tn is sunposett to have reached the o.e-e of thirty. Davidson in hia book, "Viator Hugo, His Life and trork" # tells tvhere the creator of" Ga.u.valn f'ound a name suitable tor the hero or his novale. ch:;.raeter in the story a.nd iii may be ''Gauva.in is t11e most o,-ttract!ve ro:::nembo-r~d that ffme. Drou.&t 's(91) 25 rightful. name was .Julienne Gau.vain-. n ( 97) The identity of Oimourdain is alao quite intereating7 bu.t in h1s ease as in the otPsrs~ Hugo recasts the model into a distinct type. ~Ihen La l:lau"iris deoided to lead a regu.lar U.£e., he married a ya-xng woman of the Breton nobility,_ llll-e. de Saint.Brice. Roner!a bee~i~e aariousl7 ill~ In a short time,, MnG. de la and for the remaining three rn.ontha of her life> she was under the care of Doetor Chevetel. the :far.dly during tha lllness O:f ~he a~rqu.lae. Chevetel l.ived with The ~t~-rquis becarie ver;r fonQ of him a.ad procured for him a luer~tive poot in ~~ris. Oh6vetel~ asked re-fuge in his llOJfla when he was returning from hie tri 'P- to f!oblent-z to gain the authorizo.tion of the Prineea for ~he organizetion of an in- surrection under ni,s lesderahip. Ohe'votel took him in without di::mlosing ) the fact that he was no longer synipa.thetie to tile roy~liats. Ch~vetel lived in the ifotel de la Fau.triere on the rtu.e des Foasefa-Saint-rl'0rmaindes- ~a. ttil av-a.it pour vois1n d"en face un avocat au. eonseil du rot, tras :popu.l.aire dans le qu_rtier at gii g•a13PEllait ma'ttes Ctmourdain a resident o-f' the Oour d~~ Dan.tonu:e~"{9B) Hugo Commerce av.id a neighbor of Dsiltf>h's.(99} Che'vetel}vecauae he Hes trusted by La Rouerie and his friendo,, soon !.earned all the aecrets of the 13roto:n oonspirac;, but he waited until he was au.re the.t he could manage the situation 1)efore hG reported to Dan ton. At last he told 'Danton ,.ai; he knew and l.7as sent to Eritta.vw p I ~1rst by himself in September of 1792 and later rr! th Lelliga..7ld-lt1oriJ lon in October of the tu.une year. OMvetel pl~ed hia part adolrabl7. Re posed 'ls an .brtimate friend of tha royalis.ta during oll the time, went on secret missions for the;t~ a.nd reported ever-fthiv..g to l>auton, whom Oha't"etel "a GM"1uct -rf]as ootuat.ed by alone he recocnized b~ l1ia chief. his hatred of' ta. Ro ufurj.e rttme de ee_s- -ha-£nes SOtl-rttOisos!J; fa-ites c1e his de.sire to be an; the ning side _o. e116vetel '"P1S about ~- I eif:13.t o't" nit1e yoars younger than ta diff'w-eu~e in the l'"~tter case is nra.ch greater for Oimourdain is fift~ and La.ntenae is ~.n1 old mt:m. ~ieat. Althou~h b'.)th are O}'fevetel 's c!1ara-eter is tmU.ke Cimour4ain'o u.n!)leo.a-c..nt1~ Cimourdain can be adr.ti.red for M.e aourr:.ge QM his st-o~dfastnass$ ....-©.He ~hefvetel can onl3 bo e-x90r:>ted. Of cou.rae Ohevetel 11aa sevt out an11 h-d finished his vrork oef'ore the / i.: the Sprir:g of l 7D3 to the Vondoe: seems to h:ve bean ..\ngairtB ti8Udin Gaudin~ b~ \1l1ose presence had beon re1uesir.....od by Oarraand the rcpresenttl.ttves on missli:>n ~as the C'-onmi. ttee of 'tilb -i.. ic Snfety t~Tieux..s'"e-·wr111.s- sent on the th!rteenth of April and the 'Repttbltc .. In a. note R.ppended to the novel~ cntl the Vendee. reo~lled in ~lay of l ?93 n~o ex.plains th~t 25 Pu.ianye. in his "!le'°molres" relate$ that, at one time a rtla!l:. eame to the ~ ~ Ven.dee and. sent word tQ him th:l't- as a repnsentattve of t.he Unol-:.s of the 'i'"'.:trtg. he wi '3hed iatar.:rw o &.ri Pa.i.a&ge~ elTZhoueh 11e consented to see him aeeretla' Princes~ aud.l.once with the leMer of the roya.1- believed the rnn.n to be a spy• a.'.f; last t.1.t the home of one of the peasant fBmil ies who woro aecust0i:.aed to 0£.ter shelter to royalist emlssn.ries and leaders. The agent. appM1red diseu.ised aa a peasant, and provided with au.thentie vapere which Pu.is~e thought had bean stolen. A feu deya lntmr 1?ui StW9 l 1Hmed thnt he hcd really eo nferred r.ri tli e:n agent of' the 'Drlnees~ a :torme~ "garde du corps de . . ~. le, iowta d•Artols", nemod V~llam'bre, -v).~larrtbr~. too proud of ti-i.e importartee of Ills ml.soi on, had nmde tlla u:_1atake. of c)r\flng very b:roeA hlnta ctit 1:n the presence of Jc"?obin ---.... the family iu 'l:f.ao-ae house he h$.d met -ou.isey-e and \1a8 @d.llotined. (102) i1t e:r:13 time'" fl1"1d several other -peasants It vnuld sea:i th!J.t G6l9.0bra is 'Pr!>bobl.y a Villwnbre had an opportunity to ser.cl dupliea:ta m'3ssases fl--om Jersey. ~ere is tt'e posflioility thn,t- Hu.go conf'u.sed Ni_colas Vincent, the l"'evoluti~ary agent at PQ'l'i.s~ Ii'rancois~ '{:ho decrie:-l the Con- vert.ti.on so violently that h ~ was gu.illotinod v!ith the Hffuerti:uts, (103) o.:nd the Vincent of tha royalists .Jersey",. (l-o4) ~'there ~110\ \.i. th Henri, the innkeopar 5.t is no- indication that Vino.ont wae a traitor. ;Jet it is not atro.nge that H11.g0 haJ.s givert G~l.arabre a charae-ter of du.plioi ty, tor ?uisf.l(f'e me:itions that the Re!)t\bl1e knew every move that the royalista ware to ma"tti::: cs soon as they~ themselves had made their pla.VJ.s. ''ear du.rant la eoura de lu Rtfvolution, il est trop vr~l ae dire ~ue las Republiaainf:t ont 6t6 mieu.x servis p.;.r lea indiscr~tiona et par 1ea forfantat•ieo de eos indiv!dus a q,u.i leu.rs e-o rrespo.1da.nts de Londree renduient un oompca exa.ei; de ce qu"ils ss.valont aiont ar.11"'oir, qus per tous les terre" .. {105) 011. de ce qu.'ils oroy- espions qu'ils soudo1aient en Angl~ WJ1ether o-r not 't'his applied to c:onditic:cs existiri-..g in J1me of 1793 .:'.ould. ue dl:ffieult to state, but and suppliss uerc bEJing sent ove~ ~-hen the r()ya.list troops a i'rorl'l fugla..nd during the latter ps.rt of J;.me~ l 79-5. to the Bay of Qu.., be.&n the Ooi!li inf'ormed of the ant.ire plan of 'Procedure. {10S) te de Salut Pt1blie was Pu.iaayett in a moasuro» Sa.lti.t 111.bllc 6tait inatru.it dee tout ce qu•il 6tuit impossible d-e soustraire on Angleter.re~ a l~inqulsitive euriosite des -peut etr-e certain quo taut qa.-e cea corrospondo.m:es cla.udastines eont.int.t ·~ront d~cvair lieu; tout ca qu•on pourrait entre~p11endre en faveur des PrL'tces de la ~Tai.son ae :3012rbon, ssra v.neanti aussl t'Ot t1ue eon.cert'e". {IO?) Tell.march. also fr~ri ,;' Pulsa;;ets "F!emoirestt._ The llarquis de Lan.teno.e is goinc: to a m6ta'ir19 to secure food Md shelter 7hen the beegtAr of' his eatatej> Telltaarch, appellrs su,den.J.y in the shadow of the hedgerow.. Tolloorelt l.i7fll'1:1S h:trn. thn t the «J3leus" are in possession of the m6'tairie and thtlt he is bJing aought by the Republicans who wish to t:houaoncL 11 vr~ t!m~ gai~ hae been ~et on his head. {l'"JS) the prioo of sixty lJJellftlaroh offers 27 Latltenao a share of his poor food ed even the troi--0.ing of 11.,1isDge 's~ anecdote The royali at ~ttrzy- had -r.f uat been se£:t'eh of' food n~it; .... cette fern.a eot a deux lieuss et delilie mendiant qui venJ,i t a nous; la :figu.re do eet llmtli!le s'est profond4nent / / son ewule un m.D:uva:is sac qul,. conne il eimit p;:::r-ee en pladeu.rs ondroi'bs lalssait entXeVOl~ r:uel"._;!.1.J.GS ffifl-l"~ea,ux ehal'i.to de-s h.ubitr. .nta. / de paln qu' 1.1 f',TJa:it !l m'e.vs.it re(lonnu de loin~ le(}U9 de 1.::.t o-U: allez-vous re, !)8;tronillcs rien; le \'ennicr est un hommo r!che. 81 les blcu. n viennent iei oe sere 28 avertl e la pr-:;mi0re eleriie' ........ Le qu'lt nfy av~it plus rten a Jou.~ ~pprehendo~ A pai"le paru.t; l'lOt~re hOte 13".!?VT'8.nt eessa sa cQrde? pour veni:r / et~it-11 / eouc'he i:,t10 lr!tv I f'crr'lo fn.t entou?eo do solde.t a. tfirnos lo. chw:rrni:.ere sa..'l'ls '€tre f',t'le!'\U.Sa Gt8 .~' (109} a v1oit to the f~rm~ dejlart mlt."'lot1oed l:'..:rul s-ees from a tlistance the- skirmish ai. the fu~ In Rugo's vcroion~ Tellmu.reh J'"s to Eolloubt.l that sr>lendid. d~es not fit~hting- ~i~~ nor man of the stuff of the fUO), behind There in a l:irge mmber 0£ indi\tidv.ala rn.entiored in tho course of 29 r<?presentativG typ$S from tho vs.1"1ous seet:tons ot the Conve.oti .:>nit> A ve..rious "'~t tlm~a to 1acreaoe the ~£reo~ivonass or th~ at1tho~'3 eJ.'1JLlo11 ates bhe 1et'-dcl?s o:! li~t-e Giron.dist l)arty.. n,7a!t rceii. 'Lois clefs cle la Dastille" » (lll) ) the~: Another So ~ Scacvolaa1 i' I\llfJ) Gi~onc~st There is Brissot. n'lui 7JhBthcl: :Bris:Jot \1as giv011 the flu.entieJ. r.iaraho-r o:r the aaeembly ot electors in meet presenta- ?ci.:ds~ is to!.d that 30 aeoms tha.t K'arv6l'egan did control some D])ictiOnna.iratfp it iS noted that 11 B~eton soldiers for 1n nobinata il fut OlSSSS p1~0a1risl~ an d6fa;t1dant la Oonvention'a la a l'~ment& du l er tete de 900 .Bretana q:a'il avnit fait eppeler". (114} !mien tb.ere is Gensonne,"qu.t a.vs.it 6tabU. la suprim.ro.tie des repre- .aent:anta sur les gfuteraux." (lll) In the • PLre~ives Parlementaires',- in tha re'Port o.f the session held t¥ tenth qt August, 1792, it is ~e. corded that Merlin proposed to send out twelva representatives from the Convention,, three to each ot the then extsting t011r great armies. a report on the suggestion made that evening to t~e After Convant1on,. it was so decreed. I' Gensonne prol}Ose<l an nmmend.ment in the :following ternst tt Je eroie qtte vous deve~ donner 'a voe cor.ilMissai res le droi t de su.s~ndre les ge11erau d 1 armeas, t.ous les fonctionnaire-s de les faire mettr~ publics~ militl>-ires et m®ms en 6tat d'arrestation. Je crois qu.e cette mesu.re est indispensable; voa com.1111saaires n'u.aelt;>n1..t de ca deeret~ qu'avec la plus "!he Convention modified the decree to include this pro~osition .and thus Gen:sonne was t'coponsible for that ve'Tf.J effective organization ot repre- eent0itiveo, onr mission V#b.ieh served as a whip Qnd a sconrge to the generals of the r0pnbltc, who were either faint of heart or deficient in ability. Nor does Hugo forget fc'le fatal Gu.ad.et,, asuqu.el une nu.it au.x Tuile:- ries, la reine a.vait montr6 le dauphin endormi; 11 lJaisa le front de l 'enfo.nt et f'1t tomber la t~te du peren... ( 111) Ris sto17 of Guadet,st via!t to tI1e '11'uileries was pi-absbly baaed 011 the account in ~Lamartine' s 31 "Histoi-re d-es Girona.ins". .According to Lamartine.- "Gu.ad.et -consentit a une entrev_u;e .seer~ attx Tuil.aries.o La nuit couvr;i.:t, ga demareheouu Q;aand Guadet voula.it se retire:r., la reine lu1 demon.de. s 9 i l ne- dls1~, -rait pas voir le Dauphin~ et,prenant erle -~me un flam.beau. ~r le chemin,e. elle le eon~u.isit dana un cabinet o'b. le jeuncprinee ettlit cou.ohe., L'enfant dorme:dtlli: Les eharmea de sa fibUre, son somKileil tran- qu.ille dsns ea pale.is trou.ble'7 eette jeune mere,. reine de France, se c.ouvrant, pou.- ainsi dire,, de l 'innoeenee de m:m fils pour ex-citer la con:mfsera:tion d•un ennemi de la roya.u.te n.ttenurirent GucP.det1' Il ecarta. de la main les ohe\euuz:: qul couvraian.t la- visage du Dau:phin et 1 'em.bro.sea sur le .front sans le reveiller.. 1f1evaz-1e pour la lfbert6,. Haa.ama,. -alle eat la condition de aa vie- dit Cti<tdet a la reine et il deToba quelqu.es lames sous aa po.upieren. {llS J This visit tcok place the night of the twcntleth of July, l 'i91,. to vota for death ~71 th In a year and a half Guadet t780 reapi te in the trial 0£ Lou.is YVI,. Hugo includes Sillery, n1e boiteux de la droiten. (lll) It would not have boon strange i:f ha we-re larne, for during his life as a soldier ·he waa seriou.sly wotm.ded a number of times. tbethar G)J.inette was "un de ceux qui pre"etpi terent Louis XVIt1 or not,, at least he uoted for the death cf the king~ As to Cnmu-s,. the Jansenist ttqut rea1geait la con- stitu.tion ai-vile du elergett ~ (111) it is well kno 7!1 that "Ses ~tudos du droi t eeelesiastique lui pe:rr1r:irent de prendre la part princtpo,la / dona- la constitution eivile du -<;lerge". (117) Camus «er~ya1t Ru.go also\dsaerts that aux miraeles du diacre toutas les nuits dev.ant un Ohrist de sept p!eds de haut eloue aumur I 32 superstitions tendency in the mind of Camus. There is Fau.chat, the priest,. nqut a.veo Os.millo Dewmnoub.nti., avai t ~ait le 14 ju.illetn,. fu~het may h . ."ve Y1orked with Camille Des m.oullna. At least,. he played a prominent part in the events of' the dey of July fourteenth» 1789. "Au 14 juillat, 17891 il figu.ra au nombre dee -'elec.; · ' ti"' ~. teurs reunis a l 'Batel d.e Ville. eolonne. le On ia 11it morehaia ' ~ lf\ t1lte d 'u.ne ' la main., 'o. l 'attaqu.e de la Bastille; troia :tols i l sabi~ ..... a ramena les assaillo.nts disperse's par le f'eu. de la £orteresse.'" {118) Fauehet. took the oath to the civil constitution of the clergy and later !for did fiul6'0 foi got Isnara t'qu-i commit le erima da dire • Paris 7 sera d6truitV t\U r.1oment {111} mama OU lb:uum7ic...l.c dis.nit, t P~-ris se_ra brUJ.~t ·" Ru.go wa.s ooni"uaad nu to the tihle of' tue two utterances .for the DrunS\ric k manilas.to which threatened tho.t il' t110 inhdbi to.nts did not reeogn.ize immediately the sovereig;nty - of the King,, the- Prine-ea t;iould cleliver up "la ville de Pa,1•is militaire- et a une a une subversion totala et lee r~vort~s '9 ot the~ 'Paris .. 81!'1.'fJY -or exacutioll eouptlble.s d •atten+ tats o.Uli: au ppll(cea qu'ils a.wont mtiritees.. " (119}~ waS- issued the twe11t;- fi.fth of July, 1192-. Ianord's ttu."ed was utteTed on the t\/enty-fifth of rJc\V- 1793J when. ha waa defending his party against the o.ecuaat.ions· end demand.a of a deputation fron. "the eommune of Paris. that na1 1•on portait attefdlte Ris answer was a la rovr6sentetion nntionale~ 11 en sppallerui t 'a la France entlere et que T:ads sorait ane.fJ?lt1. -011 charcherait sur lee rives de la Saine lo. place rait exist~"• (120) Bient6t ou ootta ville aUt: .. Hugi) says that Jr~eob Dt1p.01l,tk ~fae n1e pceme.r qui erift: 'Je euie athee' et a qui -If. -- ( 111 l ~~in Th~ QUfH1ti on ar:d -t'.hn As~;embl~r. llltib~ I tr fteolt"t.roo tfa;.. t t::.~e law was tis 11., ~ria~oerat1q~e. G<?\l.~ ! ..atei~ he .retreated tbie T1'1enGutlde-t axHi Robeepis.r.x·c I~e:newea. tl:ie qUB. .r.r~l at <tl:~ ttlid inspizteC. the-m iH th so t1neh zeal 'that the bust of InrG-ediat"31y Brieso't hia lf&per ~Le Patrie-tel}. {lZl) Dul:on't in e epeeab OFl WJe suie ai;beeTt ._ ~' im£orteA J,.~!!lY tl~ i~raised Be:lvetius in On- tl~cr fcmrtee.r.t lh ()'f 1'eoember, law relatl ve to Itibl i (' ins~110-tion aa.id tt~e Uent teurtt- re1:.o.pts~ "Il sa f~i t una 1u1aeur su• ti ~·eerie hoflnate hoft®e. 0 {l2e) made . the e6t i,n the T.1ea;iala1iive be~n Fbcn l~M,N, I P~u EOUE # 1 Bel vetius 11aa t:.ur.ash-iBd-. / ( cf a:t!:-(.ia-n:. ~m~s ~n e-l.d quarrrel betr:een tl e 11.o®- Gi.rondlt;~~. st-etevt3nt. the • Robe~~isrre ve1ondi~: t•2~hei~F'le un gl1and n~mb~e atant~a~ v~us A etas TLe ~eport doe~ reeor-11 tr~~ Rubeepierre 'round in nquatJ?9~Vingt~~ize-t'., !he 'lue.rrel dtd _riot end until Robea;r:ter.r-e and l>tl1rton bed hYeceede~ in hc~wver ex:terai- natir.ig -tte GiPondist. part.y.' Tl!&Qe ia no illdieetio11 t..hat et- va,i.llant;e tete b.retont.,e. n t~1jui:na.1s rmfi not ~ ttdure~ sa.gaea_. In faat it- e.san:s ti£at t.ls euergy aind thing he d!dq Ihtooa~ tti 'lJruryale de Bo:ver-Prontr$detr {lll.. ) waa J<:e:pt; of:r tl1e list o'f U10 !~ose1~:tb~ G:trond:tr.rts by f\\a..vat; but ff vdghln.e to aha.re the fate of hi.s o.r-ct!tar-in.-lAw~ Ih,:t.yer-Frollfrede~ he eo eonduated himself in the Convention tl-iat it wae fot'l<.n~d to oonde1u1 lli.nl to d.eatl\ also. (123 One of' the inte1•eatJ.ng el araeter.a mentioned by Hugo 1s liebeequi whom he lf Ott'trays aa ttle Pyle.de de Bar'barO'tllt• • (111 l lkl.r-barou:. did pre.