IOBC / WPRS

IOBC/wprs Bulletin, Vol. 37, 2008
Working Group “Integrated plant protection in stone fruit”, Proceedings of the
meeting at Balandran (France), 14-16 October, 2006. Edited by: Fabio Molinari,
Jean Lichou & Emanuele Mazzoni. ISBN 978-92-9067-211-1 [viii + 173 pp.].
Editorial ................................................................................................................................................... i
Participants .......................................................................................................................................... iii-v
Contents........................................................................................................................................... vii-viii
Designing a new peach orchard growing system aiming to reduce pesticides and improve
profitability
Lichou J., Hilaire C, Mandrin J.F., Mathieu V., Soing P. ....................................................... 1-5
Abstract: This concept takes current environmental limitations into account by reducing
fertilizer and in particular, pesticide use. With sustainable agriculture the main objective is to
combine quality with profitability to maintain the future of farms. This orchard system aims to
attain these objectives by using a growing system based on regular regeneration and plot
rotation.
Adapted tree management ensures reasoned crop protection by reducing the number of
treatments and training the trees in a low volume hedgerow allows quantities to be greatly
reduced. The trees are not regarded as permanent entities but more as regenerating fruiting
supports on which work can be carried out that is easier and that can be mechanised resulting in
greater labour efficiency without lowering yields.
Observation on leaf mineral composition of sweet cherry trees grown under organic
management
Roversi A., Monteforte A., Castellino L. ................................................................................ 7-12
Abstract: the sweet cherry leaf mineral composition of 7 varieties (Colafemmina, Denissens,
Drogans, Ferrovia, Pagliarsa, Stark G.G. and Stella) was investigated for the same orchard both
during the conventional and the successive organic management. The data obtained for N, P, K,
Ca and Mg show clearly a strong influence of management system on leaf mineral contents.
Because the organic management protocol strictly forbidden the use of mineral fertilizers,
mainly for which that provide N, a decrease of leaf mineral status was expected over the years.
Really this was observed whit the only exception of K which instead increases. The levels
of macronutrients found in the leaf of trees under organic management are very unsatisfactory
and then a revision of protocol about fertilizers supply could be very desirable.
Genetic and functional characterization of the peach-Myzus persicae interaction: towards
breeding for durable resistance within integrated orchard management pest in plum
fruits?
Sauge M.H., Pascal T., Kervella J., Lacroze J.P., Corre M.N., Pfeiffer F., Grechi I.,
Lescourret F., Moing A., Renaud C., Gaudillère M., Poëssel J.L. ....................................... 13-18
Abstract: Integrated production of fruit and vegetable species is one major field of research at
Avignon INRA centre. Breeding for durable resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
(Sulzer) and other enemies of peach crop (Prunus persica L. Batsch) has been initiated fifteen
years ago. Several sources of resistance are available among wild and domesticated peaches.
Because all resistance genitors used in these programmes are of poor agronomic value,
improvement of fruit quality is a long-lasting process. In order to avoid the erosion of the level
of plant resistance during this process, the detailed analysis of the underlying mechanisms was
undertaken. Here, we present some aspects of the work carried out on the genetic and
physiological mechanisms of peach resistance to M. persicae. In addition to the analysis of the
plant-aphid interaction under the influence of plant genetic factors, the effects of technical
operations, such as winter pruning or nitrogen fertilization, on the aphid population dynamics
are being investigated. Varietal resistance combined to cultural practices can be considered as
an ultimate strategy to increase the efficacy of aphid control in orchards.
Evaluation of some insecticides against the peach trunk aphid, Pterochloroides persicae
(Cholodkovsky) (Homoptera: Lachnidae), on peach in Jordan
Ateyyat M.A. ......................................................................................................................... 19-27
Abstract: Experiments were carried out in Ash-Shoubak on 10-year old peach trees, Prunus
persica (L.) that were infested with the peach trunk aphid. The efficacy of five insecticides was
tested against this insect by spraying the trunk and main lateral branches of the infested trees.
