howe_1926_3424706

THE HISTORICAL BJ.CKGROUID
OF VIOT011
fID~O 'B ~
QUA'tBE-VIJM-'rREJ:2E'"
Nina CattiB.r1ne
Howe~
A .. B., Uni varsity of ltatlsas, Jltl1e, 192-4
Submi tte-d to the llepartiaent. of
llomane-e Ltmsuas;e-e and the
'"t?ao~lty
the Graduate Sch-001 of the UniVe-f'\ei t7 of Ke.neas in paPtial
rulflllnwn~
cf t-he requirerne1rts
fo-r the deg1,.e0 of Master
or
Ar~a ..
A:w1-roved by:
C,G~,
,
l
1 1
1
JPt11••1.d°'agG
r •
1
Sources of lnfarmation
,~a
Ind:1eated b3" the Author.•r----·~·-·-·~,~----"""""'~..,....._,.......
••• '
!!
~e
,I'
Vena'.ea--r 1 _ •
11
,,
,
Hi
;
•
I
F
•u1111•,
1Paf£a
li
1'..J'fil
i•
.p_ag.a
I,
1.
6.
b.
-Page :L~.
O~he
na1ld1ngs wMo;h Housed
thQ Convention
• , · ••
m,
i
,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
111
;:i, 0
;),2,_
I
6-Radoub-•1..,.>_
bilU! ••
-
-
_...,I/I_,_,___,,,,
__,~......,.._...,._ _ _
,..,,..,,...
I
i ....
~sge
••.,, .J?ago
~3
:J., '+.
26.
;J., 'b
u.
of Oontents (continued)
~able
II-The Ohar actors of
0
Qu.atre- Vingt,...Treize" {cont it1Ued }
B-The Minor Characters
1-The Men of the Oonvantion---------------------Page
2-Royalist Leaders------------------------------Page
:l 9.
6
0,
3-~iscallaneous---------------------------------Page
6 'f,
of"Qustre-Vingir-Treize"-----------------Page
7 ;L.
A-The Passage of the Oleymore --------------Page
1~,
III-!fhe
~ents
:B-Hoatilities in the Vend6a-- -------------Page
0-!!he frial of Louis
XVI-------------------------Page
D-5!he Decrees of the Convention----------------Pa.ge
7 J,
79.
90
E-The Oonversat ion i!l the Cabaret of the Bue
du.-Paon------------------------------------------Paga
-------------------Page 1 0 ::Lt.
Notes------------ ---------------------------Page ~ 0 3 '
Conclusion.----- ,
I
BibliograpllJ'
llu5"0., V1<ltor
Qaatre-Vingt-Tre1ze
Paris-J. Hetzel.
A~
Quantin-2 Vols. 1880
Archives Parlementairas_, l?re.aiiere Serie • 1787 a 1799-l?a.risLibrair le Adminiatrat ive-Vols. I-LXXXll-13\;)7-l.;13
Aul.a.rd, Alphonse
Ristoire Eoaitique d1 la Re'volutiou F.t-an~alse~ 1?8~-1804-Pa.ris­
Librairia Armand eolin-1909.
Salut
?~blio ~vae
la
Becaail des Aotes du Gom:J.ta de
Corraspond~'ll!Ge
O££ioielie
'tants an :!ission et le .Registre du Oonsail
?r:Jr ia-Iiup.r
mer le
d~a
~ee'1tl.f
ReprasenPr<J'Vusoire-
:i'iac ionale-1889-1;115 ..
Carlylew !fhomas
French
Revolatio~-1ondon-Ohapraan
aud Hall-3 Vols. - 1837
-Oaron, Pierre
Paris p9ndaat la Terraur. Rapports des Agents Seorets du
~inistre
de l'lnterieur; ?ublies pour la Societe d'Histoire Oontempora1nePario-Libraire Alphonse Picard et Fils-Vol.I-1910.
n
Davidso:a. A.. F.
Victor lit1g0, His L:tfre and tVork - London- ]?V'eleigh
Nash-1~12.
Oolleotion CoaJ!Pl~te des Lois., D eorets, Ordonnanoes • .Reglements,
.Avis du Oonseil d'~tat-pu.bliee sur les 3'"clitions Oi"zie1elles du
Louvre J do i • !m'nrimerie
Nationala -t>ar :sia.ua.ouln
.'"';/.':{
di35Lols {de 1788
Vol VIII.,
a
a~
du :Bulletin
1830 inolusivema:.1t par ordre ehronol!ogiqu.e )~~etc.
1835~
Godefl"o:1 • F •
Diction aire de la .langiuf
fran~a1se
et; de tous ses dialeates
du IXeeu Xv-c::>sioale-Paris-F. Viewe4.8,L1bralre-1uiteur- 7~Vols.
and 3
Suppleman~ara Vo1a.-l885-1~02.
Lamartine, Alphonse da
Hiatoire des Girondins-Paris-Baohette et O:ie, Ftlrr1e et Cieiditions p-.ibliae par la
de
Lamar~ins-o
societ'9 proprietaire
des CE9Y.vres de 1-t.
Vols-
Larousse. Pierre
Grand Dictionna.ire Universal du
dU.
Xl~Sieele-Paris-Adminis~ration
Grand Dictionnaire Universel- VolsI-XV-1866-1876.
ill
1Uetoire de Franee <:onteu1poraine depuia le. Revolution
JUSqu"'~
la Paix de 1'919-Tome Seccmd-La Revolntion {1792} par G.
Pariset-J?aris-Libralrie Ifachette-1920
Le11..btre, G.
1?93 d•apres des Documents In'6.its-Paris-Perrin et Cie-1920
{1Ton.velle Edition)- lS20.,
Vieilles IIQ.ison-9, Viei:.ut
T~3iaieme Serie-P~ri$-Perrin
et Oie,
~npiers-
Librairiea-Editeurs-1921~
Sons-1916
Pitraj.' L-G.
La Jou.rn~e du 14 ju.illet 1789, FrO£,iment deo , :oooires ln$a.ii..s
royaliste franouis
durant la
s
d~x-niere
refvolution-5 Vola-
L"1ndon-Oox; Fils and D4.yle 1 s- Vols l & II~ ld03- Vol. !II,
1804~
Poris-1'1llet a'rn6-Vol. lV,, 1625- Vol
V~
1824; London-
1Y
Harper & Oo. - Vol. VI- 180? - 1808.
B61mpr-ess1on de 11'.Anoien Meniteur. Saul& Histo1ve Autmnttque
et lnalt&roo de ls REivolut.!.on F.t.-anqaise depuis la :a6un1on des
Etats-Generaux.
)lsqll 'au oonsulat (mai 17 89-novembre 1799 J-Pari s-
Rerll"i Pion.- Impr1meu~-Ed1 teur - Vo1a. 1-XXIIl - 1858 -1862.
Bol>inet {J .-lf•
)_.
Robert (Adi>l;pbeJ;
Le Oba.plain (J .) ; et collaborateura
Diotionnai re Bistorique et Biographiqua de la Revolution et
de l 'Em.p:ilfe 1789 - 1815 - Paris - Libra.uie Hiatorique de la
RtiVttlu t1oo et de l 'Empire - 2 Vels._ - 1899 (1898).
Saint - Victor-• Paul de
Victor Hugo - Pazis _, Oal.mann L~vz - 1884.
Thiara., Adolph&
Bisto1re de la Revelu.tion Franqa.ise - lll.ris-J.ila.rme et Cie.- ltilran:es ./
Edi teurs - 10 Vols and Atlas-'fhit!teenth Elli tion - 185? - 18&1.
Introduction
Soureee ot
Inforr~tion
Ind.icatetl by the Author
Rautevillo Rouse in Guernsey between the sixteenth of
and th& ninth of June 18731" h&s. briefly
in the
foo~-notes,
sone of
indicated~
Dee~mber.
16?2
both in "the text and
souroeo ot the .'l:nforron.tion which he
included in his ror.lallee to give it the aemblan:e 0£ historic reality.
de-aaribine the various delegotiono 'tihieb.
before the
han~~
Convention~
at different t-!nes
rslatee th3t "Le Oitoyen Arao:ux, diocit lo
its verification is rendered
'
a;pr;e~red
praetic~lly im~ossible.
P.cl.n.cien !!oniteur,. \'11:.ia.h was ,;.nblished before the 'l.'1rit!:ng of r•Qul'htre-
2
Vingtt-Treize", this latter is not to be
£o~nd
on the page
indic~ted.
In the inde;.; of the '~hives Parlamentaires., 'there is no note r_,. .$.de
of 3.'tJ1' letter whatsoever written by Uanterre durL'1g l"'is mission to tlJe
/
Vandee.
In the description of the e'hanges made in the Palace of t'he
Tu.iler1es to prepare it for occupaney b7 the Convention. the statement,
"G'est
a l'h6tel
de uoigny qu.'apres le 10 ao~t. si l'on en oroit ane
let·tre de lord 3rsdf'ord. on
~ransporta
le mobi1ier royal 4 (4) would
:s
seem to imply that Viator Ru.go had access to at laa&t a :nor t..1.on of the
correapo:ndenoe o:t sorne individual., p1•esumably a. Lord B-1·ad:to1·d.
In a gr-aphic description ot a eoene between
Rol!apier~e
and Danton
d.tri.ag one ot the meetings o-t the Ooiwention, it is e.c..11lain.el1 that '
''cette seance a eu. pour temoill le v.ieu Buonarottirt
arotti. {6) a descendant of
5al•celit1 in l 792.
Ee
~Pe
beC~"J?lle
(5L M'ichel Buon-
great Michelangelo, came to ?aria with
an influential mGmber of the Ja.oobin
Club and most probably attended many of the sessions o:r the Oouv-entlon.
In 1836 Trela.t pu.b .ished a n:Notiae biosraphique sur Buonarotti'"• ( 7 l
Victor ffll.go
u~entions
but once. a:nd then var1 brie:fly, the connection
of his father with the vendean
i~surreotion..
ity with his su.b ..jeot and justifies
Be explains his famil1ar-
llis trth.tme:nt or it in these VIOrds.
ttOette gJ.erre9 mon p~re 1 1 a f'aite, et j'en puis parlarn. (8)
It falls
easily within the ra!lge ot probabilit;v that mu.eh of the m.iss of inform-
atio:n used 'throughout the novel W•:ts drawn :tram h1s mamoey of the stories
told to him by his :father. who was an ofri8f1er1n the llepublioan a:R!1lY
3
in the Vend6'a.
fhe source whioh Viator Hugo rnent.ions most ofl;en is the''1~einoires ,,
ot the Count Joseph de Puianse genaral-in-
chi~f
ot the
forces
ro~alist
in the Vend~e until 17~?.
Unfortunate1y. Hugo did not choose el~ays to
make accurate references.
Some of tl1em are but slight misquotations;
while others are even given an inoorreet page indioa.t1on. as tha statement "Das secrets 11vr6"s
ete religieu.s-ement
a plus de quat1•e cent mille
individus Ont
gard~tl",. (~) which is referred to a llage {10) dis-
eu.ssi:ag religious history.
To this same page is re:fel"re(i the follow-
ing anecdote; "A Saint-Germain-sur-Ille. un de leurs capitainee{ll)ll
gs:ntilJiomme. tua d•un ooup de fusil leJ proaureur de la commune et lui
prit sa mont:re". ( 12)
111hia incident is related eleetvhera in the'Memoiras
71
of Puisaya as follows: {13) ••i-t. le Comte de L-. H.':J••••••• ••••• rencontra
dans une r..ie d'tourn~e. le procu.reur de la aomn_une; i l 1 f etendi t mort
'a
sas p1ads d'un aoup de £~sil
a bout portant,
et s~appropria una montre
qui etai t dans la. poahe de ce malheure-ax. »
Again Bu.go. in the same dieaussion. brings information from
saye to add weight to his discnssio.c1.
J" ai pr$'serv' plusieurs
"l?U.iseye dit,. toma
lI~
Pui~~
page 18'/;
to is le bourg de P l~ian du pillage." ( 14) The
story as told by Puisaye i$ somewhat diffe~ent.A-fter hu.ving baeJ1 pro-
tected £roro his enemies at one time by the rncyor of l?lelan, n Ce bourg
de Pl,lan a ~te dopuis parmi le petit nombre de oaUA qu'i se sont
oontre le parti royaliste. an des plus
clar~s
'.-v
fora~nes; rnalgre
, je l ai pros-:rve plu-sieu.rs f'ois du pillage, en memoi.ee
t
~
~
~le
de-
aela
oette
'
4
aventu.re, et dans tout le aours de la g12erre s'il a pordu un nombra
considerable de sea nabitants, da.ns las combats au-dehors.
ce~
qui
a oourir
d'entrer a
ont demeur~., au-detlans n'ont jamais en {aia) a.uouns risqu.es
Hugo continues
~t plus loin.
u
page 434 {15) il sa Prive
....
11
•
~ontfort. ' Je £is'un airo~it p~ur 'Yl~er le p11Laga dos roaiaons dee
Jaoobins'"• (lo)
This quotation also is somewhat inexact.
211.iscys
had several reasons £or not entering Montfort; !lfnong them, the fact
that the garrison, which had been d1feated in battleq had not returnad and the fa.et that the Jaoo'bins had fled in large numbers. (17)
''Je fis
Ull Cll'O-!it
'
/
demeures,
et pour
po11r :ne pas COmprorrettre 1es royalistes qui y etaient
I
~ter
la pillage
d~s ~aisons
l '6taient sans savoir pourquoi". ( 18)
regard nor £ear. that
the statement in
Paia~a
des Jacobins
Evidently it
neglected the pil agrJ
q~1
neither from
'tVfa&
0£
~antfort~
as
the novel might load one to believe.
1'1at
H..igo makes another reference to l'uisage,,,.eould not:; be
with the materials at han•i. (19}
verified
The sources of inf'oru.t:l.tion available
g1Ve no elue to the letter written by, Roche (20},nor to the remark&
q"1oted from .Bo irdo dV.S~u {21), nor to the re:f'ere:naa t.o the
ft
Arc.t1'.lives de
la. -;tifa.rineu. (22)
hie 1napirP..t:ton f1-om "rlGrka tihich he fails to
most. interesting
workth
pe..z~s ~
~e T-elloc~rch
the nte17 a.re
Soma
hor:ro1.~u bodily
Qf
the
from other
ineidentl} which Will be, (\iseusaed in !ta proper
place {25} 1a ttn tJtitstcJ1ding ~le".,
J
i~anticn.,
~e
soureoo
~ueh
Hugo prdbablJ used but did not· irul.ieate and
wbioh dl.l be noted tl!~h<r..l.t tbia. pa!)el",lll"e the "]fonitel1r)1 (24} •
Oarl.Tla*a 'tJ1reneh Revolu.tton:"" • (25)
G!.r.ondina"
>t
t
L..."ililnartine•s nntetol~e des
(26}, Thiers's"Ifist6ir& de la Revolution ~e:1s&"
at:td the n~~OireSU 0£ Ptti~&~ {,as)
(27},
locate e?..uetlJr the aeen_es wll.er£= the
L~etion
or tae st-or..r
~es
place.
The thr'ae that are the most elaborately ponrd§ed ere the '11'end6e 11 the
t~
,
'
,
Rug-" deocr:t:,e::; ncr the center of"Vandee, s• ce qu.adT:tlatere £€'JY'L!le
nu s11d p.:tr le ligne des Sables
Thoue,Bu.
nord p.1~ la Lo1r-e»
a Tl1omr s~ 'a
l 'est pt<r la ligne de
et n l"ou.ast -par. 1 'oo&"ln'Juu(29).- !la
towi'lS outoide of i·hJi as lioirmou.tiers and Lu~on,
Th:ters i..'1 his
fit[rto17
of the Freuoh Rei.rolutton· llnnits the scene of action in the Vend6e in
muoh tne acme wc.w\• n-L•ins'ttrrection s'eteucl.lit d~n.s le- 11!arat~, dep!lis
les eiivi:rona de Vih.iers et de
viendrnit,, pa
the toreos of
Airvault~
PartlH:lnoy.,~1
Thcmar
(30}
Later he a·bates more
hau~ted
their resou.reee, und
t~e
trDl.'1sfer of fu..nds from Englani and the
Ertiigrl ao12rts was exceodingly dii'f'ieult.
Hugo tersely deoedbes the
dress of the royalist troopso ''D 'u....fliformes point- Lrou.rs v~tem.ents .,.ae
his a-rI'l!Jf were eurrent
~~ich ~ore untrue~
or only partially
trae.~ ••• ~••
On va ju.squ1h. d.o.tm.er des d'taila m1.nutieux sur les co~jmmea dos soldats
ou des officiors roynlistes.
croix, etc-.~~ etc°'
I~eve:rthelessp
Ce sont dee cl!Qpelets,dee
:r~uans,
des
Il n•y a pas un mot de vrai dru.w tout cela. chaeu.n
llugo8' on other oooosiona. has quoted the fantnstic tri-J.es
'
novel, although there is s-ome exaggeration in enm:puring it so closely to
that o:t the Greek inau.rgent. -.rL1 inaur-g6 :Breton o.veit p--.ee3quo la figure
de 1 1 in~rurge grec 11 veata evurte ~ fuoil en bra:uio~li~re~ jambi(}rea_~ larges
b~l"aies pare Hlee
0
a la fns-tonelle; •••• "
lhdf
9
(34}
llistoire de 1rr..-J11Ce Conternporaine '._,,is £01..i.nd n
1
I-t is :111 Lavisao'a
p~:'Jl""'tr~ynl
tmich is quite-
ro11ges. de !'enillages, de papiers E.:m.ltleoloros, de p1-iJ. nes,. do TJ.'tn:rns.
ila placaient
loa.rs
!.>
plstolets~
quand :!.le mi a-vaient; sur la tma un
ils relevaient l'aile droite pour placer la
n ~ &VO.ieDt
cl~ a.utrcs
viser plua
arm.as q-11e lau.rs fusi13 dt' C'h:J;OS.9 et le"J.r-s lnstru..;antt!
da travail trar..sf€.m:i6n pour la gne.rrai
le9 bleue.n
coc~rde ~t
"9iqttc-s 9 :.»l't "hat:)tl.S tnmis de ;>ointes
{35)
ronpu, touo les pontn • ils avaient de.monte toutes leo cho.rrettes, et lls
~
tout se dire ot de
~
s~avcrti~
ohaumiare~ de
de tout. Des relnis
buioson b. buieson.'" (56}
,,
Sur see dif£ersntn J?O"nts eta.lent das'
9
retruite aux
qtl.Ja lea :roylt>Ustoo a.val.ant le deasOW!; si lea f"eu:x s!lee:adea c:on:tinu-
vicm.t et a~-enfonc~ient"h
tthoris~n~ c'tStLit sir91e qu~ils svaient le
;
dassus.. Las blanes pGttmuivaient tau.jour-s; lea blGus
~s
e-ontre eu:xll.
(58)
jw.ials~
a,yoot le
This is aloost an exo.et -::.orr;; of Puiaa,fe'e
stetem.ent thnt ntiegrsqua le parii ro;raliste- sa fut e)naltl6raul1ttent
iaient jamaia..
La eosot:i'titJn subite des .f'eu::r de :tile
leu.r l'ettOUVe11G&10-llt
ann~~aieut
a des ittt.enalles et a
fl
e~
<1Bt !'elat-:)n. ou
:lstanOOS COttS~dt:.frEh.las
la eontrt"iire. Cope!:{lmttll" .lorsque lee :eo.yaUe'teo
en:~ont
tro'tl.pes sold6cs ~ leu.r :is.niero de oonhattre acquit r.>J us de r6cula'l1.te""
hmi& eela fut de peu de i!':lr6-e$1' comme on le verra plus tanl. en ro'em.e
!Phe proprietor 0£ the ;lp.:n 11 the
Oro!x-nr~oha1~,.
tells O!mourde"'in. wilo
is oo Ms tt:.3 to jo1n ne:a.vnin and hia troopa) that ~e•etait une
g11etta
10
from. ec.1!1p-8-
Then~
too, the Fa.ibi.an policy
wl th a groat deal of
~1.rO..:!cupied
mar.r:r
Ul\y"'S as poer:;lol :·
nuit
quelque~ois>
'a
t:L11e.
or
their ehlefa left t-hem
'!'heir officie-rs inventec1
to k'9ep tlmm contented, but Ju3t the ec.r.ie. "La
tout
~ioquo,
su.r la lo.ndG volsiue"'ll {44)
ils
sort~i~~t
et o'en
.fright~ne.d-,
~llaient
1~o
the cPmp to- prepare
"~!alhev..reu.sonent c '~tnit un dos jou.'l:'e !!-tU.Xr.titele nos soldats
the royalists wou!.d have be-en eompletelyjr-outed. "lien the
"Bltmcstt savr whnt night happen if the cuotorn of frequent
petit no1abre., qui
{46)
danacr
Pui.aaye tells that once when !le naa warned
of a pos-sible a ttt~c1: by the Republioans 11 he fi!ent
t1-'.te trounso.
~n
setn~.lt
,.,
nomme e t-0ur de
r~le-~
le~wes
was
et qa.'i'il resternit
11
ha Jlets
or
J..oo
atc.(>c;r:oi"d;;J)i t
hut~
fou.nl eonee...iled benaath tho treGs in the £oreots,
.ct teur
ltrn111.J'!·a ~~cnt&it
et.
en ~01JQrt1on.
La £01-Gt
d-e Foucere~ es e..--elle du 'Pel't:re~ entre la Gravello- et Vitr'• furent
bic-ntO't peu.9l6es
ll.Va.ient
\
r1 e
ces infor Lunefs.
pc1~ctuea; les ~.yaans,
qui
S~
O'eu.x qui avaient e'!t des errnes lea
re-fa.gieront f-;t1pr°€>s d 1euxt> n'en
p~ssa.ieut S"J.r les routes bordfoe par ces fo~ts~ nasailJro ot pl'eoque
t-oujours a-6.raltn., les en eusent bient&t f'ou.reioG
Ila ne amme,,,..tsl!nient
'LhB royalists to stri.ke a.ntl disa,ppe.!.1::e" but it also t'.la.de 1 t evsy- for them
12
Each cal;in lodged
se-vEu.'.1
men of vA1ioh one was to ba tha leader. Each
anfonee"s en terre. at pa~ le~quele on ent~lapa1t des br~chas ~e boia
ve1~L,
a peu vres
n~uvollo ~orce.
po~r h~eeler
'a
so.J.t~ir_,
com.me est .fait un
Le toit etnit
i•ennehli et
po~
pant-er. LG toi--t etait 4.e longu.ea
reco~veri;
ae
'Pl."Gp!lrer~ p~r
eette petite gu.e:re,
et )J. 1i vrer biontot £lea cor:ibuts ;?l:t.\a 1mportants et plus
13
goverll1-ilent by
se.ndu1g
in great quenti ties Sf wort!uess, pa.per
to deatr-oy tha value of the aseignats.
of the Intoriel.lr' oi·ten pointed
Otl"t
The
$SeN~~t
'a
11
grand nrymbre
remryli
d~un
aa
p~tits
freluquets a rosettes et
Su.ch rernzrks- as the
1
'
~~&.@.'iot~u.rs~
'
E.,
de rw.reho.nde
petits so-uliersn; ,53}
...
c"UJ.d
E~O:
~un1ater
Sur :tes midi)'i la l'c.llaia d'f.gel!te s'oat com.fii!G
l'o~d~naire 3
d 9 argerdr et
agents of tb.e
in their ra1)0rt£j that eon.nterfei ters
'WE.re l)ly'll1g their tr&de even in the Pal.aia-Roycl.
following are f-relJtte!!t:
rrmney
,,
on %iote main-
:na-::ea a polut o-f' writing that thie'1-'ery rJ id 11ot exist llurlnf:'.'
various i>he£tsv
~he
--Jorau'd h$,d beet1 inf-o,ru..~d that nLes Chr.Jr.ps-ID..vseesu...-~
so11t tou.s l~s solra le ren\iaz-.-vou.s
a\m.
tas c.1.a briga.ads qui
dOja ont
v~l~ -plusiau.rs pcrti~uliers, at S'l..t.rtout utl clto$en gui apporteit de lB
oodt11(}ious us is st.own "uy the foot. that RQlin co .ild aend in the obser-vatiou fili.~t- '~Lea g1'ottes et lea- eafee sou.tet"t:-o,i·c.e du Pale.is de l 'egaJ.ito
tei1t du bri11 t .;riAe font lea
lnatrument~
de mu.siqu.e pour entretenir l®ur
14
Likewise at the theaters, a number of robberies took plaee.1
"Les
pnuvres des de'tllt sexes, aux po-rtes des apectnelea, font semblant
ivres1 ils to:mbent sur lea 1ndiv1dus pour les volar plus
d'~tre
facileme..~t;
Us tont entre aux un trru.it tel qtt' '11 eat impossible d •entendre ee
qu. 'ilaveu/entdire..