~ nil UI on h"" :m to become a niel!lber of hie part7 and Rebeequi begal} ~h~111t~ 34 fourth meeting of tte Convention. hiu aer1ea of Uieousat1cms against Robes11terre. Not c?lly ttm.t, but he .f:n.ipi..orted Barb~rotUt 111 bie dequ1nc1atior-a of b~e g._llea:·c, M£\xiuJ.l3.en4l- exaaper&ted because Lis Bobeepie.r1·e e.nd to the t~l1e 011 Ae lluzc refuead to guillotine rello~,,... deputi~s tl;e elgh:t11 of A11rili 1793" he 001'1 ven ti on. Bebecqu:L ~Ji~s. hits 1'9tdgn&,t1oD ~ent .. le ioor-t quieor.u;.ue ceerai t :teortec atteinte a la liber-te, en veua propoGa~t un ~oi. l •ec.haf'm1d. la. Et, bient ~ Robesp1er~e Voun a7e~ p-orte la paine rep~eeeniia ti-o-n ~ na t1 o~le o ~ d:G mo1~t Eh 'bi en! , n'a paa A sa tete sur atten -C~ r;. a1-r po~te eontre quiconque" a # le P7 deee?Lbrc 1792 et le 10 ma.rr::L, 179-3" on e~ f"o1"11!e aux Jaeobins le f.roJct d. 'assa.ssiner lee . N.J:·ret.vm:t~.1,tLa du keu.i;J.e et toua nee erl:m.es ecnt iir..puni~h je ne !.µ:ts !I ni ne V'2nx 1 Gieger plus ~ lonirt~m1is Oomme # dans une e.es-emblee Then there is La.sQnree "qui e~..i t cemie cet $poplrthegae maurtriert 1 Malhell.f' aux ne.:tionc ceeolilla.issante~ et qui au ]?ied de l •eahat'eud:t: €!en.it se eon·tred:t.r.e rar cet,te fiere parole jetee aux • # ~ Mo-n tagn&rda ~ •)Nous in.ourotlfi pa,&ce que le peu:r;1,e pa.cue que le peuple se reveill&rattt. {125) dort. Be ~.r&.ce o'.f the ea..rlier si.,eeeh b&r-a been 11.cur.d in thia invttetl_sati-0.n, but it La~ouroe ' let.tened c;f the sentenee hie judgee" ct dei~t-h Blroteau 9 i~ told ltr~t when again.st hia!J he said. to "Je w..eu1,s diUle le t1<Jment. "-~ l.e l.Jeuple et- "..Jou.a_, vous m<.rn.rres le Jour oiJ 11 la. et vout:J mour.rez recouvre~n. fl.. pe.rdu a& re1aon; (12G) qui rit deo~e~e? 1 1abolition de i~1~vt-0labilite fut a!nai sans le -s1P1c·tr~ le .forgero11 d.u co..uperet e°t dresae. 1 •echa.:faud pQu~ lu1--memen~ (127) ie n~t forgotta~. Mara~ del!i.&nded ttiat all trai- tortJ be puniehed everrl1ere, eve11 i.f they •ere members o,r the Cone11Qn. as 'that jfnane -un ~guine; i1~.rte Yiolabiliti I :tnu!lge.1ae" cen1ire lea de la l:tbert&~ lee i•egs,lite d tt ~ "* blieain, rosul tant de denoneia.-tiona cu dEle gou:ve~.a~nnen t tee :r~euvee {128) <1onve~tion°. ... .repu- ,.. d~o-- B1ro- G:trondist- :t.r1eada thait the rJonventioxr Hhould not ef ~a tollows: je a.annais •Je del?JQlide i tllll l~ propoe~tion » d$e:ret a eta po.rte. l l d-01t et.re mainte11u.) # ~ ~ ( Plue~eu~e 1?az voe ill1EU?r'\1Pti-Oll8 LaDjuinaio~ vo1&t Ella bien, je d'clare que je ne su.1s -pas libre icd.• pas la parol-e.) - tLes rnemes en.core. l.i"lemo~ la dtseusslonj il y a un deerat.) Je deelare qu"on me fait delib~rer sous la eou.teau.. {murmtu"es.-} Voile ae que ja /' declare lei* {Salles quitte la tribune.)". {130) The list of Oirondina ia continued. w1 th Lou.vet, "l "'au.teur de Faublas. qui deva.it f'inir libraire au '!?alais-Roycl avec Loddisks e.u. cooptoir!\w (127} J~uvet ·1n 1787 and l ?SG. published tt!tes Aventur·es du Ohevslter de Fe.ubla.s'' e. book-salle1. . in the l?a.laia- He fina.117 dl d beoome Royal w'here he w&s assisted Cha.le~, his mistress~ 0 by his wife 1odol.sM'a:> formE:!rly 1.!adanle liodo'iak:af.l y ~tant 1 ~ohjet des provocations de la ~eu.neaso doree, il se vit dans i•obligntion d'aller s• installer ailleurs." (lSl} Mercier ia mention:d as tl1e author of the Uf}.lable.au. de Par.la" 1 nqui s'~cr3a1:t· "Tous les roie ont aenti sur leu.:rs nuqu.ea le 21 janvier." (121) '* did m.aJre 1£ the au.tho.r of the ·"Tableau de Paris 'ti!la exelrur.t!ttion that ifiJ.go attributes to him., no indication o.r it wn.s found. Carra ra:narked to the executioner: " vonlu. voir la su.iten u21l / J ea m'ennuio ) de .rou.rir. Jt aura.is :it would h· ve been a•: ,most ~-~-u.Tal Cor an inquisitive journalist to aa3\. Iio SOUJ:"ee Gf inf'grmati.on a.va.ilable ...m.ich could be used t.o verify !thia 1)0int,. inent newP,Pllper Likewise if' Carra ~s ua.e a prom- b.aing editor of the "l!eren.re Nati 0~31."t and. l'.fl..Em.._ oollaborator \11th Mereier in the 11.Annsles ratriotiqtws et litteraires de la Francen-. (152} '.Bl!&ot-. 'itl.fea·erve a la oo-rt de faim, ff field.a nen;tt the woods of Saint -tmi11on. ( 127} was :round dead in tho The posaibiltty that 1iu.£ot believing hh1salr caught took poison,. has else bean prosei1ted:; {135l, but it. is- genorcJ.ly- beliwed that he died t"alaz6~ ttpromie a starvatto.a. ~f $GU !)l'Opre 1)0:'.rf,~dn when he Mt,'\rd the Se:ntence hirneelf clth his daggor. {154) Oondoreet io notedj)- tt qu:i davait mo-v..r:tr a Bou.:rg-.1.oi-"Re.rne- d'evonu Bou._i•g_,§g-cl.li:t;o, d6:;io1'le~ par 1 ""Iiornea qu~11 avs.i t dans aa ::,Je>ehe" * {12 7) . Oondo-r-a-a't hrul a3ked refuge at the home ~o-:r a f'ricml -. h~d refU.soq ~im s~elter Suard. The oook a:rid his tat:en to the little oommune whteh fo1. . u. ahorh t.iroo ~s kttJ)\"lll <'ls Rf.1u-rg- The-re he ;ma recognized a-ud thrown into prison-. Ha i'l&ver be knot'~ :Sue.Td but gave him as a consolatjon a cop7 of the ed, his eo:w of Horace was found in his poeket. Bg~11t-e. na~1ed. VT$S- {135) i1b.elt the~ is also Pci'tio:n, "dont la dcstineo atai t d 'etl?e ador4 ~~ ptlr la foulo en 1 '192 et d'vor~ -psr les loups ell 1794n. {127) ,,,100 extremely po-nul.e:r. He had been .3ant o.rs 1?91. he 'g'as e.leoted may-0r of ?a1~isA. ~ Petton w f!-evity of the Tiers, ·crhen h-e was sue-pended from his in July. 1792» the seetiong aroGd 1a.nd the fi~gntened Legisw,,. lative Assembly hsi.d to -rai·nstete ?-e-tion. Re ':iBa '.J.!la:nimou:sly aeclaim- ~L'lnCtiona v!i.th tho r-.trontH.ne and £ell with them~ Be effected hls esea;pe from - $8 ia the Vendee,, he; witi1 some a:r his colleaguea. made tl..ei,r flay to the ln J\me• 1794~ tLts body and tlla:t, of B-u~'t wete t-o:und b Uirondta. a field• ~~r'tielly ea~eA by wolvea. Among t~e ee~el1 F-entioned ifl »uss~ulx, ~tr~du0teur d~ Juv$nal. qui air&it :rei"t la cair1p&g1~ de aanov-re' No clue to hie ta.k- {12'1) ing part itl a He-ri.overiai1 etttm.f~;,;lgn hta-a b2en temid. material$ were-~ot ~vailable for the liuf'!1e1ent of tte verifiea~!~n st~te~ente made in rega~ti to 'the G:trond1st,3!l Sallee 1l La.us&---Dupe.r-c-a..1 t, (ll.ll (lll) llaN:t:B ar1d Vigee. (12'1) Rttbout..-Ba..tnt-lh.1em~e 11 {111) JUehalldg T!le leader of tlie J;;3rty ta (127) ~th Barnave 1u1<i ova~ llai~Jlave qlit 'oil a.;,pela1 t Vargnieuc were ffN brilliant ora:tor$D both e-11tl:m.a1ast1G "un ~re f1~-om 'tfo?J Revcli1t:t-0np Welle .eruM-ed by the Uountei.. in. e~me Eam6.-ve ~ the legal Ve~g~uaud1 prcfe~sion,, both tlie- Midi. and both at f'lrst to. fight 1 t atltl'.lbomly. ~&s e.i.-eoute~~ De'tlt -et1 the t-wen 't,,_.. ni.ntli uf 0-ot:ober, 1-'f91. eJ'ld 'lleJ-grd,.s:ud toot ht s death two days latel". ~hey r1era very si:mila.r.. the two while ~ve Perht\:ps VeJrgn1aud i:'l3$ the m-0~e brilliant of wae the reore fu,,r-sigbted. 'lo tte Gir-t1nde 11 Bugt:t o-p~tH3EHS the Uounta-irr. ttAntotnae-Leui~eoa- Flore1le de Bttt:i.nt-Just~ :Pale~ fror.rt baa,, J}~o:r-:.tl <lorretJt~ tril H~ster1- ell%# trietes~e profonde,. Vir~t-troii; e. v..a, n (la7) b is itne of those who ere tbe et,rer-gth of the Meunte:tn. ! t is o:r 11tporta.ji;1ee to- n-0te- tf1at Rugo colmti ts the •~ error in resa-ro to the age ()f S~int--Juat as doea f'a-rlyle 1n hia 1f7r-enoh llevelutiofl*~ Cta.r-lyle ea.ye Saint--Juet aaree t-o the t'l-onvez.1.tion f,1;e was "'not. .feu.r and (156) !row &~111t-Just Tlltt6 bor·n o-n tha t-werrty~flf't)l e.nd so :J. n September of 11192 l':e htid ;junt p~eed. bis ot tt:a~ twe~rty when yetn. Auguat-. 1 V&? ,_ ~wenty and fifth the motion o:t Fa.yau, ~a--tion "fhe of t:r:J,e o.ecree 1~1Jert.. tnatle l)y all "suopeetsn he th~t .rafe.Pred "'.;o ,oi;t1.S 'th~ The elabo- nrres'ted~ conmi ttee on legislatio.111. Uarl:in de Doua:t ~ wu.s used as ithe basis famous law of au.apacts~ oi~ fteir~e-mber, 1792 ~ ( 1317 ) '\he :to~ 1rotoo by the CGnven·tion oa the seve-nteenti1 Fabre d 'Egle.nt.1ne r11ed.e hie gr.eat oontr!.blftion with l1ia tJ'trouveille c?iartr.anteu, {l$8) ihe nora~,,ic.la.tuce of tl~e re!JuolietUl ealeDdar, which 11a.d been devised ty Ti".de }?SCUJ.iar P~mtlil"3 e ~n:tx:tu.re of' soient&t1e rer.1ror-oh aud 11oetio :fu.ncy ml.a a.doJ;ited ty the Oonueeution du.rang the montti tJi' October i l ?93. is Neu~ Ma.nuel,,. '*la ~·roo:ureur de la Comll!une,- qu1 r.i,va..it. d1t: *Un roi m0r·t n•sat l;&4 un b01Uraa de liloins•n-_. 11eglee'ted. veritlo;n to Judge Lr·uis .XVI, l~ml t.~t1rrtifieU. ~uall p-~st Id stopy and m~.rth'olQ-ey'll' n. ptr(}GOOU~e by citing He enG.ed hie hat:a.ngue l;y crying~ ~t.egto- volution. tous lea qtt1 l<.7. 00-1mE.u1t? 1-eu~lsa tin .eed. mept n ~ £<.:a·t J;<fhS na hemme de mcin1hu (159) ~he.i1~ is FrBr-oa \7ho 1 ~'l;!i"'b lh1go 11 wao 4"Fre.t"'Qn-''.rhereite, le til.s de Fre-rcn-Zoile.n (138) t11e~\ti1aeine F1l~ron (140) wac a ta.mous Cl"i t-ia of'* irrt\~r!or -cale11t "1ho 1'\"ade"fliolent ll.. ttacR: ~ en the aPhiloeorheeff al1d esi:eeially Oll ~;1-tetre. vloler;t te-r,..-oriet. Hj.s aon, I~ouis-St~:r,isl£,;J~ {141) was a In hie newcpai;er ni 'Ora:Lcn.r de :r.euple ,_if he imi- t;i?i.-t.ed the de11uneiatotry trLylf'.'l cf M~~rat". tain~ ha beearta ~nd.s for #proaori,p"tion~h, nease dorae ~ wnrm The,rmldoritun and R~$t Aftei~ the f'f.iil.t of the Moun- ~egan ag"ain his insistent de- it waeil who led and inspi~ed 'ta ,Jeu- 40 Thie eam.}_)n.--riaron of, HttDo·,_s is evid.antl7 qµite ao·;ut.·ate.. ~la nQJJle of Ruhl is glvsn, Rul.11, whora !tugo stig.'lllt1ses ex--orlbl.Gt lou:ll!wr deve3!.t ae tueJ" le jou.r oU a.::t~l 'in- ,.-noUt..-rnit la r~publique~ (158) Ruhl r-ra.e r-.ppointed to the oommit'tes uhicll was to inveati£"ate the Xing' a secret papers on the twenty-first of Kov.::mber. 1192. Ee was ~hoaen to / / usa de moderation druis le- -rapport dont 11 fut ch:-rge par la corrraiaaion de-Et Dottza touollant lea pi~e-a trouveaa su:x tfuilerie-s doos 1 'armoil"e de fer et qui r~velt:de:nt des fsuts aaeabltm.ts poU:r :lirabenu.n.. (142) ste.m the tide of' reaction by hie speeches in the f)lub. and tbr()tltm into prison t'ffl:1oro h& eo~11l11~ted He posed Ile wcs ttrrested su..ieide on the thirtieth of Another of the ;rountain is F'ottcbe. n1?fae <le de:--i0n9 fnce \:1.e cr-.davre~'. (139} Fooohe posaeasad without tih.o is noted for his b~irbar!ty qu~stion the soul o:f o.. deAon. He it ia at 'tyons and at nevers, for his ineeru.Jm.- lous 1ntrigu.es \1hieh nwite hlo the serva.nt of tha Convention, of the D:b:eotoey I of t>Ta.poleon_, ana the There is also ~ourbons u.n turn. Osselln~ ~proscripteur~ qni ca hant ohez lu.i, l.1lle proseritej!, Usde..IDG Ohariry {slc),." Yo detailed story of his para.dox.icsl eetion :..ms foo.nd. Robinet br:t~fl.T atetea: thoJt "'Dana la lutta avec los tlirondine~ il denon~a la Oomrni.:ssion des Donze le M mai, at prit une ~rt active aux: j onrneaa des 31 fiat et 2 Ju.in-. 11 eu.t ensu.i te une eondni ta aauivoqu.0 envers des persunnes er~tees at qu'il easQJn de faire relaxer:' {143) When ha was denounced 1n the .session of the twentieth o:f in the seeond year of the Reppblic~ he ~as aacused 0£ ' kee~int :Bn.~irc line. Charai 41 an emigree,, # # ~re-JR brsther*G houee. the f:;nd of liid1ng t.ev in his r~~ope!" ~1tthot"li1iies (144} He w&a sent by the Conven11io11 before th$ Tri bUi'ltil ]J l1'fhiah N1r&leened l1im to bF: deported. Tulvolut.iunt:~::-J Thor-e e:u ts in the Mountt.. :tn r.>Th'l Ge.Pan-01··n1lon, "qul t1~va.1t £l~ement deir~nda,. qu&..!.id 1 '1~CJ;egne etai i. 1nt;grvenue {.!.£.lld le z,roeeuI de Louie XVI ii qua l 'a~senblee ne dn.ignat p~a J :LtA-B le. l~tit..r~e <i''L'.f), On the .oover.rtee:n:th o:r Jc..tlu.ary, l7'93, it ic voilf.- (138) in the. 1'4oni tetu~tt that t,wo lett"'rf'. ~ere Otrnlon wted to- prevaf!.t i.the rei.Miing ing tba. t the cronV~i'ltf on The.re is ot ould. t~e r~nmmed ,. ~~ "IiO the .t"*e]?OJ.')ted Ocnve..uticni# the letter f'roll! SJ-ia.1.tl 1Jy urg- nll BJ"iPG£ rr.. nc-e {Jf b0i2:g under t:I> void Gregoi.re l,,Nzented .roi 10-ur un 91 it- ..... evsque, die;n.e. d-'~bord de_ la pri- mi ti Ve egli ce ( Si-O) !J ~16 {].Ui Il'll:S t~rd r~-O\le 1 t eir~pi~e e.ffa:ga. le .repnblica:tn Greg.oire par le eomte Oreg-01ren. (lZB) I u favo,r !if Av ·the baeinn1ng the clrtl eonatitution of t1.a elerey and took the oath t.o aUvJ¥O.f't 1 t. Tbereup-011 l"1e wa.e Mi?led b1el101• of Bloie~ Be was show- ered with honors durin£ the 1,eign 0£ l1$\.l)Oleo1i und even t.bou_gh he wae made a Count of: the Empire as Hugo ~ttttes ~-n l808p b15 in ttQue.tre-lf!.ngt-T.reize"-. rep~bl1(l'~ardam It is reeorded tJ'Jat •11 ent,ra, au ff~nett ei)n.eervateur le 4: n1vose,_ &n r1 te., -- protests. nevet' w&..ned. x,. fit pa:rt1e de la m-1no- aontre le:e tribunu.I?X dtexeeption. vota aveB deux -autree senateure seulament cont-re 1 teta.bli~se-- 42 ment de titres no'b1.\kfi-r-es~ se -pro11onra. eontre le a1:No1te. n•~ssisim pas au ~ JJ.~mentJt p~:S tn-9. .rla~e d·e ~"!'.OLouisa.u•._oon 1.Lo opposition no se im oeul 1:nsta:'!t ot~ en 1_814, i l reciit;aa. d •avarme de d6eh6anee des plus energ1ques ~ontre l 91.llin31err~uroi't {146} was dying he refused t-o 't"et-raet bl.a eivil oat'1~ lcd~e o~ .Napoleon et 11l! 1)l'G,jet Even 1.1b.en ha 't£:?16.ontly Hu.~-o~s. 1010~:1- G-regotre wae so~awbat superficial. There ie Amar " qui di'Juit: ""fllou.te la terre cond:n."nne Louis XV!. A qui done sppeler dn. Ju.semont? Ault Plenetgv•. (lSS) It wna durinB' the c:o.se 0£ L01.tie XVI as "PTesented by the prosoev:tion en.et tlw defense, ra.pproehE.rr,. [..i, entendre; 11 n•y a l}(>!tnt de proce.l:!ro ju dici~!~oo fnira:; il n'y a qu•uno ehose c~i ganc(ral 1,e o jugor. e•est lo rait do t;rrart••~•·--lTa1s quel oera. le juey a.a jugeli.li!mt? Voua &tea toue .icis ne vou.s u:!r~t-cm pas ou.ss1 1 l& peu:ple francsais· eat partie intaresseep qu~ ont speech~ vort6 l es but le qui s 1 eleve de t-outes les parties de la ForA·>''bHqua con~re· pa.rt1e:::intlreasee_, votm a-t-on di t. ~ae l~ tsr~nnia; e'eg~ h~ tJOaps du tyrtm? oU done en st le, 1st smnme..ri z.es 1ts Lo~is Legendre,,. u p'1I'es ~ue o•est su.r lui £aud~t"*il c.ppelcr? mut subetan~e. qui fut le botwher de la Rtrvolut!on de Fro.nee- eomm.e- Pride avait ~t~ le bou.cher de la ravolut'ien d'.Angleterre~,. is there the rom 'buhch~r' as eonneeted t:r:ith Legend.re from -the: i.nelusion 0-f "Legendre,, the solid buteher?t {149) in t.be- list o:: deputies to the l"on1 vention given by Carlyle. If' Hugo did ~mow Oarlyl.e•a work~ he coi11d Ilueo tells in eom.'leetif)n "fdth Legendre,. he most probably r-ound in La- Viens,. ~qie jc t-:a.anomniel pt'.lnd.e~it: er:fai.t-i:l s tnnjui:nais .. Bt Ltt~fnais rrf- li'ais tl'abo:rd decreter q1te jo- au.is uv bch~n:r.... "'n.., {14fll There ated Legondra Who9 a.ecol?di?W to !tat.1'la.rtine" eried. out '' Si Lun.,jt.'dnals ~e se t4lit !A"'.tS~ u.o~Je Q,~eln.11e que je m.onte l~-hauto: ~u.e je le prec1~t-n U1J. b0-€m.f,t ropli\:Ue !J&njuinais- {p&;J:' allusion 10(}. . ndl..a} ..'' l 'antiqu.o f151} P'lS.Sf!U& f",.1]A oetior de 00tte!1l0'.f.,. de Lam.artinela aecou.rrt was t-he only $OUree !'oux1d. and., amt '1e-ux houche.:e qu.i dlsent oni e-t 'l'!:'l:n, approll.itc.nt ps:r l'un.e oe q:u.'il h~~ait ~~~ i~autr~j fl$tr1~S"Qnt Cavriern taatea et deifiant Ohal.ier a !qon , envoy-ant Robetrpierre a l.-f'echa.:f'au.d et 7!a:e~t au 44 W8s he -at all eo:mparable to Ca.r.iliftf. Ca!lot d '1ie.rboie JPJ1Mge4 1io eh1.tt t.rom the Roboapierr·e :f3-etion ttt the &nd decreed an himself'~ outlaw~ .he raf'used Ae i.reaident. »le~m14o.r-iaJle. Ro·oaapier.re the right to defend In tht\t. way he was .ree11c.nslble f.er the etJnvictlon of Robespiei:1~e ~ Ca!'~ie,,r: w~a al-so Cfollo-t d 'Eer\)oia :ur~o not oon""liCt£ld by the 'l!h-0.reldor:lana ;nut :·.r1~,.,~il1 ot:f*er ~.:ny I-l'\toof uhf!taoever to blame. As ttt the eend1ng of' tl1e p~t.ici:rmtion o:f C!ollr.re. (152) J,eor.tard Benroo-11 1 ttle 1Pa~ttre d*eet)le qui avait offe_r:t< aa raa.1acn founded an odunational inetitutifJf! .of his hont)e~ 1!.C 1r.:d1ea.t1ono ean be discovered. There arc Tor·~ani, Pyra.riintt (148}~ (lbo w~..e eb.1~-c~:p~1n in the me-~hant laa..rine (154); Cfourillee.u, tt~'lrc.c~i.u (148} who \?;ttS Phili:p1a.