The tested insecticides were; Confidate (a.i., Imidaclorpid), Chlorcyrin(a.i., Chlorpyrifos &
Cypermethrin), Patron(a.i., diflubenzuron), Trivap(a.i., Cyromazine) and Vapcomor(a.i.,
Acetamprid). All of these insecticides were applied in June and August 2006. Data on nymph
and adult mortality have been obsereved after 2, 7 and 14 days of insecticides application. Only
Vapcomor did not reduce aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control.
Both Confidate and Chlorcyrin resulted in the highest significant mortality of both nymphs
and adults. The present study suggests that both insect growth regulators, Patron and Trivap,
are potentially important biorational insecticides in the intregrated management of the peach
trunk aphid.
Survey on the presence of “mace” and “kdr” mutations in populations of the green peach
aphid (Myzus persicae): preliminary results
Pavesi F., Criniti A., Cassanelli S., Bizzaro D., Manicardi G., Cravedi P., Mazzoni E. ..... 29-33
ABSTRACT: The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), is lastly one of well studied insect model
to dissect insecticide resistance mechanisms. As a result, a few in-vitro diagnostic tools were
added to the traditional in-vivo bioassays to monitor the presence of resistance in populations of
this pest. Since different control strategies and different resistance mechanisms are often
involved, both biochemical and molecular approaches must be followed. Biochemical assays
can be used to asses esterase detoxifying/sequestering activity as well as the
acetylcholinesterase insensitivity to some insecticides. Molecular screening by RFLP-PCR,
may be also effectively performed to detect previously identified target site mutations. Herewith
we analyzed aphid populations collected in peach orchards from Emilia-Romagna (the most
important peach growing area in Italy) for the presence of elevated esterase expression and
acetylcholinesterase insensitivity to pirmicarb. Gene mutation occurrence in
acetylcholinesterase (S431F) and in voltage-dependent sodium channel (kdr), conferring
resistance to dimethylcarbammates.and pyretroids respectively, have been also.checked.
Information regarding the co-selection of different insecticide resistance mechanisms are
thought supporting technical assistance services, to select the most suitable pest management
strategies against M. persicae.
Des notes sur la préférence de ponte par Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) sur le
pêcher et des autres hôtes en laboratoire
Damos P., Savopoulou – Soultani M. ................................................................................... 35-42
Résumé: La préférence de ponte d’Anarsia lineatella (Zeller) es éffectuée par des individus
femalles sous la présence des parties differentes du pêcher (Prunus percica) mais des autres
hôtes aussi, situés dans des cages au laboratoire et sous des conditions stables. Des experiences
de double choix sont réalisés en utilisant des parties differents du pêcher pour la ponte
(bourgeons – fleurs, feuilles – bourgeons, fruits – bourgeons). Dans tous les cas un pourcentage
plus important des oeufs s’est deposé sur les fruits et les fleurs en comparaison avec celui des
bourgeons et des feuilles. Ayant comme intention d’examiner si il y a une préférence
particulière de ponte parmi quelques autres varietés du pêcher deux experiences sont réalisés: de
deux choix (Loadel - Nectarina), et de quatre choix (Loadel, Nectarina, Everts and J. gold).
Dans tous les cases les fruits de Nectarina ne sont pas préférés pour la ponte. En plus, deux
communs hôtes potentiels qui se cultivent dans la même region de la Grèce du nord (Malus
pumila et Prunus domestica) sont testés avec deux varietés communes (Loadel et Nectarina).