A coup al.'\r ee sont tou.s de tres r:le:a.va!s sujeta." (59}
One of the terrors of Paris dn:ring the period
\iuS
tltenEv'Och$i: which
1vas Ltore viol.ant thoo the 6:onventlon and even the Jacobin Olub. (60}
It was ao powerful that both Robespierre and :Danton -tr.tad to destroy it.
Thiara in hie l1isto'r3' gives a brief discussion of the
"Eveche"•
s'etc.it fo'rmJt, d•apres une doctrine de tiara.t, u.ne nou."1ella
"Il
~fum1on plus
violente encore Q.UO toutae las e.u.trea. rarat ava.it dit que juaqu."a ee
j.ou.r on n•e.vnit fait queb'nvamer aur ls sou.vera.inet~ du peu.ple;
qua
d·a~s oette doctrine bien entendue, chaque aeot1on etait eouveraine
dona son ~tendue et -pou.vait "'a eha1ue instant -r6vnq,uer les pouvoirs
qu'e1le nvait do:rm6a.
/
Les plus forc~naa s.giteteura a'emparan:t de ce
I
I
/
prinoipe,. e'etaient en effet pre'tendu.s deputes
TtS'l"ifiar l 'usage qttt ~Oll. f'aiaa1t d9 leurs
la e'hese pn.blique.
JW..1.J
pOU..VOil"St
les seotione. pour
et t\Visar au ·Salut de
Ile s"9taient r~unis a 1 'Ev~e11,, et se disaient
S.tltGriS~S ). COttespondre O.VGO touteS les mtmiCipalitCS de la l'G:p1Wllque.AUSSi
sa nommaient-ils. o.omite eontral de salut pu.bli~. ..
o•est de1 1S
qu.c partaient lea~ll'ositions les plus incend!aires." (61)
!tlhe uorst of the situation. ucs the searaity of the
'
llfe and the re-sa.'lta.nt high :prices.
were fwnoua.
neoes~ities
of
The "bread-1.1.in csfJ of the nevolution
Bu.go tells "of how the women "pn.saa1ent les milts
a attem~~
the Interior dtvelt incessantly on the dan~r of' allOtling the croOO.s to
15
gather and wait !"or hou:rs.
"La difflcult~ d'avoir du pain s'a.cero1t au
lieu de dlmi...l"ltter,. et &'acerott
~me
u.ne personne qui n'a pu ·en obtenir
a un point 1nqu.iete.nt. J'e eonnai.s
q~'apr"'es
une station de sept 11euras
d&vant la ;;>orta d"un boulanger laquelle a commenc6a qustre heu.rea-du
'7'
mntin.-" (s2J
FromdB.y- to de\V"• they noted tha increase and decrease of
-
crowd.a everywhere. Likewise they :reported m.Vf difficulties which arose
as ttLes femmes se sont bat.tuea devant la porte d'un boulanger, rue
Saint~aeques".
(63)
S0121e of t'ht:t bake.ta did not make eood bread" so
that a even when bread was plentiful, there were large gatherings at tha
better bake-shops..
{ G4)
E'ot only ta.a bread scares,, but aleo n1e eho..rbt0nl!lanqua.it, le oavon
mallqtta1t". {65l
On the tenth of September., 1793 2 it ie·reported that
ttLes s.avona,. les huilas. ta ehand'.:llle
.!;~ugm.e:ntent
de Jou-r en t.iour.
Le
savon vaut 5 livres 10 sols ches lea ~~ieiers; l'huile 2 livrea 10 sols1
ls ehandelle 2 11vres 4 solsu.. The- thirtamth ot
blonchi:s3usas surtout jettent les hau..ta
'a un
6011 imeli~" ...(GG)
-er5~s:
Selltam.ber~
" • .-.lea
lo savon est a.ctuellement
The six.teenth, "On manqltern perticulieremant
de savon"• {67) The lack of co11l caused the people to
S?hey often took possession of 'dlole- cart-loads of it as it
t11ansported through the city..
v-err violent.
was being
"La d.iaette du charboncauae de la rmneur
dans plu.sieu.rs quartiers. et-. s'U en
~rrivs
q-ll.elqu.e voH;u.re psiir lea
famom.rgs, alle est enlev~e de force par les malv ,,_illants~ au prix qui
leur convient, de sQrte que lee revendaura qui ie vont oharcher
~
loin
sont souvent ~tres de leura ava.noea." {68)
Fo:t all their suffering, the
that was ge>ing on.
paopl~
were in-tensely 1nte:rest-ed in all
'New jOUfnals mo.de their e:ppeara.nce in the Paris
16
streets during this time.
( 69},
Among them were "I101bservataur de 1 •Etrropen
"La Sans...aulotte -0baerva"teur'! t 'lG),
qu.e" (71), and
6
Le Vieux Oordelier11. {72)
"'La- aorrestxmde.nae pol1-tl.People ga.the-red :tn .Interest-
ed groups and listen-ad to the reading of the eur:rent impera.
nLee
grou.pea de3 'Iuileries 'eoute.ient le P~re --~uchesne, avee attantionn-. (13)
It ls
gii t-e
possible that, as 11ugo says$ "des ge.roons
perru.quiare orep..s
aiant en ptt'blic des perruques de f'emmes, pendant qu.e le patron lisait
ha.ute V1lix le 'Mo11iteurr-•• _..n
a
(741
B:ugo also men"'tions tha chatl.ging or the na.oas of' places and streets 1n
-fl]~
order to obliterate all traces of",@ld order of' th.::ngs-.
In one 0£ 'Rousse.-
ville's reparts to the r!in:tster of the Interior. he relates that " A la
Section du :Bonnat-llouge1
d·~te
ei-devant de la
-veut part.ir e\ demande des am.es«--. (?6)
01'oix-Ro~~
la jeu.nesse
Perhaps Hugo oos thin :ing of
thia seetion when he- has Ra.dout }~xplain to tll.ab.elle l!...,16chard.
qr~~ eqez
pns paur" n-ous somro.es l.e ba.ta'illon du Bonnet- Rouge tt; E'1!ld the Yivand.-
iere contbmes* "Le bataillon de la e;f
~avant ( sie l
Ci-ob:- :Rouge0 •
,, ( 77)
In ffQuatre-Vingt-'!1reizeu is given a b.rief bu.t striking sketch of the
l'adica.l changes in Parisian sooiatat after the ninth of Therrnidor (78)1k af
•
twet--J' widah roplaaed -the terror_, und the- display 0£ ueal th ami
beauty whieh followed the fall of the
~'Ineon-u.ptiblen o
Even more significant than the streets of "Paria are the buildings in
which the- Convention rnet-. The Convention first assembled in the lfanege
{79) but moved to 'the lfuil-eries on the tenth o:t Msg. 1795.
The assembly hall wes th-e 01-d "Salle des
Giaors.
riaehines~
p
refmished b-y
Itugo- gives the diminsions e.s "quarante-deux metres de lcngaeur.,
dix metres d.a largeu:r~ et onze ~tres de h-e.uteur •••• r..
(80]
Ac-cord1Dg
17
to Lenotre, Pf.a Stt.lle flea sean:e-es,..
de
lCO kiad-s, et large d.e 45~
La hltutenr etait d 1 euv1.l!Oil
Bueo' s dEHJcript.i.on n13ar ly coinaitie s
60 pi eds~.
in
un earre long
\.'H)CU}.-t\i t
0- • • •
Le.-rl~&e'ti nn1stoi~e
~v:t th
that g1 "9'ml
ttLB
de France CcntmnpDraineff.
des
S~lle
•e11inen ;~it p1ac.ee enti~-e le pa.Villnn de 1 "BCJr-loge (ou du
Hillen ou d~ 1 •trni te) etc le rav:tll-0n du Nord (G.e Mar-san ou de
-elle a 'etend&1 t
le. Liberte} :
fitU:
't0-u te le. largenr du P&lai s. de
a lo
ln. -OOur e.U ja~lin, ?W.iG~ deja n~eeie
ells a.vait
f"in de la &l.On&rehie
ate diminuoe encore par true C-Om~lieation de
VSB~ibulee
ou a?rtS:-aallee, de ooii1o1ra, d'e-se&lier-e~ de 4.egat;~ments, et
elle et.alt- fin111lement redui'te aux dioonsionn de 42 metre:s de long
sur 15 ui8t.res de ~rge ei 18 mtr~..res de ha~te-ur.
Lee r1ombreusea
tribunes 1cuvd>.ient contenir au rao1ns 1-500 sr-ectatenra, et le dou-
.
.
a.utree~ 1ne&pablee de b~ruger une. fois el'looquem dar.lS leura grod1ns.
vo7aie_n-t
reep1ra1ent mal {~ien n•avait eta
~l~
~
Le _public
.l'&tion)., enten-daient :wal {la Salle eta1t. t.roJ! at'inora).
•
tr1oun~s b~aees
tes
.-.
degagew~nte
en g.rfi.J>.d.
w
kenetrer parmi lee deputes.
' nomcreux vermett~ie~t &
' la foule de stationir&s
de:e
n~mbre
pcuvs.it
l'ae-
~
p~vu Jttll'lr
-Ii
aisemen~
au a.bcrds
•
..
irnnec.U.~@
•
de la.
#'
Sane
tlonveut1o.n~
dottt,.e-u la Qalle ettt1 t de nebla avrs.rence.t elegBJll.Ple!lt deeoree de
tt
#
gu1rlandes de laurieP
dee
..
eomite~
Oor.-1)1te
ee
•
a l 'arrtiq® et d.e
#
tr~uvaient co~odeRent
plaeee -a
•
lite) ~ le Comite de surete ganesale du
#
~
bas .reltere;
de ealu1i vttblio au pavillo-11 :du Sud
li1trd)" ~*' ( 62 I
~
~
lee bure&U.X
,,
proximit-i~
le
(de Ylere ou tie l tig-a-
oote 0Pf"t'H30
{pav1ll® du
18
aimple$-des f}Daefs aur u...'le lonGL1e comiche saill.S:nte \3.Ui raisa~:t le
tou.r
de la salle et separ~it le ~eaple de l'agseablee. Les epeot~twars
s•aceaudaient
a
oetto corrdohel>f1 (85) And lti\ter:
ff
tTne draperte varte., oU
~taient l.'aintes _en ven plu$ f911q-e le$ m~s oou~rmes {94) • desGen8ait 'a.
pl.is droits de la co.mie-lie ft.e povtour et
~OS
{)hauaeee de la s'slle
oocup~e
ta~ss:l.\t
par l'assembl-aeff. {85}
tout le rez- de-
Lenct' ..re in h.is-
"'1?a-ris ~volu.tio1msire'ff quotes from. the description of the joumal1str
Dulmu:e jn t'he 11Thermomet:ra du j our'* of' the thirteenth "Of
Dtf.lmure 'Wr'"ltes_, n.t\u pourtour de la Salle ct
b9.:nqttettes de 1"runphi-the'lltre, r"egne
avac o.r.c1ementa- EU""l bronze.
de
eoul~
1l1l
e~
!l~~
1795.
la hautettr des plus hau.tas
entsbleraent 9 -couleu.r de porpeyre
Au-desaous de cet enta'blernont eat u.YJ.e dra:perie
vcrrte bo14dee en ronge-p. ornee de couromies et retrou.seree avce
des eoTdons de la meme coulaur. lltt-d.essus de l 'ente.blement, on volt, aur
de.a sQ]}l"® en porPh3re et entre les einq nortiqu.es qui sont de ohaque
eSt~:t'
des &tatuez des hom?nes illuotres de l 'ant:tq -ite.
Du. c'Ote du pr~­
sident on volt, p.eints en ma.niere de bronze et en g.raude prt>portiona!t
hlieola, J. Emitus,, O!netnnatus; au-0.essus de leu,..s tetc-s c.ont s11s:pendues
des oou.ronnes" •· (!6}
Le:not:ce's desa-ri-,tlon of the tribune of the president of the Convention is oomecrhe,,t different from
H~o"o..
Aecordine to Ler:.o
·,re~
"Le eorps
de la tribu.ne pr6sidenti-elle sa c~mposeit d'u.ne t';lble e)pportee per deux
ch1mares en bois de tilleul; sur le~ pan:neaux pl~ins ~taiant aoulpt~s en
a:ppU.ct\tion de c~na los mots 'Liberte •, tE~"'ali
te'.
Au-dessus du fau-
teuil du. preoident f'lo '.tc,l t- u.n trapl{ea de d:repe-e..ux. pris
ch&quo
cote sa
trou.vaient
d~n,ui;
tableaux en po.pier peint
l
'enne.-rni. et de
au..,jourd•hu!
19
conserv6s au musA'soarha:V.llet. L*un portait la ±eel2rati-on des dr.oits.
i•autre le
text~
de la 01natittttionu. {87}
Hngo-'s version has it that the president"s tabla wa-s mtpported
*'{JUa~mo- astrea ail-6s ~ u.n seu.l pied" -(88} instead of by
~J
two o_himer~a_.
stead o£ tro:;plJl.as of war._
r.tost of the mate-rial oru tlie Ta.iler1es uaed by Hugo is authentic.
Even so,, he ha.s so ek!lfull;r wov;:.n tocathar history end trt;d1t1on that
thet
the readers reels with him,,. "dun.a ce provisoire la FratA:oe a f'C1:1 t (1e
20
is unquestionably that of the l!arqu.is doing to kno\11
ju..~t
which of the hero-ie figures tvhieh walked a. little
while upon the stage of the Frsnch llevolution
of Lantenae.
It would be inteTest..
Le.utena.e~
Amon~
historic
-perso~s,
the prototypes for the Prinee des
T!ugo his eonee!ltion
g~ve
there are two who aeei"n to
Sept-For.~s-
~e
The first leader of the
insurrection in north\7e'St France was. the Marquis de la '.R(u "{t-ie,, who
givins him iilll -powers in Br1ttell3•
reeeiveo a eomnisaicn from the
~rinces
Ris impetuous end
teoperarnent does not eo1ncide
effe~vaseent
caloulat1ng coolness ot
Lntttenae~
yet auch
m1
~ith
the
iflcident in the life
~r
La RoP-jrie ns is described by J .) Duchemin (91} ; WO':tld h :.ve been nu:lte
e!mracteristin of
Lantenac~·
In the autumn -of
a -pnrty that hnd
1792~
been imaucceaofully se&rehing for the mnrnuia de la
ly attacked near J3ou.rgneuf' by Jean Oho1'a.n and his
J>l"'em.i~re ba.taille
P.o~uerie
rJ0n.
was sud.den-
"Dena eette
livree par lea royalietea du Ba.s-Me.ine,. on remfl,,rqua,
Chou.ans et qui cremblait ramenerau temps des aventu.ras- merveillouses de
la Ohevalerie..
Un l\onrne inoonntt de tons,
pal'l.l.t inop:b.'!e~ent
ment de l taction et se mit a la t'ete des -p°"arms.
au. eonnemce-
Agissant en ehef~
ll prend le eomoe..ndem.ent oonne les ordres,. dirige les monve11ents,, se
porte
St
~rtnut
OU. la danger l'a.ppelle, Mime lee oor:lbntoenta de -sa. vo1x
de son $"ern~le et, 1 •u:f.faire terminee so :retire s&c~ns se :ta.ire con-
nnttre.
Cel-ui qui se montra ainai d '1nS- la j ourn~e dn :Bourgneu.f -por~
!nit le eostume des €GnS du pays; mais sa tournure, son
languee~
son
A
21
b't'nnies~
le fainaient aasez
rem~r~u~r.
Jean
Ch~um1
seul J.Xiraissait le
connst'tre; ct en e'ta!t asssz ,our que tout le .10ndo s 'emprtD::s-ttt de lui
obe:rn 111
{92}
Ls Rou. Jrie ~1ho was on, y
in the ni7ht of the twenty-ninth
u...~d
fo~~ty....t~ro ;rears of [.'ge died
thirtieth of Jan.uaryg 1793,at the
er in tha Ven.dee, who rr..1,zht \1ill ho:ve beet.""! o:. p:1ttern for T.santenoo \7~s
tho Cot.mt de 'Pttisnya.,
Tuiscqe '"'!US
avcn 1yot..'.ngerf93) than La
°!i<'JU.~.Jrie,
but
it is his exploits as re le.tad in his 1'1.r90oires"" th-at tire attributed to
Lftr1te11ae..
Pu.is:o..ya did not come to Brittany v.ntil
foatoa in Norr.i:l!ldy
~1th
General W!mpfen 1:1 Jt1a.e=>
~fter
1793~
he 31ad boor. cle-
aml his real
aehiever.:le:nto feJ.1- in a -period later thctll th:tt covered in "Q;uatl..e-Vingt-
~utrefois
fedd~alista 0
mernbrc de l'nssenblee
ct ilJ'res le defaitc de Yernon, etsit venu se
cn~her
en
:B:retagne et y reiJu-eill tJ'* le$ rsstes (te la eonsp3 l,.~t'ion de Le Ronarie
/
,- .,
l"sre hn.bt l ete y,our renm.r leo- elements d''un purt.1,
_,I/
tle C-O-.!J.JS a & d ~ e.spri t ~ et une 110.ate ar1bi tl on .. n
, ly
Y!Ot
s0lfishly onb:i.tious as \""as
P1J.isaye,
,oxh~mG
{ 94}
actlvite,
E
Lantonac is certain-
yet h'la J'10.rtisan .lttitude made
him sorie:1hPt ~crupu.l1:rua Of these too men Uue;o hno built !ll1other s
snpcri.01~
to both
--1i
a fitting :;-ad.er
devoted to their T(ing"1-
or
the poasrmtosi
t. ·ho
were blind}3
22
Gau.vain. the more tll&l human :revolutionary- lead.er, is all that
best in the 'Revolution.
,
It ta thoueht that nnroeau:t t"ho was sent to tha
Paul de Saint-Vietor
Vendee in t:f.ny of 1793, is the model for Gauvsin.
in his book on Victor Hugo scys thnt 11Victor Hugo, en
songeait 6v1dermnent
a Jrarcea:a.o
terrain d 9 exploit de gu.erre.
cr~ant
use tant d 'a;rm€les
Gau.vain,
jeu.nesse et mroe heroi em.e. m~a
!l~1ne
Ma.rooau combnttit aussi en Vet1d&e.
gi:terre te:trible acharnee~ aux tetee d'hydres 0 sans eeesa
qui nva1 t
w~a
renaissantess
et de g~e'rau.x,. devore -oa:nt oinquante
hommea. en six mo1s. fut tra.ncbee
.var
sa Jeune
epeeD
Oetto
mi lle
Il sortait net d&
eette eampagno qui souillu tant d'antres; 11 ennoblit par l*honnaur et !1
attendrit pn.r la pitie las hoYTeura de la gllerre civilc. Oomme Gauvain
rJsrceou £aillit paye-r de
S''I, t~
un exploit d'human:tte et de devf.:i uement •
.Au fort de la bataille du ~tans. une amazon vendtenne se .jeta ~rd.ue-
ment dans ses bl!as.
qni,
Q.,
Elle lui oria grace, de eette voix de
Su!)plianta~
ns le monde anti(lu.e, e.rrtjtuit lea arra'eo aux prises..
desa.m~
t!e.reeau
d 'u...11 geste., les Bleua qui pottrauivnient la joune £em.ra.e,. i1 ln
recueilli t et la cllcha dallS sa. ten.ta. Denonea
c..""Ction, il r1squa d"~tre envoye
a la
lfureeau are exceedingly similsr+
POlil'"
cette sdnte
...."l
gu.illotil"S• {95)
It ia we 11 to note
Gauvai~ and
th~t L:it
th& time
l.furoea.u. was in the Vendee I which. is also tiie tir:ie of G-mvafntts activity
there~
he was only twenty-four :rears oldi11 ryherea.s Gauva:tn is sunposett
to have reached the o.e-e of thirty. Davidson in hia book, "Viator Hugo,
His Life and trork" # tells tvhere the creator of" Ga.u.valn f'ound a name
suitable tor the hero
or
his novale.
ch:;.raeter in the story a.nd iii may be
''Gauva.in is t11e most o,-ttract!ve
ro:::nembo-r~d
that ffme. Drou.&t 's(91)
25
rightful. name was .Julienne Gau.vain-. n
( 97)
The identity of Oimourdain is alao quite intereating7 bu.t in h1s ease
as in the
otPsrs~
Hugo recasts the model into a distinct type.
~Ihen
La l:lau"iris deoided to lead a regu.lar U.£e., he married a ya-xng woman of
the Breton nobility,_ llll-e. de Saint.Brice.
Roner!a
bee~i~e
aariousl7
ill~
In a short time,, MnG. de la
and for the remaining three rn.ontha of her
life> she was under the care of Doetor Chevetel.
the :far.dly during tha lllness O:f
~he a~rqu.lae.
Chevetel l.ived with
The
~t~-rquis
becarie ver;r
fonQ of him a.ad procured for him a luer~tive poot in ~~ris. Oh6vetel~
asked re-fuge in his
llOJfla
when he was returning from hie tri 'P- to f!oblent-z
to gain the authorizo.tion of the Prineea for
~he
organizetion of an in-
surrection under ni,s lesderahip. Ohe'votel took him in without di::mlosing
)
the fact that he was no longer synipa.thetie to tile roy~liats.
Ch~vetel
lived in the ifotel de la Fau.triere on the rtu.e des Foasefa-Saint-rl'0rmaindes- ~a.
ttil av-a.it pour vois1n d"en face un avocat au. eonseil du rot,
tras :popu.l.aire dans le qu_rtier at gii g•a13PEllait
ma'ttes Ctmourdain a resident o-f' the Oour
d~~
Dan.tonu:e~"{9B)
Hugo
Commerce av.id a neighbor of
Dsiltf>h's.(99} Che'vetel}vecauae he Hes trusted by La Rouerie and his friendo,,
soon !.earned all the aecrets of the 13roto:n oonspirac;, but he waited
until he was au.re the.t he could manage the situation 1)efore hG reported
to Dan ton.
At last he told
'Danton ,.ai; he knew and l.7as sent to Eritta.vw
p
I
~1rst by himself in September of 1792 and later rr! th Lelliga..7ld-lt1oriJ lon
in October of the tu.une year. OMvetel pl~ed hia part adolrabl7.
Re
posed 'ls an .brtimate friend of tha royalis.ta during oll the time, went
on secret missions for
the;t~
a.nd reported ever-fthiv..g to l>auton, whom
Oha't"etel "a GM"1uct -rf]as ootuat.ed by
alone he recocnized b~ l1ia chief.
his hatred of' ta. Ro ufurj.e rttme de ee_s- -ha-£nes SOtl-rttOisos!J; fa-ites c1e
his de.sire to be an; the
ning side
_o.
e116vetel
'"P1S about
~-
I
eif:13.t o't" nit1e yoars younger than ta
diff'w-eu~e in the l'"~tter case is nra.ch greater for Oimourdain is fift~
and La.ntenae is ~.n1 old mt:m.