~· DharJ an-Aime Goupilleeu, a lawyer lb Montt.t.1.gtt ( lb:5} in tita Vendeez. L!;.u·re:nt Lecmintre. "t::la.retia,nd", (l4SLt who wa.a a. linen-~_peF in Ver"""- ~illes r1hen 'tt.e lievolutiC>fZ! began_, (166),,. DUh~m, ffz;1&iec1n•f ~ (148)' wh~ ~as was a physician ~t ~ille Sergent..Ua~oeau (le?}; Sergeut~ ~st~tu&iren, (148), wi tt s.o:me small .rer.irta$icn a.s an e1agra.ve.r rather tt\em as a ePul31to~; (151!), :~;Vid, u~ei:atre 11 • (l4S) who 45 Qr 11ia ®ri1,tg reqaest in 'the tteesion of Ha.~eh, l 19~. (159) With them is lrober't Lin-dett n1 'i11-quie~1rti .orea.teur de eet-t-e pieuve-e d-011t ~'i'1e tr«eniiy--ti~ai# la te-te et!kit le comltJS de ---- ,, JI< ........ .. #'#' aurete-genet~le et 4ui cou- vc<J.it. la 11~.. nc:e de v!ngt.. at- u-n mills bra~ qu"'·on apJ;el&'t't les eomit-S~ _revolnirionrJa.if~efO\ n a..lo11e Wf:it,.h i+lle 1?~12, on tl:e nt: The a~i t"'tpee uf gtr.fle1~a.i seetwi ty was decreed c-01··u~;:it.tea o~ sugge-at 1 011 or public sa£ety on ·t.h-"3 .Gacrn-nit of eetober, (160) Go!~tttd.11. ~~ a.e'3l'_fM)_:tic·n~ w1·ib et :tlmiet Tlie 0-unven-tion a/lQ.t?ted hls seheme "tritu 11 &:ud s-ente.1~ee. so~~ nodif"i~t"ittJl,lo The pro}:Oiiition on tll.e tentL. 11793il 01~ l~reh. Ne14tl1e.r ~as Lin- det reertm.Hi ble f'-O.v t1'1e f'oJ.nt-n.'ti o:tt of' the .Pewlnt101aary oomi ttees whI.eb ~a-s d.Be,rt~ed. Dtfll.fl3£' j n the ~f the reyc.rt and motion mude by ;reau ~t't£::e G~ tb£7 -uo~..rrd ttee of lhreh, l7ff'B. ee.ch 0-011:.tn.m-e to strn;..ug~ze.. au a res12l t {162) on· d.iJ;lttma.e7 ~~ti "the tweirty-first Tt&&e eon1Ditte~e ~ere to be o-rganlaed in -e-e.feg-uaro tl:;~ J:,G-O~le f .r(ml the p_ret;.er.i.0-e of dsnget*(.JUG A:ttt. . uugh thia t1$A;.\n1i t1$t tc.rty-t"i)ve eculd be f 01?ned• acHJ()Qding t9 'Ute finauc1ttl only ~hcut twe~ty-five hlU.td~ed {148) tll-0us~md --re~o1~ta eve!• existed- of 14.te Umes,, cies) PrJ€HinUt1b.blyt- lh1go rtea.na tit.a 't Paine shtfl~-ed ttlemaney wl1en.- 1-71 the trial er Loui& X1Jlt h.e vote-fl fer deteDti. or1 u11t!l Anct.h~u"'+ ce ~~ee, end fori':igner is Anar~har~.11.e Cluo-ts, tiallemai1d~ ba.ron- r:d.llier -uai.ru~:ts:th,ee 3t Leber'"ti-lltc:~ ne.nd:tdett:. (148) T~1ex·e of them eR1b1~~coo e11thl:lsi.~st:tcally I.tstes~ a.l'ld 16ter ~ho~e er AxmJ~G'l1arsis Clo-ete,is cae firet the tbeoRiea of the »ene;velo- tbe re~olutioni$~s. Bhaittng the news ~f 46 B~bert and his party, Cloots w-as 1nc1uded in the accusation against the Hebertil:'ta and was guillotined the twenty-fourth of 1Jlarch. 1794. Like many others,. he found tbnt his :favorite theories were tl64} extremely dangerous diverslans. fuere is Lebas~ t9l 'mn.i des .VU.playn f who of Hobespierrels fiancee. ~oining On the ninth of Robespie.ere but was released. ~1hormidor,he liis plans made to cheek the tide against Hobespierre. failed. great that he committed suicide. married the sister ~18.d {165) insisted on Wi~h Hanriot .tiis loyalty was so He waa one of the trusted members of the Mountain.. and there is no record to show that he could have bean reproached with a:n.y unscrupulous action. llovere. 'un des rares hommes qui aont meoha.nts pour la m6chancate~ tl48) is rightly stigmatised by Hugo. \lie was Rovere de ~onvieilie. a representative of the nobility to the Eatates-Generalt where he fought the Revolution-ground. he cast his When he saw that the monarchy was losing fo2~tuaes with the violent republicans. In the uonventi on, t•11 ooi:mnen~a pv.r d6noncer et :ta.t..re d~oreter d •accusation le general tlfontes'iu.iou, se r6unit aux m(.u.ttagnards,,. vota la mort du ?oi sans appel ni surais. entra au eomite de Sdret& r poursul vi t les:: gt:oncrt-ns 1sic) aveo acharnement. g~nerale, • et Charge d •u.ue mission dans le l!idi. d 'un atrtelf i l exagera les mesures de rigueur ordonn~es par la Uonvention et de l 'au.tre, opprima 1es republioains sinceres et se fit :rap,:>eler pour oette comuilie tortueu.se 11 • (166) After the ninth of Therm:idor he be-0ame onfi of the most violent protagonists of the reaction. on the thirteenth of Vendemiaire. he raisealculated. and took the side of the royalists. Re was imprisoned. freed. sad at last deported. "Ro-vere est reste dana 1 ~hist.oire de la .Hevo1ution oomme un type d t intrigant egBJ.em.ent d~savoue par tous les partis. n flot6 47 Th.ere is Charlier.:1{148) qui vo1.l.lnit qu•on dit'vou.a" aux aristoerates••, n Per'.tlo.i:>s Hugo refers to the motion Charl:ter made o-n the twont;r- third of Sept.ember ln 1792 mien he aieur, derives de ~onseien,eur, ar~"lted th.'"lt- ne dolt pluo th~ ~tra twJrd "llonsieur e-t une en qualific~tion usageu ••J~en der'mnde la aunpreasidn dans tou.s las aetea de l"etat civi1 •••• n {16?) 11nd -Tal.11en~ "elegisque et lerooe qui £er~ le 9 thar-vlidor par omour" 1 ia not forgotten. Tallien it tma,. v.rhose restrained by hi3 love for ln CsborrQS+ Te save tine~ l1e o£f'aeted the Then11idorlan renction; cm it may hnve 'be~n" trhfoh ha.a blotted ')Ut vioL~noe from the culllo- ~er act~ nt '.4,yons was hm."fevor selfish nnch of the eensure for tho excesses of his life. Jnd.~ too. wit~i the rest is Oembv.cercs. P/iroou.r-aur qui oera un prinoo.n (169} oides~ He was civen the post er "eonseiller des eomptes!> et :finoo.ces" of fbntpellier in 17?l.'1$t u µoat crhich fothar 9 s. ~1ad 'taP.n his He beoone imbued with the rcv.r)lu-tiona:-J spirit a.ml e:ntel"'ed aoti:vely into the iolitieu.l rnovo:~onto his sv~!1port to Bonaparte end the R.~~~re.~ in the ye~~ w~s of the tifl'les.. rew::;.rdoo by beir:z Ile finall.3' lent ~nde ~!bncell.or of XII, Prestdent of the Iroperinl Offie&r in the Legion of Honor, and Du,~e Sen~tet of Grmid of Perna ln 1808. (170) Oarrie:r ia not omitted# he wh.o was the npr.ocu.reur qitl ~era tigrett. This f.;mous la.ver pf;,id '"7i th hie li.r_"e for the notoriety <:Jf his "11oyrn:1.es" 9 his 1'fusilladea en masse't, ztrJ.d hia 'boate provided ttl t~ tr~~PS" qui.ta li!':ely that he v:ras s0111m"1hat de.,ented for., a.t tho time~ It is he z1ns strur"crling t'li th a f'eve-r<IJ< !~other ~Mon tagnord'~ is 'l.1h.';ll':l('}t 11 »qui voula.it le vnto d. h.nute voi1~ deu Jure~ {1u tribunal rel1'7ltttiown~1re.1~ (159) On tl1e twenty-sizth or n June 1795~ 'rhuriot made this propoeitioni tituti{melloment qua les arbit-?es- v.otoront Voua eves decr6t6 eons- a hc.'lite voix; jo vropose pour lea r~m.ea rnlson.s qui vous ont d6ter1fttn~O. reudre ce de'erot., quo VOUS en etendiez les dispositjons b. tous eriminels de la Re1]U.blique. 11 (rill 1C3 tri'bnn~U.X eivils et The Co:t1vention no dooreod, tho motion to go into effeet on the Q.o.y of' its prom-2leation. in a speech defendln:: his elcr.:ioncy in the trial o.r Louie XVI and denou:ncing th!? unreasoning violence of' oome of his f.allOt7 donutioo, suga-ested. that if oerto.in indiviCtun-ls were so anxious to be to the nountey., they W'1Uld be~~1ost use in the arg;y"' o ~e.n\~1"t1 indicate those to llQUG SOJ¥;19S &rr!VB°S o1uror.!_tt€; r1u'il a Wt t"IDOM tel degr6: de disc-ordc nous est inpossi1.lle,. au servir la ootrie; qua los deUlt ganer~~ite, te is talT:ing.1 p~rtis 'QO-Stt~ oi't service Tie is wise enour.b. not "-Citoyens~ ~ls~.ie et do dafia11ee r-6- ot:. nous somtisEJv de bio.n ( t1"1ntrent du. cf.vis.me et de lo. qo.c les plus passionnco, de p~r~ et d'autre devenus aimplos P.nd Rewbell: "qui s'enfc:rma da.no =~uyencc'' (169), ls there. and IJerl:tn remained ln !!syence du.ring the s~e Rew'bell bJ" the Prussian t>.:r,-v that tney night bot te:r disch.:- r£'9 their du.ti es o.a raprese:ntat i ves ('.)f the Convention and of the people. On the I,!ountoin is 13o'trbotte. rrqu.i ~ la prise de Salwm.rn. {169) eut s':ln eheim.l tu.a sryu.s ltd Bou:rhotto -:Jes sent to the Vend6'e as a SOD OhQV$l Qy-'dillt e"te t~ SOUS lt\i t" J'5ourhf:rste ~ en:tou;re d 'ennemia, def"~ndit seu,l e-t tua i:lusieurs hm!l!re•1 11 a.ll&tt enacomber, lo1~aque More~u (sie) {1?~) J alora nimkla offioie;i;~ ar~iva qual.que-s a-old.ate ~rvi1l"t 1 le deli vrer ik"' {l Y4) a ~a~p& avan ae~l1 • en daa_ree4 levee Tou.{t3• {\95) I lloherJot- '""lqn 'attenita.it le leave gue~2.::pena !he de Ba.stadt•. Ras:ta4t, killed Hugo so i'lhOn, { 16~) mu eh the sr.u:i.e me:nt tfas-:ir Th see t'.J"t t-e:t\)lll~ 'l vth. ~tlv:,Ji·~ ~1"~ C~.f'ct.,UQ l' > btil~ 'qSf jfiet. :tn 50 t 177 J~ Ilerlln de Thionville {127) , soubra.ny Varennes (1~8}~ Cou~on (138) 9 Lacroix (158)~ Lebon ( 1581 ~ Billaud- Oamboules tl38}, Jagot ( 13S J :t JaV0.6\l.eS ( 1~8 J:I' Bentabolle ( 138} ,, Robert (138 L, Rouyer ( 1'18), vadier tl48). Tanis (148), Genlssieu..x ll48). Leboeuf (148},. 2aveau (169), Feyau (169), Prieur de le~ !i!arne (169) 1 and Levasseur de la Sa.rthe (169). 3etween the Mountain and the Gironde lies the Plain led by Sie"yes. nsieyes a:ppe1ai t tigre Bobespie:rre qui l 'a.ppelai t taupe. Le metaphysioien nvait about!~ nona la sagesse~ liklis a la prudence ••• Il prenait une pelle et allait. aveo le peup1e, travailler au Champ de Mars .. atte1e a la m~ma oh~rette qutAlexa.ndre de .aeauharnais. Il conseilla.it 1•energie dont 11 n'usait point. 'Mettez le canon de votre pnrtie•n. (179} Il disait aux Gi-rondins: Hugo rightly interprets the character of the man who.when, asked what he did during the Terror) ' '-' replied ''J•ai voou." Perhaps Hugo :found in Carlyle* s history the story- of the team composed of Sieyes and Beau.harnais. two writers had aoc-eas to the same sources of me.iJerlal. :erpaps the ln describ- ing the scene at the Cha.mp de Mars, Carlyle relates that nAbbe Sieyes is seen pulling" wiry.:; vehement, if too light for draugh~., by the side of Beauharn.ais. 11t1ho shall get .Kings though he be none.rr (180) Hugo's nervous, c1imactic style is veT}! reminiscent o:f the tumultuous rush of oarly'&e 's narrative. ~e rest of the deta!l.s concerning Si eyes remains undisoove-rabl e. 1'he convention is very like a:n.y miscellaneous- group of men drawn together from all the corners of a nation.,. and so there are the dreamers,a~oarnot. whose brain nenfantait quatorze armees". {181} Carnot was named a member of the Uommittee of Public Safety in July~ 1V95 , and was especially charged with the tVar Department and ttdu fond de son Sl (182} Eis aehiev~aont never to be a marvel of militcl.'7 cea~ed aeoo~lishment. It Jean Dab-ey- did dream of a '" :tad~re:.tion d~"'100retiq:u..-0 untveroelle there la no i~ieution of it !n the """Ar-;hives Pa.rleraentuires".• Re did "There is L i.mmal_, who ''ee tnisait., \i:t l' education p1nlique no:tioneJ.en: • (101) he kept oilenc(3• coobln~it dane oo penoee Froo the nunber o£ reyorts Of eou.rse he \:'!as not nearly so 1-oquaeious ~a l.f-\ The twent;r-sizth of June he presented the Convention ~rt of the August of 1795. L&.ka'Pllil i-."las absent on missi011 fo:r Iabout tan uonths.. Paris towal?d the <; end of the aeaond yeer of tile Ro- co.~:tttoe but Then rte returned to Re!)Ublia mid"fut re41u m.embre du Oomite da l *Instru.etion,, en d13Vint lo ];}r'9ide11t, et /. / ,, pr-1.maires.J ecolea eentrales» eeoles norm.ales; pu.ie il fut Etelagu.e par ~ / l 'aeseerbl6e a.v€e ·1un.tre oollagv.ea,, po1.ir pt'lrcourir las d~pal'tsments et assurer l'ex6oution de la loi~•·fl {184) Lentl'ei.mis is of the e01!1par.w of visim1ar:res. lea 6'oryles TJr1f!l..'lireon ( lill) It ia he ~ho "a~1t lt..'11-,y of the ide"\c he preoented on the 1 62 tcrelft!l o:f Dee-ember, 1792 in hls report on the 1'rioory Sohoola (1$5) admln!stru.tive ~~ld lns~ruetionaJ. method~~ • 6.tJcaux t?ho *'r®trait l 'eleva- Of th~ drenil'!ers is Re'Velli'Jre (sie) tion de la pi-:1los01)his & la clionite de religion"'~. (181} true;Qc Aeoord ns to Rebine.t' s. brief' notes n il second.a !'Abbe' Ha1J3 P"ur etablir u.ue relir;i.011 sl111ple, deotinse :tem11leeer l 'anaien eu.lt~ E'IG peu:ple; c•eat ea sy-atmo a le~ a 1~ efA""orts de fois re'!Teillcr d -1!'J :iflees relig!euaes 1 J)r00$?'1...J Th'6ophilanthropie, il n"cil fut IJ:h.is is qµ.i to TH se pnr n r1.MS le lui q'li tu.t e,ppela du n.om de lll pare, ni ra~ila Pa.~tre, :i1 sa contcnta 1e l'appr(Jliver, t.10ie n•assistn p~s avz reunions de ln seetoou {186) Then thGre are those uho a.re interected in details "Y&..s Jee.n-:Son- Saint-~tdre ;.mo studied " la ouppression de 10- p1"iJon pour dettcs et la eontrnlnta par corpsn. (161} On the rn">tio11 e'E 'Danton~ t 1,e 0011- vcnti~n had decreed the release of prisonors vn10 wore bei!l(; held fGr debts. Then Jean..Bo~~aint.-;Ul'i.t~ demanded thnt the principle of Dantc{mt-s pro-position be e-dopted pei"m®e:ntl;r. p->ased a la.~1 to tlie ef2eet that er aountane:-.need tu1do1"' the 'J.'he Co1w..1ntion agreerl tio o.n.d ira:prisoument ior debts to bo no long- D.1')", r(~im-a. Another vfrloae attention o.entera on ied of tt s~ll thlngs is Ro1mae u-'ho otud- la !,Jrovosit:u:m de Chappe"t. (Hll) Cha"fJpe he.Ji i.11t?>oduccd .a fo:rm t~legr~~.hy vestigt~te ~Oi'llma. flB7) to the CmAvo.1tion o.nd a COniliseion v~a 3ppo!nted to in~ the value 0£ the dlaoovery in facilitat!ng coroiu::nication. on the fb·st of April. 1793,reportod i'.:?.vo:rably on the ax- pariment and reeo~d.ed further re1earch that r;ould to the needs of t:te buted lJy Guyo_mard-.. Naturally :tn the Oon'V€11tton ar,tt+goniema &re i:erecnal q~1~re-le ~ere tbe result of :r;aJ?tY f'eeling. Dantoniete had joined fercee, have l:aan ~ rd.f.~t1t September mat5&ac.re~ of the 11oe~ Tl.ere is yf the Girondina and the Vepgniand ndedaie:nant Denton~. (le~) lution f'ound~ ho~ d1ff'eren~ the course of the l3ut lh<i Glrondiste aould net f orge-t Rev~ tt~e and De..nton could not endure men r.1llo talked. rather ttan aeted. 1a Louvet "t\t1.e~-r~1t Robeai;ie.ri;~~. (lS9) "T~hez:·e ninth of Oc~cber; 1?9~~ agalnet tte ~oeu~t1one Robes1lerrs :7as trying to defend of Roland ~revent re}}orta contalning tlteae accu"f:4ttione., et.riVing foe .l~.:tn tt On the twerrt-y- L.c:nlvet. tbe printing of tee .rep~oa11hed November Lonvet we.med ·L11r:: Conventl-0-n . po~ee of Um with d1-otatcrshii; along .~ith ~rat .e..hd Da1:tton~ (190) ag~,irLat Robeapie,r.t:..e et ses loyu,Jistesn, {191) who we.re trying full !~maelr ttllaximilie11 usurp the governme~~. Tbs.re is Buzot ttdenen.oe ..nt igahte• .- [189) ) Ou the atxteen'tb of' - Daoelnber, 1792,., when tt.e fate of' tL0 royal family was being deei<led 1n tt..e Convent:ton, Euzot it ~s family ot The O.rl~ne. qua-r~el clamand-eti the ban1shment' of the 11lhO {192) ot' fihambon ilW Pache \las rendered bitter when Oham- bon seconded Bebeaqu:t•e mo~iofi. tha.~ Pache, who •as then Minister War,, be ' i~ediQ;tely '-epr1 ved -Of 11.is ef'fiee that ile u.igL.t be plaeed by a minister \ruGted by all the peop1e. (l9S) ~e- et 54 The greatest a.n~agonism is that held by the Oonvnntion for 1 &arat" > 'tou.s exec.rant ~arat, '' says Bugo.. ( L~~) This is provan by the story foand i:n Carl.'l'le's and .tamnrt1:ne's (195) aacounts afld ln the terse re,ort of the t'Mon1teur 0 • Robespierre and striving for a Da~to:a clgainst the accusation d1c~atorship. shouts 0£ his enemies. v1a.s de:fending himself and ~~ardt He was provented £rorn i\t l....tst he cried out. entiere en se levant avec indignat10n.} genius. spe~king the by J'ai dens oette Assemblie 0 (Tous 9 toa.s. s•ecrie l'assemblee un grmd i1o'Dbre d'ennemiJ personnels. grand nombre d 'ennemis •••• " the three were th.~1 J'ai do.us catta .lssemblee un (196 )1 yet the Co-.. ve1r;1o'n loved its evil As a proof of lts a£feation, it considered 3arat u to the fanaticism of Charlotte Corday to vindicate his ~1d tri~d mo.nary i:1itll the de:.ith of 'his .1ssassin and t!1e ~artyr glor1£L~at ion o:f bis as1it3e. The ants.gonisms mentioned; "G.Jillotin G'vitant Da.vili 9 :BazJ.re insultant Chabot. Guad2t rnillo.nt Saint-Just 0 (lB9 )Y seem .. to be eescura. And still there are renowned men hece in this great assembly9 men whose spirits will live as long as Armonville, n is history. t~er~ di t Bonne1:i-Roage. p..:irCe qu' i1 ne s 16'geait qu' en bonnet p~ryg1e1, arni de Robespie~!e9 et voulant apr'es Louis XVI, g..i1llotiner Robespierre par gottt de l'~quilibre~" {lL~) is one these. faots to be found abo..it him are fow. QhB or It is true thc..t non ltavait su.rno1tt~d' 3onnat-3ou.ge puree qu.'11 portait ao11st~nme1:n; oc!;te coi££u.