Pendant ces experiences de quatre choix on remarque qu’ un grand pourcentage d’oeufs sont
deposés sur les fruits du pêcher en comparaison avec les autres fruits où s’est dispersé le reste
des oeufs. Nos recherches nous montrent qu’ il existe une préférence particulière de ponte par
Anarsia lineatella en indiquant les fruits et les fleurs du pêcher comme les plus préférables pour
elle. Ce phenomène est trés fort et plus specialement, parmi les varietés des fruits qui ont du
trichoma. En plus, ce microlepidoptère est capable de deposer un pourcentage des oeufs
dispersés sur des autres hôtes qui prennent des charactèristiques morphologiques, de préférence,
par la femmele, comme la pomme. Ces resultats ont un interêt special et il contribue à des
changement possibles à la population dynamique du rural. Alors, il faut tenir compte de cette
information à la recherche des facteurs de la phenologie d’ Anarsia linetella aux regions où un
spectre ample des varietés et des hôtes est présent.
Disruption of matings of Anarsia lineatella in peach orchards
Molinari F., Iodice A., Bassanetti C., Natale D., Sambado P., Savino F. ........................... 43-46
Abstract: Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella) has been widespreading its distribution in
stone fruit cultivation areas. In peach orchards the damages of PTB overlap to the ones of
Oriental Fruit Moth (Cydia molesta). Mating disruption is effective in the control of OFM,
while some more inconsistent results are reported against PTB. In fact, even in MD plots it is
not uncommon to record male catches in the standard monitoring traps. Studies have been
undertaken to define the effect of different ratios of the components of PTB pheromone blend.
The reduction of catches in traps baited with the synthetic pheromone or with virgin
females, compared with one control, were recorded in 2 plots where dispensers for MD
containing only trans-5-decenyl acetate and both trans-5-decenyl acetate and trans-5-decenol
were applied.
The response of males to the same attractants was tested in a wind-tunnel and by EAG
analysis.
Cherry Fruit Fly – Methodological studies to increase the efficacy of bioassays
Mandrin J.F., Lichou J., Lochard G., Lagrevol J. ............................................................... 47-50
Abstract: Trials carried out for the registration of new products is costly and dependant on the
natural infestation level. The aim of the studies presented here, is to perfect a method that makes
trials more reliable and less costly. It consists in releasing fruit flies in insect proof bags/sleeves
that cover fruit-bearing branches, thus ensuring artificial contamination on relatively small
plots. A trial carried out in 2006 showed that 66% of fruit were contaminated in the untreated
control, compared to 3.5% of the treated fruit; a control plot showed a natural infestation level
of 4%. The fruit flies used for artificial infestation came either from traps in orchards, or were
reared in cages using pupae. Developing rearing techniques over a complete life cycle are also
being studied for mass insect rearing.
Efficacité du GF-120 dans la lutte contre la mouche de la cerise
Filleron E., Pinczon du Sel S., Vinciguerra L. ..................................................................... 51-58
Abstract (Efficiency of the GF-120 used in the cherry fruit fly management): Cherry fruit fly
management is a major concern for french cherry growers. The active ingredient diméthoate
currently being used will soon be withdrawn. So it is more than useful to develop new means of
control against this pest. GF-120, a plant protection product developed by Dow AgroSciences is
effective on adults only. Pesticides used against adults are not very efficient because of the high
cherry fruit fly mobility. But GF-120 associates an insecticide (spinosad) and an attractant
which helps to solve this problem.
Some experiments have been carried out at the Domaine Experimental La Tapy
(Vaucluse, France) since 2004 to test GF-120. We are currently able to define an optimal
control program for GF-120. The first GF-120 application must be done from the beginning of
the cherry fruit fly emergence, then it has to be repeated every week for the duration of the
flight. In those spraying conditions and under a low cherry fruit fly pressure, GF-120 appears to
be as efficient as dimethoate.