~ieat. Althou~h
b'.)th are
O}'fevetel 's c!1ara-eter is tmU.ke Cimour4ain'o
u.n!)leo.a-c..nt1~
Cimourdain can be adr.ti.red for M.e
aourr:.ge QM his st-o~dfastnass$ ....-©.He ~hefvetel can onl3 bo e-x90r:>ted.
Of cou.rae Ohevetel 11aa sevt out an11 h-d finished his vrork oef'ore the
/
i.: the Sprir:g of l 7D3 to the Vondoe:
seems to h:ve bean
..\ngairtB
ti8Udin
Gaudin~
b~
\1l1ose presence had beon re1uesir.....od by Oarraand
the rcpresenttl.ttves on missli:>n
~as
the C'-onmi. ttee of 'tilb -i.. ic Snfety
t~Tieux..s'"e-·wr111.s-
sent on the th!rteenth of April and
the 'Repttbltc .. In a. note R.ppended to the novel~
cntl the Vendee.
reo~lled
in
~lay
of l ?93
n~o ex.plains th~t
25
Pu.ianye. in his "!le'°molres" relate$ that, at one time a rtla!l:. eame to the
~
~
Ven.dee and. sent word tQ him th:l't- as a repnsentattve of t.he
Unol-:.s of the 'i'"'.:trtg. he wi '3hed
iatar.:rw o
&.ri
Pa.i.a&ge~ elTZhoueh 11e
consented to see him aeeretla'
Princes~
aud.l.once with the leMer of the roya.1-
believed the rnn.n to be a spy• a.'.f; last
t.1.t
the home of one of the peasant fBmil ies
who woro aecust0i:.aed to 0£.ter shelter to royalist emlssn.ries and leaders.
The agent. appM1red diseu.ised aa a peasant, and provided with au.thentie vapere which
Pu.is~e
thought had bean stolen.
A feu deya lntmr
1?ui StW9 l 1Hmed thnt he hcd really eo nferred r.ri tli e:n agent of' the 'Drlnees~
a
:torme~
"garde du corps de . . ~. le, iowta d•Artols", nemod
V~llam'bre,
-v).~larrtbr~.
too proud of ti-i.e importartee of Ills ml.soi on, had nmde tlla
u:_1atake. of c)r\flng very b:roeA hlnta ctit 1:n the presence of Jc"?obin
---....
the family iu 'l:f.ao-ae house he h$.d met -ou.isey-e
and
\1a8
@d.llotined. (102)
i1t e:r:13 time'"
fl1"1d
several other -peasants
It vnuld sea:i th!J.t G6l9.0bra is 'Pr!>bobl.y a
Villwnbre had an opportunity to ser.cl dupliea:ta m'3ssases
fl--om Jersey.
~ere is tt'e posflioility thn,t- Hu.go conf'u.sed
Ni_colas Vincent, the
l"'evoluti~ary
agent at
PQ'l'i.s~
Ii'rancois~
'{:ho decrie:-l the Con-
vert.ti.on so violently that h ~ was gu.illotinod v!ith the Hffuerti:uts, (103)
o.:nd the Vincent of tha royalists
.Jersey",. (l-o4)
~'there
~110\
\.i. th Henri, the innkeopar 5.t
is no- indication that Vino.ont wae a traitor. ;Jet
it is not atro.nge that H11.g0 haJ.s givert G~l.arabre a charae-ter of du.plioi ty,
tor ?uisf.l(f'e me:itions that the Re!)t\bl1e knew every move that the royalista ware to ma"tti::: cs soon as
they~
themselves had made their pla.VJ.s.
''ear du.rant la eoura de lu Rtfvolution, il est trop vr~l ae dire ~ue las
Republiaainf:t ont
6t6 mieu.x
servis p.;.r lea indiscr~tiona et par 1ea
forfantat•ieo de eos indiv!dus
a
q,u.i leu.rs e-o rrespo.1da.nts de Londree
renduient un oompca exa.ei; de ce qu"ils ss.valont
aiont ar.11"'oir, qus per tous les
terre" .. {105)
011.
de ce qu.'ils oroy-
espions qu'ils soudo1aient en
Angl~
WJ1ether o-r not 't'his applied to c:onditic:cs existiri-..g in
J1me of 1793 .:'.ould.
ue
dl:ffieult to state, but
and suppliss uerc bEJing sent
ove~
~-hen
the r()ya.list troops a
i'rorl'l fugla..nd during the latter ps.rt
of J;.me~ l 79-5. to the Bay of Qu.., be.&n
the Ooi!li
inf'ormed of the ant.ire plan of 'Procedure. {10S)
te de
Salut Pt1blie was
Pu.iaayett in a moasuro»
Sa.lti.t
111.bllc 6tait inatru.it dee tout ce qu•il 6tuit impossible d-e soustraire
on Angleter.re~
a l~inqulsitive euriosite des
-peut etr-e certain quo taut qa.-e cea corrospondo.m:es cla.udastines eont.int.t
·~ront d~cvair
lieu; tout ca qu•on pourrait
entre~p11endre
en faveur des
PrL'tces de la ~Tai.son ae :3012rbon, ssra v.neanti aussl t'Ot t1ue eon.cert'e". {IO?)
Tell.march. also
fr~ri
,;'
Pulsa;;ets "F!emoirestt._ The llarquis de Lan.teno.e is goinc:
to a m6ta'ir19 to secure food Md shelter 7hen the beegtAr of' his eatatej>
Telltaarch, appellrs su,den.J.y in the shadow of the hedgerow.. Tolloorelt
l.i7fll'1:1S
h:trn. thn t the «J3leus" are in possession of the m6'tairie and thtlt he
is bJing aought by the Republicans who wish to
t:houaoncL 11 vr~
t!m~
gai~
hae been ~et on his head. {l'"JS)
the prioo of sixty
lJJellftlaroh offers
27
Latltenao a share of his poor food
ed even the troi--0.ing of 11.,1isDge
's~
anecdote The royali at
~ttrzy-
had
-r.f uat
been
se£:t'eh of' food
n~it;
....
cette fern.a eot a deux lieuss et delilie
mendiant qui venJ,i t
a nous;
la :figu.re do eet llmtli!le s'est profond4nent
/
/
son ewule un m.D:uva:is sac qul,. conne il eimit p;:::r-ee en pladeu.rs ondroi'bs
lalssait
entXeVOl~ r:uel"._;!.1.J.GS ffifl-l"~ea,ux
ehal'i.to de-s h.ubitr. .nta.
/
de paln qu' 1.1 f',TJa:it
!l m'e.vs.it re(lonnu de loin~
le(}U9
de 1.::.t
o-U: allez-vous re,
!)8;tronillcs
rien; le \'ennicr est un hommo r!che.
81 les blcu. n viennent iei oe sere
28
avertl
e
la pr-:;mi0re eleriie' ........ Le
qu'lt nfy
av~it
plus rten
a
Jou.~
~pprehendo~
A pai"le
paru.t; l'lOt~re hOte 13".!?VT'8.nt
eessa sa cQrde? pour veni:r
/
et~it-11
/
eouc'he
i:,t10 lr!tv
I
f'crr'lo fn.t entou?eo
do solde.t a.
tfirnos lo. chw:rrni:.ere sa..'l'ls '€tre f',t'le!'\U.Sa Gt8 .~' (109}
a v1oit to the
f~rm~
dejlart mlt."'lot1oed l:'..:rul s-ees from a tlistance the- skirmish ai. the
fu~
In Rugo's
vcroion~
Tellmu.reh
J'"s to Eolloubt.l that sr>lendid.
d~es
not
fit~hting-
~i~~
nor
man of the stuff of the
fUO),
behind
There in a l:irge mmber 0£ indi\tidv.ala rn.entiored in tho course of
29
r<?presentativG typ$S from tho vs.1"1ous seet:tons ot the Conve.oti .:>nit> A
ve..rious
"'~t
tlm~a
to 1acreaoe the
~£reo~ivonass
or
th~ at1tho~'3
eJ.'1JLlo11 ates bhe 1et'-dcl?s o:! li~t-e Giron.dist l)arty..
n,7a!t rceii.
'Lois clefs cle la Dastille" » (lll)
)
the~:
Another
So
~
Scacvolaa1 i' I\llfJ)
Gi~onc~st
There is Brissot. n'lui
7JhBthcl: :Bris:Jot \1as giv011 the
flu.entieJ. r.iaraho-r o:r the aaeembly ot electors in
meet
presenta-
?ci.:ds~
is to!.d that
30
aeoms tha.t K'arv6l'egan did control some
D])ictiOnna.iratfp it iS noted that
11
B~eton
soldiers for 1n nobinata
il fut OlSSSS
p1~0a1risl~ an d6fa;t1dant la Oonvention'a la
a l'~ment& du l
er
tete de 900 .Bretana q:a'il
avnit fait eppeler". (114}
!mien tb.ere is Gensonne,"qu.t a.vs.it 6tabU. la suprim.ro.tie des repre-
.aent:anta sur les gfuteraux." (lll) In the •
PLre~ives
Parlementaires',- in
tha re'Port o.f the session held t¥ tenth qt August, 1792, it is
~e.
corded that Merlin proposed to send out twelva representatives from the
Convention,, three to each ot the then extsting t011r great armies.
a report on the suggestion made that evening to
t~e
After
Convant1on,. it was
so decreed.
I'
Gensonne prol}Ose<l an nmmend.ment in the :following ternst
tt
Je eroie
qtte vous deve~ donner 'a voe cor.ilMissai res le droi t de su.s~ndre les
ge11erau d 1 armeas, t.ous les fonctionnaire-s
de les faire
mettr~
publics~ militl>-ires et
m®ms
en 6tat d'arrestation. Je crois qu.e cette mesu.re est
indispensable; voa com.1111saaires n'u.aelt;>n1..t de ca deeret~ qu'avec la plus
"!he Convention modified the decree to include this
pro~osition
.and thus
Gen:sonne was t'coponsible for that ve'Tf.J effective organization ot repre-
eent0itiveo, onr mission V#b.ieh served as a whip Qnd a sconrge to the
generals of the r0pnbltc, who were either faint of heart or deficient
in ability.
Nor does Hugo forget fc'le fatal Gu.ad.et,, asuqu.el une nu.it au.x Tuile:-
ries, la reine a.vait montr6 le dauphin endormi; 11 lJaisa le front de
l 'enfo.nt et f'1t tomber la
t~te
du peren... ( 111)
Ris sto17 of Guadet,st
via!t to tI1e '11'uileries was pi-absbly baaed 011 the account in
~Lamartine' s
31
"Histoi-re d-es Girona.ins". .According to Lamartine.- "Gu.ad.et -consentit
a une entrev_u;e .seer~ attx Tuil.aries.o La nuit
couvr;i.:t, ga demareheouu
Q;aand Guadet voula.it se retire:r., la reine lu1 demon.de. s 9 i l ne- dls1~,
-rait pas voir le
Dauphin~
et,prenant erle
-~me
un flam.beau.
~r
le
chemin,e. elle le eon~u.isit dana un cabinet o'b. le jeuncprinee ettlit
cou.ohe.,
L'enfant dorme:dtlli:
Les eharmea de sa fibUre, son somKileil tran-
qu.ille dsns ea pale.is trou.ble'7 eette jeune mere,. reine de France, se
c.ouvrant, pou.- ainsi dire,, de l 'innoeenee de m:m fils pour ex-citer la
con:mfsera:tion d•un ennemi de la roya.u.te n.ttenurirent GucP.det1'
Il ecarta.
de la main les ohe\euuz:: qul couvraian.t la- visage du Dau:phin et 1 'em.bro.sea
sur le .front sans le reveiller..
1f1evaz-1e pour la lfbert6,. Haa.ama,.
-alle eat la condition de aa vie- dit Cti<tdet a la reine et il deToba
quelqu.es lames sous aa po.upieren. {llS J This visit tcok place the
night of the twcntleth of July, l 'i91,.
to vota for death
~71 th
In a year and a half Guadet
t780
reapi te in the trial 0£ Lou.is YVI,.
Hugo includes Sillery, n1e boiteux de la droiten. (lll)
It would
not have boon strange i:f ha we-re larne, for during his life as a soldier
·he waa seriou.sly wotm.ded a number of times.
tbethar G)J.inette was "un
de ceux qui pre"etpi terent Louis XVIt1 or not,, at least he uoted for the
death cf the king~
As to Cnmu-s,. the Jansenist ttqut rea1geait la con-
stitu.tion ai-vile du elergett ~ (111) it is well kno 7!1 that "Ses ~tudos
du droi t eeelesiastique lui pe:rr1r:irent de prendre la part princtpo,la
/
dona- la constitution eivile du -<;lerge". (117)
Camus
«er~ya1t
Ru.go also\dsaerts that
aux miraeles du diacre
toutas les nuits dev.ant un Ohrist de sept p!eds de haut eloue aumur
I
32
superstitions tendency in the mind of Camus.
There is Fau.chat, the priest,. nqut a.veo Os.millo Dewmnoub.nti., avai t
~ait le 14 ju.illetn,. fu~het may h . ."ve Y1orked with Camille Des m.oullna.
At least,. he played a prominent part in the events of' the dey of July
fourteenth» 1789.
"Au 14 juillat, 17891 il figu.ra au nombre dee -'elec.; ·
'
ti"'
~.
teurs reunis
a l 'Batel d.e Ville.
eolonne. le
On ia 11it morehaia ' ~ lf\ t1lte d 'u.ne '
la main., 'o. l 'attaqu.e de la Bastille; troia :tols i l
sabi~ .....
a
ramena les assaillo.nts disperse's par le f'eu. de la £orteresse.'" {118)
Fauehet. took the oath to the civil constitution of the clergy and later
!for did fiul6'0 foi got Isnara t'qu-i commit le erima da dire • Paris
7
sera d6truitV t\U r.1oment
{111}
mama OU lb:uum7ic...l.c
dis.nit,
t
P~-ris se_ra brUJ.~t ·"
Ru.go wa.s ooni"uaad nu to the tihle of' tue two utterances .for the
DrunS\ric k manilas.to which threatened tho.t il'
t110
inhdbi to.nts
did not reeogn.ize immediately the sovereig;nty - of the King,,
the- Prine-ea t;iould cleliver up "la ville de Pa,1•is
militaire- et
a une
a une subversion totala et lee r~vort~s
'9
ot
the~
'Paris ..
81!'1.'fJY
-or
exacutioll
eouptlble.s d •atten+
tats o.Uli: au ppll(cea qu'ils a.wont mtiritees.. " (119}~ waS- issued the twe11t;-
fi.fth of July, 1192-. Ianord's ttu."ed was utteTed on the t\/enty-fifth
of rJc\V- 1793J when. ha waa defending his party against the o.ecuaat.ions·
end demand.a of a deputation fron. "the eommune of Paris.
that na1 1•on portait attefdlte
Ris answer was
a la rovr6sentetion nntionale~ 11 en
sppallerui t 'a la France entlere et que T:ads sorait ane.fJ?lt1.
-011
charcherait sur lee rives de la Saine lo. place
rait exist~"• (120)
Bient6t
ou ootta ville aUt: ..
Hugi) says that Jr~eob Dt1p.01l,tk ~fae n1e pceme.r qui erift: 'Je euie
athee' et a qui
-If.
--
( 111 l
~~in
Th~ QUfH1ti on
ar:d -t'.hn
As~;embl~r.
llltib~
I tr
fteolt"t.roo tfa;.. t
t::.~e
law was tis
11.,
~ria~oerat1q~e.
G<?\l.~
! ..atei~ he .retreated tbie
T1'1enGutlde-t axHi Robeepis.r.x·c I~e:newea. tl:ie qUB. .r.r~l at <tl:~
ttlid inspizteC. the-m iH th so t1neh zeal 'that the bust of
InrG-ediat"31y Brieso't
hia lf&per ~Le Patrie-tel}. {lZl)
Dul:on't in e epeeab OFl
WJe suie ai;beeTt ._
~'
im£orteA
J,.~!!lY
tl~
i~raised
Be:lvetius in
On- tl~cr fcmrtee.r.t lh ()'f 1'eoember,
law relatl ve to Itibl i ('
ins~110-tion
aa.id
tt~e Uent teurtt- re1:.o.pts~ "Il sa f~i t una 1u1aeur su•
ti
~·eerie
hoflnate hoft®e. 0 {l2e)
made . the
e6t
i,n the T.1ea;iala1iive
be~n Fbcn l~M,N,
I
P~u EOUE
#
1
Bel vetius 11aa t:.ur.ash-iBd-.
/
(
cf a:t!:-(.ia-n:. ~m~s ~n e-l.d quarrrel betr:een tl e 11.o®-
Gi.rondlt;~~.
st-etevt3nt.
the
•
Robe~~isrre ve1ondi~: t•2~hei~F'le
un gl1and
n~mb~e atant~a~ v~us
A
etas
TLe ~eport doe~ reeor-11 tr~~ Rubeepierre
'round in
nquatJ?9~Vingt~~ize-t'.,
!he 'lue.rrel
dtd _riot end until Robea;r:ter.r-e and l>tl1rton bed hYeceede~ in
hc~wver
ex:terai-
natir.ig -tte GiPondist. part.y.'
Tl!&Qe ia no illdieetio11 t..hat
et- va,i.llant;e tete b.retont.,e. n
t~1jui:na.1s
rmfi not
~ ttdure~
sa.gaea_.
In faat it- e.san:s ti£at t.ls euergy aind
thing he d!dq
Ihtooa~ tti 'lJruryale de Bo:ver-Prontr$detr {lll.. ) waa J<:e:pt; of:r tl1e
list o'f
U10 !~ose1~:tb~
G:trond:tr.rts by f\\a..vat; but ff vdghln.e to aha.re the
fate of hi.s o.r-ct!tar-in.-lAw~ Ih,:t.yer-Frollfrede~ he eo eonduated himself
in the Convention tl-iat it wae
fot'l<.n~d
to oonde1u1 lli.nl to d.eatl\ also. (123
One of' the inte1•eatJ.ng el araeter.a mentioned by Hugo 1s liebeequi
whom he lf Ott'trays aa ttle Pyle.de de Bar'barO'tllt• • (111 l lkl.r-barou:. did pre.~
nil UI on h"" :m to become a niel!lber of hie part7 and Rebeequi begal} ~h~111t~
34
fourth meeting of tte Convention. hiu aer1ea of Uieousat1cms against
Robes11terre.
Not c?lly ttm.t, but he .f:n.ipi..orted Barb~rotUt 111 bie
dequ1nc1atior-a of
b~e
g._llea:·c, M£\xiuJ.l3.en4l-
exaaper&ted because Lis
Bobeepie.r1·e e.nd
to the
t~l1e
011
Ae lluzc
refuead to guillotine
rello~,,... deputi~s
tl;e elgh:t11 of A11rili 1793" he
001'1 ven ti on.
Bebecqu:L
~Ji~s.
hits 1'9tdgn&,t1oD
~ent
..
le ioor-t quieor.u;.ue ceerai t :teortec atteinte a la liber-te, en veua
propoGa~t
un
~oi.
l •ec.haf'm1d.
la.
Et, bient
~
Robesp1er~e
Voun a7e~ p-orte la paine
rep~eeeniia ti-o-n
~
na t1 o~le o
~
d:G mo1~t
Eh 'bi en!
,
n'a paa
A
sa tete sur
atten -C~ r;. a1-r
po~te
eontre quiconque" a
#
le P7 deee?Lbrc 1792 et le
10 ma.rr::L, 179-3" on e~ f"o1"11!e aux Jaeobins le f.roJct d. 'assa.ssiner lee
.
N.J:·ret.vm:t~.1,tLa
du keu.i;J.e et toua nee erl:m.es ecnt iir..puni~h
je ne !.µ:ts !I ni ne V'2nx 1 Gieger plus
~
lonirt~m1is
Oomme
#
dans une e.es-emblee
Then there is La.sQnree "qui e~..i t cemie cet $poplrthegae
maurtriert
1 Malhell.f'
aux ne.:tionc
ceeolilla.issante~
et qui au ]?ied
de l •eahat'eud:t: €!en.it se eon·tred:t.r.e rar cet,te fiere parole jetee aux
•
#
~
Mo-n tagn&rda ~
•)Nous in.ourotlfi pa,&ce que le peu:r;1,e
pa.cue que le peuple se reveill&rattt.
{125)
dort.
Be ~.r&.ce o'.f the ea..rlier
si.,eeeh b&r-a been 11.cur.d in thia invttetl_sati-0.n, but it
La~ouroe
'
let.tened c;f the sentenee
hie judgee"
ct
dei~t-h
Blroteau
9
i~
told
ltr~t
when
again.st hia!J he said. to
"Je w..eu1,s diUle le t1<Jment. "-~ l.e l.Jeuple
et- "..Jou.a_, vous m<.rn.rres le Jour oiJ 11 la.
et vout:J mour.rez
recouvre~n.
fl..
pe.rdu
a&
re1aon;
(12G)
qui rit deo~e~e? 1 1abolition de i~1~vt-0labilite fut
a!nai sans le -s1P1c·tr~ le .forgero11 d.u co..uperet e°t dresae. 1 •echa.:faud
pQu~ lu1--memen~
(127) ie
n~t forgotta~.
Mara~
del!i.&nded ttiat all trai-
tortJ be puniehed everrl1ere, eve11 i.f they •ere members o,r the Cone11Qn.
as
'that jfnane -un
~guine;
i1~.rte
Yiolabiliti
I
:tnu!lge.1ae"
cen1ire
lea
de la l:tbert&~
lee
i•egs,lite
d tt
~
"*
blieain, rosul
tant de denoneia.-tiona
cu dEle
gou:ve~.a~nnen t
tee
:r~euvee
{128)
<1onve~tion°.
...
.repu-
,..
d~o--
B1ro-
G:trondist- :t.r1eada
thait the rJonventioxr Hhould not
ef
~a
tollows:
je a.annais
•Je del?JQlide i
tllll
l~ propoe~tion
»
d$e:ret
a eta po.rte.
l l d-01t et.re mainte11u.)
#
~
~
(
Plue~eu~e
1?az voe ill1EU?r'\1Pti-Oll8
LaDjuinaio~
vo1&t
Ella bien, je d'clare que je ne su.1s -pas libre icd.•
pas la parol-e.)
-
tLes rnemes en.core. l.i"lemo~ la dtseusslonj il y a un deerat.)
Je deelare
qu"on me fait delib~rer sous la eou.teau.. {murmtu"es.-} Voile ae que ja
/'
declare lei* {Salles quitte la tribune.)". {130)
The list of Oirondina ia continued. w1 th Lou.vet, "l "'au.teur de
Faublas. qui deva.it f'inir libraire au '!?alais-Roycl avec Loddisks e.u.
cooptoir!\w (127}
J~uvet
·1n 1787 and l ?SG.
published tt!tes Aventur·es du Ohevslter de Fe.ubla.s''
e. book-salle1. . in the l?a.laia-
He fina.117 dl d beoome
Royal w'here he w&s assisted
Cha.le~, his mistress~
0
by his wife 1odol.sM'a:> formE:!rly 1.!adanle
liodo'iak:af.l y ~tant 1 ~ohjet des provocations de la
~eu.neaso doree, il se vit dans i•obligntion d'aller s• installer
ailleurs."
(lSl}
Mercier ia mention:d as tl1e author of the Uf}.lable.au. de Par.la" 1 nqui
s'~cr3a1:t·
"Tous les roie ont aenti sur leu.:rs nuqu.ea le 21 janvier." (121)
'* did m.aJre
1£ the au.tho.r of the ·"Tableau de Paris
'ti!la exelrur.t!ttion that
ifiJ.go attributes to him., no indication o.r it wn.s found.