~re., " (1~7) and th t he voted for tho ea th of Lou1s xv.a:. As to the rest of the detuil5, so !rces of inf"orma.tio.o -re not very '1i0nr. And of &he1n is Lamouretne, t1 bisi op, 1 JI f'ait p01lr l~issor SO!l norr. a 55 un baisar., 0 (189) uho tempor&rily brout:'f.ht the eontr::tnding parties of theliegielative Assembly together~ IIiu spaeah of the seventh of July'. l?,2, so affeeted the de~utias that they fell i11to a stata of h;rateri.cel. recollj..lil'ltion knt'.l~m. thenceforth as "'le baisel9 U amourette. n There is LeTuardy du M'Ol!'bihan "ati,gmstisant lea pr@trea oa Bretagne." (189) ag~inst On the twen'ty-third of IJareh 179-3.. Lebardy i:nve1tthed the refracto-ry priests ot the eountry including those of the The Convention aidopted his auegested Vendee. ff ecree m th~mr;n.dments • nta Oonvention nation.ale d6erete illl.0 taus leh ecclesiasti~ues saculiera, r6gul.iers,freres oonvers et l~ds, .;:iui n•ont pas pr§ta le eement de maintenir i~~~ite et la libertet conf'ormement7a ln loi de 17921 se-~ x:-ont embarqu6's et transfefres a l 'tle Sa.int -Vincent. Les in.firm..J3S et. cad ucs seront r~ferrne's dans une maison partieuliare;' (198) ·yAmon.g the'll all is l3arere "1 'hom-ae des majo1"itesi qui predd'.$it qua.i1d 6°ta1t Lou.is XVI pa.rat a la barre at qui ~ta.it a 'Pamela ce qu.e Louvet a Lodo'ioka" • !n the works consulted, there is f'oUl'ld no in- dioatlon that I3o.r0ra was in any v;ey eonneeted with Pe.'Jela., the re/ pu.ted daughter of' tlmt line. de Genl; a who \Vas the tutor Gf the childl"en ,of the Duo d'Ori'ent:Uf• It is historic nowe'V'er. th~t Bar-ere was prasi- dent of the Convention \-hen Louis XVI was 1tried before it. kno~ that he was first v:lolent Therm:tdo:rian. ~ more than Girondist# n ~ealoua It is well Terrorist and a ''Da.Tls eette Aseembld'e i1 eut beoo.eoup de ter- glversations. Caraetere plut'Ot -pusillanime il oe rangea aelGn las oireonatances,. presqu.e toujoura du c1.tte du plua fort." {199} ( 189) He began ae a teooher in the Crato~ic.ns., During the discussions on Lou.is xvi. he m&de a numb·ar of e.xtrooel;r lo.ng speeches. On the seventh 56 1n vain~ {200) Laeloa, but th.era ia no dey,nty by chot name listed. lf:11ere \'..ras Choder- a mariber tJf' th.a ar:ny nnd who .fou.nded 1.fu.e ttJo~tlrnal des A1lf8 de la Oonetitu.tion" in 1790~ 'rb.ere in, t".>o., erim!t; ft {201} !~~ult f'.'!e.nonnie-rs I a VOS de sechelles nqui pieces; t't {189) The 0 nnvent ton had a.C.j ou.rned. to moet a.galn 1..ecul~!t deve.nt Henriot(SIC.) Thi9 lit'tle incident :ts ~en it 1?a:a rr-~e to d~ ship heedC\l b~ the :president, H6rault do Seehellas~ w:t thdrew from the Ftan:ri ot "s skotahes ~au.lt de S~ehell f'orae,et a ordonne e !lanriot de faire retirer ect appnrell de / le livrer p:!saa.ga ' n la representat10n no.t ionale. qui sent en lu.i la tou.te-pu.lssar-ee de l' insurrection ert16e,.. £ait 57 ~ratif':: "Vons ne sorti'f'ez p~,. dit-11, );. la Oonvention que vous n'ey-ez livro les vinet-tleux.- Saia1s$ez ce robellat " dit !era.ult do SeetJ~f .-..lea aux sold.ate er1 montrant de la main l!artr!ot. immebiles = " va'nc~1iera, 'a ~ see 1:n1taillons-." {203} tl'OS Lea aoldata restent t>iEtces! aux a:rm:ea, ao-ldats.t t ()rie R&llri-Ot Th.a sinUarit3' of' Hugo's verc;ion to tho.t of Lamartine,, makes it even rnore evident that Hugo was very well acquainted with the '"Risto ire dee Girondina. n ttther:e' is Julien ,., qui -eomparQit la ?.!ontsgn.e aux fJ:hemoP"Jtes'°" (189) The deputies· we.re trying to decide whether or not the Oonven-U.on ihoul.d judge Lou.is XVI. A motion for adj c:nirnc.ent VQiS passed .and immediatel7 a large num.ber of the ?fountain rushed to the tribtule'* Lamartine gives o. brief sumr.aary of his apoeoh°' dre, d.it Ju.lien~ ~outonu n Julien took tl1e floor. 'On veu.t nous dissou- ]'ar lea eignes de t'eta -de Robespierre et t>sr lea gestes de Legendre et de Saint~ Juat,. -Oui, ma.is ct ast vou.st lui erie Lov.vet.-On veut dissoudra la r6pu..bliqu.e, reprend Ju.lien,, en a.ttaquant la. Oonvention,,dans sea bases- ?.!ais,, nous, las amis du ju.r$ de mourir :pour la re"pu.blique et pour lui. peu~le,, nous avons { La !.tontagne epplaudit.) Jl"na"iJite las hauteurs, pon.rauit J'ul1en en montrant d€> la me.in les banes ~levefs du cote gauehe, elles seront lea Thermo}$'les du peuplel-tlu.t, OU1 > nous :r mourrons tousl repondent en nmssa et an ee levt1nt} la. m~in tendu.e vers Julien. les df3pu.tos qu.i aiegont sur la l!onte.gne." (204) This scene took place du:rinf" 'the- ses-sion of the twenty-si-.th of December l 'l92v and is reportoo in more deta.11 by the "Monlteur" (205} Another is Gamon who, Hugo declares. ttvoulait une tribu:ne publique r~servee uniquement o.µ £enm13an• (189} That is the conclusion that Hugo dra>rra from the- oircumstanees which had nriaen in L"fey-, 1V93. Several 5S women,, under the title of "Dames de la fl"aternit6'~ had been comint; th the d001"'5 of' the Convention and sn-a.tching the reaerva.tions to seats 1n the pub lie tribunee, from the hands of tho~e possobsing them, and had been t.':"hen these women were ga.estioned,, it wos found that in t'e.il'ine th_em.- their loo-al J'aeo11in Oluh 1 they h'.'.td become eonvine-ed that the Convention was showing tl despotic favoritism th~t had to be stopped. The club had deeided that the holders of pass-es had to be prevented from ttlking their plaees and those wmen had sot forth to clo it., fFhey were iUl ~poor and could not afford to lose the days T..7ork, so Gar.non drew the eonclu.si '1n that they muot be receiving pay from the enemies of the Convention .. "Oas :f'Gmmos qui pou.rre.ient assister p!~!siblement 'a vo.s s6aneea,_ qui ne manqu.ent tx~s de plaeea~ air.lent meUJC antre-tenir le d~sordre,'" se tonir obatinooient 'a la porte de a-heque tribune"' a.fin de porter obstacle~ l'entree de nos aoncit.oyens aa.ns lee tribunes qui leur sont affeatesa.u {206) Sitting in tho Convention is Perauil_. "do11t 'Boiasy-d •An~las sn.lue- -ro. la t'Gte Jlaiss~nt 'a l a-t-il salue lei 'hlstoi~e cette qaestioni-....Iloiss;r d 'Anglea t~e, c'e-st;-8.-dire la victims~ ou la pique_, c'est-:"a- dire le.s assassins? " {lS9) Thia incid.ent,o-ne of the ooat pa.the-tic ln the hist-ory of the Convention,is rele.ted as follows by Robinett "Le 1 e-r pra1Y-ial Feraud fit son ent1Jae dnu-e la _salle 'a deux heuresde l •spree-midi J il e'tait tres pgle et mas v@tements eta.ient litterale- ment. ~m la.t11beaux.1 puis tomba ~vanou.1~Revenu. de. son evanOIPsoerr1011t, 11 voulu..._t eMp@cher la foule insargse do pfunetrer au aein de la Convention, ma.is en vain,. on lui passa sur le corps -et la salle steml)lit du peti.ple 1 q_u.i criaitt "' Du pain et la Constitution de 9:), et o eEit au. u.m!jle11t 59 1 •on CJU.3hait en joue le r>r6side-nt Boisay-n•ttJ.'l~lus rue Ferau~l voul.1-J..t s'tnte""':POSOT ;Jottr le d6fe11clre." {207) Fera:ud. shot deciL, 11..ts his bofiy drneged into the hall e-.:r:.d d.ecnpi.t.:-1ted "-fld the hee.d., mm.mt- ~ on pr!senta 1-a. t!§'te eou.pee de ! . .&°'ret.1(1 au bout cl'-:me nique, a Doissyr::.. gui se ha.i3si:1ient eorn.:10 lcs deu..x frarekI Ohe'nl ..~r'' '° (189) There was .only one Dnp?'e..t 111 the Coave:ntion a.ad that one was Jean Du.prs&,, Giron..-.. dist 2 who \Te..S behec~cled se rangea CV<?'<; in October, 1793. Re had a brot11c1:' Louis who la '!\'fontagne pendant la Te't"rf!Urn 'A' ( 209) He fine.lly o(<;ino.ti.on Hugo is fl-lao m-tstr:~ken in his iden th t tht1. Oh6nier brothers {210} Jose9h sincerely regretted the death of' :.!lldre~ wh:;in in so ::fm;1 obocti.ro and !lu.go t;ives no cl't\e to t1'ie origi.:: of his in-fo~.:nation 60 These fiery men of the Convention, whoso elu.11la7 fingers hold the fo-rees of the nation.i; de£y and menace es.oh other. Hu.go releitea that one tlay :?6t1on,, bored with one of Robespierre's intamit1able s:peechess: ee..,lled out: "Robespierrei; vu11ez a.u falt-. ----Robespierre: Pe'tion. J'y viend.rai et vo1ia lo vsrrez." (211) Le fa.it, c'est vou.s '?orhaps Hugo is re- tening to the time when Robespierre, begln-·ing his aecusatio:n of the Giro.ndins 1: tr L il faut pu.rger 1 1 a:rmt1e; il faut ., • •'' vw.s i11tcrrun1pted by c.oncfqe.z... VergJ\1mud, 'Who deni:mded " Concluezl ~ donet " a.:t1d Robespierre eontinuad., H Ot1:t,, je vs.is eonelu.re et oontre vo11.S;.-..'"' (212) simile~r Tllis is the only incident found in tll.e matcrinl at hand. and Barera expostulated. n Tu. p'!::;.rloa ooPlme un roi". (211) trhis ia another time tmen Ru.go lies re!1L..%e the speeches into rnor·e dr!llllfltie u:tteri'.llces. In -the official report of the diseusslon of !;;indet • s pro- position for a revolutionury tribunal to judge speedily and vr.l:Lhout a ju.I7,_ the opposition is found to IkLrere. Barere had been urcing been have"'s-a.~portod the puaaing o.f such a daeree ~ainst silnu.lated umazet'1e11t iro:nieally replied cainly by Oambon and n Uou.s le vou.lons: e'est ainsi The other aceounts 0£ rotty qu.a.rrela are not; sl.:tlficie:ntly well known to permit accurate veriffoe.ti oner Although Hugo devotes mu.eh of his book to the proml.nent men of the Republie, he do.ea not neeiect at least a mention of the royalist leaders in the Vende'e. the Talmonts. There a.re "the great princely families, the Rohan.a and The Rob.ans uere "princes brotone". (216) Their house 61 w~a They tracefl their orig:in to th.a mtciE-nt one of the old0st in France. Klnge and Dukes of Brii~tmv. n Louis XIV oo~era ni..tt Rohan--.. q les hov..nen.r.s des prineea ~tre,nzerw,,'t (216) th 1.t "Gc-a:nier des Sai!1tes cle,ns son rnpport Of the Tnlnontn~ Hugo an.rs 1 an II, qua.lif'1-e alnsi le !)rinee de Tal.rwnt: SOt.lVorain du. Uaiino et de la l"!"onand..ie.n Guemenee l~i Oo:r.ven:tion. 15 11ivtrse " Ce capot des brignnds J (121} The n ~:ontteurn ror th.Dt dnte doeo not record aey l"eport by Gc..rnier d. uZ"J Saintes.J nor is there in :-r:ission to tihe arP.;r o:r the C'tlteo de lo 'Rochelle dur 1nr.;; the enrly oumM.t:r of 1793, ho sont rmy l~ttera containinb au.eh e roi.1.0r1r to the Oouvontioru The Tal,.,.1onts ~':ore a e;re 't family_, espeoi::-tlly the brnnch o'f La Tre"'moille, \"lhieh "irW.!'3 descended :fl.. OD the hereditary counts uf' Poltou. Hu.go prolm.bly took his clue f'rom Puiso.ye Y-gho wrote " .t':.pr'es la mnison de Rohan.I) eelle d-e la. '.PrGraouille {sicd tenalt le premier rew.g en :Br0t~1cl4 et aes irtlt.lensea "('tropr16teo s'6tendciont au.:r la nrovlnoe dtt Ees-:.rainen .- {217) IJa Vieuville mentions a nu•nber o:f thE> lcedars 'lh:ile he is converain& 11ith Boisferthdat on board the Olayr10re.b li!:e d,vElbes~ Leacu..re, and BotJ.chn.~ps. (219} (218) Th.ere nre noblemen It is noncll,:mps " qui .fait g~o." Traditio.1.1 haa it thet when Bonc'h.er1pa wa.s \'iOu.nded m1d dyinr; et Cholet, he leornec1 tlmt his troopo were -plunnin.g to exec-:its five tho1ls- in~ to riu.go ft' A vingt ot u.n ans, b--aton et une Dni r;-e de t>intoletl). ••, eq;lipn.ent is eorreet.,. He ~'1.l'tai t !>O--llr eette f.!Ltorre avoc un T.>rob2bly the descript lon o'.f his bOl"'ll 1n 1712., nnd he jolned thG royalist 62 most these said men~ Rtofflet is rle-at1oned the tt:;:~fuioir@s f n Ne da...?1.S un etat ol>aeu.l',, daM.estiqt.l.a et garde-chasse-; sous tu1 ext6ri- ~eh&it une 15ine forte et u:ne rare ~l~ve.ti<m da aenti- me:nt.s. "Promior noteu.r do l 'insurrec.tion de lo. i l en des officiara qu.'il que lul-". (221} 'Vho in horrible-. sur Vend~o,, ~n ~ vu. eo1ltlent I"' vr There nrc also :Bert~rd, Jloulai?l).liers "Charette qui sii;l'l::i t: Fraterni t;e; lo ehevallc:r oou.rcll~~ b~a maiaons ,o" { 222} lD- vllle de Pornie ot les habit'!..11ta dons leo It is a fa ct that h2ve Mme genealo3ie:::d prete:nslona. Ohe.rette is thus descri1Jed, ~'Lit / morel, etet~it u..YJ. ho!!Wle sans serupules et ou.na 6rr..otlon s6rieu..9e, insouel~.nt -st f~roce!! l1!.vido de pouvoir at plus encore ct'1nd6'lendance !}ropre enfin. devenir un chef de pnrtio" (223) "Son premhn,.. eonlJat fut l'[:,ttt4ue et le pri~e d~ ~andits bien platat "1u'un chef de / Pornic s dont il trai to. lea defensa-urs o0!1l'le au.paro.veJ:1t lva revele dmLs une lettre au ~Comit6 c~tral' : i1 tra1 to.it " Loa brie rule de cet em.uroi 1; s '~ta.llfref'ugiJs dws differen;L(!)S lllt>iacna 9 j~ ne tronvai que le teu. qui put fJ.ire aort1 r eea coqui:na do lev..rs eavernes. 11 { 1'1Ciees qualities tn hie •M9moiree"'. {226) Ile ¢14 e.&eeut-e th.Pee lnmdred re- publiee-11s. but the histt:;ria ei.reumeiQ.nees from Dttgots stoeyo -se~m to di:t:ter sliglltlJ' ttke Ir..GnY oth~rs. he n-e-e atgnala par de.a cruautes qui fir~mt donuer aux revoltee le noF. de, br1gande, fit flteill~r plus de trQia aei:ts republiea.in!d, dont on Jetait lea a~vrea l'eau peue ng pas 1ea ~ven ente~r~~····" i (B~6} !l\1re ta.rr'ible t'.tr;n Gast-on 16 Jol7: -11 a un .fila qui eat le pere cert dane lea blanas,, le f11s son "f lle th-ere ~"a no indiaat,iGn ~lz. t te t1s vengeance urGn t;re~ked who <ieserted -to th-s Republie&..a ari;iy. son The other two o.t 11he turae a()ll.s who acccmr-&nted him in the Vorniean venture nere killed in in ba~~le these two. / Titemae Puieaye ae Gne ct tl:eir lea,d~tr's~ ~iho in~repid me~~enger cX England &nd tte P~incee. Du Dre~na7. Hugo ta.e it, ~est 1d1ot~. ot is often spoker.t of b7 {eca) a Pu1saye 1 s etate:me:nt that. l1e ttGto..tt faible~. ~ "~uellea t~ist,ea ~erH~u.re (].Ue tous ces ~ A eve~1ae1'J._ ,f228) s~rengthening And the lt!eboptd ce Oouey, l 'evectue de # ~ l~ Rochell-a" ce Bea11poil de Ba.lnt-Aiitlaire'" 1 ~&vequa de Poitiers:a ce Jlerey, l 'feve<1ue de Lugcn1_•••• • (230) Baaupoil de Sa.int-Aula1re t1e.4 e:nly one Cottey en:.igrated t-o Spain and EnglMd where he J'i~hts is ffle :ra:ux eveque d •Agraf oalled himself W&$ to die. Guillot"' who The 64 diae;u.iee. (232) There nre many ~there~ SapinaudD 10 chovalior aJ:\/ieuzie~ JeanJel\n, ·whose sh~~dowy fie:ures are tt gl:Lfllf:!SPd on the l)a"'e~ of 14.u-se-3e' s T!~lOil'"eS" .. • The lender Goug-a-le-Bruant or Briae-Jjleu or Imanus seems to hatre p~esente la Jae~nerie des vleux lu Seicneuric si~cles rallien feodale, rentree au donjon, conme un chien bf1.ttu, et nettnnt,, b le Hug<> explc.i:ns that his nane " ' Im~us' , deri v6 cl' imroonis ost ' d1nne a.~ns l' e-po11vc.i1t-E:1 J le dooofl.~ 1-::: 3atyre, l ' o~re n ( 234) t> rJatir:. the word nimroanian is d0riv0d. ?ron 'in' kr1t ttman uhich me ns ti1eaaure. iA~d In tho olri Lnt1n The idea of: p1vsicu.1 immea.surablene!l.s was trnnaferre{'.1 to monstrosity of oharl:.ctor.. ThE;re is rui old French by hi a nortl.e. In this chronicle of nc~uatre-Vi~~-Treize 0 o.f individuals nentioned here ond there there a:r-e large ntlribo~s to illnstr::ite sone one of f"ftgo•::; 65 0 Mdmoires"·, and introduced him in " 1~uat,rt.)-1rinr;t-Treizen•n Un e.ncien eonatitu?nt Boetidoux, lour a l~cutre de ' fo~rniasait pour aller et venir d'm1 bout la Btotagne, des p~~~e~orto tepublic~i '1i •& aouvoau 1nodele, £rVoc le.s noms en b,lanca fiont oe trp'!tre a.veit des 111.:tsscs.,n {23G) l'u.is·;re's accou:n1 m~ins jg de s 9 exposcr au ohnQ}te pas. l He and SO!ile of hie stc,ff !11.Gt this t1oro detailed,, {sio) ri~ie Il nou.a en remit ti ~reaque certnin d'~tre arl'1)te h cha.cuntt uu.tnnt 1ue noi-1s en voulunes" ,It is Clmrriprenetz who» Hueo scysir wee ar-r-osted for cellir1g out (!Unnd le lle"volution de in the '?tllrds-Royal~ " P.. voir la. 'Revolu_ tion 'a lo Porte .. n (238) satires a:n.d his miouvo:t'.f sentenced ~nd eon.duet~ Je vo~1tlro.ia Re was- noted for his ey.tl'J.iccl \'Tith Riv&.rol, ho p-..tbHshoit exeeu.ted ln the atu111e:r of l prev.'.llcnt du.rin!Y the errly Tur'"!