Bait sprays to control the European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi
Köppler K., Vogt H., Storch V. ............................................................................................. 59-66
Abstract: In 2005 and 2006 experiments to control Rhagoletis cerasi with bait sprays were
carried out in field cages with single cherry trees. The intention was to examine possible effects
of different bait spray formulations on the mortality of R. cerasi (short term tests) and fruit
infestation (long term tests). Baits containing spinosad (GF-120™ Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait and
a corn by-product as bait), NeemAzal®-T/S with azadirachtin as insecticidal component and, as
insecticidal standard, α-cypermethrin were used. NeemAzal®-T/S and α-cypermethrin were
mixed in a sugar-brewers yeast solution as bait. 30 ml of bait solution were sprayed on 2 to 3
branches of each caged tree, and a defined number of cherry fruit flies was released after
treatment. For short term tests bait sprays were applied and fruit flies released only once. In
these experiments fruit flies were recaptured with yellow sticky Rebell® traps. For long term
tests, one bait application per week and 3 releases of R. cerasi were realized within 4 weeks. In
the short term tests the different bait spray formulations with spinosad resulted in mortalities of
R. cerasi of up to 100 %, which differed significantly from the control. In another short term
test with GF-120 a significant decrease of fruit flies was observed after 3 hours with an efficacy
of 79 %, which increased up to 100 % after 3 days. In long term tests fruit infestation decreased
significantly with GF-120 as well as with the neem product containing bait formulation
(efficacy 95 %, 84% respectively). Persistence of GF-120 was satisfying for at least 9 days,
when treated cherry leaves were kept under a UV translucent, but rainproof foil.
These results indicate a high potential of bait sprays against R. cerasi, but further
investigations are required to develop a feasible strategy to control the pest.
Evaluation of some insecticides for the control of the cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) in
Integrated Production
Caruso S., Boselli M. ........................................................................................................... 67-71
Abstract: The cherry is a typical production of the Emilia-Romagna Region and, in particular,
of the “typical growing area of Vignola” where it represents an important source of income for
local producers. The cherry fruit fly is the main pest for this crop; over the last few years there
has been an increase of this parasite that is currently widespread in all areas of production.
Presently the control of the cherry fruit fly in the Integrated Production Management of the
Emilia-Romagna Region involves the use of Dimethoate which have a toxicological profile that
present risk factors for both men and the environment. This product is classified as a harmful
(Xn), therefore, a license is necessary. However, over the last few years, Dimethoate-based
products, have become available on the market, classified as irritant (Xi) or “Non-classified”, in
which “green” solvents (fatty acid ester-based) are used. These products have replaced
hydrocarbon-based products (such as xilene, nafta) commonly used in commercial products. In
this way there has been an increase of Dimethoate-based products which are less toxic for men
and the possibility of buying them without a license. This aspect is much appreciated among
producers in Vignola, where there is elevated average age for producers and where there are
numerous small part-time family-run farms. Since solvents can also influence the efficacy of
products it has been necessary to carry out specific trials to evaluate the behaviour of these new
products. For the same reason, the efficacy of Fosmet has also been evaluated. Fosmet is a
“Non–classified“ product with safety interval, which over the next few years should change
from 30 to 14 days and be less than that of Dimethoate (20 days). This work was carried out in a
cherry farm situated in the hills with a high cherry fruit fly population. The results of this twoyear study showed good performance of this new products in tests, demonstrating an efficacy
comparable to than of “harmful” Dimethoate.
Area-wide mass trapping to control Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) on stone fruits in Girona, NE
of Spain
Batllori L., Escudero A., Vilajeliu M., Garcia Molí F.; Benejam J. .................................... 73-82
Abstract: A project involving Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis. capitata (Wied.) (=MFF)
(Diptera: Tephritidae) control was carried out in 2005 and 2006 in stone fruit area of Girona by
using a mass trapping method in accordance with a compulsory regional order to prevent fruit
damage by this pest which included economic aids for the traps and the attractants the fruit
growers needed. The aim was to control the MFF using a mass trapping method instead of
chemicals. The strategy used was to detect the first adult MFF activity using a network of
control points and, as soon as the pest occurrence was verified, to install a mass trapping system
in the orchards to compete at an advantage with the stone fruits there. The mass trapping system
used consisted of placing Maxitrap® model (Probodelt) traps, with Ferag CC D TM® lures
(SEDQ) and DDVP insecticide inside, in doses of 50 per ha. The lures consisted of 3 membrane
dispensers of trimethylamine, ammonium acetate and diaminoalkane. Once the harvest was
completed, the fruit remaining in the fields was mechanically ground. In trial conditions during
the two years, the project to control the MFF had very good results. Only slight damage was
found at harvest in a few peach orchards (< 0.7 % of the fruits) and chemical insecticide
sprayings not needed throughout the ripening process of the fruits.