Carra ra:narked to the executioner: "
vonlu. voir la su.iten
u21l /
J
ea m'ennuio
)
de .rou.rir.
Jt aura.is
:it would h· ve been a•: ,most ~-~-u.Tal
Cor an inquisitive journalist to aa3\.
Iio SOUJ:"ee
Gf inf'grmati.on
a.va.ilable ...m.ich could be used t.o verify !thia 1)0int,.
inent newP,Pllper
Likewise if'
Carra
~s
ua.e
a prom-
b.aing editor of the "l!eren.re Nati 0~31."t and.
l'.fl..Em.._
oollaborator \11th Mereier in the 11.Annsles ratriotiqtws et litteraires
de la Francen-.
(152}
'.Bl!&ot-. 'itl.fea·erve
a
la oo-rt de faim, ff
field.a nen;tt the woods of Saint -tmi11on.
(
127} was :round dead in tho
The posaibiltty that 1iu.£ot
believing hh1salr caught took poison,. has else bean prosei1ted:; {135l,
but it. is- genorcJ.ly- beliwed that he died
t"alaz6~
ttpromie a
starvatto.a.
~f
$GU !)l'Opre 1)0:'.rf,~dn when
he Mt,'\rd the Se:ntence
hirneelf clth his daggor. {154)
Oondoreet io notedj)-
tt
qu:i davait mo-v..r:tr a Bou.:rg-.1.oi-"Re.rne- d'evonu
Bou._i•g_,§g-cl.li:t;o, d6:;io1'le~ par 1 ""Iiornea qu~11 avs.i t dans aa ::,Je>ehe" * {12 7)
.
Oondo-r-a-a't hrul a3ked refuge at the home ~o-:r a f'ricml
-.
h~d
refU.soq
~im s~elter
Suard.
The oook a:rid his
tat:en to the little oommune whteh fo1. . u. ahorh t.iroo
~s kttJ)\"lll
<'ls Rf.1u-rg-
The-re he ;ma recognized a-ud thrown into prison-. Ha
i'l&ver be knot'~
:Sue.Td
but gave him as a consolatjon a cop7 of the
ed, his eo:w of Horace was found in his poeket.
Bg~11t-e.
na~1ed.
VT$S-
{135)
i1b.elt the~ is also Pci'tio:n, "dont la dcstineo atai t d 'etl?e ador4
~~
ptlr
la foulo en 1 '192 et d'vor~ -psr les loups ell 1794n. {127)
,,,100
extremely po-nul.e:r.
He had been .3ant o.rs
1?91. he 'g'as e.leoted may-0r of
?a1~isA.
~
Petton w
f!-evity
of the Tiers,
·crhen h-e was sue-pended from his
in July. 1792» the seetiong aroGd 1a.nd the fi~gntened Legisw,,.
lative Assembly hsi.d to -rai·nstete ?-e-tion. Re ':iBa '.J.!la:nimou:sly aeclaim-
~L'lnCtiona
v!i.th tho r-.trontH.ne and £ell with them~
Be effected hls esea;pe from
-
$8
ia the Vendee,, he; witi1 some a:r his colleaguea. made tl..ei,r flay to the
ln J\me• 1794~ tLts body and tlla:t, of B-u~'t wete t-o:und b
Uirondta.
a field•
~~r'tielly ea~eA
by
wolvea.
Among t~e ee~el1 F-entioned ifl »uss~ulx, ~tr~du0teur d~ Juv$nal.
qui air&it :rei"t la cair1p&g1~ de aanov-re'
No clue to hie ta.k-
{12'1)
ing part itl a He-ri.overiai1 etttm.f~;,;lgn hta-a b2en temid.
material$
were-~ot ~vailable
for the
liuf'!1e1ent
of tte
verifiea~!~n
st~te~ente
made in rega~ti to 'the G:trond1st,3!l Sallee 1l La.us&---Dupe.r-c-a..1 t, (ll.ll
(lll) llaN:t:B ar1d Vigee. (12'1)
Rttbout..-Ba..tnt-lh.1em~e 11 {111) JUehalldg
T!le leader of tlie J;;3rty ta
(127)
~th Barnave 1u1<i
ova~
llai~Jlave qlit 'oil a.;,pela1 t
Vargnieuc were
ffN brilliant ora:tor$D both
e-11tl:m.a1ast1G
"un
~re f1~-om
'tfo?J Revcli1t:t-0np
Welle .eruM-ed by the Uountei.. in.
e~me
Eam6.-ve
~
the legal
Ve~g~uaud1
prcfe~sion,,
both
tlie- Midi. and both at f'lrst
to. fight 1 t atltl'.lbomly.
~&s e.i.-eoute~~
De'tlt
-et1 the t-wen 't,,_..
ni.ntli uf 0-ot:ober, 1-'f91. eJ'ld 'lleJ-grd,.s:ud toot ht s death two days latel".
~hey
r1era very si:mila.r..
the two while
~ve
Perht\:ps VeJrgn1aud
i:'l3$
the
m-0~e
brilliant of
wae the reore fu,,r-sigbted.
'lo tte Gir-t1nde 11 Bugt:t
o-p~tH3EHS the
Uounta-irr.
ttAntotnae-Leui~eoa-­
Flore1le de Bttt:i.nt-Just~ :Pale~ fror.rt baa,, J}~o:r-:.tl <lorretJt~ tril H~ster1-
ell%#
trietes~e profonde,. Vir~t-troii;
e. v..a, n (la7) b is itne of those
who ere tbe et,rer-gth of the Meunte:tn.
! t is o:r 11tporta.ji;1ee to- n-0te-
tf1at Rugo colmti ts the •~ error in resa-ro to the age ()f S~int--Juat
as doea f'a-rlyle 1n hia 1f7r-enoh
llevelutiofl*~
Cta.r-lyle ea.ye
Saint--Juet aaree t-o the t'l-onvez.1.tion f,1;e was "'not. .feu.r and
(156)
!row
&~111t-Just Tlltt6
bor·n o-n tha
t-werrty~flf't)l
e.nd so :J. n September of 11192 l':e htid ;junt
p~eed.
bis
ot
tt:a~
twe~rty
when
yetn.
Auguat-. 1 V&? ,_
~wenty
and fifth
the motion o:t Fa.yau,
~a--tion
"fhe
of t:r:J,e o.ecree
1~1Jert.. tnatle l)y
all "suopeetsn he
th~t
.rafe.Pred "'.;o
,oi;t1.S
'th~
The elabo-
nrres'ted~
conmi ttee on legislatio.111.
Uarl:in de Doua:t ~ wu.s used as ithe basis
famous law of
au.apacts~
oi~ fteir~e-mber,
1792 ~ ( 1317 )
'\he
:to~
1rotoo by the CGnven·tion oa the seve-nteenti1
Fabre d 'Egle.nt.1ne r11ed.e hie gr.eat oontr!.blftion with l1ia tJ'trouveille c?iartr.anteu, {l$8) ihe nora~,,ic.la.tuce of tl~e re!JuolietUl ealeDdar,
which 11a.d been devised ty
Ti".de }?SCUJ.iar
P~mtlil"3 e
~n:tx:tu.re
of' soient&t1e
rer.1ror-oh aud 11oetio :fu.ncy ml.a a.doJ;ited ty the Oonueeution du.rang the
montti tJi' October i l ?93.
is
Neu~
Ma.nuel,,. '*la
~·roo:ureur
de la Comll!une,-
qu1 r.i,va..it. d1t: *Un roi m0r·t n•sat l;&4 un b01Uraa de liloins•n-_. 11eglee'ted.
veritlo;n to Judge Lr·uis .XVI,
l~ml t.~t1rrtifieU. ~uall
p-~st Id stopy and m~.rth'olQ-ey'll'
n.
ptr(}GOOU~e by
citing
He enG.ed hie hat:a.ngue l;y crying~ ~t.egto-
volution.
tous lea
qtt1 l<.7. 00-1mE.u1t?
1-eu~lsa
tin .eed. mept n ~ £<.:a·t
J;<fhS
na hemme de
mcin1hu (159) ~he.i1~ is FrBr-oa \7ho 1 ~'l;!i"'b lh1go 11 wao 4"Fre.t"'Qn-''.rhereite, le til.s
de Fre-rcn-Zoile.n
(138)
t11e~\ti1aeine F1l~ron (140) wac a ta.mous
Cl"i t-ia of'* irrt\~r!or -cale11t "1ho 1'\"ade"fliolent ll.. ttacR: ~ en the aPhiloeorheeff
al1d esi:eeially Oll ~;1-tetre.
vloler;t te-r,..-oriet.
Hj.s aon, I~ouis-St~:r,isl£,;J~ {141) was a
In hie newcpai;er ni 'Ora:Lcn.r de :r.euple ,_if he imi-
t;i?i.-t.ed the de11uneiatotry trLylf'.'l cf M~~rat".
tain~
ha beearta
~nd.s
for #proaori,p"tion~h,
nease dorae
~
wnrm The,rmldoritun and
R~$t
Aftei~
the f'f.iil.t of the Moun-
~egan
ag"ain his insistent de-
it waeil who led and inspi~ed
'ta
,Jeu-
40
Thie eam.}_)n.--riaron of, HttDo·,_s is evid.antl7 qµite ao·;ut.·ate..
~la
nQJJle of Ruhl is glvsn, Rul.11, whora !tugo stig.'lllt1ses
ex--orlbl.Gt lou:ll!wr deve3!.t ae tueJ" le jou.r
oU
a.::t~l 'in-
,.-noUt..-rnit la r~publique~ (158)
Ruhl r-ra.e r-.ppointed to the oommit'tes uhicll was to inveati£"ate the Xing' a
secret papers on the twenty-first of Kov.::mber. 1192. Ee was
~hoaen
to
/
/
usa de moderation druis le- -rapport dont 11 fut ch:-rge par la corrraiaaion
de-Et Dottza touollant lea pi~e-a trouveaa su:x tfuilerie-s doos 1 'armoil"e de fer
et qui r~velt:de:nt des fsuts aaeabltm.ts poU:r :lirabenu.n.. (142)
ste.m the tide of' reaction by hie speeches in the f)lub.
and tbr()tltm into prison t'ffl:1oro h&
eo~11l11~ted
He posed
Ile wcs ttrrested
su..ieide on the thirtieth of
Another of the ;rountain is F'ottcbe. n1?fae <le de:--i0n9 fnce \:1.e cr-.davre~'.
(139} Fooohe posaeasad without
tih.o
is noted for his
b~irbar!ty
qu~stion the soul o:f
o..
deAon.
He it ia
at 'tyons and at nevers, for his ineeru.Jm.-
lous 1ntrigu.es \1hieh nwite hlo the serva.nt of tha Convention, of the
D:b:eotoey I of t>Ta.poleon_, ana the
There is also
~ourbons
u.n turn.
Osselln~ ~proscripteur~
qni ca hant ohez lu.i,
l.1lle
proseritej!, Usde..IDG Ohariry {slc),." Yo detailed story of his para.dox.icsl
eetion :..ms foo.nd.
Robinet
br:t~fl.T
atetea: thoJt "'Dana la lutta avec los
tlirondine~ il denon~a la Oomrni.:ssion des Donze le M mai, at prit une ~rt
active aux: j onrneaa des 31 fiat et 2 Ju.in-. 11 eu.t ensu.i te une eondni ta
aauivoqu.0 envers des persunnes er~tees at qu'il easQJn de faire relaxer:'
{143) When ha was denounced 1n the .session of the twentieth o:f
in the seeond year of the
Reppblic~
he
~as
aacused 0£
'
kee~int
:Bn.~irc
line. Charai
41
an emigree,,
#
#
~re-JR
brsther*G houee.
the
f:;nd of liid1ng t.ev in his
r~~ope!" ~1tthot"li1iies
(144}
He w&a sent by the Conven11io11
before th$
Tri bUi'ltil ]J l1'fhiah N1r&leened l1im to bF: deported.
Tulvolut.iunt:~::-J
Thor-e e:u ts in the Mountt.. :tn r.>Th'l Ge.Pan-01··n1lon, "qul t1~va.1t £l~ement
deir~nda,. qu&..!.id 1 '1~CJ;egne etai i. 1nt;grvenue
{.!.£.lld
le z,roeeuI de Louie
XVI ii qua l 'a~senblee ne dn.ignat p~a J :LtA-B le. l~tit..r~e
<i''L'.f),
On the .oover.rtee:n:th o:r Jc..tlu.ary, l7'93, it ic
voilf.- (138)
in the. 1'4oni tetu~tt that t,wo lett"'rf'.
~ere
Otrnlon wted to- prevaf!.t i.the rei.Miing
ing tba. t the
cronV~i'ltf on
The.re is
ot ould.
t~e r~nmmed
,.
~~
"IiO the
.t"*e]?OJ.')ted
Ocnve..uticni#
the letter f'roll! SJ-ia.1.tl 1Jy urg-
nll BJ"iPG£ rr.. nc-e {Jf b0i2:g under
t:I> void
Gregoi.re
l,,Nzented
.roi 10-ur un
91
it-
.....
evsque, die;n.e.
d-'~bord
de_ la pri-
mi ti Ve egli ce ( Si-O) !J ~16 {].Ui Il'll:S t~rd r~-O\le 1 t eir~pi~e e.ffa:ga. le
.repnblica:tn Greg.oire par le eomte Oreg-01ren.
(lZB)
I
u
favo,r
!if
Av ·the baeinn1ng
the clrtl eonatitution of t1.a elerey and took the oath
t.o aUvJ¥O.f't 1 t.
Tbereup-011 l"1e wa.e Mi?led b1el101• of Bloie~
Be was show-
ered with honors durin£ the 1,eign 0£ l1$\.l)Oleo1i und even t.bou_gh he wae
made a Count of: the Empire
as Hugo
~ttttes
~-n
l808p b15
in ttQue.tre-lf!.ngt-T.reize"-.
rep~bl1(l'~ardam
It is reeorded tJ'Jat •11
ent,ra, au ff~nett ei)n.eervateur le 4: n1vose,_ &n
r1 te.,
-- protests.
nevet' w&..ned.
x,.
fit pa:rt1e de la m-1no-
aontre le:e tribunu.I?X dtexeeption. vota aveB deux
-autree senateure seulament cont-re 1 teta.bli~se--
42
ment de titres no'b1.\kfi-r-es~ se -pro11onra. eontre le a1:No1te.
n•~ssisim
pas au
~ JJ.~mentJt p~:S
tn-9. .rla~e
d·e
~"!'.OLouisa.u•._oon
1.Lo
opposition no se
im oeul 1:nsta:'!t ot~ en 1_814, i l reciit;aa. d •avarme
de d6eh6anee des plus energ1ques ~ontre l 91.llin31err~uroi't {146}
was dying he refused t-o 't"et-raet bl.a eivil oat'1~
lcd~e o~
.Napoleon et
11l!
1)l'G,jet
Even 1.1b.en ha
't£:?16.ontly Hu.~-o~s. 1010~:1-
G-regotre wae so~awbat superficial.
There ie Amar " qui di'Juit: ""fllou.te la terre cond:n."nne Louis XV!. A
qui done sppeler dn. Ju.semont? Ault Plenetgv•.
(lSS)
It wna durinB' the
c:o.se 0£ L01.tie XVI as "PTesented by the prosoev:tion en.et tlw defense,
ra.pproehE.rr,. [..i, entendre; 11 n•y a l}(>!tnt de proce.l:!ro ju dici~!~oo fnira:;
il n'y a qu•uno ehose
c~i ganc(ral
1,e
o jugor.
e•est lo rait do
t;rrart••~•·--lTa1s
quel oera. le juey a.a jugeli.li!mt? Voua &tea toue
.icis ne vou.s u:!r~t-cm pas ou.ss1
1
l& peu:ple francsais· eat partie intaresseep
qu~ ont
speech~
vort6 l es
but
le
qui s 1 eleve de t-outes les parties de la ForA·>''bHqua con~re·
pa.rt1e:::intlreasee_, votm a-t-on di t.
~ae
l~ tsr~nnia; e'eg~
h~
tJOaps du tyrtm?
oU done en
st le, 1st smnme..ri z.es 1ts
Lo~is Legendre,,.
u
p'1I'es ~ue
o•est su.r lui
£aud~t"*il c.ppelcr?
mut
subetan~e.
qui fut le botwher de la Rtrvolut!on de Fro.nee-
eomm.e- Pride avait ~t~ le bou.cher de la ravolut'ien d'.Angleterre~,. is there
the
rom
'buhch~r'
as eonneeted t:r:ith Legend.re from -the: i.nelusion 0-f
"Legendre,, the solid buteher?t {149) in t.be- list o:: deputies to the l"on1
vention given by Carlyle.
If' Hugo did
~mow
Oarlyl.e•a
work~
he coi11d
Ilueo tells in eom.'leetif)n "fdth Legendre,. he most probably r-ound in La-
Viens,. ~qie jc t-:a.anomniel
pt'.lnd.e~it:
er:fai.t-i:l
s tnnjui:nais
.. Bt Ltt~fnais rrf-
li'ais tl'abo:rd decreter q1te jo- au.is uv bch~n:r.... "'n.., {14fll
There
ated Legondra Who9 a.ecol?di?W to !tat.1'la.rtine" eried. out '' Si Lun.,jt.'dnals
~e
se t4lit !A"'.tS~ u.o~Je Q,~eln.11e que je m.onte l~-hauto: ~u.e je le prec1~t-n
U1J. b0-€m.f,t
ropli\:Ue !J&njuinais- {p&;J:' allusion
10(}. . ndl..a} ..''
l 'antiqu.o
f151}
P'lS.Sf!U&
f",.1]A
oetior de
00tte!1l0'.f.,.
de
Lam.artinela aecou.rrt was t-he only $OUree !'oux1d. and.,
amt '1e-ux houche.:e qu.i dlsent oni e-t
'l'!:'l:n,
approll.itc.nt ps:r
l'un.e oe q:u.'il h~~ait ~~~ i~autr~j fl$tr1~S"Qnt Cavriern taatea et
deifiant Ohal.ier
a
!qon , envoy-ant Robetrpierre
a l.-f'echa.:f'au.d et
7!a:e~t au
44
W8s he
-at all eo:mparable
to Ca.r.iliftf.
Ca!lot d '1ie.rboie JPJ1Mge4 1io
eh1.tt t.rom the Roboapierr·e :f3-etion ttt the
&nd decreed an
himself'~
outlaw~
.he raf'used
Ae i.reaident.
»le~m14o.r-iaJle.
Ro·oaapier.re
the right
to defend
In tht\t. way he was .ree11c.nslble f.er the etJnvictlon of
Robespiei:1~e ~
Ca!'~ie,,r: w~a al-so
Cfollo-t d 'Eer\)oia
:ur~o
not
oon""liCt£ld by the 'l!h-0.reldor:lana ;nut
:·.r1~,.,~il1
ot:f*er ~.:ny I-l'\toof uhf!taoever
to blame. As ttt the eend1ng of'
tl1e p~t.ici:rmtion o:f C!ollr.re. (152)
J,eor.tard Benroo-11 1 ttle 1Pa~ttre d*eet)le qui avait offe_r:t< aa raa.1acn
founded an odunational inetitutifJf!
.of his
hont)e~ 1!.C
1r.:d1ea.t1ono ean be discovered.
There arc Tor·~ani, Pyra.riintt (148}~ (lbo w~..e eb.1~-c~:p~1n in the
me-~hant laa..rine (154); Cfourillee.u, tt~'lrc.c~i.u (148} who \?;ttS Phili:p1a.~·
DharJ an-Aime Goupilleeu, a lawyer lb Montt.t.1.gtt ( lb:5} in tita Vendeez.
L!;.u·re:nt Lecmintre. "t::la.retia,nd", (l4SLt who wa.a a.
linen-~_peF in Ver"""-
~illes r1hen 'tt.e lievolutiC>fZ! began_, (166),,. DUh~m, ffz;1&iec1n•f ~ (148)'
wh~ ~as
was
a physician
~t ~ille
Sergent..Ua~oeau
(le?};
Sergeut~ ~st~tu&iren,
(148),
wi tt s.o:me small .rer.irta$icn a.s an e1agra.ve.r
rather tt\em as a ePul31to~; (151!), :~;Vid, u~ei:atre 11 • (l4S) who
45
Qr
11ia ®ri1,tg reqaest in 'the tteesion
of Ha.~eh, l 19~.
(159)
With them is lrober't Lin-dett n1 'i11-quie~1rti .orea.teur de eet-t-e
pieuve-e
d-011t
~'i'1e tr«eniiy--ti~ai#
la te-te et!kit le comltJS de
----
,,
JI<
........
..
#'#'
aurete-genet~le
et 4ui cou-
vc<J.it. la 11~.. nc:e de v!ngt.. at- u-n mills bra~ qu"'·on apJ;el&'t't les eomit-S~ _revolnirionrJa.if~efO\ n
a..lo11e Wf:it,.h i+lle
1?~12, on tl:e
nt:
The a~i t"'tpee uf gtr.fle1~a.i seetwi ty was decreed
c-01··u~;:it.tea o~
sugge-at 1 011
or
public sa£ety on ·t.h-"3 .Gacrn-nit of eetober,
(160)
Go!~tttd.11.
~~
a.e'3l'_fM)_:tic·n~
w1·ib
et
:tlmiet
Tlie 0-unven-tion a/lQ.t?ted hls seheme
"tritu 11 &:ud s-ente.1~ee.
so~~ nodif"i~t"ittJl,lo
The pro}:Oiiition
on tll.e tentL.
11793il
01~ l~reh.
Ne14tl1e.r
~as
Lin-
det reertm.Hi ble f'-O.v t1'1e f'oJ.nt-n.'ti o:tt of' the .Pewlnt101aary oomi ttees
whI.eb
~a-s d.Be,rt~ed.
Dtfll.fl3£'
j
n the
~f
the reyc.rt and motion mude by ;reau
~t't£::e G~ tb£7 -uo~..rrd ttee
of lhreh, l7ff'B.
ee.ch 0-011:.tn.m-e to
strn;..ug~ze..
au a res12l t
{162)
on· d.iJ;lttma.e7 ~~ti "the tweirty-first
Tt&&e eon1Ditte~e ~ere to be o-rganlaed in
-e-e.feg-uaro
tl:;~ J:,G-O~le
f
.r(ml
the p_ret;.er.i.0-e of dsnget*(.JUG
A:ttt. . uugh thia t1$A;.\n1i t1$t tc.rty-t"i)ve
eculd be f 01?ned• acHJ()Qding t9 'Ute finauc1ttl
only
~hcut twe~ty-five hlU.td~ed
{148)
tll-0us~md
--re~o1~ta
eve!• existed-
of 14.te Umes,,
cies)
PrJ€HinUt1b.blyt- lh1go rtea.na tit.a 't Paine shtfl~-ed ttlemaney wl1en.- 1-71
the trial er Loui& X1Jlt h.e vote-fl fer deteDti. or1 u11t!l
Anct.h~u"'+
ce
~~ee,
end
fori':igner is Anar~har~.11.e Cluo-ts, tiallemai1d~ ba.ron- r:d.llier
-uai.ru~:ts:th,ee 3t Leber'"ti-lltc:~ ne.nd:tdett:. (148)
T~1ex·e
of them
eR1b1~~coo e11thl:lsi.~st:tcally
I.tstes~ a.l'ld 16ter ~ho~e
er
AxmJ~G'l1arsis Clo-ete,is cae
firet the tbeoRiea of the »ene;velo-
tbe re~olutioni$~s.
Bhaittng the news ~f
46
B~bert and his party, Cloots w-as 1nc1uded in the accusation against
the Hebertil:'ta and was guillotined the twenty-fourth of 1Jlarch. 1794.
Like many others,. he found tbnt his :favorite theories were
tl64}
extremely dangerous diverslans.
fuere is
Lebas~
t9l 'mn.i des .VU.playn f who
of Hobespierrels fiancee.