_iJ. le? revolution~ry ?Q4o n Les ;as love for brilliwt perlodo One of the nost striking exemplea :Lt thot or Fabricltrs ro..risri " qui avertit ])an.ton la nuit du 30 au 31 rao.rs 1794u~ \239) It is likely that Su.go dreTI hls matcrinlo fron; the " Ristoire des Girondinan. the n.1ght of the thirtieth and the thirt~r-fir!':Jt secret joint moetliig of the Committee of Public hllrli',rtine is telling hot'1 of ~'iarch~ S~foty, there <2 1as a. the Committee 66 ot Sa£et3. the ~-\iblic of Legislation. Cormnit~ee SaL.tt-Just am1 of General Securivy, and the Committee him bahl:i~d".Robes;}ie.ere, were der,aml ing tr10 life of Dani-on, but tl1ey still .feared to make a public '.lGtack. "Cepen<k·nt .m emplo.:1e su.b.:J.lta_ ne des ouroo.u.x du aomite 11orml1e ?!ir1s avait e11tendu. ._JdClquos rtots du discours da Bai:nt-Jnst ~ travel"S las :fe-nt0s Lle ln. porte. plusieu.rs Il ao:lrut chez Dvnton. i1 lu1 dit que son nom, ~ois pr0Do~ced3~s la r~~~ion do3 ~rois faire cra.,indre -azle :r-evol tion sin.istre C01Hil"G lui. conscils de~ait (240} u B1150 notes a nu.-::,bor of the nobles ·1ho fou3}1t i _ the armies of active £or sever~:u. .1eo:rs in the Vandee, n.nd ot:her:3, a.s the Viscollnt de the Viscm.mt de Seauharna.is 9 the count de Valence, tho 1iiranda~ ma:c-quis de C11stine, the duke de of w11om were 1,1~.l ~Ts ~i3iron, and tho duke de Cliart.r0s, nll 0£ 211epub. ican troops agSJ..inst ihc lnv~1di .~ enortW• {.247) -member Another,, o:f the :nobility who beca:- 0 a Daropierre. HQ h~d 1 revoli.ttion~y general is beo.a an o.!'l'ioar in t1:i.e royalist ur£:iy..,, but ho J o.t:u- ed the .Bepu.blicnn toroesci He wns sent 'to u.iu D..u1;0 :irieiz. d~i'ection de :1)-Lmlou.riez en Cha+1pcgno. 11 se pronon~a 0 Lof"$ de la pour la. R6pi.tbl1qae__, l' o£.fens1"0"e co.1tre les adverso.ireG t.rop :1or::'b:-e .i;< et forts dt3 laurs ?~ortall.cment bl.Jsse d'un eoup d..; carmn d.lns le bois de Vi,.~ogne sous / Conde a.u Can't);} tlo Pamars d 'ur, boulot d am·wv.. » {24~}} According to 6?. Robinet ,be waa defending tfie camp vf Fama.rs {244) • Hugo el.to we here as he otten dGee hie Gr.tJJt1rfiatal b:owledge of' his subJeat. t~eion of The con- t~e nrelling~ ia teahelle. pletely defeated at. Laval :ti: 1793!) he Na."itl tes wl~ere o.r.Peeted and te.ken to AceorditAg to Ll:.e ny<>-J;i teur"" ha disd in iir:t 0011., La.rousee, he poiooned hilhJ3el:r,. ~s says (248) There ts the Genereil llcr;.riot., "qui eor-tait de Bicet.refl et qui avai t et.e 'Valet,~ QU.ltinb:: nque, voleur et esrion atimnt d'etre et de _pointer des ·canons aw: la Convent11Jn". good housewivea of •01~r1ed up. ~he aeetion of &he g-enerel In 1?93 the (t?4?) ~sana-Culcttes~ were ~ueh o.bont u new:Qonie.r., e, II.oet myster!ous moJl-. wt.o bad Just taken s .rea14enae the.re. ":B:.ten qu'on igno.rat d •oii i l veaa-1 ~, on eut •11 ava.1t easaye nombre de ~rotebsions: bed~u merJ.e~ :pni s domest1,.qne d "un i d'abor'1 ~n..tant de cb'.£ur• 1~ocureur au Fal-·lereent ~ M8 For11.~, rue ea l'Observa.nae, .IJre~ dee Oo.Fdolfersi oee gens aesu.raiant, l 1 avo1r connu rnarols.and de un ~ogo-rll.10; eventa.ire da bollt1e te1•ie.. la o.am:vagne d'Al'leriqne. il avatt entnatte cour-o. les :foires, tra&nant !1 ttusu.ral t, avo:L.r ett:J'V! eoue Oii l 1 awi.it eoanu &ur.n:>1 comm:Is eu~ ett le bruit courai t Gtl• 1 aw.it ma:me -A. • L~notrets • fllr r·~u~ J.ncendie pour ae ga.rer 4 'tme varif1oati c:~n d 'eor~ t'1.1:1ae." o-1' L&.tayette (248} son bureau This aocount b&sed, as be tUi."Ptits on Chu.llamel'.e ttDict1.onnaire de la ' B£;volut1onn {249), differ·e so&lewh~t, :trom. "t?!a.t. of L&.rouaae. latter source barrier••• ~~ates: " D1 abord olere The .. .. ,,. de- :y;rocu!leur ~ p:-\is c.01n1n s a 1 'oot.roi tle Pf.-;r1s,, lo!n etc resister e la roule ~ui, dane lu journec du 12 ~ulllet~ 1?&9~ se iurta sar lee ~ \I thoug)i it c.tOer:J not O:?)ut1 tt.at tLe f~1;;.-oua genera! ~ao lite~ally a. ~~= t1n1ban~ue. It nae al~e~'1Y 0~0-h netJ.-tioned it.: ~t.nnHeti-011 'fJith He~ault~ de 8-&helle5 that it 1i~~s Htt.W.'"iot ~'ho ecrn.~ded ti.~ troo:P'ff. of the Commune en the see end to te~~in D:f: i:Tune $ 1193, wid who f orood. t.he Conve1li't-icn in secsion until it kad delivered ttA Gircndi?U) te the ve~g&-ei~C$ c~ tbe peoyle. Another etrik:Jng :eJ zurf; 1 a nvovll~ut(2:tc) qu~ :ne JTI&nqnt~it ~ un jcm:-...r de g-a111ot:tnc &t ~mi ~Jai"t le~ qui are1~elsl t eelf-:. eJ.le1.~ -":~ J a able on tbi£ :poirct is th,Lt h~ 1neS-$€ #' eh6ri-r.et.B6e de r0115e t,., a (H51} Lo~k :r~!>.rt it! Bqui a s!Ftnale l€ ;regime de 1a Tarx>e11r.'~ ,JI ccnd.ct7'l!ea~ et All th~t ie e.va.il- each. l$'£ '&~-s: me~sure (;,.,J~) It is net unlikely of the :00-.:ttlo gain the 0-uessent, wt.ere :t1.e e1'ul}idly c.11<1wed t:hg English to ad'Vt~ ntb. ge of the iri.an fi-O over Fr-ench. u~e J?ereecrutE:<tl t1y tlla fbe la'tt{?r h~a it tha:t# 9 Hugo tray have tal!en this att}ry tanmrt-ine 'a hietory. ~ourt, fI'"(iffi I.1 etI1b~uqe.1a e()F.J'e volontf;.,i.re d 'Ouea~n;, le 2? ii1illet 17?8\t! v a bolr'd de la ... T:ll6s suites de oe .e;wmba.t- ou la victoire ree<t& rA.\ns t'eeultat i-a.r m&-e tau.see 1ns,na;.inrre, furelit imputeee a la f&iblo~Ge au dUG d'Orl&.-;J1~, l 'ennenu. fl ~ui aura.it arrete la }OU~UUi~e de Then -teo. Boisberthelot. Fecctm.ts t,o La Viel.tYille (253) tlttl't the Dua d •Orle~.ns tried to c-on:2 to an ag~eo.. ble understa:wiing- with J,ouis XVI.., quand en lu1 a~ ~Il oi..ait V'eilU voi.r le roi. n c:r&c~e dctns le doe~~ (254) J'e"~is JA, 'Th.Je incident is .rela~ed leng..th in the ttR!st01re d..es Girondinstt. Re e-a.'t>0 tQ to arrange & J"eooneiliation, e.:nd ·&te eourtiers mi,e 1our le diner Nl}tal .. '# t e pri xt-oe inaigne .rougt t.. I~e.euaed \t:P.renez garde aux plate on e\lt vu e»trer un voix ou"trageantes. (lOrnr:e r~ pa.lit.~ ~ Verea.illes ,,... ll "' s~-e the King to talk to him cri.e.xie:nt dee +3!1poist1nneu~ public. crtft .t*econnaf t.re ..tu. haine la A at-range man 1e J'ournter *1*Am.eriea1n q11!,,. le l? Ju1l-- le""t, aY&it 'tire eur tata.yette un -eoup de p1ato1et pa7e, 4taa1't- e-n, par La.ta1ette, ~i (256) On the ""••lf'th of ...oh., 1Y95• !la.vat 4enouneed Y-oumier. ttj~ dmaoACe qui e et)\ -;rouVf.I atoutea lea emeute-e " • i. l iatfa.il'e " # Q n&-8 Fournier popW.a~eJ le meme qut. ..... du Ohamp-d~iPs, a p_orte le piutolet eur la Dot-. trtne de Lafayette., et qui eat reete 1mpun1 tand.1#$ que dea It would not. be et,range patr1otes eta.i&Jl't I!!Uieaera11." if tl1e populace of Paris 41d whisper th&\ ehan&~le {257) ette was nspo-asible f-0-r the atteinpt 011 Lafay~ hie ltts to 1n.eiaeaee h1s popular1tT• llugo doee not. neglect- t.o mention some cf t-lle women ot the t1mee; among them, ltati.emoiaelle ne~ of the !heat.re- Re insis-te that, although the men of the .royalist J'ran§&ia. p~rty were aometimeG 1lr~itore, tlle women neveP were, that e•en lta4emn1sel.l~ Fleury •J?e.&aei de La. lio~1e CiiiiO) ma.is par a&Cl.W'•tt a Ma.l'a'tt,. (258) ta Bouerie ia supposed to have met her in 1?86, &n-d t:O have been en ex~emely romntio lever., When he went ba.ot to Bri-tta.D,7, c:r ooui-ae,, he 1ef't her be-hind i!'l ~~1a. in {259} Chevetel. who h&e heen alrea41 dia-n_4eed eenueetion with \U.mou.N.ain. •1th her:. She finally t.eok up tel 4e la Fautr-iere. latefi' became aoqua1r.rted. he~ • abode with lda a.t th:e tro• m. As a physician "the $errtce ~ the kingt.a brothef'I• DhGYatel ha.4 e~ to know his eolleague Marat. •or quand. an -eomm.ence.ment de l.Y90• le Chatelet: oPdonna d~ po-ureuit.e& contre lta-ro.t~~ o'eet a cet h01iel 4e la Fautr-iere qucS l 1 Ami du Peuple vt-nt se re~u[£1er; e"t leraque lea mag1a~.ra'h se ., tr p.veeen~-t ]>Our se sa1s1~ de sa peratl-tme11 4ea Cordel1ere 1r•1naurgea., pro'testant Yi-olt\tton de la 11berte. -eon~e le dietrtot. oa-&te soi-disant Mame :11 4~l-&8ua pour porter aes .. .. nat!onale, qtetre ooir,Nisaai••• -doleanees a' 1 'Aasertblee chcd.ate parm1 lee pat:r1otes qui lui inspira-i-ent le plus de oonfiaaQe. c•&taioot :Pare, "D&aton11 un mo1ne co,rdel1er nom- me Oudolle et le doc~eur Cnevetel. SOJ?t.J!1S Ceiui-01 &"Vait en Joue dans cette nvenin1re le p.r1nc1pal. role, puieque profi:tant de l 'hesitation dee ua.giatpa.ta et de 1 te.rrerveaeence de ~ rue. 11 &Y&it aide ea maitre&ee,- Mlle. Fleury. :tat.re ecl:apper l*inculpe. ca.use de cett-e F1~ baga~re~ 41 a (260} Lenotre•e narratJ. ve, 1-t is evident -that Jlademoieelle Flett.r1' hardly acted as she d14 eu'l o:t love rar Marat. Gf the £eur wo-men o:f La. Vew.tee named,, o-nly '.rherese de Mollian (sic) (261} aeem.e to be we1l knowm hietorioallY• Hugo ~epeate ~he 1aes !hereae de Mollien as the metreiie ot ta eottmif»l SOGa1p of his tL'le~ when he ebarac~er- She Roner-a.. was L& lleuirie'e cousin o.,nd lived most of 'the time at hie eha• teau. As Le-notr'e ,remark& 11 su:ri~it. de dire que ff . . . . (862) 'tharese ~hereee de h1$ ro,al1st aohsmea. Hugo i;iariebefh BaJ'O she bl.U:"ned the list of tbe leade~s of ~he This ts quite possible as she aided La Rouerie in ma.n7 ways while he was organ.ising an4 direeting his f oReea. She •as in fact, ae el&sely comioo1ied wit.h his intrtguaa -t-hait stusi "Wits imp.riaoned in Pana fo.f' some ·ttme. There a~e many othel' minor pers(]nageG ci tad lhO a?'"e so 1 obeeure as oot to be easily found, -or w!m are imaginary. is eViden~ from tte precedlng ditleu~aion oharacterf.\• with the e.xeeption ot definite 11J:t1ieceden-ts in that. the .main kd.e1ib~ ha.Ye m~re h1~to-,ry ~.ntl 'tbe:tt It or leaa '.by :rar the maJor1- ~Y of the minor _vert!On&ges a.re fat 'itlful t:o trhei.r- fil.r-igitlala-. {263) 72 The Events •to ~'{)latrEr-Vingt - Tre1ze". Hugo has included in the story of no.uatre-Vingt - '.Lfreize" a number of evehts:>both fictitious aud historio, whioh are intensel.;v interesting.- Those centering about the crossing of the 0l1annel b9 the Corvette Claymore. the hosti1ities in the Vendee. the scene of the trial of Louis X~I~ the decrees of tho uonvent~on. Robesvlerre in immediately th~ and the conversation of Marat. Danton and eabarat,are the most importa.n~ and will be discussed~ It is ou the evening of the first of June that the Claymore sei;s sail .Erolll Boi~~perthelot Vieuville. .h1or aaptain, there is the aount de and for cecond mate he has the chevalier de la 1'hey bre charged with the difrlcnlt mission of transporting a Britt~J'lY• ~ ersey. stranger from Jersey to the coast of m~aterious During tho ~assage a storm comes up and one of the guns tears loose from its chains and Epreada destru-0tion at eve1·y swell or the ael-1• ~~ii th turned and the boat is saved. dif.ficul ty the cannon is over- But when the storm clears away. it is founi!. that the Corvette will have to ba.ttle with a French fle&t or signt shlps. ~he Claymore has been seriousl-7 handi- capyt:tl when the loosened oan.t1on crashed into aome of' the other guns ruined them. The captain realizes that the only thing to be done is tu try to hold o£r the French until the stranger, who is non~ other than the 1la.rqule de Lantensu. sent to head the 73 Vendean ~roops~ has re&ched the shore- anchored between the murderous So the C1aymore is near tne shore and the roc~s oncoming 1!,renoh sqna.drou ) and then is dest1·oyed-; but the head of the vendee is salely lilllded. It &eems that the incident of t'.!:le aannon is pure :fio tion~ trQue11e extraordinaire in- vention que celle du canon de la ch~es pendant la ~he qui rompt ses et de la lutte de 1 1 artil1eur temp~te~ centre ce tigre de bronze Clay~or~ evade. {264) atte!ll.pt to cross the channel in a canoe ls often mentioned in 1:.-uieaye's ttUemoi.ces".so it is not strange thu.t Lantenaa corup1etes his Journe3 in a trail 1'you-you.". whole incident is probably based on passage across tho spring of 1195. ehann~l Euioa~e~ i!'~isaye 1 e The aaeount of the of the rogalist leaders ln the who at bae time, was enlisting .wng- lish aid and directing the preparations from ~ondon, sent Tinteniac a.cross with .t.a. VieuVille and .Boisberthelot. Chevalier de la Vieuvillo. qui, comma officier dana la avsn~ ~ompagn.ie r'Le la revolution. servait des gardes fran~aises dont Hoche etait l'un des aergentsJm'avait prle de leur permettre d'aceompagner 1inteniao. berthelot~ ~e leur adjoignis le comte de gentilhomme breton. oa~taine Bois~ de vaiaaeau de la ilarine ro3ale~ oftioier qui. quoiqu'il eat pass~ l'1ige propre 'a un service r . .~ ~leant, 6tai t encore aus111 :re?na.rqua.bl e par son couragen. (26bJ Later it was decided that Boisberthelot would remain in ;ersey !or some time~ At last "• • • •• ane eseadre 74 de aux ordwes de sir fre~ates ment de ~. stracham portant tUl detaeh~ emigros. conduits par le chevB.l.ier de la Vieu• cen~ ville, et ayant. sous son osoorte. un convoi considerab1e d 1 a1~es 4 de rilllllition.set dieffets que le gouvernement avait mis disposition a ma a Londres au p:t'1nce de Eouillon. et que a Jel:·ae;r, j~av~is fait pa.rven1r avai t oJ.-1.tlareille de§ cette 1le. et etia1 t le lendema..in en Vt.le des e6tes de .Bretagne{1 .. (266) ~1h.e boat could not the shore beoa.u.se the Republioans a~proach had diseov&red that the royalists were planning to disembark aud had taken the coast. ~ossesslon ~f They had to go ashore by smatl detachment3 ULlde.r cover of night. 2uisaye himself made the pas3af$e tho fog il S bec~e SI eCJldil'Oi? {!U6 ~rip very des six voiles; sa~cessivemenG vatss~aux ~arufunes pas Ciotte ne quatorze a ~he channel. During the nA peine 1e oiel oom.'Ilan9ai t- thic~. dee tflatelots sign~lerent nouo ne across ln June. 1'195,. '-J_lli franqais. etaiGltt d.Ull$ lea hunes rls avaient compte d'abord ila en deoouvrirent 4•autres; et dlati~guer vai~s~aux a l'aiao de lunettes~ une de ligne. onze fresatea, et plu- sie.urs pet-i lis butime11ts. A ')'l HQette flotte etai't Celle de Brest~ ~~ ordres de l 'a;:-- miral iilla.r-et Joyeuse, sous la surveillance d' un nomrn& ~opsent. merrb ro de la L.tc;-.;nventi on~r. {267 J The fleet ln Hugo's sto-17 is a portion of the squadron of. Cancale and is not as numerous as the one descri bod by- Pnisaye. ~ho aimilari ts of the eir- cru.1s tanccs in the two accounts ts qi.lite striking and. leads one 75 to believe that Hugo was borro~!ng more than his inspiration .f:r11m ?u.isaya. La.gt - Trelze:• Ht..go stTesbes a great Througho11t "Qu.atrc deal the 1.>eculia1· gueril1a Puissye the royallsts. ~errare forced on the thut e~~lains hi$ srmy • fo-rcee de ta convenaton etaient ma proposais de seraient fai~e det~ehseo OCO«~ees ~his ~epublieans was a definite rrlil?G9 que teu tes les aux fronticraa. Je un genre de gnerre tel que celles qui contra no~s. seraiont fsoilement detraites~ OU bientot aegoUt6oe; C'etait d'or5aniser aur differents points~ dee batalllons eeae~taires. ~ni ~arceleroient O)ll- tinuellement 1 'en~ernl; l 'C:Jbligera.lent ii se d.i viser; ne com- battreient que dl~persd8 et n& lui opposer~ient ja.~ais une masse qu'il put £o~ce de ccmbattre tages et 4etruire. ent~~fler r~aul tent a a~46S egaldS la OOCaSiOAS~ et yerdrait tOUS les d 'uno t.Jctique. de 1 1 artillerie et de la ~cnfiQnce reguliero~ cavulerie~ Heur~ux aes habitants dU et nous n 1 aurlons pas a nous de nou-ve}.les oalartli !;esn. ( 268) c:reux~ c::roissa:ut=- tualent., '• (269J dans les premieres S'Qttaoherait a In aatunl battle the Vendea.ns ~ gr.ands orls,, su:rgissa.ie-nt subi liefilent de ~&1·tout. d~s bois. des 1 et d.e 1 'usage reprooher d'avo1r attire sur eux accord.in,; to B'ugo.,. "att.aquaient paient pays avan~ 11!.alheu.reux. nous peririone en petit no.mbre,, no1ts sa.aa retour. dee chemliltd Ace moyen i l serait s 1 egallL!,ien't. exter!'1in~ient. 0 I collines. fJ '93 aspeest est-a-dire i'o.ls&ient le foudroyaient, ct se dissi .... l:'erhaps when lingo was writing this bit o:t 76 descriptions he the facts presented by iniera in w~c usiL18; n?ro:fitant des nes iaesalitee du t$rrainy ils haies~ ennem.t. et se rurent ~yres a tlra.illcr a entou1-e~ent eouvert 6·o le bataillon a coup sur. avo1r ebrn.nle lea repuhlicaiAS par Oe £eu terrible, ils ?rofi teront d11 premier iaomt..ut d 'hesi ts.tivn qui se manifests. pa:rr.n.i eu.x. s 1 serent leur5 61ano.er~nt en rung~, Jell.XS 1:t;J.t0nt.h les poussant de g:ra.ads eris., renvar- dG°sar~erent~ et lea ussorumerent avac '.Ectlle fut depiitia toute leur tiaotiQ.ue mllitaire; 1:.1 nature la leur et.Vai t iudiquoet et C 1 eta.it la mieUX adaptee ( 2'7 J .... au pay s .., • 1.J.ugo delights in elbbora.ti:n3 on the viciousness of the T0$J.lis t 1iroops~ partially .Vlost of the proof3 he historic~ ~i"leS ctre at least bu't he :i'o1•gats to ra.t;nt..;.on l;nat the .depub- . f!Jl l:t~ohooou.llt ils mireut lea rep11blicains en coupe regl~e. tre~te dar ~our; s 'ap ;?el,;l.l t 'le orousee e~i; a cela dure ainq oemaines; chaque cha"ine de trente oh~pole-c Q< • On a.d.oesal t lt.t ohaine a u.ne fosse 1 'on fu.Gillai t; lea fusilles tombaie.a11 dans la .fosse p&rfo.is vive:nte;; on lcs ontcrrait touL de 111em.e,n. {21"/lj It is L:. T.tLJ..er~' hisi;ory -t.he:it there itJ found a. record of ~hese events. de 110 tells that ln April. 