Potential of ground arthropods as predators of larvae and pupae of fruit flies (Diptera:
Tephritidae)
Lochard G., Mouton S., Garcin A. ........................................................................................ 83-90
Abstract: In fruit production, several pests of great economic importance are difficult to control
by conventional pesticide applications. Moreover, the revision in registration of plant protection
products has had little success, in particular for fruit flies Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), Rhagoletis
cerasi (L.) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). These pests have a very long life stage on the
ground, during which predation by generalist biocontrol agents is high. Here we present a study
on the food preferences of Carabidae and Staphylinidae species largely present in stone fruit
orchards in South-West of France, as well as first observations on in situ fly pupae
consumption. The best biocontrol agents of fruit fly populations seem to be Harpalus affinis
(Schrank) and Harpalus distinguendus (Duftschmid) in spring, and Calathus fuscipes (Goeze),
Pseudophonus rufipes (De Geer) and Ocypus olens (Müller) in autumn.
Orchard susceptibility of stone-fruit cultivars to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni
Garcin A., Bresson J., Fabresse M., Neyrand S. .................................................................. 91-95
Abstract: Bacterial spot of stone fruit is caused by a pathogen detected in France in 1995:
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) causes severe losses at harvest for growers in the
south of France. Faced with the impossibility of controlling this pathogen with pesticides when
climatic conditions are favorable for its development, it is necessary to turn to varietal
susceptibility as a solution. Thus Ctifl has undertaken a study in a contaminated area to
determine the level of susceptibility to this disease of a hundred peach, apricot and plum
varieties planted in 2002, 2004 and 2006. For the 50 varieties planted in 2002, five years
observations on incidence and severity of the attacks on leaves and fruits have resulted in the
level of the damage caused by Xap according to the cultivar to be determined. The data for the
varieties planted more recently are still insufficient, the levels of damage observed in 2005 and
2006 were low, due to unfavorable climatic conditions for disease development.
Damages by Capnodis tenebrionis in stone-fruit orchards in Northern Italy
Cravedi P., Pollini A. ........................................................................................................... 97-99
Abstract: Apricot cultivation is very important for some Italian Regions, particularly for the
hilly countries of Romagna (in Northern Italy). In that area, orchards have been set up on clayey
soil, often without possibility of irrigation.
Among apricot pests, Anarsia lineatella has always been considered as a key species. In the last
few years heavy attacks of Flatheaded Woodborer Capnodis tenebrionis (Coleoptera:
Buprestidae) have been observed in plots without irrigation. Infestations were particularly heavy
in young orchards. C. tenebrionis is a tipical pest of Southern Italy and it never caused great
damage in norther regions. Studies concernig adult’s behaviour, oviposition and larval
behaviour started in 2003 in an Appennine area of Bologna province. Some comments on the
damage levels and on possible pest control activities are reported.