~oining
On
the ninth of
Robespie.ere but was released.
~1hormidor,he
liis plans made
to cheek the tide against Hobespierre. failed.
great that he committed suicide.
married the sister
~18.d
{165)
insisted on
Wi~h
Hanriot
.tiis loyalty was so
He waa one of the trusted
members of the Mountain.. and there is no record to show that he could
have bean reproached with a:n.y unscrupulous action.
llovere. 'un des rares
hommes
qui aont meoha.nts pour
la m6chancate~
tl48) is rightly stigmatised by Hugo. \lie was Rovere de ~onvieilie.
a representative of the nobility to the Eatates-Generalt where he
fought the Revolution-ground. he cast his
When he saw that the monarchy was losing
fo2~tuaes
with the violent republicans.
In the
uonventi on, t•11 ooi:mnen~a pv.r d6noncer et :ta.t..re d~oreter d •accusation
le general tlfontes'iu.iou, se r6unit aux m(.u.ttagnards,,. vota la mort du
?oi sans appel
ni surais. entra au eomite de Sdret&
r
poursul vi t les:: gt:oncrt-ns 1sic) aveo acharnement.
g~nerale,
•
et
Charge d •u.ue mission
dans le l!idi. d 'un atrtelf i l exagera les mesures de rigueur ordonn~es
par la Uonvention et de l 'au.tre, opprima 1es republioains sinceres
et se fit :rap,:>eler pour oette comuilie tortueu.se
11
•
(166)
After the
ninth of Therm:idor he be-0ame onfi of the most violent protagonists
of the reaction. on the thirteenth of Vendemiaire. he raisealculated.
and took the side of the royalists.
Re was imprisoned. freed. sad
at last deported. "Ro-vere est reste dana 1 ~hist.oire de la .Hevo1ution
oomme un type d t intrigant egBJ.em.ent d~savoue par tous les partis. n flot6
47
Th.ere is Charlier.:1{148)
qui vo1.l.lnit qu•on dit'vou.a" aux aristoerates••,
n
Per'.tlo.i:>s Hugo refers to the motion Charl:ter made o-n the twont;r-
third of Sept.ember ln 1792 mien he
aieur, derives de
~onseien,eur,
ar~"lted
th.'"lt-
ne dolt pluo
th~
~tra
twJrd "llonsieur e-t
une
en
qualific~tion
usageu ••J~en der'mnde la aunpreasidn dans tou.s las aetea de l"etat
civi1 •••• n {16?)
11nd -Tal.11en~ "elegisque et lerooe qui £er~ le 9 thar-vlidor par
omour" 1 ia not forgotten.
Tallien it tma,. v.rhose
restrained by hi3 love for ln CsborrQS+ Te save
tine~
l1e o£f'aeted the Then11idorlan renction; cm
it may hnve
'be~n"
trhfoh ha.a blotted
')Ut
vioL~noe
from the culllo-
~er
act~
nt '.4,yons was
hm."fevor selfish
nnch of the eensure for tho
excesses of his life.
Jnd.~ too. wit~i the rest is Oembv.cercs. P/iroou.r-aur qui oera un
prinoo.n (169}
oides~
He was civen the post
er
"eonseiller des eomptes!>
et :finoo.ces" of fbntpellier in 17?l.'1$t u µoat crhich
fothar 9 s.
~1ad
'taP.n his
He beoone imbued with the rcv.r)lu-tiona:-J spirit a.ml e:ntel"'ed
aoti:vely into the iolitieu.l
rnovo:~onto
his
sv~!1port
to Bonaparte end
the
R.~~~re.~
in the
ye~~
w~s
of the tifl'les..
rew::;.rdoo by beir:z
Ile finall.3' lent
~nde ~!bncell.or
of XII, Prestdent of the Iroperinl
Offie&r in the Legion of Honor, and
Du,~e
Sen~tet
of
Grmid
of Perna ln 1808. (170)
Oarrie:r ia not omitted# he wh.o was the npr.ocu.reur qitl
~era
tigrett.
This f.;mous la.ver pf;,id '"7i th hie li.r_"e for the notoriety <:Jf his "11oyrn:1.es" 9
his 1'fusilladea en masse't, ztrJ.d hia 'boate provided ttl t~
tr~~PS"
qui.ta li!':ely that he v:ras s0111m"1hat de.,ented for., a.t tho
time~
It is
he z1ns
strur"crling t'li th a f'eve-r<IJ<
!~other ~Mon tagnord'~
is 'l.1h.';ll':l('}t 11 »qui voula.it le vnto d. h.nute voi1~
deu Jure~ {1u tribunal rel1'7ltttiown~1re.1~ (159)
On tl1e twenty-sizth
or
n
June
1795~
'rhuriot made this propoeitioni
tituti{melloment qua les arbit-?es- v.otoront
Voua eves decr6t6 eons-
a hc.'lite
voix; jo vropose
pour lea r~m.ea rnlson.s qui vous ont d6ter1fttn~O. reudre ce de'erot., quo
VOUS
en etendiez les dispositjons b. tous
eriminels de la Re1]U.blique. 11 (rill
1C3 tri'bnn~U.X
eivils et
The Co:t1vention no dooreod, tho
motion to go into effeet on the Q.o.y of' its prom-2leation.
in a speech defendln:: his elcr.:ioncy in the trial o.r Louie XVI and denou:ncing th!? unreasoning violence of' oome of his f.allOt7 donutioo,
suga-ested. that if oerto.in indiviCtun-ls were so anxious to be
to the nountey., they W'1Uld be~~1ost use in the arg;y"'
o ~e.n\~1"t1 indicate those to
llQUG SOJ¥;19S &rr!VB°S
o1uror.!_tt€;
r1u'il
a
Wt
t"IDOM
tel degr6: de disc-ordc
nous est inpossi1.lle,. au
servir la ootrie; qua los deUlt
ganer~~ite,
te is talT:ing.1
p~rtis
'QO-Stt~
oi't
service
Tie is wise enour.b. not
"-Citoyens~ ~ls~.ie
et
do dafia11ee
r-6-
ot:. nous somtisEJv de bio.n
(
t1"1ntrent du. cf.vis.me et de lo.
qo.c les plus passionnco, de p~r~ et d'autre devenus aimplos
P.nd Rewbell: "qui s'enfc:rma da.no =~uyencc'' (169), ls there.
and IJerl:tn remained ln !!syence du.ring the
s~e
Rew'bell
bJ" the Prussian t>.:r,-v
that tney night bot te:r disch.:- r£'9 their du.ti es o.a raprese:ntat i ves ('.)f
the Convention and of the people.
On the I,!ountoin is 13o'trbotte. rrqu.i
~ la prise de Salwm.rn. {169)
eut s':ln eheim.l tu.a sryu.s ltd
Bou:rhotto -:Jes sent to the Vend6'e as a
SOD
OhQV$l
Qy-'dillt
e"te
t~ SOUS lt\i t" J'5ourhf:rste ~ en:tou;re d 'ennemia,
def"~ndit seu,l e-t tua i:lusieurs hm!l!re•1 11 a.ll&tt enacomber, lo1~aque
More~u
(sie) {1?~) J alora nimkla offioie;i;~ ar~iva
qual.que-s a-old.ate
~rvi1l"t
1
le deli vrer ik"' {l Y4)
a ~a~p& avan
ae~l1
• en
daa_ree4 levee
Tou.{t3• {\95)
I
lloherJot- '""lqn 'attenita.it le
leave
gue~2.::pena
!he
de Ba.stadt•.
Ras:ta4t,
killed
Hugo
so
i'lhOn, { 16~)
mu eh the sr.u:i.e
me:nt
tfas-:ir
Th see
t'.J"t
t-e:t\)lll~
'l vth.
~tlv:,Ji·~
~1"~
C~.f'ct.,UQ l'
> btil~
'qSf
jfiet.
:tn
50
t 177 J~
Ilerlln de Thionville {127) , soubra.ny
Varennes
(1~8}~ Cou~on
(138) 9 Lacroix
(158)~
Lebon ( 1581 ~ Billaud-
Oamboules tl38}, Jagot
( 13S J :t JaV0.6\l.eS ( 1~8 J:I' Bentabolle ( 138} ,, Robert (138 L, Rouyer ( 1'18),
vadier tl48). Tanis (148), Genlssieu..x ll48). Leboeuf (148},. 2aveau
(169), Feyau (169), Prieur de
le~
!i!arne (169) 1 and Levasseur de la
Sa.rthe (169).
3etween the Mountain and the Gironde lies the Plain led by
Sie"yes.
nsieyes a:ppe1ai t tigre Bobespie:rre qui l 'a.ppelai t taupe.
Le metaphysioien nvait
about!~
nona la
sagesse~
liklis
a la
prudence •••
Il prenait une pelle et allait. aveo le peup1e, travailler au Champ
de Mars .. atte1e
a la
m~ma oh~rette
qutAlexa.ndre de .aeauharnais. Il
conseilla.it 1•energie dont 11 n'usait point.
'Mettez le canon de votre pnrtie•n.
(179}
Il disait aux Gi-rondins:
Hugo rightly interprets
the character of the man who.when,
asked what he did during the Terror)
'
'-'
replied ''J•ai
voou." Perhaps Hugo :found in Carlyle* s history the
story- of the team composed of Sieyes and Beau.harnais.
two writers had aoc-eas to the same sources of me.iJerlal.
:erpaps the
ln describ-
ing the scene at the Cha.mp de Mars, Carlyle relates that nAbbe Sieyes
is seen pulling" wiry.:; vehement, if too light for draugh~., by the side
of Beauharn.ais. 11t1ho shall get .Kings though he be none.rr
(180)
Hugo's
nervous, c1imactic style is veT}! reminiscent o:f the tumultuous rush
of oarly'&e 's narrative.
~e
rest of the deta!l.s concerning Si eyes
remains undisoove-rabl e.
1'he convention is very like a:n.y miscellaneous- group of men drawn
together from all the corners of a nation.,. and so there are the dreamers,a~oarnot.
whose brain nenfantait quatorze armees". {181} Carnot
was named a member of the Uommittee of Public Safety in
July~
1V95 ,
and was especially charged with the tVar Department and ttdu fond de son
Sl
(182}
Eis
aehiev~aont
never
to be a marvel of militcl.'7
cea~ed
aeoo~lishment.
It Jean Dab-ey- did dream of a '" :tad~re:.tion d~"'100retiq:u..-0 untveroelle
there la no
i~ieution
of it !n the """Ar-;hives Pa.rleraentuires".• Re did
"There is L i.mmal_, who ''ee tnisait., \i:t
l' education p1nlique no:tioneJ.en: • (101)
he kept oilenc(3•
coobln~it
dane oo penoee
Froo the nunber o£ reyorts
Of eou.rse he \:'!as not nearly so 1-oquaeious
~a
l.f-\
The twent;r-sizth of June he presented the
Convention
~rt
of the
August of 1795.
L&.ka'Pllil i-."las absent on missi011 fo:r Iabout tan uonths..
Paris towal?d the
<;
end of the aeaond yeer of tile
Ro-
co.~:tttoe
but
Then
rte returned to
Re!)Ublia mid"fut
re41u
m.embre du Oomite da l *Instru.etion,, en d13Vint lo ];}r'9ide11t, et
/.
/
,,
pr-1.maires.J ecolea eentrales» eeoles norm.ales; pu.ie il fut Etelagu.e par
~
/
l 'aeseerbl6e a.v€e ·1un.tre oollagv.ea,,
po1.ir
pt'lrcourir las d~pal'tsments
et assurer l'ex6oution de la loi~•·fl {184)
Lentl'ei.mis is of the e01!1par.w of visim1ar:res.
lea 6'oryles TJr1f!l..'lireon ( lill)
It ia he ~ho "a~1t
lt..'11-,y of the ide"\c he preoented on the
1
62
tcrelft!l o:f Dee-ember, 1792 in hls report on the 1'rioory Sohoola (1$5)
admln!stru.tive
~~ld lns~ruetionaJ. method~~
• 6.tJcaux t?ho *'r®trait l 'eleva-
Of th~ drenil'!ers is Re'Velli'Jre (sie)
tion de la pi-:1los01)his & la clionite de religion"'~. (181}
true;Qc
Aeoord ns to Rebine.t' s. brief' notes
n
il second.a
!'Abbe' Ha1J3 P"ur etablir u.ue relir;i.011 sl111ple, deotinse
:tem11leeer l 'anaien
eu.lt~
E'IG
peu:ple; c•eat ea sy-atmo
a
le~
a 1~
efA""orts de
fois
re'!Teillcr d -1!'J :iflees relig!euaes
1
J)r00$?'1...J
Th'6ophilanthropie, il n"cil fut
IJ:h.is is qµ.i to
TH
se pnr
n
r1.MS
le
lui q'li tu.t e,ppela du n.om de
lll pare, ni ra~ila Pa.~tre, :i1 sa
contcnta 1e l'appr(Jliver, t.10ie n•assistn p~s avz reunions de ln seetoou
{186)
Then thGre are those uho a.re interected in details "Y&..s Jee.n-:Son-
Saint-~tdre ;.mo studied " la ouppression de 10- p1"iJon pour dettcs et
la eontrnlnta par corpsn. (161}
On
the rn">tio11 e'E 'Danton~ t 1,e
0011-
vcnti~n
had decreed the release of prisonors vn10 wore bei!l(; held fGr
debts.
Then Jean..Bo~~aint.-;Ul'i.t~ demanded thnt the principle of Dantc{mt-s
pro-position be e-dopted pei"m®e:ntl;r.
p->ased a
la.~1
to tlie ef2eet that
er aountane:-.need
tu1do1"'
the
'J.'he Co1w..1ntion agreerl tio o.n.d
ira:prisoument ior debts to bo no long-
D.1')", r(~im-a.
Another vfrloae attention o.entera on
ied
of
tt
s~ll
thlngs is Ro1mae u-'ho otud-
la !,Jrovosit:u:m de Chappe"t. (Hll) Cha"fJpe he.Ji i.11t?>oduccd .a fo:rm
t~legr~~.hy
vestigt~te
~Oi'llma.
flB7)
to the CmAvo.1tion o.nd a COniliseion
v~a
3ppo!nted to
in~
the value 0£ the dlaoovery in facilitat!ng coroiu::nication.
on the fb·st of April. 1793,reportod i'.:?.vo:rably on the ax-
pariment and
reeo~d.ed
further re1earch that r;ould
to the needs of t:te
buted lJy
Guyo_mard-..
Naturally :tn the Oon'V€11tton ar,tt+goniema &re
i:erecnal
q~1~re-le ~ere
tbe result of :r;aJ?tY f'eeling.
Dantoniete had joined fercee,
have l:aan ~
rd.f.~t1t
September
mat5&ac.re~
of the
11oe~
Tl.ere is
yf the Girondina and the
Vepgniand ndedaie:nant Denton~. (le~)
lution
f'ound~
ho~ d1ff'eren~
the course of the
l3ut lh<i Glrondiste aould net f orge-t
Rev~­
tt~e
and De..nton could not endure men r.1llo talked.
rather ttan aeted.
1a Louvet "t\t1.e~-r~1t Robeai;ie.ri;~~. (lS9)
"T~hez:·e
ninth of
Oc~cber; 1?9~~
agalnet tte
~oeu~t1one
Robes1lerrs :7as trying to defend
of Roland
~revent
re}}orta contalning tlteae accu"f:4ttione.,
et.riVing foe
.l~.:tn
tt
On the twerrt-y-
L.c:nlvet.
tbe printing of tee
.rep~oa11hed
November Lonvet we.med ·L11r:: Conventl-0-n
.
po~ee
of
Um with
d1-otatcrshii; along .~ith ~rat .e..hd Da1:tton~ (190)
ag~,irLat
Robeapie,r.t:..e et ses loyu,Jistesn, {191) who we.re trying
full
!~maelr
ttllaximilie11
usurp the
governme~~.
Tbs.re is Buzot ttdenen.oe
..nt igahte• .- [189)
)
Ou the atxteen'tb
of'
-
Daoelnber, 1792,., when tt.e fate of' tL0 royal family was being deei<led
1n tt..e Convent:ton, Euzot it ~s
family ot
The
O.rl~ne.
qua-r~el
clamand-eti the ban1shment' of the
11lhO
{192)
ot' fihambon ilW Pache \las rendered bitter when Oham-
bon seconded Bebeaqu:t•e mo~iofi. tha.~ Pache, who •as then Minister
War,, be
'
i~ediQ;tely
'-epr1 ved -Of 11.is ef'fiee that ile u.igL.t be
plaeed by a minister \ruGted by all the peop1e. (l9S)
~e-
et
54
The greatest
a.n~agonism
is that held by the Oonvnntion for
1
&arat" > 'tou.s exec.rant ~arat, '' says Bugo.. ( L~~)
This is provan by the
story foand i:n Carl.'l'le's and .tamnrt1:ne's (195) aacounts afld ln the
terse re,ort of the t'Mon1teur 0 •
Robespierre and
striving for a
Da~to:a
clgainst the accusation
d1c~atorship.
shouts 0£ his enemies.
v1a.s de:fending himself and
~~ardt
He was provented £rorn
i\t l....tst he cried out.
entiere en se levant avec indignat10n.}
genius.
spe~king
the
by
J'ai dens oette Assemblie
0
(Tous 9 toa.s. s•ecrie l'assemblee
un grmd i1o'Dbre d'ennemiJ personnels.
grand nombre d 'ennemis •••• "
the three were
th.~1
J'ai do.us catta .lssemblee un
(196 )1 yet the Co-.. ve1r;1o'n loved its evil
As a proof of lts a£feation, it considered 3arat u
to the fanaticism of Charlotte Corday
to vindicate his
~1d tri~d
mo.nary i:1itll the de:.ith of 'his .1ssassin and t!1e
~artyr
glor1£L~at
ion o:f bis
as1it3e.
The ants.gonisms mentioned; "G.Jillotin G'vitant Da.vili 9 :BazJ.re insultant Chabot. Guad2t rnillo.nt Saint-Just 0 (lB9 )Y seem .. to be eescura.
And still there are renowned men hece in this great assembly9 men
whose spirits will live as long as
Armonville,
n
is history.
t~er~
di t Bonne1:i-Roage. p..:irCe qu' i1 ne s 16'geait qu' en
bonnet p~ryg1e1, arni de Robespie~!e9 et voulant apr'es Louis XVI,
g..i1llotiner Robespierre par gottt de l'~quilibre~" {lL~) is one
these.
faots to be found abo..it him are fow.
QhB
or
It is true thc..t non
ltavait su.rno1tt~d' 3onnat-3ou.ge puree qu.'11 portait ao11st~nme1:n; oc!;te
coi££u.~re.,
"
(1~7)
and th t he voted for tho
ea th of Lou1s
xv.a:.
As
to the rest of the detuil5, so !rces of inf"orma.tio.o -re not very '1i0nr.
And of &he1n is Lamouretne, t1 bisi op,
1
JI
f'ait
p01lr l~issor
SO!l norr.
a
55
un baisar., 0 (189) uho tempor&rily brout:'f.ht the eontr::tnding parties of
theliegielative Assembly
together~
IIiu spaeah of the seventh of
July'. l?,2, so affeeted the de~utias that they fell i11to a stata of
h;rateri.cel. recollj..lil'ltion knt'.l~m. thenceforth as "'le baisel9 U amourette. n
There is LeTuardy du M'Ol!'bihan "ati,gmstisant lea pr@trea oa
Bretagne." (189)
ag~inst
On the twen'ty-third of IJareh 179-3.. Lebardy i:nve1tthed
the refracto-ry priests ot the eountry including those of the
The Convention aidopted his auegested
Vendee.
ff ecree
m th~mr;n.dments •
nta Oonvention nation.ale d6erete illl.0 taus leh ecclesiasti~ues saculiera,
r6gul.iers,freres oonvers et l~ds, .;:iui n•ont pas pr§ta le eement de
maintenir i~~~ite et la libertet conf'ormement7a ln loi de 17921 se-~
x:-ont embarqu6's et transfefres
a l 'tle Sa.int -Vincent.
Les in.firm..J3S
et. cad ucs seront r~ferrne's dans une maison partieuliare;' (198)
·yAmon.g the'll all is l3arere "1 'hom-ae des majo1"itesi qui predd'.$it
qua.i1d
6°ta1t
Lou.is XVI pa.rat a la barre at qui ~ta.it a 'Pamela ce qu.e Louvet
a
Lodo'ioka" •
!n the works consulted, there is f'oUl'ld no in-
dioatlon that I3o.r0ra was in
any v;ey
eonneeted with Pe.'Jela., the re/
pu.ted daughter of' tlmt line. de Genl; a who \Vas the tutor Gf the childl"en
,of the Duo d'Ori'ent:Uf•
It is historic nowe'V'er. th~t Bar-ere was prasi-
dent of the Convention \-hen Louis XVI was 1tried before it.
kno~
that he was first
v:lolent Therm:tdo:rian.
~
more than Girondist# n
~ealoua
It is well
Terrorist and a
''Da.Tls eette Aseembld'e i1 eut beoo.eoup de ter-
glversations. Caraetere plut'Ot -pusillanime il oe rangea aelGn las
oireonatances,. presqu.e toujoura du c1.tte du plua fort." {199}
( 189)
He began ae a teooher in the Crato~ic.ns., During the discussions
on Lou.is
xvi.
he m&de a numb·ar of e.xtrooel;r lo.ng speeches.
On the seventh
56
1n vain~ {200)
Laeloa, but th.era ia no dey,nty by chot name listed.
lf:11ere \'..ras Choder-
a mariber tJf' th.a ar:ny nnd who .fou.nded 1.fu.e ttJo~tlrnal des A1lf8 de la
Oonetitu.tion" in
1790~
'rb.ere in, t".>o.,
erim!t;
ft
{201}
!~~ult
f'.'!e.nonnie-rs I a
VOS
de sechelles nqui
pieces;
t't
{189)
The 0 nnvent ton had a.C.j ou.rned. to moet a.galn
1..ecul~!t
deve.nt Henriot(SIC.)
Thi9 lit'tle incident :ts
~en
it
1?a:a rr-~e
to
d~
ship heedC\l b~ the :president, H6rault do Seehellas~ w:t thdrew from the
Ftan:ri ot "s
skotahes
~au.lt de S~ehell
f'orae,et
a ordonne
e !lanriot de faire
retirer ect appnrell de
/
le livrer p:!saa.ga ' n la representat10n
no.t ionale.
qui sent en lu.i la tou.te-pu.lssar-ee de l' insurrection ert16e,.. £ait
57
~ratif':: "Vons ne sorti'f'ez p~,. dit-11, );. la Oonvention que vous n'ey-ez
livro les vinet-tleux.- Saia1s$ez ce robellat " dit !era.ult do SeetJ~f­
.-..lea aux sold.ate er1 montrant de la main l!artr!ot.
immebiles = " va'nc~1iera, 'a
~ see 1:n1taillons-." {203}
tl'OS
Lea aoldata restent
t>iEtces! aux a:rm:ea, ao-ldats.t
t
()rie R&llri-Ot
Th.a sinUarit3' of' Hugo's verc;ion to tho.t of
Lamartine,, makes it even rnore evident that Hugo was very well acquainted
with the '"Risto ire dee Girondina. n
ttther:e' is Julien ,., qui -eomparQit la ?.!ontsgn.e aux fJ:hemoP"Jtes'°" (189)
The deputies· we.re trying to decide whether or not the Oonven-U.on ihoul.d
judge Lou.is XVI.
A motion for adj c:nirnc.ent
VQiS
passed .and immediatel7 a
large num.ber of the ?fountain rushed to the tribtule'*
Lamartine gives o. brief sumr.aary of his apoeoh°'
dre, d.it
Ju.lien~ ~outonu
n
Julien took tl1e floor.