17 ~5. nLa troupe vio1io:rieuae Ca~he~laesu eutra du.us ~holet, a~ampara de ~ou~ea les armes '17 qu'ello y trouva. et fit des des ea.:1ons tt .. ( 2t7 2 J aveo les z~rgoussGs i:noidents followed al-one on the ~hc:se 11.11 of Gh e Vc:nd ie j O ined 111 r~volte o~r~ouehes 3. S 01"' lea t~f revol,; S• ttUne au tre bien pl~s 3enefrale aviit iclate d~ne le filaraih et le d6parte1nent de let fend.fa.. :.-. ll!1oheooul Gt., '.:l ,Jha.llan.o._ le re- c:rutement .fut 1 J oocst{ion d 'un 3oulevemeat llJ.li versel. trateuro, et comm.it des wasn~oree dont le ~oc~ge Un nomme / n'avait pas rro.is crn.a.tE r~[}ublicnlns :furent fus~lle's pr,,r bart£tes de vi:ag t et t.rentejll b~ the ;\opt..tbliaans.. There Fe ti1iru..e he men ~hile i~avain's number of market"' ~hem J.. es incu.rgcs le::; f'D,l aaieut con- J.Jsa't>enac and his foroes occupy Dol. ii~ se.:!e for his ,arm;; n.umbors six th1..Jusand ' troops eount no more than fifteen hundred. lie duwn 0n tna main street about the central t}auvain mti~s:as a sn:rprl fie attact-: durinv; tho night. ~1.'i th a h:und.ft:.1 of 1o110V"v0rs he ru.shes to the rear of the n:arke t buildi11gsJ tmd m...Jtes the vendea.ns think that they are beill3 caught b.Jtwecn tw~ :A.r1l1ie~~ the roya.lJ..Uli- t1~oopa .flee in the Gau1tain ::Jol#> ~re-a1,eot (lieorder. l~a.vi.ag ii1 poaaession of J.'hl.s aoeO'u.nt is vcr)/ simil&.r to ti.i.a.t -0£ the alita.aK and Le_ C:l.t?t.,..ire )£" ~J~·ma oy ~rostcriia.cma.nd 1 l~ ~oGhejaqi-:iele. lu, Muroed.u relat-ed iu !fh1era•..s vi.n:re:nt S\: .form.or e11 avant de le ville. et forcere.a.1; Jes teJ"lUenn 3 so ret>li~r sur :1iaroeau,. qui a:rri- qi:rniqu r i l tat null,.. u1a.rc~au ,untra-t.a6 pdr oOil temperu.nent bou111[;\._1t't mais cra1gJ.1&1t le bl'\:l..Tie de i.:leber. a.on.t la forae f:-cotde ct cal -1e ncl ae lalast:.i t Jas:ia.ls e111~or&e-r.,, h6si te; copaudru1t, e::iporte ;1ar v(~ffvl?n'":'a.unu., 11 St..1- a.~cide. ei a.tt&qu.e ie 1 ·~b.IH:h i.ie tocsin J:llut!' cmlhu.tent tout SOLnl.<?, 1a deJOl.J. t1 Oil dff'tt2t.¥1t G'UX;11 Se repw.10 0.a:Uu la e-t 41!.i.lgr6 un feu terrible d.es ma.loons, Ufarvlcnue.ut "h re:f':>ulcr lt: pluL gra.n..d n-omb:t•e des vende<~ns sur la ~rant1e place cle 1...i ville:.. et tient ~1nei lez VenJ6e~s Lloquee. 1.il.aro.oa.u fai t oou.!.)er uependan~ aa position 6'tf3i t 113.rH.trtl~o,. c.J.r,. eJlb,ag6 dt.Ln.J., u.ne ville au miliou de la nu.it, '19 il aura! t pu' etre tourne et enveloppe. a.vis SS a Kleber-. n envoie done un pour le presser d 1'arriver au plus vite aveo Belui-ci arrive a la pointe du jour. division. plus Le grand nombre des Vendeens avaient fui; il ne restait qne les plus braves pour proteger la retraite; on les charge a la baionette. on 1es enfonae~ on les disperse. et un carnage horrible commence dans toute la ville"• {2V4) Hugo sketches the trial of liouis XVI by giving a few of the verdicts pronounced by the members of the Convention. ~irst are the "sept representants de la llaute-Garonne appe1es les premiers a pronon-0er qui~ leur verdict sur Louis avaient ainsi repondu l'un apres 1 1 au.tre: Mailhe: la XVI~ mort~ • Delmas: la mort. - :rojean: la mort. - Cales: la mort. - Ayral~ la mort. - Julien: la moTt. - Desascy: la mort." (275) The rapresentatives of the Haute-Garonne ~ere called first. There were twelve 0£ these rather than seven. however. according to the report of the "Moni teur" • between the votes o:f l?rojean and Cales, came those of Heres who pronounced the sentence of "la reclusion jusqn'a la paix. et • • • • • bannissement a oette ~'-;oque"; {216J, and of Julien. l~ After Desasoy came the represcntati ves Rouzet • .Drnlhe,, and T-.iezade. In the rrMoniteur's" aecount1 Ayral and Esta.dens were left out. In the n.irchj_ves ca1~1eaieutaires 1 t, it is indicated that Estadens who voted £o:r ffJaa reclusion et;. le bannisaement a la pa.ix". BO (2V7J and Ayral pronounced their decisions in turn after Cales. Thus there weTe not seven utterances of nLa. mort" in succession at the beginning of the tl:"ial. but only three followed by a more clement sentence. The deputies of the Haute-Garonne re- ally voted in the £ollowing orderz Mailhe, Delmas. Projean. Eeres. Julien. Cale's, Esta.dens. Ayral. Desascy. Rouzet. Drulhe and Mezade. On-0a more Hugo shows that his knowledge of the pexiod he treated wac limited~or that he deliberately misquot~ ed his materials to add to the effeotiveness of his story. Eaganel who said, ffLa. niort. sa mort"~ (278) is pointed out. Un roi n' est utile que par A£ter an extremely long speech. Eaganel concluded by maintaining that~ ,,.., • • • l.tes . rois ne peuvent plus ©tre utiles que par leur mort. Je desire 1 que le suppli~e du oi-devant roi soit le dernier qui soUille le ter:ritoire de notre republique". {279} 1'here is "Millau.d (sic} qui avai t di t: t Aujourd 'hui 1, si la mort n' existai t pas., il faudra.i t l "inventerrr. ( 27 8 J Again Hugo has misquot~d slightly to add to the dramatic effect of the narrative and to make the excerpt as short as he ed it to be. wish~ Milhaud argued th~t "Sane doute des l~gis lateurs philanthropos ne souillent point le code d'u.ne nation par l',etablissement de la peine de mort; mais un tyran, si elle njexistait pas 9 il ~audrait po~ l'inventer •• • • ftaffron du trouillet did not. as liugo relates~ vote, 81 nLa mart vi te.! u ( 278}. !he sense of hia verdict was much the same., however,,. although he really said,, "Je vote pou.r 1a mort du tyran dans les vingt-qu.a.tra heures. Il faut se h1tter de purger le sol de la patrie de oo monstre odielL~ 0 ~ It is Goupilleau who is supposed to have said, £aud tout de su.1 te. La lenteur aggrave la. mo:rr~ .. n T2810 "L'~cha ( 27 8 l, Rugo gives en accurate interpretation to Goupilleau's speech whioh he concluded thus: "Quant a 1a peine a inflig-er J'ouvre le livre de la nature, le guide le plus certain. j'y vois qua la loi doi t etra la m§me pour tous; ;j 'ouvre l.e code penal., j'y vois,la peine des conspi:rateurs; jtentends la voix de la 1iber~e. ia voix des vietimes du tyra.n. dont le sang a.rrose les'plaines de tous nos departements £rontieres; toutes me demandent justice, je la leur J~ajoute do~s; Je vote pour la mort. que je ne crois pas qu'il soit proposable de difZerer l'execution; autrement Louis subirait la mort autant de fois que le bruit des verroUB (sicJ de sa prison viendrait :frapper sea oreilles; et vous n'avez pas DUppli cen • l~ droit d'aggraver son { 2&2} ss Hugo records., i::3ieyes voted wi thov~t s.n.y justi:flaa.tion o:f his action._ "Le Uort" .{ 285). At least he dld not try to salve his consaience by useless verbiage. Hugo ne:;:t points out Thuriot"' "qui a.vai t 1~eje1;e 1 • appel au peuple proposh pdr .Bnzot: 1 Quoi! las assemblees quoil quarante-quatre milie tribunaux? ?races sans pr~maires? terme~ 82 La t~te de Louis XVI aura.it le temps de blanchir avant de tomber"'• t 278) It ls strange that Hugo should have given 2httrlot en.ah a lengthy 1 speech~ when in the "Moni teurrt is re- ported for him,. only the word • "La mortn. {284) .Previously in reply to the questi0n "Le jugement qui ssra rendu sur ~ouis sera-t·il soumis a la ses a.ssemblees pri:raaires? ratification du peuple reuni dans Qui ou non"• he voted ''Hon''• {28!5) Eerhaps Hugo found the substance of the speech assigned to lt!hu:riot in Hobespierre•s dissertation of the thirtieth 0£ 1Jeoember, 1792. whiah included the i'ollowing. moment ou '~Au premier il fut questi.rm de Louis le dernier. de la OonVBn- tion natlonale convoquee expressement alors pour le juger; lorsque vons partites de vos depertements enflammes de 1~amour de la liberte. plains de ce genereux enthouslasme que vous inspiraient les preuves recentes aes crimes du tyran; que dis, ,t t questlon dlentamer cett e affair~. jel Au premier moment ouAfu si quelqu'un vous aut dit: Vons que vous aurez termine cro~ez le prooes qui juge¥a def'ini ti vem-ent le tyran dans hui t j dans t:rois 1nois; VOUS VOUS trompez., Ce no Sera ou4~0. pas metu.e VOUS qui pxononcerez la :Jeine qui lui est dne; je vous propooe de renvoyer G~tte affaire aux quarante-quatre mille sections qui partagent la nation francais0~ ' afin qu'elles prononosnt toutes sur ce point, et vous adopterez cette proposition; vous auriez ri de la confiance de ce motioJ1lta.ire~ , Vous auriez repousse la motion comme incendiaire et faitepour al~umer_la guerre 83 m.nu. #I . Telle eet el!ttn[\ee!l ' phere On aeaun que le. d1apoaS.tioa 4•• ••Prlt.a ~Q. dir!d.-~~e'l ~ :~eat~J.'~e.ree~ llatllrellea . s:1r ~tltu1ieura l '1nt1.uanae d 'uDe atmoe- e~:.t Q.m? le3 1de5a l<ss r,l'n.a a1mplea et lea plua • • 'JOlit ta ll~ll\~t.cuf:re"S pa.t eo:r;Licn:es". U'"~t! ~ lee ! lU8 d&llfte1'8U.X 0 -~ 11 ti.J.~ later he added. "Quell• 14.ee •. grs.r._d !'ien, 1.e vculo Lr faire Juger l~ o~>us• dis-; et la mo1 ti; .J~ ea eauee • fl.'l.l' \Ill tri. btrnal d 'Uh hmn.,,..e, que eofl!.~< Ii• . fl'Carc.r t..r,,:-·~~Uti tre mil i e tri bu?t.a:ux 1aH1 r'!tili~~e.... Qlll ;e•t la•tquer le terme Ml cett.e gru.de .· attatre ~.ra1 t te!'lllBiet• (28T) 1I'hBr: ttere ie Auguattn-Boa ticbespte1'.re. •qut,v.~r9e eoa t.rere, 9. erle, 'le t,f;~ COl'lne.i.e point l 'l'lumanite q\tf egoi'ge lee re-n:t:les et t!Ul :re.rC: or~ne •vre1~, c•~u'lt nbeti tuer J'tH~e·. (!,8) ~ ux deepot.ee. a l 'e.i1el &\! te. •o.rtl l>emand.er u r•u1,le .. apt:el &tl.X tJ- luet '11ow seen aft,er lla.xttrillem, Hugo mer;.ne \Ila'& 1 t is :rotllld tbe.t ltJ.gl·stin....J\o!l Bobesp!e.rre \alked. l.JmnedJ.at.alJ' a~tt,~r Orn:.~eliv tu'J t.t:a.t t ere were eevenieen deputies who r~ vt1; tr el r deef e1one betwee.r1 1.l.e di 81'(·Uraea ot the trw• bro1.be1•• Pugo!• ;dig~· st cf AugnatJ r.•r ve.rd1ct is t!01"e-~hat eimtlu t.e '119 f!et1~l el'trUlf!.::mt.,set forth ae to11·o•a1 de ocurege, Jl r.•7 en c_,,13 J 'nbt.cri:·~ lrJc tt •ie rat •· re11plir aon devo1r. 1W}¥\Jr"6S eangul;1.1a!NB g_ue ' 1 &1 1 'o;L.,1on 1.e ~tL~ 'Lwt. d~ir1t.nderJ\ tin l •a;:; c 1 r•~:J .~e11J:)J1 1& dot'Snt1~n J•1usqn ne ;s..r-l•n.1 r-o1nt 8Uf'>Bi•t nn BJpel au.s. tnana. •a la :paix, 1a l• 'YOU.X ~81M C'"' pa#ea . qu le tl•• a een..111e.r o•,?e\ aub•\1"11er De TO\e p·otat, pov pa.roe qtte Je oroi• que 4eJllllD1 aoae auiton• la pa.ti; ei qu's.l:)ree-derain Capst oommuderati lea ...8ee ennetdea•. (388) a 84 'Fous-sedci .re, who had taken tbe Pi err~_J explains ·M:iat nJ'e..-i J; lace o:r Bernardin d.{t) Sa111t- l 'er:fuaitln du se.,,ng hum&in, En~ hor1:re..u1~ s le hiweel:f b:>r sant;... eonnu, M&is 11-aying~ ~i;l\lv.sou~s tl tat etl en ro:isor1 et ln Justiee dolvent li~ Aujcu:rd tnui #'. pane:e- et, eon.~zie ea.ne doute ;·on.~e a11co.r--e t,yrannioi et ';,ln~ e~eet c'ect ioi u~ ,_~ ~. peina lrnr.rible t :ft.is is a faiJ?lY exact .... ~'ts a t~.:tnso-ripticn oo:rabat de t~v1.,t. a. libeRte # Tta me. rt est t.ice eE.rt unet of what ha .t @ally 1 ~lle ~. id~ The rae-o~ in the 4lld:Qatteiu~ 11 &t-ti,.:dJuteJS to Lt:.1.Vitm.u1t~r..ie 1'1J.ette "" 3n :treril ; 1-e l?tlr hie V'O'ke_, oo.ualuded de~nie.rff 'fl wi~th ~}t!e 1/':Jte 1 our (292} H\l(;o ntb!f!e& (hi~~tv.1,d:tr.t, t 1i.u1 says, "Que l Ret1versee l ~ t>nbrc..l tt;:11:t.tea .a.he~ t l lf1 .rte ,r.-t {2?F} i •exeau:te Bt.l"i~te~e Tl~:! a speeel,i e,u re1 Grt30~ in tLe HMcnl t>;:;u;r" agisst\le:~t:; orsctt~e j 1tin i l rerugr11€ a l!le ro..iaot1 de '\. .IJ •ai oondnrme ~ le~ aomrlioes,. Touteo\ len c:rois indignes d •u11 iA)ut delr-i ceI'f;..it t::v..e Xtt1hl€}o~e., ]'a~G.Nme~ l~h 1 a.u ~ Ct.-ll1Bide- le litre; L 1:eve.IJ.tA7.. ge '1.U'{>n 1~1i'te1id en ti.rer 'U'is-il.-·Vis dea er.uiem1.,.,.fi (lxi,e.r1su1..z eGt, ilhu.,o:tro '111 inccr- Bugo gives t.?e1lier ~these qoJ'.'ldc: '1 Quto.1.\ ~Citi'*"ge, 1,our tlrer emit.re l *amic-ulti un er4non du aE; l~b1~e e.e la tete de Lvuio. !VI". (27S) b_r:.1ef1.y -Je a~a~ted, -# n:vous avez deulF'.....re !,ouia ea1able de vot.~ i OUP 1& f!.01ittt. {294) IF- acn.r~piretion. gaire un iri. t rue ~ r"reeent~t un e~ t.ree ' de ts.rrlbletl re'flexitJL{i.- ot ~arell s~eech C~o~we11~~ be tl1at Gen1'1l lfMe a .celtd.--eiJ r;:.'&t :porte a fai:re .., # ~ Je r\e veux done .ti~s q:ue mon opinion ) lilted kubliqu~.n {~96) lt 1e Alb.ouye wllG-l!~ Hugo qtibt.e:z Que ce ~pect.re Vi ~i &ille errsr ft.8 oo.:rtne, '1La »a,~nise:emeirt. auteur de-& t.ronestt. Al bouys 8? -te.rmi.. na. t.e.,,d hi~ J~atl.fi t%iti<1n ''L~ tcnltaiu~ de 1 11lto, t GXist.en-e.e rte I·O"U.ib (300) 5 f:-.V.t'&.. ill tt d,e lt.o.re ot:tli.r.JJ}.t::'{ wo.t:~da.: d t o...fH')ee Irt-p -.:on vJ..-t1tiua /) nc eE: '~ "'uve CU rmim~ c-et ~:va.n:tt "" r;e cte de,jC\hll;.t' lea 88 It ia ~.g~£,1n o:r· a de1·uty' a 11 gu~~re. (g99} Je Wl:i~t IBJJ tc-- ir1Pvv& ti:i.e diction fht-~c Y:i~J·~e'l cree1'"h~ •rJ!1e11 lie ai.p,tge ire ne veux Qu t11 vive. 11~int.f} ev1-dent tLEt faire te raalJy en.id. ' m'o!:c~e ~ l~ ~o~t t.tiat 1~'1 Wt15 l:J:ort U.ont Rom.{;;. f0.ra un 1,1tJ.t r·c 'ezt done- coJnll'.e de LouiG, ' on~:tl} on '7(1 t'3d ,,. i rrecloarae~t 1~rce ~ua dttrer Ball~ iflterl"Ul t-1on ~l'mC~U t;J lt,\ fin dU ju_gen~nt, te~; ~ eeme& ~·1? freu1-es rtt,res a l 'extre:r~l te d.~S b;;J-nC£ el~vBO, Ct-UBaie.t-1-'t e.ntee wti eh i a q_ui te lil:E. tle fhdf ffie."-t1onS"' i•,::_e~ fettx1e~ b,r1_f'>f er ~ ()ne il'.1 I 6e-cc11etees et Ruge- 1 s g, llugo !:O~l. r:om-ota.ient; lea J:f'~e_e~ of the one g:t v£n in r:quat1·e-Vb1f,!'t-Tre1gelf7 is c_s rollo-ri1s: tlfns les s,eeti..:.clen e,vLiquee~ -VOi~, "<lowme on voyait n,(,siaes f,,u rr€1n1Pr- ra.n_g \is cee 1,..ribvne.s bee.ucvu1.1 de -fcn:rf~et;;, jevn-es, J;f;.rees de coulou~c tr1.C010zt6$ !> C-a:us&.n t et leU..(' ~ttS:tuda er. . t1•e 211€-;S ft118C iW.l!JUCi~ll:C-0, e-Cl"t:hfl£9Il-ltt- ettenti ve que :t'ctt.r com-::;.tex• lee et lee \~otes n;e.eque-r t s:ur Une car-te aVe<C la points d t u.ne epinGl~:; ~.u 11ugo O~lf~., in e-Qllcludi1:g his deMH~iJ;t,ion £Ou-ne, HAu Tuawent OU 1le ec.1.nd~;i,;,ner~e:nt ttvait er•r.:ore dix-huit uois a vivra~ 1N7taent Of t.bO tJ.'aili.f.l a l1lt'.tl't L-0Ui$ Da.ntL.n C1Ult;Ze XV!-, Robespierre li10it:ir Vergniaua . neuf' 11101.o!J rJn.;Nl.1' cinq Jti.oie et teci s- aevlk.uee, LekelletieJ.'l 2&.int:r~rgeau till (2\10) Jour. Co-urt et t~.r~.riblo aou:ffle ae~ bO-lieI1(:-:H;. humainesJi' ~01u1ting ~~in the niJM::t~enth of .January, 17fiS, Rob~epierre bed eighteen l!lonth~ ar..d ei~!1t daye lef't to live.., {5-0?) 11!.t"ntha arii el~vetl .f.a.ys, t~eny~tbree daye {g(';g }, tAa!1~,t {3q9)~ ~<nd {3~5) Vergniaud t~d nine ' had f-i w m:ontt a Lepelletier Dan-to1'1 £~int-F~rgeau ~nd had one day to live before he ~'Jas eUlbued hy Paris• a for~er ~garde du ' .rc-.tfi because ~e had wwd t:o;: tl:1a det~:'1l1 Hugo~ with a :re~v ext;.mel~a, de11f\ 1~1 A~ 1 • v~&c.~,,ra.:t touia 1VI.