Un ravageur émergent, Cossus cossus
Roubal C., Rouillé B., Marty K., Filleron E., Berud M. ................................................... 101-108
Abstract: Le retrait des oléoparathions a laissé un vide dans la protection contre ce ravageur sur
cerisier. Les traitements à la lance en post récolte étaient une technique détestée des
producteurs, la seule homologuée, d’ailleurs. Réalisée sur les pontes fraîches et les toutes jeunes
larves n’ayant pas eu le temps de s’insérer trop profondément sous l’écorce, la méthode avait
une bonne efficacité sur les parcelles modérément atteintes. Même si le cerisier est l’espèce la
plus communément attaqué, le cossus très polyphage, a profité de cette situation pour élargir
son champ d’action . En effet les partenaires du réseau PFI (la Pugère) nous ont signalé cette
année plus de dégâts que de coutume sur pommier. Cela est peut être déjà un effet secondaire lié
à l’allégement des traitements insecticides suite à la forte implantation de la confusion sexuelle
dans la région. Par ailleurs le SRPV Midi-Pyrénées nous a signalé des attaques sévères sur
prunier. Dès l’an 1999, un réseau de pièges coordonné par la Tapy a été mis en place afin
d’apporter quelques éléments sur la biologie de ce lépidoptère, qui est par ailleurs relativement
mal connu. Les informations les plus consistantes ont été compilées par Balachowsky et
Audemard qu’ils s’agissent de données bibliographiques ou des observations en élevages. Ces
travaux ont orientés les observations biologiques que nous avons réalisées et suite au retrait
annoncé des oléoparathions nous avons immédiatement mis en place en partenariat des études
visant un point faible du cycle du cossus. Il s’agit de badigeon, qui constitue une barrière
mécanique ( ou mécanique et insecticide). La technique peut potentiellement gêner les adultes
qui cherchent un lieu de ponte mais surtout les larves néonates qui sont réputées très fragiles (H.
Audemard, 1974). Les essais par nature pluriannuel arrivent maintenant presque à leur terme,
les résultats encourageant ont déjà abouties à l’homologation de l’ARBOPAST en traitement
généraux zeuzère et cossus.
Western Flower Thrips on peach: development of a risk assessment model for optimal
chemical control
Mandrin J.F., Lichou J., Neyrand S., Amosse C., Vibert J. ............................................. 109-115
Abstract: Western Flower Thrips populations are difficult to control with chemical methods,
which leads to severe damage on peaches. These insecticides are not effective on eggs, newly
emerged larva or nymphs. Timely application of insecticides is important so that an optimal
number of adults are treated, preferably before egg-laying. A climate model for decision making
is currently being validated. In 2006, over twenty trials were carried out on a large scale with
the help of many collaborators. Analysis of several of these trials has shown the importance of
timing on the efficacy of treatment. Slightly better results were obtained when treatments were
carried out during the period when the model indicated that nymphs and adults were present
simultaneously. Reducing insect populations early in the season is more effective than prior to
harvest; this is true for both products registered in France.
Dynamics and control of Lygus rugulipennis Poppius in peach orchards of NW Italy
Pansa M., Vittone F., Galliano A., Tavella L. .................................................................. 117-121
Abstract: Since the ‘90s, damage to fruits due to the European tarnished plant bug, Lygus
rugulipennis Poppius (Heteroptera: Miridae), has been recorded in peach orchards of Piedmont
(North-West Italy). Investigations carried out in 1992-1994 showed that an accurate weed
management in the orchards, i.e. mowing of alternate rows, prevented the plant bugs from
migrating to peach trees. However, recently severe damage to peach has been reported also in
well-managed orchards, so research has been carried out in 2004-2006 to assess seasonal
abundance and movement of L. rugulipennis inside and outside orchards and to evaluate the
efficacy of some insecticides commonly used in IPM to control other peach pests. Field surveys
confirmed that the plant bug generally lives and reproduces on herbaceous plants, and migrates
onto peach trees when winter cereals are harvested and usual host plants are lacking. Overall, in
the investigated orchards, damage to peach fruits never exceeded 10%, and was mainly
localized on trees in external rows near cereal crops. Among the active ingredients (etofenprox,
malathion, spinosad, thiacloprid) tested in laboratory and semifield trials, malathion was the
most efficient in controlling L. rugulipennis adults.