'On veu.t nous dissou-
]'ar lea eignes de t'eta -de Robespierre et t>sr lea
gestes de Legendre et de
Saint~
Juat,. -Oui, ma.is ct ast vou.st
lui erie
Lov.vet.-On veut dissoudra la r6pu..bliqu.e, reprend Ju.lien,, en a.ttaquant
la. Oonvention,,dans sea bases- ?.!ais,, nous, las amis du
ju.r$ de mourir :pour la re"pu.blique et pour lui.
peu~le,,
nous avons
{ La !.tontagne epplaudit.)
Jl"na"iJite las hauteurs, pon.rauit J'ul1en en montrant d€> la me.in les banes
~levefs du
cote gauehe,
elles seront lea Thermo}$'les du peuplel-tlu.t, OU1 >
nous :r mourrons tousl repondent en nmssa et an ee levt1nt} la. m~in tendu.e
vers Julien. les df3pu.tos qu.i aiegont sur la l!onte.gne." (204)
This scene
took place du:rinf" 'the- ses-sion of the twenty-si-.th of December l 'l92v and
is reportoo in more deta.11 by the "Monlteur" (205}
Another is Gamon who, Hugo declares. ttvoulait une tribu:ne publique
r~servee uniquement o.µ £enm13an• (189} That is the conclusion that
Hugo dra>rra from the- oircumstanees which had nriaen in L"fey-, 1V93. Several
5S
women,, under the title of "Dames de la fl"aternit6'~ had been comint; th the
d001"'5
of' the Convention and sn-a.tching the reaerva.tions to seats 1n the pub
lie tribunee, from the hands of
tho~e
possobsing them, and had been
t.':"hen these women were ga.estioned,, it wos found that in
t'e.il'ine th_em.-
their loo-al J'aeo11in Oluh 1 they h'.'.td become eonvine-ed that the Convention
was showing
tl
despotic favoritism
th~t
had to be stopped. The club
had deeided that the holders of pass-es had to be prevented from ttlking their plaees and those wmen had sot forth to clo it., fFhey were iUl
~poor
and could not afford to lose the days T..7ork, so Gar.non drew the
eonclu.si '1n that they muot be receiving pay from the enemies of the
Convention .. "Oas :f'Gmmos qui pou.rre.ient assister
p!~!siblement
'a vo.s
s6aneea,_ qui ne manqu.ent tx~s de plaeea~ air.lent meUJC antre-tenir le
d~sordre,'" se tonir obatinooient 'a la porte de a-heque tribune"' a.fin de
porter obstacle~ l'entree de nos aoncit.oyens aa.ns lee tribunes qui
leur sont affeatesa.u {206)
Sitting in tho Convention is Perauil_. "do11t 'Boiasy-d •An~las sn.lue-
-ro. la t'Gte Jlaiss~nt 'a l
a-t-il salue lei
'hlstoi~e
cette qaestioni-....Iloiss;r d 'Anglea
t~e, c'e-st;-8.-dire la victims~ ou la pique_,
c'est-:"a-
dire le.s assassins? " {lS9) Thia incid.ent,o-ne of the ooat pa.the-tic
ln the hist-ory of the Convention,is rele.ted as follows by Robinett
"Le 1 e-r pra1Y-ial Feraud fit son ent1Jae dnu-e la _salle
'a
deux heuresde
l •spree-midi J il e'tait tres pgle et mas v@tements eta.ient litterale-
ment. ~m la.t11beaux.1 puis tomba ~vanou.1~Revenu. de. son evanOIPsoerr1011t, 11
voulu..._t eMp@cher la foule insargse do pfunetrer au aein de la Convention,
ma.is en vain,. on lui passa sur le corps -et la salle steml)lit du peti.ple
1
q_u.i criaitt "' Du pain et la Constitution de 9:), et o eEit au. u.m!jle11t
59
1 •on CJU.3hait en joue le r>r6side-nt Boisay-n•ttJ.'l~lus rue Ferau~l
voul.1-J..t s'tnte""':POSOT ;Jottr le d6fe11clre." {207)
Fera:ud.
shot deciL,
11..ts
his bofiy drneged into the hall e-.:r:.d d.ecnpi.t.:-1ted "-fld the hee.d., mm.mt-
~
on pr!senta 1-a. t!§'te
eou.pee
de ! . .&°'ret.1(1 au bout cl'-:me nique,
a
Doissyr::..
gui se ha.i3si:1ient eorn.:10 lcs deu..x frarekI Ohe'nl ..~r'' '° (189) There was
.only one Dnp?'e..t
111
the Coave:ntion a.ad that one was Jean Du.prs&,, Giron..-..
dist 2 who
\Te..S behec~cled
se rangea
CV<?'<;
in October, 1793.
Re had a brot11c1:' Louis who
la '!\'fontagne pendant la Te't"rf!Urn
'A' (
209)
He fine.lly
o(<;ino.ti.on Hugo is fl-lao m-tstr:~ken in his iden th t tht1. Oh6nier brothers
{210}
Jose9h sincerely regretted the death of' :.!lldre~ wh:;in in so ::fm;1
obocti.ro and !lu.go t;ives no cl't\e to t1'ie origi.:: of his
in-fo~.:nation
60
These fiery men of the Convention, whoso elu.11la7 fingers hold the fo-rees
of the nation.i; de£y and menace es.oh other.
Hu.go releitea that one tlay
:?6t1on,, bored with one of Robespierre's intamit1able s:peechess: ee..,lled
out:
"Robespierrei; vu11ez a.u falt-. ----Robespierre:
Pe'tion.
J'y viend.rai et vo1ia lo vsrrez." (211)
Le fa.it, c'est vou.s
'?orhaps Hugo is re-
tening to the time when Robespierre, begln-·ing his aecusatio:n of the
Giro.ndins 1:
tr
L
il faut pu.rger 1 1 a:rmt1e;
il faut ., • •'' vw.s i11tcrrun1pted by
c.oncfqe.z...
VergJ\1mud, 'Who deni:mded " Concluezl ~ donet "
a.:t1d
Robespierre eontinuad.,
H Ot1:t,, je vs.is eonelu.re et oontre vo11.S;.-..'"' (212)
simile~r
Tllis is the only
incident found in tll.e matcrinl at hand.
and Barera expostulated.
n
Tu. p'!::;.rloa
ooPlme
un roi". (211) trhis
ia another time tmen Ru.go lies re!1L..%e the speeches into rnor·e dr!llllfltie
u:tteri'.llces.
In -the official report of the diseusslon of !;;indet • s pro-
position for a revolutionury tribunal to judge speedily and vr.l:Lhout
a ju.I7,_ the opposition is found to
IkLrere.
Barere had been urcing
been
have"'s-a.~portod
the puaaing o.f such a daeree
~ainst
silnu.lated umazet'1e11t iro:nieally replied
cainly by Oambon and
n
Uou.s le vou.lons: e'est ainsi
The other aceounts 0£ rotty qu.a.rrela are not; sl.:tlficie:ntly well
known to permit accurate veriffoe.ti oner
Although Hugo devotes mu.eh of his book to the proml.nent men of the
Republie, he do.ea not neeiect at least a mention of the royalist leaders
in the Vende'e.
the Talmonts.
There a.re "the great princely families, the Rohan.a and
The Rob.ans uere "princes brotone". (216)
Their house
61
w~a
They tracefl their orig:in to th.a mtciE-nt
one of the old0st in France.
Klnge and Dukes of Brii~tmv.
n Louis XIV oo~era ni..tt Rohan--..
q
les hov..nen.r.s des prineea ~tre,nzerw,,'t (216)
th 1.t "Gc-a:nier des Sai!1tes cle,ns son rnpport
Of the Tnlnontn~ Hugo an.rs
1
an II, qua.lif'1-e alnsi le !)rinee de Tal.rwnt:
SOt.lVorain du. Uaiino et de la l"!"onand..ie.n
Guemenee
l~i
Oo:r.ven:tion. 15 11ivtrse
" Ce capot des brignnds J
(121}
The
n ~:ontteurn
ror th.Dt
dnte doeo not record aey l"eport by Gc..rnier d. uZ"J Saintes.J nor is there in
:-r:ission to tihe arP.;r o:r the C'tlteo de lo 'Rochelle dur 1nr.;; the enrly oumM.t:r
of 1793, ho sont rmy
l~ttera
containinb au.eh e roi.1.0r1r to the Oouvontioru
The Tal,.,.1onts ~':ore a e;re 't family_, espeoi::-tlly the brnnch o'f La Tre"'moille,
\"lhieh
"irW.!'3
descended
:fl.. OD
the hereditary counts uf' Poltou.
Hu.go prolm.bly
took his clue f'rom Puiso.ye Y-gho wrote " .t':.pr'es la mnison de Rohan.I) eelle
d-e la. '.PrGraouille {sicd tenalt le premier rew.g en :Br0t~1cl4 et aes
irtlt.lensea "('tropr16teo s'6tendciont au.:r la nrovlnoe dtt Ees-:.rainen .- {217)
IJa Vieuville mentions a nu•nber o:f thE> lcedars 'lh:ile he is converain& 11ith Boisferthdat on board the Olayr10re.b
li!:e d,vElbes~ Leacu..re, and BotJ.chn.~ps.
(219}
(218)
Th.ere nre noblemen
It is noncll,:mps " qui .fait g~o."
Traditio.1.1 haa it thet when Bonc'h.er1pa wa.s \'iOu.nded m1d dyinr; et
Cholet, he leornec1 tlmt his troopo were -plunnin.g to exec-:its five tho1ls-
in~
to riu.go
ft'
A vingt ot u.n ans,
b--aton et une Dni r;-e de t>intoletl). ••,
eq;lipn.ent is eorreet.,.
He
~'1.l'tai t
!>O--llr
eette f.!Ltorre avoc un
T.>rob2bly the descript lon o'.f his
bOl"'ll 1n
1712., nnd he jolned
thG
royalist
62
most
these
said
men~
Rtofflet is rle-at1oned
the tt:;:~fuioir@s f
n
Ne da...?1.S
un
etat ol>aeu.l',,
daM.estiqt.l.a et garde-chasse-; sous
tu1
ext6ri-
~eh&it une 15ine forte et u:ne rare ~l~ve.ti<m da aenti-
me:nt.s.
"Promior noteu.r do l 'insurrec.tion de lo.
i l en
des officiara qu.'il
que lul-". (221}
'Vho in horrible-.
sur
Vend~o,, ~n ~ vu. eo1ltlent
I"'
vr
There nrc also :Bert~rd, Jloulai?l).liers
"Charette qui sii;l'l::i t: Fraterni t;e; lo ehevallc:r
oou.rcll~~ b~a
maiaons ,o"
{
222}
lD- vllle de Pornie ot les habit'!..11ta dons leo
It is a fa ct that
h2ve Mme genealo3ie:::d prete:nslona.
Ohe.rette is thus descri1Jed,
~'Lit
/
morel, etet~it u..YJ. ho!!Wle sans serupules et ou.na 6rr..otlon s6rieu..9e, insouel~.nt -st f~roce!! l1!.vido de pouvoir at plus encore ct'1nd6'lendance
!}ropre enfin.
devenir un chef de
pnrtio" (223)
"Son premhn,.. eonlJat fut l'[:,ttt4ue et le pri~e d~
~andits
bien platat "1u'un chef de
/
Pornic s dont il trai to. lea defensa-urs o0!1l'le au.paro.veJ:1t
lva revele dmLs une lettre au
~Comit6 c~tral'
:
i1 tra1 to.it
" Loa brie rule de
cet em.uroi 1; s '~ta.llfref'ugiJs dws differen;L(!)S lllt>iacna 9
j~
ne tronvai
que le teu. qui put fJ.ire aort1 r eea coqui:na do lev..rs eavernes. 11
{
1'1Ciees
qualities tn hie •M9moiree"'. {226)
Ile ¢14 e.&eeut-e th.Pee lnmdred re-
publiee-11s. but the histt:;ria ei.reumeiQ.nees
from Dttgots stoeyo
-se~m
to di:t:ter sliglltlJ'
ttke Ir..GnY oth~rs. he n-e-e atgnala par de.a cruautes
qui fir~mt donuer aux revoltee le noF. de, br1gande, fit flteill~r
plus de trQia aei:ts republiea.in!d, dont on Jetait lea a~vrea
l'eau peue ng pas 1ea
~ven
ente~r~~····"
i
(B~6}
!l\1re ta.rr'ible t'.tr;n Gast-on 16 Jol7:
-11 a un .fila qui eat
le pere cert dane lea blanas,, le f11s
son "f lle
th-ere
~"a
no indiaat,iGn
~lz.
t te
t1s vengeance urGn
t;re~ked
who <ieserted -to th-s Republie&..a ari;iy.
son
The other two o.t 11he turae a()ll.s
who acccmr-&nted him in the Vorniean venture nere killed in
in
ba~~le
these two.
/
Titemae
Puieaye ae
Gne
ct tl:eir
lea,d~tr's~ ~iho
in~repid me~~enger
cX England &nd tte P~incee.
Du Dre~na7. Hugo ta.e it, ~est 1d1ot~.
ot
is often spoker.t of b7
{eca) a
Pu1saye 1 s etate:me:nt that. l1e ttGto..tt faible~.
~
"~uellea t~ist,ea ~erH~u.re (].Ue
tous ces
~
A
eve~1ae1'J._
,f228)
s~rengthening
And the lt!eboptd
ce Oouey, l 'evectue de
#
~
l~ Rochell-a" ce Bea11poil de Ba.lnt-Aiitlaire'" 1 ~&vequa de Poitiers:a
ce Jlerey, l 'feve<1ue de Lugcn1_•••• • (230)
Baaupoil de Sa.int-Aula1re t1e.4
e:nly one
Cottey en:.igrated t-o Spain and
EnglMd where he
J'i~hts is ffle :ra:ux eveque d •Agraf
oalled himself
W&$
to die.
Guillot"'
who
The
64
diae;u.iee. (232)
There nre many ~there~ SapinaudD 10 chovalior aJ:\/ieuzie~ JeanJel\n, ·whose sh~~dowy fie:ures are
tt
gl:Lfllf:!SPd
on the l)a"'e~ of 14.u-se-3e' s
T!~lOil'"eS"
..
•
The lender Goug-a-le-Bruant or Briae-Jjleu or Imanus seems to hatre
p~esente
la
Jae~nerie
des vleux
lu Seicneuric
si~cles rallien
feodale, rentree au donjon, conme un chien bf1.ttu, et nettnnt,,
b
le
Hug<> explc.i:ns that his nane " ' Im~us' , deri v6 cl' imroonis ost
'
d1nne a.~ns l' e-po11vc.i1t-E:1 J le dooofl.~ 1-:::
3atyre, l ' o~re n ( 234)
t>
rJatir:. the word nimroanian is d0riv0d. ?ron 'in'
kr1t ttman uhich me ns ti1eaaure.
iA~d
In
tho olri Lnt1n
The idea of: p1vsicu.1 immea.surablene!l.s
was trnnaferre{'.1 to monstrosity of oharl:.ctor..
ThE;re is rui old French
by hi a nortl.e.
In this chronicle of nc~uatre-Vi~~-Treize 0
o.f individuals nentioned here ond there
there a:r-e large ntlribo~s
to illnstr::ite sone one of f"ftgo•::;
65
0
Mdmoires"·, and introduced him in " 1~uat,rt.)-1rinr;t-Treizen•n Un e.ncien
eonatitu?nt Boetidoux, lour
a l~cutre de
'
fo~rniasait
pour aller et venir d'm1 bout
la Btotagne, des p~~~e~orto tepublic~i
'1i
•&
aouvoau 1nodele,
£rVoc le.s noms en b,lanca fiont oe trp'!tre a.veit des 111.:tsscs.,n {23G)
l'u.is·;re's accou:n1
m~ins
jg
de s 9 exposcr au
ohnQ}te pas.
l
He and SO!ile of hie stc,ff !11.Gt this
t1oro detailed,,
{sio)
ri~ie
Il nou.a en remit
ti
~reaque
certnin
d'~tre arl'1)te
h
cha.cuntt uu.tnnt 1ue noi-1s en voulunes"
,It is Clmrriprenetz who» Hueo scysir wee ar-r-osted for cellir1g out
(!Unnd le lle"volution de
in the '?tllrds-Royal~ " P..
voir la. 'Revolu_ tion 'a lo Porte .. n (238)
satires a:n.d his miouvo:t'.f
sentenced
~nd
eon.duet~
Je vo~1tlro.ia
Re was- noted for his ey.tl'J.iccl
\'Tith Riv&.rol, ho p-..tbHshoit
exeeu.ted ln the atu111e:r of l
prev.'.llcnt du.rin!Y the errly
Tur'"!_iJ. le?
revolution~ry
?Q4o
n
Les
;as love for brilliwt
perlodo
One of the nost
striking exemplea :Lt thot or Fabricltrs ro..risri " qui avertit ])an.ton la
nuit du 30 au 31 rao.rs
1794u~
\239)
It is likely that Su.go dreTI hls
matcrinlo fron; the " Ristoire des Girondinan.
the n.1ght of the thirtieth and the
thirt~r-fir!':Jt
secret joint moetliig of the Committee of Public
hllrli',rtine is telling hot'1
of
~'iarch~
S~foty,
there
<2 1as
a.
the Committee
66
ot
Sa£et3. the
~-\iblic
of Legislation.
Cormnit~ee
SaL.tt-Just am1
of General Securivy, and the Committee
him
bahl:i~d".Robes;}ie.ere,
were der,aml ing
tr10 life of Dani-on, but tl1ey still .feared to make a public '.lGtack.
"Cepen<k·nt .m emplo.:1e su.b.:J.lta_ ne des ouroo.u.x du aomite 11orml1e ?!ir1s
avait e11tendu. ._JdClquos rtots du discours da Bai:nt-Jnst ~ travel"S las
:fe-nt0s Lle ln. porte.
plusieu.rs
Il ao:lrut chez Dvnton. i1 lu1 dit que son nom,
~ois pr0Do~ced3~s
la
r~~~ion do3 ~rois
faire cra.,indre -azle :r-evol tion sin.istre C01Hil"G lui.
conscils
de~ait
(240}
u
B1150 notes a nu.-::,bor of the nobles ·1ho fou3}1t i _ the armies of
active £or sever~:u. .1eo:rs in the Vandee, n.nd ot:her:3, a.s the Viscollnt
de
the Viscm.mt de Seauharna.is 9 the count de Valence, tho
1iiranda~
ma:c-quis de C11stine, the duke de
of w11om were
1,1~.l ~Ts
~i3iron,
and tho duke de Cliart.r0s, nll
0£ 211epub. ican troops agSJ..inst ihc
lnv~1di .~
enortW•
{.247)
-member
Another,, o:f the :nobility who beca:- 0 a
Daropierre.
HQ
h~d
1
revoli.ttion~y
general is
beo.a an o.!'l'ioar in t1:i.e royalist ur£:iy..,, but ho J o.t:u-
ed the .Bepu.blicnn toroesci
He wns sent 'to u.iu D..u1;0 :irieiz.
d~i'ection de :1)-Lmlou.riez en Cha+1pcgno. 11 se pronon~a
0
Lof"$ de la
pour la. R6pi.tbl1qae__,
l' o£.fens1"0"e co.1tre les adverso.ireG t.rop :1or::'b:-e .i;< et forts dt3 laurs
?~ortall.cment bl.Jsse d'un eoup d..; carmn d.lns le bois de Vi,.~ogne sous
/
Conde a.u
Can't);}
tlo Pamars d 'ur, boulot
d
am·wv.. »
{24~}}
According to
6?.
Robinet ,be waa defending tfie camp vf Fama.rs {244) • Hugo el.to we here
as he otten dGee hie Gr.tJJt1rfiatal b:owledge of' his subJeat.
t~eion
of
The con-
t~e nrelling~
ia teahelle.
pletely defeated at. Laval :ti: 1793!) he
Na."itl tes
wl~ere
o.r.Peeted and te.ken to
AceorditAg to Ll:.e ny<>-J;i teur""
ha disd in iir:t 0011.,
La.rousee, he poiooned hilhJ3el:r,.
~s
says
(248)
There ts the Genereil llcr;.riot., "qui eor-tait de Bicet.refl et qui
avai t
et.e
'Valet,~ QU.ltinb:: nque, voleur et esrion atimnt d'etre
et de _pointer des ·canons aw: la Convent11Jn".
good housewivea of
•01~r1ed
up.
~he
aeetion of &he
g-enerel
In 1?93 the
(t?4?)
~sana-Culcttes~
were
~ueh
o.bont u new:Qonie.r., e, II.oet myster!ous moJl-. wt.o bad Just taken
s .rea14enae the.re.
":B:.ten qu'on igno.rat d •oii i l veaa-1 ~, on eut
•11 ava.1t easaye nombre de ~rotebsions:
bed~u merJ.e~ :pni s domest1,.qne d "un
i
d'abor'1 ~n..tant de cb'.£ur•
1~ocureur au Fal-·lereent ~ M8 For11.~,
rue ea l'Observa.nae, .IJre~ dee Oo.Fdolfersi oee gens aesu.raiant, l 1 avo1r
connu rnarols.and de
un
~ogo-rll.10;
eventa.ire da bollt1e te1•ie..
la o.am:vagne d'Al'leriqne.
il avatt entnatte cour-o. les :foires, tra&nant
!1 ttusu.ral t, avo:L.r ett:J'V! eoue
Oii l 1 awi.it eoanu &ur.n:>1 comm:Is eu~
ett le bruit courai t Gtl• 1 aw.it ma:me
-A.
•
L~notrets
•
fllr r·~u~ J.ncendie
pour ae ga.rer 4 'tme varif1oati c:~n d 'eor~ t'1.1:1ae."
o-1'
L&.tayette
(248}
son bureau
This aocount
b&sed, as be tUi."Ptits on Chu.llamel'.e ttDict1.onnaire de la
'
B£;volut1onn {249), differ·e so&lewh~t, :trom. "t?!a.t. of L&.rouaae.
latter source
barrier•••
~~ates:
" D1 abord olere
The
..
..
,,.
de- :y;rocu!leur ~ p:-\is c.01n1n s a 1 'oot.roi tle Pf.-;r1s,, lo!n etc resister e
la roule ~ui, dane lu journec du 12 ~ulllet~ 1?&9~ se iurta sar lee
~
\I
thoug)i it c.tOer:J not O:?)ut1 tt.at tLe f~1;;.-oua genera! ~ao lite~ally a. ~~=
t1n1ban~ue.
It
nae
al~e~'1Y 0~0-h netJ.-tioned it.: ~t.nnHeti-011 'fJith He~ault~
de 8-&helle5 that it 1i~~s Htt.W.'"iot ~'ho ecrn.~ded ti.~ troo:P'ff. of the
Commune en the see end
to
te~~in
D:f:
i:Tune $ 1193, wid who f orood. t.he Conve1li't-icn
in secsion until it kad delivered ttA Gircndi?U) te the
ve~g&-ei~C$ c~
tbe peoyle.
Another etrik:Jng :eJ zurf; 1 a nvovll~ut(2:tc) qu~ :ne JTI&nqnt~it ~
un jcm:-...r de g-a111ot:tnc &t
~mi ~Jai"t le~
qui are1~elsl t eelf-:. eJ.le1.~ -":~ J a
able on tbi£ :poirct is th,Lt
h~
1neS-$€
#'
eh6ri-r.et.B6e de
r0115e t,., a (H51}
Lo~k :r~!>.rt it!
Bqui a s!Ftnale l€ ;regime de 1a Tarx>e11r.'~
,JI
ccnd.ct7'l!ea~
et
All th~t ie e.va.il-
each. l$'£ '&~-s: me~sure
(;,.,J~)
It is net unlikely
of the :00-.:ttlo
gain the
0-uessent, wt.ere :t1.e e1'ul}idly c.11<1wed t:hg English to
ad'Vt~ ntb. ge
of the iri.an
fi-O
over
Fr-ench.
u~e
J?ereecrutE:<tl t1y tlla
fbe la'tt{?r h~a it tha:t#
9
Hugo tray have tal!en this att}ry
tanmrt-ine 'a hietory.