- (ZlO' ealls bt Lent.ion "'tto 'line _, a~rveloue fl1tille deelarei t- l t J.tr£11genee anern:ny,lish~sants of: tne Cor;'l'.1r::t-:.thrra * ., l ea-eree: e..L,.,...e or t l f ....1J .!A..,-,.p.t.1..,~""~it-!:. .:!1 G~ y ; c;itee A ~e,1ls J'.,~v..veugl e e ..!ts A,..,. ~n& f'111e-u t:?tie ({n 'ellc concols. lt €t. celev(ll t, l~r~an-0e 1 ss.crea deti-1't\ l l 'i!lut.:u"Jeurso t :01"':rhe H ~ ooera~ . n q'il t e 11 e ft i Et· 1 t ad op u~r par la ~a tqi e, dan.a J 't1,ceuce ac r;..ui t te ~ Elle flet.ri~GO.it. ldl tralt~ dee noii'lst Elle trocln--!t10..1 t. la sol:idu1~i t3 ci vique., ~t,ign !1;~Si.tuite. 'Elle OX\ ~u t ~l le .U.Lderi.n l-sai t .. ·alle ctoli;;~~it l'ee-ela.w.ge. Elle decreuS<l t l 'i11~tffic :.,,.r1i~.. :lt 1 1 education .!~B-tlortr;,le fS.!1 I# 'flla ersa.1 t lc6 m.meerva toi.reG by LiiJ:!'ial'ltinA. loNiF..,r ext:rae'tt In 'the w1u ev)ire de£· Olr<.-ndhua" it:; l'kole et 1&8 .f,ou..Yld ~ba fol.- "l "'un1 te des J?Oida et meeurea fJ 1 'e.wr,J..icfA-tion t:z.bl~ r r:f<ll'l! axc1 i tier r~ 0.t'~ntiOtl d 1 lS, r;ode ci vll uni E:n el le.-n:aliie ii'\, Cltt1ic{~-ll\;~c.ngoi n ~ in 1820 As to the attnatity c :r gr:tnce . 11 the 't wen t--y-,..fira.t a.v tiele ot tbe nJl001a:rat1on 1 ,,.!io;::u,ae /2 t 31nie11 1793, d(J q~i or 't~'iail:t et toyen n' state~ the~t W!Jas e-o:t t en a S$1.e i:ent las acat hora d*e"ta~ 4e t~vaill~fi. Oeteber • l19a,, aeaaiweo »•&sad -du ror the tif teenth (314) ~ Unatt on o t begging we,r.e which po1' ded fe:t: optg&1d.ze4 gove.maa-t a:i-4 to ~oaewllo 'The nnterial at l.12.f!Ji'tca,ing 'the l.)Ub~lt of the b 1-1l14 Md the dea-=r-m\ttes is :tz1oufti c:tent 'to make £1~,atu11e ~t !11 t'i~ veu~:tn ~~ti<Y.a p{).ssil>J.e« - aside huildi.1.:gd to be 11sed as aqlv.v.r.s fo.1" tbem. 0 :i1e'(!ret reh Lif~- i(, lt<.rgani~-O.ti()n de-s i!JG<JC\ll:3 a a.eoo.rder 0 Y r~&&aeO.. t.he tvmr..:ty-eigbth of J1jne, 17~2, the eeoend eect..lon i$ deve"'t1ed. t.o thfJ ~ve1;y -f£roteo~tioJ:. tr1 e :eou.rH~ling si~s.i...e 0011.ld axi.tl tl1e 1*fille-merett,. af rord w~ts irant ed~ thea. {31~) T'he lnforo.ai,it)n a'traila.lili? l:-o.r use in this paper uffereQ. very 11.tlil·e on tho subJcet P? tlle Conventio12 tool{ irgon ~t-taol:f tlJ:Il-hm~,eJtee:pt. tbe b nrden ef tlnt the ea~ta..b111:lb.in3 aia wacda of the etate the O:f?.{.,,J:rru-1s o t the citizens killed whilo :fi~11.-t;b1g for t.he Republic. :Mo ir.rfc1~3,ticn on t!1e i.ndoo1n1- fi~..ti(Jn o-r aequi t~d Jt•'ror;orti lef~t htmd. '1itL~ regard to the 1r._e :fn ne-grcee. ·WAt lf~tivmll AG~ sembly~ "oonsiderant qua les prit'1fJt$ et en-0Gurage-meute tto- oordin pour la trs.:t te dea neiJ:s, z-orrt contra.t,ree aux ];~1n :cip-£'8 cte la libt~:r"'te~ d~ar~te citto lo pYime d. 4 eneourage1*ut, fh~oordefe I 1 a1 l l10i.t'SJ'- f~St, ~e. r~t du et- d.et'!eUre <:lonaeil de 17£'1.i,, rour l~ trai te Jiea Btlj).t' r1r.l.ee a 1 1 ~~YeniP* • Corrventiori eotrL1m.red thii$ polie:r b_y derwee5 n~ ( 317) t~e Th.a ·u1en't7- Beventh er July, 17~~. ~q~• to.tes le• P•i... a.uo~• Ju..-•& rNent pou.1.• la ·trl-d to dee aBCla:vea eont elq;~n.:e'S'~ (7>18) • &.nd eonf'1rme4 it t,he n1ne"teenth ot tspwabe,,. 1811, ...._ l\ o..rd.er tlw. t J.l l :iJ .rerr.1 uma f orm.e~17 ·a•l.Vded atou.14 1Je ~&14 • but t:lat •J.ueullea 1 rtmes, ou ernJo\l~Mfit..,, ...itttoa.t1cm•• t~u ' me.me· c.u.i.uua. _pour .ra.iaon de la tn.1 w dee ne,ttrea z.,e po\U"ro•' A 1' It' •e·....... IU-,:;i • p&7es. &f>U£ Ar;. 'to t.Le · •tu •rre .. qne l que ~t::eoti on oZ q\le Ott ••• • {lllfl o:0... 0 ti.1 . . • ). ela••rJ'. after a d1•ou•aian l&cat-1 na :t:Jron tr.a !'c nrtl, o! :rebruar1 t.c th• eleft::trb ot A¥nl• l 7'il4 1 of .. ~11 . ueg1:oae 1n Frr~nel" cclor:letJ ••l'e ll&d• el t-1.&ena !';~1,ce. .. . : "'.Le. 9onvent1oiw.le 4iola..re fill• i •••ela"ft.ge ,_ 1 • a.e£ r.~e£ree daJ:t£ tout.es lee co.1.V&1•s e:st. &b& 11 en " .. e 1 le deo..-ete que 1.ot1a lea . l~omrJ8e. GOllattq••• aua 41atlaet10JI 4• c-ouleur, dOll1c111e" ditnti leL colcrJ.ee, soat 01w,..na fl'UI.. • par l& CoaaU.Wlt.:.ie, et Jouiitur.t. de· toua lea dro1t u.scurea -t..,1 O.Jl•" ( SSiO) !'rue lJ.•etrueticn hwl tiJ Nmdy been at' fci-tll &a un 1rstegr•ttl. rta.rt of tl1& 11011.,Uwt.loa ta .. ...,.ta•m. hmwlre4 ni-.-t...y-01_, (3£1). Tl1:. eonver.tica t~nnlu4e4 th1• pr11Mltpla tn. twenty-second section of the rTDealaration des Droits de fH1omme et du uitoyen'• whioh reads: - La uLilnstruction est le besoin de tous. societ"e' d.oit favoriser de -ton t son pouvoir les progres de la raison publique et mettre 1r1nstruction Ci toyens 11 • ( a la portee de tousles 022) The publio school system was organized oo. d ins tl tu ted by crees passed the twenty-fifth of October. 1785. In these plans~ ~1 ebru.ary de~ and the twenty-fifth of the primary school in the commune ~ and the aentral sohool~~i~st distributed according to the density of the population (323J,and later in the "ohefs-lieuxn of the de--- pa.r-tments. Nb mention of the 0 eeole normale" is found in these de- crees. The c.:onvention quite often interested itself in the e:stablishment and maintenance of' centers of art whi.ch w:>uld add to the store of public information. the Conservatory or sti tut 1'latiunal n { of l:'&:t"iS· t326J On the eighteenth of Brumaire, Year II, IJfu.sic was created under the name of the ~In 325 J and later was established in the commune ) J!from the tenth to the :rourteenth of' June~ 1793. the 1\}ardin Na.ti onal des Plant-esr1 , under the name of the "?lus6'um d 'histoire naturelle 1' was organized.. f32'l) Another decree which was passed the tenth of October. 1794-. provided for the fonnation of a. 11 - / Conservatoire des Arts et Metiersrr_. "Il sera form.a a Earls_. sous 1e nom de uonservatoire des Art-s et Meti era. et sous l' in- spection de la Oommission d'Agriculture et des arts~ 1111 dep'Ot de machines-t modeles, outils,, dessins, descriptions et 11 vres dans tons les genres d~arts et metiers. 9G L original des instrum-ents 1 et machines invantes ou perfectionnes sera de~ose au conserva( 328} toiren. ·.rhe unity of the code ls inaluded as one of the It wa.a decreed that · La loi est l 'ex- 1hHomme et du \}i toyena. 1 pression de la ~olont~ generale. €.OllCOUrir tion~ personne11.eme:nt., Elle doit ~tre la OU par m~me Tons les citoyens ont droit de leurs repr~aentants, sont ~gaJ.emont e~dmist~ibles a a Sa forma- pour tous, soit qu'el1e protege, Toue 1es Ci toyens,. etrult egaux soi t qu Telle pu.ni. sse. Droi ts de 1 0 a ses yeux, toutes die;ni t6s, places et emplois publics~ salon leur capacitb et san& autre distinction que cello de leurs vertue et de leurs talentstt. t 329 l In a decree of the first of August, 1193. the uonvention introduced into the chaos of standards of measurements in France the first plinciples of oTder. i1be first article of the decree reads: r'Le nouveau systeme des poids et mesures £onda eur la mesu:re du m6"ridie.:n de la terre et la division d~aimale. servira uniform~ment dans toute la of 1794. ~ugu.st. liugo~ Hepubl i_que 11 • This was to go into ef'teot the first {330) in gi'Vi115 the uonvention the honor of placing the finances of the new J!1ra.ne:e on a £1rm basis.- eyitiently is drawing his conclusions from Lama.rtines discussion of the state of £ina.naes during that period. plained that f~la ln the uHis·toire des Oirondins",, it is ex• eommissi on des :finances par 1 'organe de Cambon, son rapporteur et son oracle, porta une main probe et J.'61?a.ratrioe 9"/ snr le d0"1Jo-rdre du treeor public obere, et sur :Le chaos ou la masse et le discredit des assignats jetaient ses transad.ions privcfes ou publiqaes. Il y ~vait en circulation environ quatre mil l_iards d r assign.ate deconsideres 11 • ( up demanded of the riah and the buying 331) J:r3 the forced loans of bar....A. tai"tes,. all but two bi1lions of the assignats were brought in and Ex- dest~oyed. portation and aircnlation of gold and silver were forbidden and the national debt was liquidated ar.d inscribed in the Urand L!vre. ~ven though uambon 1 s course of action was not always the most sound, ¥il creait la moralite da tresor et restaurait la eonfianoe. oe capital illimi.te des nations. ~a fortune publique de la Erance repose e~core tout enti~re aujourd 1 hui sur le~ bases jet6es par Ga.mbon u. f 332 l fv'happe., who bad invented a new system of telegraphy reported it to the uonvention (333), which was sofavorably impressed that 1 t ordered further investigation. were still more 1795~ convinci~ !l:he results of the experiments ( 334) and on the seventeenth of tJuly, the Jonventlon ordered the establishment of a telegraph 1ine ndane l 1 e-nceinte du i!alals National 11 • (355J un the third of !'ebrn.a,ry. 1793 • .taya.u. as :representative of the naomite des Secom-s publiosn,suggostad the following dearee with regard to hospitals and their rna it:l!~tenance: I ''La tresorerie natlonale tiendra ~la disposition du.ministre de l 1 interleur jusqufa conou.rrence de quatre millions_ qui<ll a.insi qua le..restant des fonds aecord6s par les loia des 22 Janvier et 12 seront eoploy~s a ao~t'l792. secourir les 116pitaux dont les ~evenus ne seraient 98 plus en proportion des besoine. soit par rapport aux pertes et suppression qu'ils auraient ep~ouvees, coit par unacoroissement 111omentanet d 1 infirmes qtti ~uxaient~~ pourraient y @txe ad.mis" (3351 4 1?hls propoAttion with its appe!lded articles was adopted by the r1onvention.. on numerous occasions the iJonvention made grants o'f fnnds to the h03pitals an.d <the nhospices" ~ !ioB t of the rule ~3 of snni te ti on laid. down by tho uonventi on a.pP11 ed to military hospitals. It io surprising how advanced for the times were some of the regttlations included in the l~w psssed during the yeriod between the third and the sixteenth of Year (337} II~ ·Eb.ere we~e Vent~se~ decrees from time to time which further explained and ar2plified this gre6.t law. <ls to the ltEcole polyteohniqttet•. Larousse affords tho best brief description of its foundation. nr,,ombla.rdie, clirecteur de l i!aole des 9onts et ehauss6es. eut le premier l 1 id'e d'une ~aole d..a.ns 1 J.aquella-t01.1s les corps d'ingen1eUJ:""B recevraie.nt une eduoa.tion com- wune, une instruction son idee a soienti£ique~ haute et saine~ Il cotnmuniqua Monge. qui la fit adopter au comite de salut public ave-0 le concours de uarnot et de Prieur (de la C'Ote-d'Or}. croy fut crharge de l'orgav...iaation de eette eoole. en Four- l~an II~ et le deoret du 9 vsndemiaire e.n !II {28 eeptembre~ 1792} institua, sous le nom d 1 Ecole centrale des travau:;c :publicrs. eelle qui devait devenir l'Eeole polytechnique par la loi du 1er septembTe, 1?95.n (3381 It was on the ~1enty-fifth of June~ J..7(jlt adopted the ides of a Bureau of Longitudes. that the Convention Among its mambers ware to be Lag:range and Lapleee am it wo.s to exist in conneotlon with tlle commission. of public instru.otion. was granted an annual ~t 6llow001ce and presented with a library. (339} I:n the Cons ti tu ti on of the Year III 1 the two hundred ninetyeigh.th artiole of the sec ti on dealing with Public Instruction provioes: ''fl y a poux tout e la republi que Ull inst i tut na. ti ortal charge de reoueillir les d~~ouvertes. de perfeationer lee arts et las sciences" ••• (390} Hugo ha.s included most of the main aa- complishments 0£ the Oonvention in hls although some enumeration~ of these we:ro not originated blJ ths..t body. One of the most in"'c,eresting events in tho enti1'7e novel., is the meeting of the tnxee leaders, Llarat, Danton. and Robespierre at a cabaret in the Rne du Paon. ~here aeems to be no \ his~oric However, it is true :foundation for this meeting in the cabaret. that at various times we find that at lea.at two of the three mot together in an at11empt to reconcile their divergent plans of ac- tion. Lamartlne quotes Hobespierre as saying on the fifth of November,, 1792: TTJ'ai eu~ en 1'192'! ru.n eeul entretien avea Marat. Je 1-Ui repro"'Oha.i Ulle exag.$ration Gt Ulle Violence qui :rmiaaJ.ent la aau.se qu'i1. pouvait se:rvir-. a Il d6clara en me quittant qu'il n'a:vait trsuv$., en moi ni l&s va.es ni l 1 audace d'un homme d"Etatn. {Z41) Lac&r in 1794, when ~he friends of Danton and or Hobeapierre wished to bring them together 1 ·'Une entreva.e fut ac-aept'e par les derut chefe. Elle eut l_ieu dans un d1'nex b. leur ami e01rununu. (;~harenton, r.,ama.rui:nesrelates further that~ chez .Panis. at ftrst.,a_ reaonoiliation seemed probable. but that finally the break baas.me l.00 definitive and that Hobespierre•s hatred 0£ Daiton was i:rrevocably formulated. (342). During tlhis convernati ·:m in the the greateot all the 1.i.es on the ,gastor11 .frontle1... dan~;fn· de~ails Danton alone knew of the intrigue that was dcvolopiv..g U:nQer the guid- ~nce o:r Ghe'vetel. He alone .:Cnew that the leaders of the Vendee had. agreed w-1 ~h tl!e Prineen that when the Chftlons~ Danton insists that cabaret~ the Vendea.ns were to strike. i.n a vi so. but .Danton clarcd no~ 6migr~ uroy entered Earis would bo ca11.i;ht as tell wha.. ti he ::nevi1. ti on v1011ld have par'3.lyzcd the He public·· with :Lear. 'i.ne lnf"o:rma- 1enotre explains ·• ...... or'! par:ni les membres du gouvernement,, lui seul l 313} con-41'"" nnissait des les premiers jours de septerabre 1 1 1 irmninenee du danger~ qui mena~ait Earln du a~t$ de l'ouest. par Chevetel que ltentree de 1 1 armee coalisee Il avait ~~pris a le signai attendu du soulevement €-,eneral d.e la 0h'S.lons ~tait .Breta.~n.e; il savait que les royalistes de Paris etaient enregimentes et prets a unc SUPrfrfT1£ tentative~ f1es ef-'forts 11' ourent jusqu 'a Ch®.lons 'T.. ~Vb.ether ~r not~ the et i l semble evident que tous qu 'un but) en.p'@cher l ' cnnemi d • arri t"e:r ( 3<-4) stor~ of the meeting in the cabaret is historic Hugo has sufficiently interp:retod the personalities of the three men in their speeches to m8ke the entire scene an ef£ectivo f-tc1<.li ti on to the atmosphere of the novel. l~ese events that have been discussed are only a few of the more important ones ci tell. by Hug.o. fJ!hero bee~picked ~J.re many others which have up here and there from trauition and from authentic \ sources. 101 P~l of the::::e are valuable in sustaining 'the historic 102 'rbe fnf.rt~tal nse.4 in the W7it-ing o'f t-lle novel, •Q_wt-w- Vingt-!'rei-&eJ• ~ le lar{fely d~n from soureas, cf' hiat-o~ic ot whirth the two moat important a.re tbe "Memoif1es~ Oonnt de Ftd.eaye utilized only ~nd ta.r~artine" a autho~i'T the "Moni teurtt. ~...eii It m-7 be tttiir'L B.ugo ttJiifrtQire des Girondlns" > for 1 t is the found for mfilil7 o~ ~hs However ~Qua~re-Vlngt-Tr-eizen~ both i~ in31dante cited in 1• qui1e possible that had acoese t-o :tdentle:m.l original sources. '?he uee -that. Bua<> oooaa1one$ his tr..~de knowl~dge of his m&'tel"ial ie act a.lflaye ia nl1ghtl7 contu&ed-. tha\ o:ften his ir..tforti&tion is eujoe.r.t1aial. t.te •Moniteuru where he to~in1ng tl1a report.rs of bor~owed ~he trial~ mostly I &B fro~ It 1s ev1dent- in t~ the of Louis XVI and ee.se of nuabe~s ~f oon- the Gizondins. Even though the a.aourn1lat1on of faets in •Quatre-Vingt, 'f:reizett mey not be hiat--oricall7 valuable,. the 111terprettition ot theee fp,ctis ~..Jld their r&mantie ye~ o~ 1~vantiena mmke OJ)~ortune t~e novel eombination iiiil!h t.he ~ thB F~nch Revoluti<m._ 1?95. monument ~o that great Jlotea. 1--Qua.tra-Vingt-Treize: Vol. I, 2--Idem: 1• 182. 192--193. ~pa. The letter was betng .re~d to the Convention by Barera. . •sept mills rn7saLe ont attaque Va.nnee. Ioua lea aYona repouasee. et ile ont laiase da.ne nos ma.inn quatre oa- --•t ~ ncns. . eombien de rr1sorm1eret interrompit une Barere eont1nua.-Pcat.acr1ptum vo1x. de la lettre: 'Jlous n'&vona pa.e de :r;.riaoM1era paree que nous n•en ta1 sord~ 11 ua'. • 5--Beimp~ae5on de l'Anc1en Moniteur. Seule Bietoi.re Aut.bea- ~1que 1tt Inul t.8.rOe de l~ Bevolut1Q~ ]tre,np1ae Depllia la Reunion dea Wte.ta-Genera.ux Juaqu'a.u Cone.ulat " • # ( mai lT89- noverr1bra 1?99)-Par1e--Henr1 Floa; Im1rimerie-ld1 t.eur- Vols. I--IIIII--1858-1862: 4--Quatre-Vi:nct.-Tr~ize: Yo1: XIX. P• 81. Vol. I. I• 159 .t • 18'. 5-Idema 6-l'161-183T. ?