A survey on cherry organic production in Italy
Ughini V., Roversi A., Triantafyllidis A. .......................................................................... 123-124
Abstract: The Fruit Growing Institute of Piacenza and AIAB are carrying on a survey on the
main characteristics of the Italian organic cherry cultivation .The information requested to 267
organic cherry growers regard : farm location and cherry orchard description; management and
protection practices; harvesting and commercial organization; problems and opinion on
biological cherry’s cultivation. The information up to now available evidenced the heavy
incidence of Ceratitis capitata and Monilia damages as phytosanitary problems, the difficulty to
find adequate workers for the harvesting period and a little consumer’s interest about biological
cherries and so scarce remuneration for this product.
Market quality of cherries from organic management
Ughini V., Roversi A., Malvicini G.L. .............................................................................. 125-130
Abstract: With the aim to outline consumer trends and preference the marketable quality of
cherries obtained under organic production system was investigated. This paper reports the
results of the evaluation of marketable visual parameters of 6 cultivars grown either under
organic and conventional system, made by a trained panel. The non parametric statistic
elaboration of the data had evidenced for some parameters positive (e.g. for brightness and
shape) or negative (e.g. skin colour ) or no different evaluation of “organic cherries” when
compared with the conventional one.
Common pests in Croatian peach orchards
Barić B., Ražov J., Kovačić Z. .......................................................................................... 131-133
Abstract: The main problem in peach production and the other stone-fruit production in Croatia
are aphids, Cydia molesta, Anarsia lineatella and Capnodis tenebrionis. Recently many
problems on peach fruits have resulted from chafers of the Scarabeidae family, as well as
Cetonia aurata and Potosia cuprea. They have damaged fruits after the appearance of mildew.
The above-mentioned pests create considerable problems because they appear in orchards in the
ripening period. Monitoring these pests is not common in Croatia in comparison to monitoring
of key pests by pheromone traps. Monitoring chafers by Csalomon traps in Dalmatia has shown
a large population of Cetonia aurata and Potosia cuprea in 2005 and a smaller population in
2006. The capture of chafers by traps as mass trapping could have prevented damage on peach
fruits.
La Bactériose de l’abricotier, Pseudomonas spp. Biologie – Stratégies de lutte
Delobel-Pascal C. ............................................................................................................ 135-140
Résumé: En France la bactériose (Pseudomonas sp.) est l’une des principales causes de
mortalité dans les vergers d’abricotiers. Aujourd’hui, la lutte contre cette maladie est
essentiellement prophylactique en raison de l’absence de moyens curatifs efficaces. Les
connaissances acquises ces dernières années nous ont orientés vers une étude plus approfondie
de deux pistes de travail : l’utilisation du porte-greffe Rubira et le recours au greffage haut. Ces
deux techniques ont confirmé largement leur intérêt par la moindre sensibilité à la bactériose
qu’elles confèrent, tout en assurant un comportement agronomique satisfaisant. Néanmoins une
légère augmentation de la densité de plantation s’avère être nécessaire afin de garantir le
rendement à l’hectare.
Summer damage on nectarine by thrips: seasonal abundance and control methods
Tavella L., Migliardi M., Bosco L., Demaria D., Vittone F., Galliano A. ....................... 141-144
Abstract: To define the origin of colour alterations on early ripening nectarine fruits, field and
laboratory investigations have been conducted in the peach growing area of Piedmont (North
West Italy), in the 2002-2005 period. Such alterations (losses of the skin colour in fruit-fruit and
leaf-fruit contact zones) were caused by thrips feeding in the period from the veraison to the
commercial ripening of fruits. During surveys, the most abundant species was Thrips
fuscipennis Haliday (Thysanoptera Thripidae), whose populations reached maximum levels on
plants between late June and early July. Visual inspection and beating of apical leaves revealed
to be a reliable sampling method to monitor thrips population dynamics, but to forecast fruit
damage the unique trustworthy method was the direct counting of thrips per fruit. Among the
active ingredients tested in laboratory and field trials, spinosad was the most effective to control
thrips, also at lower doses than label recommendations and with mineral oil. Thus, defence
strategies should include two applications to cover the 20 days from veraison to harvest; the first
application could be useful to control also other insect pests while the second one should be
considered specific against thrips.