~ourt, fI'"(iffi
I.1 etI1b~uqe.1a e()F.J'e volontf;.,i.re
d 'Ouea~n;, le 2? ii1illet 17?8\t!
v
a bolr'd
de la
...
T:ll6s suites de oe .e;wmba.t- ou la
victoire ree<t& rA.\ns t'eeultat i-a.r m&-e tau.see 1ns,na;.inrre, furelit imputeee
a la f&iblo~Ge au dUG d'Orl&.-;J1~,
l 'ennenu.
fl
~ui aura.it
arrete
la }OU~UUi~e de
Then -teo. Boisberthelot. Fecctm.ts t,o La Viel.tYille
(253)
tlttl't the Dua d •Orle~.ns tried to c-on:2 to an ag~eo.. ble understa:wiing-
with J,ouis XVI..,
quand en lu1
a~
~Il oi..ait V'eilU voi.r le roi.
n c:r&c~e
dctns le doe~~ (254)
J'e"~is
JA,
'Th.Je incident is .rela~ed
leng..th in the ttR!st01re d..es Girondinstt. Re e-a.'t>0 tQ
to arrange
&
J"eooneiliation, e.:nd ·&te eourtiers
mi,e 1our le diner
Nl}tal
..
'#
t e pri xt-oe inaigne .rougt t..
I~e.euaed
\t:P.renez garde aux plate
on e\lt vu e»trer un
voix ou"trageantes. (lOrnr:e
r~
pa.lit.~
~ Verea.illes
,,...
ll "'
s~-e
the King
to talk to him
cri.e.xie:nt dee
+3!1poist1nneu~ public.
crtft .t*econnaf t.re ..tu. haine
la
A at-range man 1e J'ournter *1*Am.eriea1n q11!,,. le l? Ju1l--
le""t, aY&it 'tire eur tata.yette un -eoup de p1ato1et pa7e, 4taa1't-
e-n, par La.ta1ette, ~i
(256) On the ""••lf'th of ...oh., 1Y95•
!la.vat 4enouneed Y-oumier.
ttj~ dmaoACe
qui e et)\ -;rouVf.I atoutea lea emeute-e
"
•
i. l iatfa.il'e
"
#
Q
n&-8 Fournier
popW.a~eJ
le meme qut.
.....
du Ohamp-d~iPs, a p_orte le piutolet eur la Dot-.
trtne de Lafayette., et qui eat reete 1mpun1 tand.1#$ que dea
It would not. be et,range
patr1otes eta.i&Jl't
I!!Uieaera11."
if tl1e
populace of Paris 41d whisper th&\
ehan&~le
{257)
ette was nspo-asible f-0-r the atteinpt
011
Lafay~
hie ltts to 1n.eiaeaee
h1s popular1tT•
llugo doee not. neglect- t.o mention some cf t-lle women ot
the t1mee; among them, ltati.emoiaelle ne~ of the !heat.re-
Re insis-te that, although the men of the .royalist
J'ran§&ia.
p~rty
were aometimeG
1lr~itore,
tlle women neveP were, that
e•en lta4emn1sel.l~ Fleury •J?e.&aei de La. lio~1e CiiiiO)
ma.is par
a&Cl.W'•tt
a Ma.l'a'tt,.
(258) ta Bouerie ia supposed to have met
her in 1?86, &n-d t:O have been en
ex~emely
romntio lever.,
When he went ba.ot to Bri-tta.D,7, c:r ooui-ae,, he 1ef't her be-hind i!'l ~~1a.
in
{259}
Chevetel. who h&e heen alrea41 dia-n_4eed
eenueetion with \U.mou.N.ain.
•1th her:.
She
finally t.eok up
tel 4e la Fautr-iere.
latefi' became aoqua1r.rted.
he~
•
abode with lda a.t th:e tro•
m.
As a physician
"the $errtce ~ the
kingt.a brothef'I• DhGYatel ha.4 e~ to know his eolleague Marat.
•or quand. an -eomm.ence.ment de l.Y90• le Chatelet: oPdonna d~
po-ureuit.e& contre lta-ro.t~~ o'eet
a cet h01iel 4e la Fautr-iere
qucS l 1 Ami du Peuple vt-nt se re~u[£1er; e"t leraque lea mag1a~.ra'h
se
.,
tr
p.veeen~-t
]>Our se
sa1s1~
de sa
peratl-tme11
4ea Cordel1ere 1r•1naurgea., pro'testant
Yi-olt\tton de la 11berte.
-eon~e
le dietrtot.
oa-&te soi-disant
Mame :11 4~l-&8ua pour porter aes
..
.. nat!onale, qtetre ooir,Nisaai•••
-doleanees
a' 1 'Aasertblee
chcd.ate parm1 lee pat:r1otes qui lui inspira-i-ent le plus de
oonfiaaQe.
c•&taioot
:Pare,
"D&aton11 un mo1ne co,rdel1er nom-
me Oudolle et le doc~eur Cnevetel.
SOJ?t.J!1S
Ceiui-01 &"Vait en
Joue dans cette nvenin1re le p.r1nc1pal. role, puieque
profi:tant de l 'hesitation dee ua.giatpa.ta et de 1 te.rrerveaeence
de ~ rue. 11 &Y&it aide ea maitre&ee,- Mlle. Fleury.
:tat.re ecl:apper l*inculpe. ca.use de cett-e
F1~
baga~re~ 41
a
(260}
Lenotre•e narratJ. ve, 1-t is evident -that Jlademoieelle
Flett.r1' hardly acted as she d14 eu'l
o:t love rar Marat.
Gf the £eur wo-men o:f La. Vew.tee named,, o-nly '.rherese de
Mollian (sic) (261} aeem.e to be we1l knowm hietorioallY•
Hugo
~epeate ~he
1aes
!hereae de Mollien as the metreiie ot ta
eottmif»l SOGa1p of his
tL'le~
when he
ebarac~er-
She
Roner-a..
was L& lleuirie'e cousin o.,nd lived most of 'the time at hie eha•
teau.
As Le-notr'e ,remark&
11 su:ri~it. de dire que
ff . . . .
(862)
'tharese
~hereee de
h1$ ro,al1st
aohsmea.
Hugo
i;iariebefh
BaJ'O
she bl.U:"ned the list of tbe
leade~s
of
~he
This ts quite possible as she aided La Rouerie
in ma.n7 ways while he was organ.ising an4 direeting his f oReea.
She •as in fact, ae el&sely comioo1ied wit.h his intrtguaa -t-hait
stusi "Wits imp.riaoned in Pana fo.f' some ·ttme.
There
a~e
many othel' minor pers(]nageG ci tad lhO a?'"e so
1
obeeure as oot to be easily found, -or w!m are imaginary.
is
eViden~
from tte precedlng
ditleu~aion
oharacterf.\• with the e.xeeption ot
definite 11J:t1ieceden-ts in
that. the .main
kd.e1ib~ ha.Ye m~re
h1~to-,ry ~.ntl 'tbe:tt
It
or leaa
'.by :rar the maJor1-
~Y of the minor _vert!On&ges a.re fat 'itlful t:o trhei.r- fil.r-igitlala-.
{263)
72
The Events •to
~'{)latrEr-Vingt -
Tre1ze".
Hugo has included in the story of no.uatre-Vingt - '.Lfreize"
a number of evehts:>both fictitious aud historio, whioh are
intensel.;v interesting.-
Those centering about the crossing
of the 0l1annel b9 the Corvette Claymore. the hosti1ities in
the Vendee. the scene of the trial of Louis X~I~ the decrees
of tho
uonvent~on.
Robesvlerre in
immediately
th~
and the conversation of Marat. Danton and
eabarat,are the most
importa.n~
and will be
discussed~
It is ou the evening of the first of June that the Claymore sei;s sail .Erolll
Boi~~perthelot
Vieuville.
.h1or
aaptain, there is the aount de
and for cecond mate he has the chevalier de la
1'hey bre charged with the difrlcnlt mission of
transporting a
Britt~J'lY•
~ ersey.
stranger from Jersey to the coast of
m~aterious
During tho
~assage
a storm comes up and one of the
guns tears loose from its chains and Epreada destru-0tion at
eve1·y swell or the ael-1•
~~ii th
turned and the boat is saved.
dif.ficul ty the cannon is over-
But when the storm clears away.
it is founi!. that the Corvette will have to ba.ttle with a French
fle&t or signt shlps.
~he
Claymore has been seriousl-7 handi-
capyt:tl when the loosened oan.t1on crashed into aome of' the other
guns
ruined them.
The captain realizes that the only thing
to be done is tu try to hold o£r the French until the stranger,
who is
non~
other than the 1la.rqule de Lantensu. sent to head the
73
Vendean
~roops~
has re&ched the shore-
anchored between the murderous
So the C1aymore is
near tne shore and the
roc~s
oncoming 1!,renoh sqna.drou ) and then is dest1·oyed-; but the head
of the vendee is salely lilllded.
It &eems that the incident
of t'.!:le aannon is pure :fio tion~
trQue11e extraordinaire in-
vention que celle du canon de la
ch~es
pendant la
~he
qui rompt ses
et de la lutte de 1 1 artil1eur
temp~te~
centre ce tigre de bronze
Clay~or~
evade.
{264)
atte!ll.pt to cross the channel in a canoe ls often
mentioned in 1:.-uieaye's ttUemoi.ces".so it is not strange thu.t
Lantenaa corup1etes his Journe3 in a trail 1'you-you.".
whole incident is probably based on
passage across tho
spring of 1195.
ehann~l
Euioa~e~
i!'~isaye 1 e
The
aaeount of the
of the rogalist leaders ln the
who at bae time, was enlisting .wng-
lish aid and directing the preparations from
~ondon,
sent
Tinteniac a.cross with .t.a. VieuVille and .Boisberthelot.
Chevalier de la Vieuvillo. qui,
comma officier dana la
avsn~
~ompagn.ie
r'Le
la revolution. servait
des gardes
fran~aises
dont
Hoche etait l'un des aergentsJm'avait prle de leur permettre
d'aceompagner 1inteniao.
berthelot~
~e
leur adjoignis le comte de
gentilhomme breton.
oa~taine
Bois~
de vaiaaeau de la
ilarine ro3ale~ oftioier qui. quoiqu'il eat pass~ l'1ige propre
'a un service r . .~ ~leant, 6tai t encore aus111 :re?na.rqua.bl e par son
couragen.
(26bJ
Later it was decided that Boisberthelot would
remain in ;ersey !or some
time~
At last "• • • •• ane eseadre
74
de
aux ordwes de sir
fre~ates
ment de
~.
stracham portant
tUl detaeh~­
emigros. conduits par le chevB.l.ier de la Vieu•
cen~
ville, et ayant. sous son osoorte. un convoi considerab1e
d 1 a1~es 4
de rilllllition.set dieffets que le gouvernement avait
mis
disposition
a ma
a Londres
au p:t'1nce de Eouillon.
et que
a Jel:·ae;r,
j~av~is
fait pa.rven1r
avai t oJ.-1.tlareille de§ cette
1le. et etia1 t le lendema..in en Vt.le des e6tes de .Bretagne{1 .. (266)
~1h.e
boat could not
the shore beoa.u.se the Republioans
a~proach
had diseov&red that the royalists were planning to disembark
aud had taken
the coast.
~ossesslon ~f
They had to go ashore
by smatl detachment3 ULlde.r cover of night.
2uisaye himself made the
pas3af$e tho fog
il S
bec~e
SI eCJldil'Oi? {!U6
~rip
very
des
six voiles;
sa~cessivemenG
vatss~aux
~arufunes
pas
Ciotte ne quatorze
a
~he
channel.
During the
nA peine 1e oiel oom.'Ilan9ai t-
thic~.
dee tflatelots
sign~lerent
nouo ne
across
ln June. 1'195,.
'-J_lli
franqais.
etaiGltt
d.Ull$
lea hunes
rls avaient compte d'abord
ila en deoouvrirent 4•autres; et
dlati~guer
vai~s~aux
a l'aiao
de
lunettes~
une
de ligne. onze fresatea, et plu-
sie.urs pet-i lis butime11ts.
A
')'l
HQette flotte etai't Celle de Brest~ ~~ ordres de l 'a;:--
miral iilla.r-et Joyeuse, sous la surveillance d' un nomrn& ~opsent.
merrb ro de la L.tc;-.;nventi on~r. {267 J
The fleet ln Hugo's sto-17 is
a portion of the squadron of. Cancale and is not as numerous
as the one descri bod by- Pnisaye.
~ho
aimilari ts of the eir-
cru.1s tanccs in the two accounts ts qi.lite striking and. leads one
75
to believe that Hugo was
borro~!ng
more than his inspiration
.f:r11m ?u.isaya.
La.gt - Trelze:• Ht..go stTesbes a great
Througho11t "Qu.atrc
deal the 1.>eculia1· gueril1a
Puissye
the royallsts.
~errare
forced on the
thut
e~~lains
hi$ srmy •
fo-rcee de ta convenaton etaient
ma proposais de
seraient
fai~e
det~ehseo
OCO«~ees
~his
~epublieans
was a definite
rrlil?G9 que
teu tes les
aux fronticraa.
Je
un genre de gnerre tel que celles qui
contra
no~s.
seraiont fsoilement
detraites~
OU bientot aegoUt6oe; C'etait d'or5aniser aur differents
points~
dee batalllons
eeae~taires. ~ni ~arceleroient O)ll-
tinuellement 1 'en~ernl; l 'C:Jbligera.lent ii se d.i viser; ne com-
battreient que dl~persd8 et n& lui opposer~ient ja.~ais une
masse qu'il put
£o~ce
de ccmbattre
tages
et 4etruire.
ent~~fler
r~aul tent
a a~46S egaldS
la
OOCaSiOAS~
et yerdrait tOUS les
d 'uno t.Jctique.
de 1 1 artillerie et de la
~cnfiQnce
reguliero~
cavulerie~
Heur~ux
aes habitants dU
et nous n 1 aurlons pas
a nous
de nou-ve}.les oalartli !;esn.
( 268)
c:reux~
c::roissa:ut=- tualent.,
'•
(269J
dans les premieres
S'Qttaoherait
a
In aatunl battle the Vendea.ns
~
gr.ands orls,, su:rgissa.ie-nt
subi liefilent de ~&1·tout. d~s bois. des
1
et d.e 1 'usage
reprooher d'avo1r attire sur eux
accord.in,; to B'ugo.,. "att.aquaient
paient
pays
avan~
11!.alheu.reux. nous peririone en petit no.mbre,,
no1ts sa.aa retour.
dee chemliltd
Ace moyen i l serait
s 1 egallL!,ien't.
exter!'1in~ient.
0
I
collines. fJ '93 aspeest
est-a-dire i'o.ls&ient le
foudroyaient, ct se dissi ....
l:'erhaps when lingo was writing this bit o:t
76
descriptions he
the facts presented by iniera in
w~c usiL18;
n?ro:fitant des
nes iaesalitee du t$rrainy ils
haies~
ennem.t. et se rurent
~yres
a tlra.illcr a
entou1-e~ent
eouvert 6·o
le bataillon
a coup
sur.
avo1r ebrn.nle lea repuhlicaiAS par Oe £eu terrible, ils
?rofi teront d11 premier iaomt..ut d 'hesi ts.tivn qui se manifests.
pa:rr.n.i eu.x. s
1
serent leur5
61ano.er~nt en
rung~,
Jell.XS 1:t;J.t0nt.h
les
poussant de g:ra.ads eris., renvar-
dG°sar~erent~
et lea ussorumerent avac
'.Ectlle fut depiitia toute leur tiaotiQ.ue mllitaire;
1:.1 nature la leur et.Vai t iudiquoet et C 1 eta.it la mieUX adaptee
( 2'7 J ....
au pay s .., •
1.J.ugo delights in elbbora.ti:n3 on the viciousness of the
T0$J.lis t 1iroops~
partially
.Vlost of the proof3 he
historic~
~i"leS
ctre at least
bu't he :i'o1•gats to ra.t;nt..;.on l;nat the .depub-
.
f!Jl l:t~ohooou.llt ils mireut lea rep11blicains en coupe regl~e.
tre~te
dar
~our;
s 'ap ;?el,;l.l t 'le
orousee
e~i;
a
cela dure ainq oemaines; chaque cha"ine de trente
oh~pole-c Q< •
On a.d.oesal t lt.t ohaine
a u.ne
fosse
1 'on fu.Gillai t; lea fusilles tombaie.a11 dans la .fosse
p&rfo.is vive:nte;; on lcs ontcrrait touL de 111em.e,n. {21"/lj
It
is L:. T.tLJ..er~' hisi;ory -t.he:it there itJ found a. record of ~hese
events.
de
110
tells that ln April. 17 ~5. nLa troupe vio1io:rieuae
Ca~he~laesu
eutra du.us
~holet,
a~ampara
de
~ou~ea
les armes
'17
qu'ello y trouva. et fit des
des ea.:1ons tt ..
( 2t7 2 J
aveo les
z~rgoussGs
i:noidents followed al-one on the
~hc:se
11.11 of Gh e Vc:nd ie j O ined 111
r~volte
o~r~ouehes
3. S 01"' lea
t~f
revol,; S•
ttUne au tre
bien pl~s 3enefrale aviit iclate d~ne le filaraih et le
d6parte1nent de let fend.fa..
:.-. ll!1oheooul
Gt.,
'.:l ,Jha.llan.o._ le re-
c:rutement .fut 1 J oocst{ion d 'un 3oulevemeat llJ.li versel.
trateuro, et comm.it des
wasn~oree
dont le
~oc~ge
Un nomme
/
n'avait pas
rro.is crn.a.tE r~[}ublicnlns :furent fus~lle's
pr,,r bart£tes de vi:ag t et t.rentejll
b~
the ;\opt..tbliaans..
There Fe ti1iru..e he
men
~hile
i~avain's
number of
market"'
~hem
J.. es
incu.rgcs le::; f'D,l aaieut con-
J.Jsa't>enac and his foroes occupy Dol.
ii~
se.:!e for his ,arm;; n.umbors six th1..Jusand
'
troops eount no more than fifteen hundred.
lie duwn 0n tna main street about the central
t}auvain
mti~s:as
a sn:rprl fie attact-: durinv; tho night.
~1.'i th
a h:und.ft:.1 of 1o110V"v0rs he ru.shes to the rear of the
n:arke t buildi11gsJ tmd m...Jtes the vendea.ns think that they are
beill3 caught b.Jtwecn tw~ :A.r1l1ie~~
the roya.lJ..Uli- t1~oopa .flee
in the
Gau1tain
::Jol#>
~re-a1,eot
(lieorder.
l~a.vi.ag
ii1
poaaession of
J.'hl.s aoeO'u.nt is vcr)/ simil&.r to ti.i.a.t -0£ the alita.aK and
Le_
C:l.t?t.,..ire )£" ~J~·ma oy
~rostcriia.cma.nd
1
l~ ~oGhejaqi-:iele. lu,
Muroed.u relat-ed iu !fh1era•..s
vi.n:re:nt S\: .form.or e11 avant de le ville.
et forcere.a.1; Jes teJ"lUenn 3 so ret>li~r sur :1iaroeau,. qui a:rri-
qi:rniqu r i l
tat
null,..
u1a.rc~au
,untra-t.a6 pdr oOil temperu.nent
bou111[;\._1t't mais cra1gJ.1&1t le bl'\:l..Tie de i.:leber. a.on.t la forae
f:-cotde ct cal -1e ncl ae lalast:.i t Jas:ia.ls e111~or&e-r.,, h6si te;
copaudru1t, e::iporte ;1ar v(~ffvl?n'":'a.unu., 11 St..1- a.~cide. ei a.tt&qu.e
ie
1
·~b.IH:h
i.ie tocsin
J:llut!' cmlhu.tent tout
SOLnl.<?,
1a deJOl.J. t1 Oil
dff'tt2t.¥1t G'UX;11
Se
repw.10
0.a:Uu
la
e-t 41!.i.lgr6 un feu terrible
d.es ma.loons, Ufarvlcnue.ut "h re:f':>ulcr lt: pluL gra.n..d n-omb:t•e des
vende<~ns
sur la
~rant1e
place cle 1...i ville:..
et tient ~1nei lez VenJ6e~s Lloquee.
1.il.aro.oa.u fai t oou.!.)er
uependan~ aa position
6'tf3i t 113.rH.trtl~o,. c.J.r,. eJlb,ag6 dt.Ln.J., u.ne ville au miliou de la nu.it,
'19
il aura! t pu' etre tourne et enveloppe.
a.vis
SS
a Kleber-.
n envoie done un
pour le presser d 1'arriver au plus vite aveo
Belui-ci arrive a la pointe du jour.
division.
plus
Le
grand nombre des Vendeens avaient fui; il ne restait qne les
plus braves pour proteger la retraite; on les charge a la
baionette. on 1es
enfonae~
on les disperse. et un carnage
horrible commence dans toute la ville"• {2V4)
Hugo sketches the trial of liouis XVI by giving a few of
the verdicts pronounced by the members of the Convention.
~irst
are the "sept representants de la llaute-Garonne
appe1es les premiers
a pronon-0er
qui~
leur verdict sur Louis
avaient ainsi repondu l'un apres 1 1 au.tre:
Mailhe: la
XVI~
mort~
•
Delmas: la mort. - :rojean: la mort. - Cales: la mort. - Ayral~
la mort. - Julien: la moTt. - Desascy: la mort." (275)
The rapresentatives of the Haute-Garonne
~ere
called first.
There were twelve 0£ these rather than seven. however. according to the report of the "Moni teur" • between the votes
o:f l?rojean and Cales, came those of Heres who pronounced the
sentence of "la reclusion jusqn'a la paix. et • • • • •
bannissement
a
oette
~'-;oque";
{216J, and of Julien.
l~
After
Desasoy came the represcntati ves Rouzet • .Drnlhe,, and T-.iezade.
In the rrMoniteur's" aecount1 Ayral and Esta.dens were left out.
In the n.irchj_ves
ca1~1eaieutaires 1 t,
it is indicated that Estadens
who voted £o:r ffJaa reclusion et;. le bannisaement a la pa.ix".
BO
(2V7J and Ayral pronounced their decisions in turn after Cales.
Thus there weTe not seven utterances of nLa. mort" in succession
at the beginning of the tl:"ial. but only three followed by a
more clement sentence.
The deputies of the Haute-Garonne re-
ally voted in the £ollowing orderz
Mailhe, Delmas. Projean.
Eeres. Julien. Cale's, Esta.dens. Ayral. Desascy. Rouzet. Drulhe
and Mezade.
On-0a more Hugo shows that his knowledge of the
pexiod he treated wac
limited~or
that he deliberately misquot~
ed his materials to add to the effeotiveness of his story.
Eaganel who said, ffLa. niort.
sa
mort"~
(278) is pointed out.
Un roi n' est utile que par
A£ter an extremely long
speech. Eaganel concluded by maintaining that~ ,,.., • • • l.tes
.
rois ne peuvent plus ©tre utiles que par leur mort. Je desire
1
que le suppli~e du oi-devant roi soit le dernier qui soUille
le ter:ritoire de notre republique".
{279}
1'here is "Millau.d (sic} qui avai t di t:
t
Aujourd 'hui 1, si
la mort n' existai t pas., il faudra.i t l "inventerrr. ( 27 8 J Again
Hugo has
misquot~d
slightly to add to the dramatic effect
of the narrative and to make the excerpt as short as he
ed it to be.
wish~
Milhaud argued th~t "Sane doute des l~gis­
lateurs philanthropos ne souillent point le code d'u.ne
nation par l',etablissement de la peine de mort; mais
un tyran, si elle njexistait pas 9 il
~audrait
po~
l'inventer ••
• •
ftaffron du trouillet did not. as liugo
relates~
vote,
81
nLa mart vi te.! u ( 278}.