-P. Larousae. G~,nd Dictionnaire Univereel du IIX9 Siecle-Paria-A:.iminietretion d.u Grt-.nd D1ctionna1re Un1Yersel- Vola. I-IV--18~n-18,6: Vol. II, P• 1414 (under Buonarotti• Hiohel) 8-Quatre-Vingt-'l're1ze: Vol. II, P• 12. 9-Ibid. 10--Beterred to Puieaye, Heaoirea, etc.--fS vols.--Loadon-- Oox, Yile, and Bayle's--Vola. I and II, 1803--Vol. III. 1804; Paris--Pillet t;ine--Vol. IY, 182.5-Yol. Y, 1824; London-Harper and Oo.-Vol. n, P• 35. 11--A oaptain or the .roralist an7. 1807-1808: Vol. II. 11--A captain o~ the 12..,..._Qua:tre-Vingt-Treiz&! op. a-it.: l3-'P'-a1scy-e~ Vol. lo. p. Vol.. l l ~ p,._ 15 • Vcl. II • eit. : Vol. II,, Ii• l5. l-6"'""-Qua.t.re-Ving~-Treize:: 2~d&ru: u. V-01. IIs It• 434. 14--Qun:tt-e-Vfngt-~~ize: Vol. Xt, oy. 01-tit l?~Pu.ieayas army. ~oyelist JI• 4~. !J• 12. •an "lio®e .9er1 vat tg 7 noof}iJor, en II!-t oroir&i t qu 1 :tl~ ont des taleg~a~~ee 1 .• Hugo ~iteB thi~ remark &6 a justification.for hi~ The -l.'.1:fi.'tee.ra. during ti.mes of cnror-eed 1na.ctton~ r~ym.liai accouni of how J'1.1.pidly the devised rr-an1wi::,ye of k"eeJ>ing 'the di& Btnu",dcinesu., 24~~e Notea 3~ rQy~lis~a eoltlicr~~s1 "Tout. le J-0ur, Jean Ohcman ntnta £~isait ch~peletter." 122, 130? 144-5~ 141~ 19&~ 202, 205, 212~ 2?6 J- 2'19-96 ~ 298 J: 300~' S-10 .. 25--Sse lo-tea 136~ 2'6--See Dote.a 116~ 129~ a12, sii~ 149-50, 51_. 194, sos. 15it l91h: 203, :;;.-04. 240, 256• 304-5, 541-2. 27..-Sm 1fct<:'.S 30-1. 6lt1 aa.-tfee iso. 94~ 270~ 272-4,. llotes 10-tJJ 13,. l5~ l?~ 18'5! 33, 37. 31.l* 43, 45-6.- 49- 9-s,_ i-02$ tnts-1. ioo. 21..,, 2s1~ 22-s. 2r-e-.9. a5'.- ~"f>s-a. Vol. II!J 2~ua.t,re-Vingt--1freiae1 30--Thiers. l:liatoire e't p~ 12. la R~volu~io~ Frang&ise~~Parie--J'u~e de eie .. .- I~:tbl'aireG-Ed1 teu~r.s--10 Vol~~ ~nd AUas-- Tl!irteentt~ Edit~o-n $1.~Idem: p. ·1857-lil5l, Vol. lV,. ~-- 86. ~17 • Vol. 34:~1u\t.Jte-1lini;t--Trelze:- 'II~ p. 15. 3~4V1UlHr, llislio1.re de Fm.nee ContemporaibG Dari-me la ne- vclutior; J"urutH'a la }!aix de 191°9--Tf)-Lle Beecnd-Ltl Bevolutiox~ (170~:;-l"f9::t) 1m,1~ Uaehette--1900; P• G. 'Partaet.---l?al?'is--1..ribre.1.rie 1~9. Vel. II ~ IJ * l:L. :~-~uet-r'fi-\Ti!1f1~-'freize.: 39-PttlJ!aye, o:p .. nit.: Vol. !I,. Ji .. M4-~ note. Vol. ll" p.- 28. 40-Que~tre-Vin;;t---T,CJ-eize: 41-tenot.r..a!r Lo Ma.rqui$ de la llouerlo- et la Oonjura:tioo Bret.G~ l'r00-17931: d •ft.pl'es -dee Doemnents Inedi ta-:-Parie--~ P-e-rrin ~t O:te.-1920: 42~Qua:li.r-e~ Vtngt-Tx-eize: ;ppra. 19'1-198. Vol. 43-·Puisaye, o·v" ei1ft.-: Vol. 44--ll~t.Pe-Ving~-?!rei&e! 45.-Puisayei o~_. 01 t,.,t 47.........qu~·~re.....,Vingt..,,~Tretze: II~ II~ p. 19. P• 441. \101. II, ~- l l . Vol. II" ppe1 507-30&_. Vol. II, :P• a., 4&---Idem; P• 10. 49.-Pui~ya~ op. cit.,t Vol. II, P"YS• 285-2ero+ 53.,,.......tiaron,, Pa.rlo Pend.&nii Te.rrenrt, Ra!ipO.rts des ~ent• !}eo~e'ts du ilinietre de l t~!'iear, Pub11•s puur le ~ voe1•eiieA u:J-'ftt ~1atoire /9 """ . . ~..t~ v~nt0m~-0.rain$~~P1~--J..tJ..uraire Alpb'<-.mf:;r~ ?:te~r-d Fila-1910; Tome :i:er' (27 a.out 1?93- ~ deae1l1bws 1'193): Vol~ I, :P~ 5-3--:Ra:-p11-0.rt de Rottueev!lle, 'fC1p t. s2~--cH.• , OJJ• tiit.: * 1793,, Ra~11or11 de Perr16~e~ 2? 63....._Ider,: Ra11£;or-s de So-alet 11 13 ae:Dt•• 65--ItJ.ernt 'fb.l.:;;~ort. se--.Id~; Ra;pJ!o.Pt de '7G-~:tdera IntroC.1u:rt1.on, Yl~Idem: :r;ps. l9o,. 248. de fJ•;;.t-nud, 10 a~p~.~ 11793~ &out.,. lV9S, p. »• ~4-; 1'195" lh 5V-. t&,t1l~La.tnorrt~gr~e, i; • .¥..U\'111.• . p .. 16"1-. 18 oo:Pt.•t· llf95g P• ;pa. 165,. 210--. 4 .. 72-....Idem: pp~. 283~ 580. "73-Idemt Rappor·t de Rt)U6s-evtlle 11 8 sept'11 • l '95,, ! .- tS. Y4-Qua:tre-..Vilig~Treizei 75--IdeIU P•· ll'"l. T6---0&.ro:n, or~ eit.: Vol- t~ lh 118~ Ra.:p11-0rt de B - ., 29 sept., 1?93. "1---QUP.tl'e-Vingt-Treize: 'l~ldem1 i:.P•• 120..-122. T~I-dem: i; ~ SO-Idem: p., 1,66. Vol. I, p. ' · 164. Sl-..Lfr.notre. Pari$ Revolu.tionna.1.re--Par1c-""'Per.rin et Ota-.. Librai.roo-Edi'teu-irs *2--LaYiese., cp. cit. {nomrelle edition)--l9~(h P• 103. Vol. II, P• 92._ t Vol. 1 :i ppa-.. 157---168. B~a~~e-Ving-t-Tretee: 84~The same design of oirown M was uaed for the stat"Ues .. Vol. I, P• 168,. S~Que.tre-V1ng~7reiBe: e~Letiot.r"e, Peri s nevolu tl cnne.i re: pJJs .- 104--105. pps. l06-J07. 87~Idemt 88-•Qua:tre-Vj.ngt--Tt•e1$?et 89-...ZdeE: :P• igy • 90--Idem.t p.. 155-.t V9l. l,. P• l-69. ~ ?l-Lanot.re,, Le tfa.rqu1 ~ de le 1_touerle: 95~u1007e vm.G born in i'fst>. 94~!rh! e~S.p: OIJ * O-i 't~ t p.. 521"• 95-Pa.ul de S-sin.11-Victor., Vie'i-or 1884--: :P• 200. lh.&ge--Pa.ria--Oal~n II ltiv- FP-8'• lSV-188. 9&--Hm.e" Drouet we.s for r.~n:v rears Victor Bugcr's cloees·t, .trien<J.. Vietor Dugo, His Life and Work--Londen-Eveleigh 97~'.Dand:aon, llash--1912t 11~ 500,. N()te l. • - 99--Qut;t tu~~Vi»gt~T.re1 ze: ~ Vol. I , i:. 162. A Beaueil des Acta& du Onmite du S&lut. Public l~Aula.-:rd.,. > ~veo la Cort""teepertdanoe Oftioielle d.e-6 Rep~eBent:anta en U1asion et le Reg1etPe du Cona~il Ex&eutif P~oVieoLra--raris- IJ)lp.rime.rie 1Jat1.ona.le--l669-l9Z5: io1~-Quat.1...e-Vingt-T..reize: op. e1t.: 102-P~isn,ye, 103-'.Larouese~ ep. nit-.t V-01. l0~Puisa:1e~ OJ:"• oiti.t 106-Idem: 10?-.Ibi<l~ 'Jd.• 263, llote l. II~ V<;il..- II., P• Vol,., IVl, 104--Lenotre,. L-e Ma.rqu1e Vol.. III {1890) P• 22 •. sas. l'• 101'/?. la Boaer:ie,1 P• Tl. Vol .. II, P• 21-. Vol. II,, P• 99. n-otet-. lO~Quat.re~Vint;t-Traizet 109--Puiaaye'ft a-v~ 1ait'*': Vol,. I~· i;ps,. es.-96 Vol. Il" pps. 41V~O 110...._Paul d-e saint.....V,ictc.J?-, op. e1 t-t p • .197. lll~ua~re-V1ngt..T.reiz~u Vol. I_. P• 1v2. 112-P!tra.-L.a Journee tlu 14 ju1,llet,, 1?89,, Fragment des m$moire~ inedi~e de L ..-G. Pitra-Pa.ris-Edited by lul:e.a Flammermoiit---18172: Pi,,.t.ra we.a U~Ltn1-1e &n eye-.1'1 tne~.tG p~s. of' the 52-5S. affai.f'~ Madelin;1 l'i:"8neh Bevolnt1on (~anslat-ion)....-Jiew Ye:rk- G. P.- Patna.m's So-ne-l9ltlt 114-Bebinet~ lpbefirr Le PPfl• 26l-P,.J52. r.ft~etpla.in, et flollabomteura,, Diotion- m1re Riston ~ue et Yiioz1~a.1>'hl g.ue de la.. R&volu ti-ctn at de l~Empi-Fa--1789-1816--Paria--ttbrei~ie Ris~orique 4e la · Revolu~to~ ll,, et d~ itt::mfire--1899 {1898)--2 vol~.: ppa,._387~88. llJS-A.:ren:tvee Ptt.rlm..e.nteiroa de 1?89-1860--Pt'amiera s&r1e 7 1789 a 1-?9~1:--l'ari ~,.,..I,d. b.r~i:iie .Ad?d:ni a tnti v~l OCT-l~15: Vol. XLVIl1j ~ • C59", llS~T~rL!neJ, Il:tetoire des Girona:nG--~~le--Haehette e~ Frhrma--Ar't. '!Ill~ 1£0-..A.rah1V£S Pc..Ple.r..-e~t~rest 189-....~tiv.e, C'P• cit-.: V.ol .. LIV, pt!a! 65th Vol:e: !I!, Book 34, Section 19, P• 584. 13~1leittipreae1on fie l 'Anoien Mom teur: Vol XIV., P·• 853., 01e 1 op. l~l-,,_,Robi~~t~ 132--I-Oen!:- VoJ.. -. I I' 451-458. pps~ Vol"* II, P'*' 1453. 1~4.....~!j~~, Vt.Jl. !Y ~ r• 11i1 • 13~..!dem, Vol-- !• 819~ !V~ II~ 33Y. :;; • err. ei tr.: 135---I,e.~Gac-e·e~ . Vol. Qit.~ See nleo Pi..ob!nert., op .. -cit~: Vol. I, I . 483. l~mr-Clf.,rlyle !l 1frcn~h 18!37-"3 vols.-: 131?-Areh! vea P.fl-volutton--Lundnn_...,{lht...JliflEhn a.nd Re.11--Vol. I!I. P• 64 .. Vol. LXXIV,, 11pe. 303-304. ,,r~l~J1anta1ret.n 13~·uatro-V:tr~·t-1f-1.~e1za: Vol. It> P• 1V4. 159--A:rehi 'VSS P&r.l9?!t.ento.1res: Vo.l. !,IV,_ p •. 245 :tf. 140-1719-1??6., 141-l 7~'>-1602. l4?r-"'Robi~~t, op. l44-1leir~r€nn1on 146,~IQa~: r~ n~4 1 •tu1ciicm tfQnitonr.: Vo1~ JV~ p~ 146<--T!co~n~t, Vol. !I, a~t.: Vol. XVIII;- :pp8. rz,. • eit.: Vol. II~ yp.s. ~tt l.!1?-,..,·P~i1I.Jil~tHieion de l 'Jh1G\sn Moniteu.r: 148--Qumt!fe-Vingt-T~o1ze: 11:9--0arlyle~ 150-!dem: .. cit.: Vol. I~ "t<. 98; 99. 'tTol. XIV~ JIJJS $49-850. lYa. Vol. llit fr• 53. Vo1'1 11, ;:::J;s. 315, 522., 101-La.lt-a.rtine~ Ol)• ait.t 15t;--Bob-'.?.:niat,. t;p.., f'l'!t.: !sa~-0ueoo"' 153-Robia'iti Vel. IV, Book 41. Se-etion 4. p. 217. Vol"' !r J.J• 440. 011. eit.i Vol. IV,. :P¥S• 09. oit-..: Vol. I~ p. 52~626. 253. 15&--Iie:r:.: Vol. II• f • l5'?-Id~'7~: lT-ol. I,, 158-Ide.m: Vol, i; .\) 5~2. 690. , 15~.A•~hivss Pa~le~1~J.ntal.i~at:J: ffJa dant:..ntle d.ono t}lttl Vol. L.X, Ji• 393,. J!tb.rat eoit dealc~· en eta:t.t de 100--!dem: Vol. LII g 1'. 275. l8l-Ido1n: Vo1.r~x, l~-IJem: Vol .rI, t..; .. 50-70,., LI~ p~n* 335-3~~. lo3-ta~out.1~G ~ op.. oi t (t: 7(ll .. ?i, 11 • 71)4 {under •oomi tea Vol .. !I,, P• 353. l55---Ido.r11: I 166-Qua tr3--·U'in,e;t··Treize-: Vol. l, .PJia. 175-176. 159--.Ide~r Vol. I l '?5--~d3m: Vol. II, P• l!'.!'3. l~l~lI~m.: Vnl. II. t·• 592. 3 ~· 176. re- 179--Idem: p._ 1?7. oit..: Vol. IIf p. 180--Caclyle. c~. 183-Araluves P~.r:-lemer.. ta1r~o~ 184--:Rotinet-, L!., elt ~ : Vcl L)CV.II, i. Z'!8 f:f. II !'i IFl.e+ Vol~ 165--Ar..:bi ve:a 'f.t..t(.telf~ef.; u:diire~: 16&--Rcbix'J.et, CI·• o:t~.: -187-!rc:hJ.. 'teS V~J Vol. tlI, J;,. ol ,, ff 19l-Id-t1r~: ~J;re. l9E--Idem: Vol. tV; 193--Idem: V~l. 194-.-0~£-Jyle, o~. l.9"'~~.. i·tins~ ,t. .. ~~ l~C. cit.: Vo.l. CJ!• e:tt.: Feb. 2, 1703. III~ t• 91. Vol. !Il, lklolt so,, IJeation l98~.t.ro111 ~s P.:wl£mer1ttLil"e£H S-0.l""r-B-clli..t~-et~ CI. ci:t-.:: },1,.- o:p. ait.: Vel. .. n'f, ;. f~~ ) . 49,. 6?0. Vol. LX, ~!I 48Y. Vol,, ! .., P• 408. EO-B-llei111,t·f•&ezion de 1 'Ancien Moili teuri 3f.I6-3n1". 1793. ?Gff. J'"Jl'·• cit.- t vo.J.• I, 2-03--~rtins, / 911 41 196---.&cifa.,p~e~t:\1011 tie. J~ "luc1€ln Mord. ·tenl:'; 197~J.">OUS&~11 z;;; ff. · l70£Pfl! ~x::.r:t LI!!, t'f Vol a LX,_ lh 1l>.- Ma11ob 1S6--Ide.rtr.: ~· -4' ::~s~200. V\Jl.- IX, 11a-. $£..1-S25. Ptil~) Bllell't~ ;t1,e~l lo5 ~1. Vol. XVI, i1• 554-p Vol. IV,. 'Book 42• Seetlon 12~ ppsill {?ha sema story is told i.n 6~1.yle,. op., cit. 17'6.., Vol. III~ r.1~s. 200-~0l. ' ) 005--..ReimDre;gsion 1e 1 'J.nciat! !-.fon1 terAr: Vol. UV, p,. 851. \ 218--QnRti~-Vin~t-'T.rei~e; 219--r~r0vsae,, er~ e:tt.: 2m}--Que~re-Vir1gt~Treizc: 22J~-.-Ptti~eye;. c:p. cit.: or .. cit-.: 22~--~atr~-Vir.gt...Treize: 2~5--Puip,aye, OF· eit. J;t. 25lt V(}l. lI, p-. 961. Vol. II~ ~· lq. Vol. I!, I . 565. 222--.-Q;rJ&tre-Vinet-,.,reize: 2P~5--TR4f:VtJ8-S~ Vol. I; ! Vol •. It! l • 16. Vol., I l l Jc P• 984~ tro1_. I,. P• ~8. Vel. IIj t• 5Z9. 2g9--Idem. Vol.. I..X,, 1• lOO? • . 23&--Puiaaye, 2:-;9-Id~em~ op0:,~~-it+ .._: ,,. Vol~ II~ ppe .. 453~55. P• 461. a:.;O--Quatre-V1ngt-'Tre1Z$l Vol. I~ !:.• 28. {Me-rt'ly 0&ImQt be :rrrund ill the Pte..t.er'lnl at. band.) 2:1iB,--"hepe 1.s en- i ..rrt,~r~,;:;ting study of Gui.llet 1:n tan-crt-.re'e ~v:t.ef 11'-n~ l'ei sons $1 V-t~ux 'Pep1eretr __,..rtJ:l 31.en:e 80r1e--Pc.r1a-.,.,. .?err1..n et Ci.a •• t1b~aiP(ta-Ed1 ten~s--19~1 t 234-~_\e.~~"Vinf~t-T!'eize: Val. II,. ' . 38. n!eUonnaire de la lMgua B~n-itt. Code:rrey~ :p:ps. 193-~~~?. tous ees d'f.alectea dn II-a au xva fran~e.1 ae et de Paris-F •. V:tewe-g, Lib!'ft1re-t<U teur--1885.....1902-Y \rola. and I: Vel. !:llementary V!"Js.: 2~6-~u.~tre-Ving-t-'Tce1zet 237--Puise.ye, c:p.- oi i~ r 21e--~,1tu~.:tre--Vin.trt-Trei:20: 239'-!demt IV, G\1.p- J?• 54811t Vel. II$< Jt• 12. V-ttl. II 'P I:];i'.61 Vol •. IJ !J'°' l8l.,.l.B2 ~l6. F• 135-. 240-!.:w:r~j.rtine ~ op. ~:f~ t-.: 241---(Jm t.re.,...Vingt--Treiz.et 242-1·o~~outSee ~ ~:p.- Git,_., 246--~natJ?e-Vin~t-T~eize: 24~~ob1net, op~ cit.t 24~--Puatre-Vinet-Treizet Vol. V~ BQok 55, Section 5,- ii• 366-. Vol. !,. J?• 26-. v.r, r- n.s. Vcl. Vol. I:, P• Vol. z. Vol. ~· n. 2e .. 5?.9. I" 3-7. 24&-feng tre • IT/ieillea M.&..:i eo-11a, Viau:&. Pc.ltier,s: 'rrcitt1e~e aerie, J:J;.~. ZO'i-'2>\0 24~IbiG., Note-~ Challamel.(hictionna-1.re de la Rev-elution.'' Uous ~-e e1 tons cec .riacc.n~.r-s, fantsi.3iste.e ~etrt-et.re. que . ee qtie Parie savai t ou oro)1l1 t ea voir du -eomt:e -&oboa !fl" . pa.;;;ae d *Ha~)rioi. ca.t !j authantiqu-eml?lnt, ee paase ee.t reste__ _ ~ 1 .I< ,,. _p:1iiof't1nde.1r..ent mya.teriet1x. u 250-La..rouere, Olf • c1 t.: Vol. IX if :pJ;s., Vol .. 25l--{!tul~ee-Vut~t-1ft'e1ae: 252--~ou&ae~ op. ~!t.: Vol~ p. ll 7 xv. p~ 4 1106• \Jul..I, .i- .. 2 1! • .254-Qua.t-.t~e-·U-ingt-T.i-eia~: cz... !~ ~::}.-()z., ~.ol • II :tc 13ook ll,, Sec ti.on lO, Jr. Z6. 2il8--Q~tre.-Ving1'-~lle'1~: \Jol I. 2el--Quu:tre...v:tnit.-11're.tze: Vol. II, Jt. l"/ 255-u~k4&tir.J.c t c:i 1'. : ti> ~~ 128. 'Ii; {Mlle. de Leoo111;Je, ir11$.t'ese de Mollien (aie), llr.1a. de la wonen of tile rgya!i~t ;p!\rty.) 25£;-G. Le:.. o·tre$ !"e; Marquis de la Reuerie~ ~r,s .. 3B-l17. 1ntaresting in.diViduulB ~ut-ioned tL.roueLont 'the t.towl fl.bout wrtcm 1-nf"cr;rr.ation i~ i1u10Iripl:ste or a_ntiroellf lfM!k1.r~: 1!e:ade..ree"5 l!e.s Tantea, "oJ.. ... 1. 1.i• 28" S~.t"'an~ Vol .. l, P• 116; !Ame ... de Bou1~lars, 1?1 tuu !t atld Motf¥,flabe.ri#,. Vol+ l ~ p.. 117 ;- La Reynie, Oo11ehtu1, 4lid Pillo7. vo1. I., r-- 128 J Beza.rd, Vol. I, 1-JlcG. l "1 a-1 79; Fesqtie, Vol. IIs l'• 14! Gueeha.mp, Vol.- Ohai11ta-en-B:lvPr, Vol. I!~ P• 158. ~e to 26-4--Paul o.e n. l'J;·i3.- 44 and 94j (These references Viet0-? Huro' s~t?uatre-Vingt~'l?reiee" .• Saint..-Victor~ 265--Pulsa:re !' c1 .. cit. : ~ c;tt .. : P• 199'°' Vol., IV• P• 399. 25~Idem: p:Ji&, 268-Idemi Vol. II, 1pa. 253--254.- 41~4J.9. 269-Q'!Jli~Vingt-Treize: 270..-Tb1ers. op. e:tt.: Vol. IV, l!• 63. 271--Qu~tre--Vingt-~£e1ze: 2'2~-?h!ern, -0~. el t.:t zry3.....!demt PIHl.- 64-85. 274-Ider-J: Vol. v, Vol. II, p-. l7• Vol. n, )J. 15. Vol. IV, p'! 84. ;-pe'll 280-282. 275--Qua~re-Ving~-Troize: Vol. I,, PI"th l.79-1€0. 2?~Reimp111 oiislon de 1 1 o,,neie11 Momteurt 277--.ArchivsS' Pa.rlem9nt~lre-0: 218-Q'llatre-Vingt~Trei£et • l9D. 281-~Xdemt ~· 2SB-Idem: J!ps. ~os~,.309,,., 283---l<.\em: p, ZO&. 284,t.ll'1ern P• 193 .. Vol. iVIX,, P• .$42+ Vol. I, ii• 180 .. de 1 1 ancicn !bniteur; 2?9-~il&impresaion Vol. xv, :p. 184. Vol. XV• rw lU2• 286-Idem.: Vol. XIV.l P• 8'77. 2BY-*ldetn! v• 288--ldem: Vol~• 289-Idem: p .. 190c i-'190...._.,.Idem: P• 191. 291,_-zcteru P• .i9S .. 292-Idem: P• 192. 29?~Ider!:: Plt£i• 19~194. 1894-~Idenu P• SO? :29~Idemt 29.§,,--I4e:m: 878. XV, 13.'200. 100 •. ltP6• 200-::01. 297--Q.nat-ra-.V1ngt-T.re:tze: Vol. l-, Jil?th 180, 181. 299--Quat.re-Vin5~!.tt.relze: Vel-. 1 • .P• 181. 30()..-RSimi;:rEl.&G.i"OJl d-e l 1 ancien Moni teu.r; Vol~ l'V~ i, .. 194. OOJ..._.Idem: 1,,. 190., 303--Cal1"lyl :t 9- olh ai t., : Vel., III , p ., 50.rl--tamarL:tnelf cy. cit.: l~l'SO .. t1ol. III,, Book 35~ ~O"ticn 4, P• 401., 306•-Guillotinod, July 2A, 1 r;9~l. 307--Guillotinedv A~ril 1?94. 5~ 308-Guillot1Bed 9 0etobsr 31~ 30U--AeJ&.asina.~ed,July 13~ 1793. 1793. 310--Aasaosinatecl~J®~if ZO" 1793,. cien Uoni1'aur: Val., Sll--Qua.1're-Vingt-Trelze: SlZ---~rtine, OJ.i• a1:t.: XV~ See Re1mp.reas:lon de 111\h- P• 264. Vol. I,. P• 184. Vol. xv. ~ook 41~ lec-tioa 26, P• 465., up. 01-t.t !Q~rtfUflSe, lb'3:ti ~la 8 Vol. v_. (undec P• 40 8 0onvent1011 ) 314--J. B11 th1vergier!f Collecticill Complete dea Lote~ ete~-- et Se.r1be {Douneme lt41t1o-z)--Vols., !.-VIX,. Pa:ri~---A. C'niyot lS.~4-"l[ol. VIII. lS35t Vol.-. 315-Idem: vx. Vol. V,. p.- 355~ P• f29. 116--ldam:. J Vol. V; •l=. 384"" 317-Idem: Vol. ~18---Idem: Vol. VI, r,. 319_..I.dem: P• 1?5. IV~ Vol. VII, 321-Idem: Vol. III, 32~Idemt September 3•1.4,. it• Z\i? • ~- e1. ae .. IJDt!• 239-25'11 (p. 241 for this peint). 1~91,. 322-Idem: Vol. Vj P• 3f3. 32.....IderI! Vol. tIIIt: P• 29 tt?ld P• 35'1. 324-Ident P• 35-Y. 325--IdatI: V•l • VI• : - 2?9~ 326@-Idemi Vel. 'ttII. p.., CO?. 12?.,..._Idem: Vol. V._ 328-ldemt 329--Idemt Vol~ ona., VII. P• £94. VaLIII~ 330-Arahivea P~lementa.ire~; ~1--La.Jtal'tiru:j• "' op. cit.-:: 45~541. 1$--April $,_ 1'193. s$~nlv :r:~ as. 1?sz. Vol~ Vol.,. Lll_,, P• vz,.. IV, Book 45., Section 2S;p ppe.~ S35--Jul1' iv. 3$i5~.trch1vea 1?9!}. See Duve_pgi.er,_ Vol. VIII • .P• 191· c11..: ?a.rlementairest Vol. LVIIl, P• 175.-- 33?--Duve,rgier,. op. eit-.: op. cit .. r 33~Iarcuase, 539--Duvergie~~ op-.) cit-.: 340--.Idilnr: Jt• 258. 34l~La.mar~1n.e~ 342.~I~eiu OJ;. Vol .. VI:t-. ppe. Vol. VII, ppe .. Vol. 11IlX~ 6~V9 .• 12~121_,., p .. 150.- 5 fructid-0r., An Ill. op. cit.: Vol. Ill,. ~ock: ~1¥ Section Vol. V, Book 65,, &cti'°n 3. p. 361. 34S.-.....llfmwn. 344~te:not:re. te- Marquis de la Rouee:Je• p\11' 1529- l~-llt P<! 220. 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