Management of oriental fruit moth with ground ULV spray applications of a
microencapsulated sex pheromone
Knight A., Light D., Pickel C., Kovanci O., Molinari F. .................................................. 145-151
Abstract Sex pheromones have been widely used to manage oriental fruit moth (OFM) in stone
fruits for 30 years. Microencapsulated formulations of sex pheromone have been developed and
have proven to be an effective tactic. Recently, we developed the use of ultra low volume
(ULV) ground applications of these microencapsulated products. The ULV spray is less
expensive to apply and provides growers greater flexibility in adjusting their management
programs for OFM. Studies in California and Turkey have demonstrated that ULV sprays can
be effective. The advantages and problems associated with this new tactic and its potential
adoption by growers are discussed.
Effect of winter pruning on the peach-Myzus persicae interaction
Grechi I., Sauphanor B., Hilgert N., Senoussi R., Sauge M.H., Chapelet A., Lacroze
J.P., Lescourret F. ............................................................................................................ 153-159
Abstract: Application of modeling to horticulture is not new and many models have been
developed for fruit production and pest management. However, few models investigate at the
same time (i) the responses of fruit tree to pest attacks and their effects on fruit quality, (ii) the
regulation of pest population in relation to tree status and (iii) the response of whole system to
technical operations. Improvement of Integrated Fruit Production practices require to approach
all these issues in an integrated way. A modeling approach integrating peach – green peach
aphid (Myzus persicae) system with technical operations (nitrogen fertilisation, winter pruning
and biological control) is therefore under investigation in Avignon INRA research centre. An
experiment was conducted to study how the intensity of winter pruning affects peach tree and
aphid population and how the aphid population level affects peach production. The treatments
included infested and non-infested trees and a pruning intensity gradient. Results showed that
average shoot growth and degree of aphid infestation of peach tree increased with increasing
pruning intensity. Aphids induced shoot-tip damage, leaf curling and leaf fall. However, aphids
poorly reduce fruit quality.
Predicting the risk of post harvest rot on peaches
Mandrin J.F., Lichou J. .................................................................................................... 161-165
Abstract: Knowledge of the risk of post-harvest rot in batches of peaches can enable
distribution channels to be chosen accordingly. Ctifl is developing a test that will predict the
risk of contamination of fruit at harvest and during storage. This technique consists in collecting
a sample of fruit about one week before the first picking and placing it in conditions conducive
to the development of rot. This provides an indication of the storage potential after one or two
weeks of observation. We observed a good correlation between the predictive test and
monitoring disease development on samples collected at harvest.
Effect of cropping practices on brown rot in peach orchard
Mercier V., Bussi C. ......................................................................................................... 167-173
Abstract: Irrigation schedules based on crop evapotranspiration or micromorphometric changes
(pepista method), combined with conventional or manual pruning were tested on cv. Nectaross
peaches. The effects of these treatments on brown rot were observed in 2003, 2004 and 2005.
During the three years of trials, the first brown rot attacks appeared approximately three weeks
before harvest. Between three weeks and one week before harvest, brown rot attacks were
significantly higher with conventional pruning than with manual pruning, and there was no
difference due to irrigation treatments. The last week before harvest, there were more brown rot
attacks on fruits irrigated with the crop evaporation monitoring system than with pepista. The
counting of infected fruits carried out on the whole tree at harvest confirmed results observed
during the monitoring of a fruit sample. The post-harvest monitoring showed that fruits treated
with manual pruning combined with pepista irrigation developed significantly less rots than
fruits treated with the other combinations.