!he sense of hia verdict was much
the same., however,,. although he really said,, "Je vote pou.r
1a mort du tyran dans les vingt-qu.a.tra heures.
Il faut se
h1tter de purger le sol de la patrie de oo monstre
odielL~ 0 ~
It is Goupilleau who is supposed to have said,
£aud tout de su.1 te.
La lenteur aggrave la.
mo:rr~ .. n
T2810
"L'~cha­
( 27 8
l, Rugo
gives en accurate interpretation to Goupilleau's speech whioh
he concluded thus:
"Quant
a 1a
peine
a inflig-er
J'ouvre le
livre de la nature, le guide le plus certain. j'y vois qua
la loi doi t etra la m§me pour tous; ;j 'ouvre l.e code penal.,
j'y vois,la peine des conspi:rateurs; jtentends la voix de la
1iber~e.
ia voix des vietimes du tyra.n. dont le sang a.rrose
les'plaines de tous nos departements £rontieres; toutes me
demandent justice, je la leur
J~ajoute
do~s;
Je vote pour la mort.
que je ne crois pas qu'il soit proposable de difZerer
l'execution; autrement Louis subirait la mort autant de fois
que le bruit des verroUB (sicJ de sa prison viendrait :frapper
sea oreilles; et vous n'avez pas
DUppli cen •
l~
droit d'aggraver son
{ 2&2}
ss Hugo records., i::3ieyes voted wi thov~t s.n.y justi:flaa.tion
o:f his action._ "Le Uort" .{ 285).
At least he dld not try to
salve his consaience by useless verbiage.
Hugo ne:;:t points out Thuriot"' "qui a.vai t 1~eje1;e 1 • appel
au peuple proposh pdr .Bnzot:
1
Quoi! las assemblees
quoil quarante-quatre milie tribunaux?
?races sans
pr~maires?
terme~
82
La
t~te
de Louis XVI aura.it le temps de blanchir avant de
tomber"'• t 278)
It ls strange that Hugo should have given
2httrlot en.ah a lengthy
1
speech~
when in the "Moni teurrt is re-
ported for him,. only the word • "La mortn. {284)
.Previously
in reply to the questi0n "Le jugement qui ssra rendu sur
~ouis
sera-t·il soumis
a la
ses a.ssemblees pri:raaires?
ratification du peuple reuni dans
Qui
ou non"• he voted ''Hon''• {28!5)
Eerhaps Hugo found the substance of the speech assigned to
lt!hu:riot in Hobespierre•s dissertation of the thirtieth 0£
1Jeoember, 1792. whiah included the i'ollowing.
moment
ou
'~Au
premier
il fut questi.rm de Louis le dernier. de la OonVBn-
tion natlonale convoquee expressement alors pour le juger;
lorsque vons partites de vos depertements enflammes de
1~amour
de la liberte. plains de ce genereux enthouslasme que vous
inspiraient les preuves recentes aes crimes du tyran; que dis, ,t t questlon dlentamer cett e affair~.
jel Au premier moment ouAfu
si quelqu'un vous aut dit:
Vons
que vous aurez termine
cro~ez
le prooes qui juge¥a def'ini ti vem-ent le tyran dans hui t j
dans t:rois 1nois;
VOUS VOUS
trompez.,
Ce no Sera
ou4~0.
pas metu.e
VOUS
qui pxononcerez la :Jeine qui lui est dne; je vous propooe de
renvoyer
G~tte
affaire aux quarante-quatre mille sections qui
partagent la nation
francais0~
'
afin qu'elles prononosnt toutes
sur ce point, et vous adopterez cette proposition; vous auriez
ri de la confiance de ce
motioJ1lta.ire~
,
Vous auriez repousse
la motion comme incendiaire et faitepour
al~umer_la
guerre
83
m.nu.
#I
.
Telle
eet el!ttn[\ee!l
'
phere
On aeaun que le. d1apoaS.tioa 4•• ••Prlt.a
~Q. dir!d.-~~e'l
~
:~eat~J.'~e.ree~
llatllrellea
.
s:1r ~tltu1ieura l '1nt1.uanae d 'uDe atmoe-
e~:.t
Q.m? le3 1de5a l<ss r,l'n.a a1mplea et lea plua
•
•
'JOlit ta ll~ll\~t.cuf:re"S pa.t
eo:r;Licn:es". U'"~t! ~
lee ! lU8
d&llfte1'8U.X
0
-~ 11 ti.J.~ later he added. "Quell• 14.ee •.
grs.r._d !'ien, 1.e vculo Lr faire Juger
l~ o~>us•
dis-; et la mo1 ti; .J~ ea eauee • fl.'l.l'
\Ill tri. btrnal
d 'Uh hmn.,,..e, que
eofl!.~< Ii•
.
fl'Carc.r t..r,,:-·~~Uti tre mil i e tri bu?t.a:ux 1aH1 r'!tili~~e.... Qlll ;e•t la•tquer le terme Ml cett.e gru.de
.·
attatre
~.ra1 t te!'lllBiet• (28T)
1I'hBr: ttere ie Auguattn-Boa ticbespte1'.re. •qut,v.~r9e eoa
t.rere, 9. erle, 'le
t,f;~ COl'lne.i.e point l 'l'lumanite q\tf egoi'ge lee
re-n:t:les et t!Ul :re.rC: or~ne
•vre1~, c•~u'lt nbeti tuer
J'tH~e·. (!,8)
~ ux
deepot.ee.
a l 'e.i1el
&\!
te. •o.rtl l>emand.er u
r•u1,le .. apt:el
&tl.X
tJ-
luet '11ow seen aft,er lla.xttrillem, Hugo mer;.ne \Ila'&
1 t is :rotllld tbe.t ltJ.gl·stin....J\o!l Bobesp!e.rre \alked. l.JmnedJ.at.alJ'
a~tt,~r Orn:.~eliv
tu'J t.t:a.t t ere were eevenieen deputies who
r~ vt1; tr el r deef e1one betwee.r1
1.l.e di 81'(·Uraea ot the trw• bro1.be1••
Pugo!• ;dig~· st cf AugnatJ r.•r ve.rd1ct is t!01"e-~hat eimtlu t.e '119
f!et1~l el'trUlf!.::mt.,set
forth ae to11·o•a1
de ocurege, Jl r.•7 en
c_,,13 J 'nbt.cri:·~ lrJc
tt
•ie
rat •· re11plir aon devo1r.
1W}¥\Jr"6S eangul;1.1a!NB
g_ue
'
1 &1
1 'o;L.,1on 1.e ~tL~ 'Lwt. d~ir1t.nderJ\ tin
l •a;:; c 1
r•~:J .~e11J:)J1
1& dot'Snt1~n J•1usqn
ne ;s..r-l•n.1 r-o1nt
8Uf'>Bi•t
nn BJpel au.s. tnana.
•a la :paix,
1a
l•
'YOU.X
~81M
C'"' pa#ea
.
qu le tl••
a een..111e.r
o•,?e\ aub•\1"11er
De TO\e p·otat,
pov
pa.roe qtte Je oroi• que 4eJllllD1 aoae
auiton• la pa.ti; ei qu's.l:)ree-derain Capst oommuderati lea
...8ee ennetdea•. (388)
a
84
'Fous-sedci .re, who had taken tbe
Pi err~_J
explains ·M:iat nJ'e..-i
J; lace
o:r Bernardin d.{t) Sa111t-
l 'er:fuaitln du se.,,ng hum&in,
En~ hor1:re..u1~
s le
hiweel:f b:>r
sant;...
eonnu,
M&is
11-aying~ ~i;l\lv.sou~s
tl tat
etl en
ro:isor1 et ln Justiee dolvent
li~
Aujcu:rd tnui
#'.
pane:e- et,
eon.~zie
ea.ne doute
;·on.~e
a11co.r--e
t,yrannioi et
';,ln~
e~eet
c'ect ioi
u~
,_~
~.
peina lrnr.rible t
:ft.is is a faiJ?lY exact
....
~'ts
a
t~.:tnso-ripticn
oo:rabat de
t~v1.,t.
a. libeRte
#
Tta me. rt est
t.ice eE.rt unet
of what ha .t @ally
1
~lle
~. id~
The rae-o~ in the 4lld:Qatteiu~ 11 &t-ti,.:dJuteJS to Lt:.1.Vitm.u1t~r..ie 1'1J.ette
""
3n :treril
; 1-e
l?tlr hie V'O'ke_, oo.ualuded
de~nie.rff 'fl
wi~th ~}t!e 1/':Jte
1 our
(292}
H\l(;o ntb!f!e& (hi~~tv.1,d:tr.t, t 1i.u1 says, "Que l
Ret1versee l ~
t>nbrc..l tt;:11:t.tea
.a.he~ t
l
lf1 .rte ,r.-t
{2?F}
i •exeau:te Bt.l"i~te~e
Tl~:! a speeel,i e,u re1 Grt30~ in tLe HMcnl t>;:;u;r"
agisst\le:~t:;
orsctt~e j
1tin
i l rerugr11€ a l!le ro..iaot1 de
'\.
.IJ
•ai oondnrme
~
le~
aomrlioes,.
Touteo\
len c:rois indignes d •u11
iA)ut delr-i ceI'f;..it t::v..e Xtt1hl€}o~e.,
]'a~G.Nme~
l~h
1
a.u
~
Ct.-ll1Bide-
le litre;
L 1:eve.IJ.tA7.. ge '1.U'{>n 1~1i'te1id en
ti.rer 'U'is-il.-·Vis dea er.uiem1.,.,.fi (lxi,e.r1su1..z eGt, ilhu.,o:tro '111 inccr-
Bugo gives t.?e1lier
~these
qoJ'.'ldc:
'1 Quto.1.\
~Citi'*"ge,
1,our tlrer
emit.re l *amic-ulti un er4non du aE; l~b1~e e.e la tete de Lvuio. !VI". (27S)
b_r:.1ef1.y
-Je
a~a~ted,
-#
n:vous avez deulF'.....re !,ouia ea1able de
vot.~ i OUP 1& f!.01ittt. {294)
IF-
acn.r~piretion.
gaire un
iri. t
rue
~
r"reeent~t
un
e~
t.ree
'
de ts.rrlbletl re'flexitJL{i.-
ot
~arell
s~eech
C~o~we11~~
be
tl1at Gen1'1l lfMe
a .celtd.--eiJ r;:.'&t :porte a fai:re
..,
#
~
Je r\e veux done .ti~s q:ue mon opinion
)
lilted
kubliqu~.n {~96)
lt 1e Alb.ouye wllG-l!~ Hugo qtibt.e:z
Que ce ~pect.re Vi ~i &ille errsr
ft.8
oo.:rtne, '1La »a,~nise:emeirt.
auteur de-& t.ronestt.
Al bouys
8?
-te.rmi.. na. t.e.,,d
hi~
J~atl.fi t%iti<1n
''L~ tcnltaiu~ de 1 11lto, t
GXist.en-e.e rte I·O"U.ib
(300)
5
f:-.V.t'&..
ill tt d,e lt.o.re ot:tli.r.JJ}.t::'{
wo.t:~da.:
d t o...fH')ee Irt-p -.:on vJ..-t1tiua /) nc eE: '~ "'uve
CU
rmim~
c-et
~:va.n:tt
""
r;e cte de,jC\hll;.t'
lea
88
It ia
~.g~£,1n
o:r· a de1·uty' a
11
gu~~re.
(g99}
Je
Wl:i~t
IBJJ
tc-- ir1Pvv& ti:i.e diction
fht-~c Y:i~J·~e'l
cree1'"h~ •rJ!1e11 lie ai.p,tge
ire ne veux
Qu t11 vive.
11~int.f}
ev1-dent tLEt
faire
te raalJy en.id.
'
m'o!:c~e ~ l~ ~o~t
t.tiat
1~'1
Wt15
l:J:ort U.ont Rom.{;;. f0.ra un
1,1tJ.t r·c 'ezt done- coJnll'.e
de LouiG,
'
on~:tl} on '7(1 t'3d
,,.
i
rrecloarae~t 1~rce ~ua
dttrer Ball~ iflterl"Ul t-1on ~l'mC~U t;J lt,\ fin dU ju_gen~nt, te~; ~ eeme&
~·1? freu1-es rtt,res
a l 'extre:r~l te
d.~S b;;J-nC£ el~vBO,
Ct-UBaie.t-1-'t
e.ntee
wti eh i a q_ui te lil:E. tle
fhdf
ffie."-t1onS"'
i•,::_e~ fettx1e~
b,r1_f'>f er
~
()ne
il'.1
I
6e-cc11etees et
Ruge- 1 s
g,
llugo
!:O~l.
r:om-ota.ient; lea
J:f'~e_e~
of the one g:t v£n in r:quat1·e-Vb1f,!'t-Tre1gelf7 is c_s rollo-ri1s:
tlfns les s,eeti..:.clen
e,vLiquee~
-VOi~,
"<lowme
on voyait n,(,siaes f,,u rr€1n1Pr- ra.n_g
\is cee 1,..ribvne.s bee.ucvu1.1 de -fcn:rf~et;;, jevn-es, J;f;.rees de coulou~c
tr1.C010zt6$ !> C-a:us&.n t
et leU..('
~ttS:tuda
er. . t1•e
211€-;S ft118C iW.l!JUCi~ll:C-0, e-Cl"t:hfl£9Il-ltt-
ettenti ve que :t'ctt.r com-::;.tex• lee
et lee
\~otes
n;e.eque-r t s:ur Une car-te aVe<C la points d t u.ne epinGl~:; ~.u
11ugo
O~lf~.,
in e-Qllcludi1:g his
deMH~iJ;t,ion
£Ou-ne, HAu Tuawent OU 1le ec.1.nd~;i,;,ner~e:nt
ttvait er•r.:ore dix-huit uois
a vivra~
1N7taent
Of t.bO tJ.'aili.f.l
a l1lt'.tl't L-0Ui$
Da.ntL.n C1Ult;Ze
XV!-, Robespierre
li10it:ir
Vergniaua .
neuf' 11101.o!J rJn.;Nl.1' cinq Jti.oie et teci s- aevlk.uee, LekelletieJ.'l 2&.int:r~rgeau till
(2\10)
Jour.
Co-urt et
t~.r~.riblo
aou:ffle
ae~ bO-lieI1(:-:H;.
humainesJi'
~01u1ting ~~in the niJM::t~enth of .January, 17fiS, Rob~epierre
bed eighteen
l!lonth~ ar..d ei~!1t
daye lef't to live..,
{5-0?)
11!.t"ntha arii el~vetl .f.a.ys,
t~eny~tbree
daye
{g(';g }, tAa!1~,t
{3q9)~ ~<nd
{3~5)
Vergniaud t~d nine
'
had f-i w m:ontt a
Lepelletier
Dan-to1'1
£~int-F~rgeau
~nd
had one
day to live before he ~'Jas eUlbued hy Paris• a for~er ~garde du
'
.rc-.tfi because ~e had wwd t:o;: tl:1a det~:'1l1
Hugo~
with a
:re~v ext;.mel~a,
de11f\ 1~1
A~ 1
•
v~&c.~,,ra.:t
touia 1VI.- (ZlO'
ealls bt Lent.ion "'tto 'line
_,
a~rveloue
fl1tille deelarei t- l t J.tr£11genee
anern:ny,lish~sants of: tne Cor;'l'.1r::t-:.thrra
*
., l
ea-eree:
e..L,.,...e
or
t l f ....1J .!A..,-,.p.t.1..,~""~it-!:.
.:!1
G~
y
;
c;itee
A
~e,1ls
J'.,~v..veugl
e e ..!ts
A,..,.
~n&
f'111e-u t:?tie ({n 'ellc concols. lt €t. celev(ll t, l~r~an-0e
1
ss.crea deti-1't\ l
l 'i!lut.:u"Jeurso
t :01"':rhe H
~
ooera~
.
n q'il t e 11 e ft i Et· 1 t ad op u~r par la ~a tqi e,
dan.a J 't1,ceuce ac r;..ui t te
~
Elle flet.ri~GO.it. ldl tralt~ dee noii'lst
Elle trocln--!t10..1 t. la sol:idu1~i t3 ci vique.,
~t,ign !1;~Si.tuite.
'Elle
OX\
~u t ~l le
.U.Lderi.n l-sai t ..
·alle ctoli;;~~it l'ee-ela.w.ge.
Elle decreuS<l t l 'i11~tffic­
:.,,.r1i~.. :lt 1 1 education .!~B-tlortr;,le fS.!1
I#
'flla ersa.1 t lc6 m.meerva toi.reG
by LiiJ:!'ial'ltinA.
loNiF..,r ext:rae'tt
In 'the w1u ev)ire de£· Olr<.-ndhua"
it:;
l'kole
et
1&8
.f,ou..Yld ~ba fol.-
"l "'un1 te des J?Oida et meeurea fJ 1 'e.wr,J..icfA-tion
t:z.bl~
r r:f<ll'l!
axc1 i tier
r~
0.t'~ntiOtl d 1 lS,
r;ode ci vll uni
E:n el le.-n:aliie
ii'\,
Cltt1ic{~-ll\;~c.ngoi n
~
in 1820
As to the attnatity c :r
gr:tnce . 11 the 't wen t--y-,..fira.t a.v tiele
ot tbe nJl001a:rat1on
1 ,,.!io;::u,ae
/2 t
31nie11 1793,
d(J
q~i
or
't~'iail:t
et toyen n'
state~ the~t
W!Jas
e-o:t t en a S$1.e i:ent las
acat hora
d*e"ta~ 4e t~vaill~fi.
Oeteber • l19a,, aeaaiweo
»•&sad
-du
ror
the
tif teenth
(314)
~ Unatt on
o t begging we,r.e
which po1' ded fe:t: optg&1d.ze4 gove.maa-t a:i-4
to
~oaewllo
'The nnterial at l.12.f!Ji'tca,ing 'the l.)Ub~lt of the b 1-1l14 Md
the dea-=r-m\ttes is :tz1oufti c:tent 'to make
£1~,atu11e ~t
!11
t'i~
veu~:tn ~~ti<Y.a
p{).ssil>J.e«
-
aside huildi.1.:gd to be 11sed as aqlv.v.r.s fo.1" tbem.
0
:i1e'(!ret reh Lif~- i(, lt<.rgani~-O.ti()n de-s i!JG<JC\ll:3
a
a.eoo.rder 0 Y r~&&aeO.. t.he tvmr..:ty-eigbth of J1jne, 17~2, the eeoend
eect..lon i$ deve"'t1ed. t.o thfJ
~ve1;y -f£roteo~tioJ:.
tr1 e
:eou.rH~ling
si~s.i...e 0011.ld
axi.tl tl1e 1*fille-merett,.
af rord
w~ts
irant ed~ thea.
{31~)
T'he lnforo.ai,it)n a'traila.lili? l:-o.r use in this paper uffereQ.
very 11.tlil·e on tho subJcet P? tlle
Conventio12 tool{ irgon
~t-taol:f
tlJ:Il-hm~,eJtee:pt.
tbe b nrden ef
tlnt the
ea~ta..b111:lb.in3
aia
wacda of the etate the O:f?.{.,,J:rru-1s o t the citizens killed whilo
:fi~11.-t;b1g
for t.he Republic.
:Mo ir.rfc1~3,ticn on t!1e i.ndoo1n1-
fi~..ti(Jn
o-r aequi t~d Jt•'ror;orti
lef~t
htmd.
'1itL~ regard to the 1r._e :fn ne-grcee. ·WAt lf~tivmll AG~
sembly~
"oonsiderant qua les prit'1fJt$ et
en-0Gurage-meute tto-
oordin pour la trs.:t te dea neiJ:s, z-orrt contra.t,ree aux ];~1n­
:cip-£'8 cte la libt~:r"'te~ d~ar~te citto lo pYime d. 4 eneourage1*ut,
fh~oordefe I
1
a1 l
l10i.t'SJ'- f~St,
~e. r~t du
et- d.et'!eUre
<:lonaeil de 17£'1.i,, rour l~ trai te Jiea
Btlj).t' r1r.l.ee
a
1 1 ~~YeniP* •
Corrventiori eotrL1m.red thii$ polie:r b_y derwee5 n~
( 317)
t~e
Th.a
·u1en't7-
Beventh er July, 17~~. ~q~• to.tes le• P•i... a.uo~• Ju..-•&
rNent pou.1.• la ·trl-d to dee aBCla:vea eont elq;~n.:e'S'~ (7>18) •
&.nd eonf'1rme4 it t,he n1ne"teenth
ot
tspwabe,,. 1811, ...._ l\
o..rd.er tlw. t J.l l :iJ .rerr.1 uma f orm.e~17 ·a•l.Vded atou.14 1Je ~&14 •
but t:lat •J.ueullea 1 rtmes,
ou
ernJo\l~Mfit..,,
...itttoa.t1cm••
t~u
'
me.me· c.u.i.uua. _pour .ra.iaon de la tn.1 w dee ne,ttrea z.,e po\U"ro•'
A
1'
It'
•e·.......
IU-,:;i
•
p&7es.
&f>U£
Ar;. 'to t.Le
· •tu •rre
..
qne l que
~t::eoti on
oZ
q\le Ott
••• • {lllfl
o:0...
0
ti.1 . . • ).
ela••rJ'. after
a d1•ou•aian
l&cat-1 na :t:Jron tr.a !'c nrtl, o! :rebruar1 t.c th• eleft::trb ot A¥nl•
l 7'il4 1
of
..
~11
.
ueg1:oae 1n Frr~nel" cclor:letJ ••l'e ll&d• el t-1.&ena
!';~1,ce.
..
.
:
"'.Le. 9onvent1oiw.le 4iola..re fill• i •••ela"ft.ge
,_
1
•
a.e£ r.~e£ree daJ:t£ tout.es lee co.1.V&1•s e:st. &b& 11 en
" ..
e 1 le deo..-ete
que 1.ot1a lea
.
l~omrJ8e.
GOllattq•••
aua 41atlaet10JI 4•
c-ouleur, dOll1c111e" ditnti leL colcrJ.ee, soat 01w,..na fl'UI..
• par l& CoaaU.Wlt.:.ie, et Jouiitur.t. de· toua lea dro1t u.scurea
-t..,1 O.Jl•" ( SSiO)
!'rue lJ.•etrueticn hwl tiJ Nmdy been at' fci-tll &a
un 1rstegr•ttl. rta.rt of tl1& 11011.,Uwt.loa ta .. ...,.ta•m. hmwlre4
ni-.-t...y-01_, (3£1).
Tl1:.
eonver.tica
t~nnlu4e4 th1•
pr11Mltpla tn.
twenty-second section of the rTDealaration des Droits de fH1omme et
du uitoyen'• whioh reads:
-
La
uLilnstruction est le besoin de tous.
societ"e' d.oit favoriser de -ton t son pouvoir les progres de la
raison publique et mettre 1r1nstruction
Ci toyens 11 •
(
a
la portee de tousles
022)
The publio school system was organized oo. d ins tl tu ted by
crees passed the twenty-fifth of
October. 1785.
In these
plans~
~1 ebru.ary
de~
and the twenty-fifth of
the primary school in the commune
~
and the aentral sohool~~i~st distributed according to the density
of the population (323J,and later in the "ohefs-lieuxn of the de---
pa.r-tments. Nb mention of the
0
eeole normale" is found in these de-
crees.
The c.:onvention quite often interested itself in the e:stablishment and maintenance of' centers of art whi.ch w:>uld add to the store
of public information.
the Conservatory
or
sti tut 1'latiunal n
{
of
l:'&:t"iS·
t326J
On the eighteenth of Brumaire, Year II,
IJfu.sic was created under the name of the
~In­
325 J and later was established in the commune
)
J!from the tenth to the :rourteenth of'
June~
1793.
the 1\}ardin Na.ti onal des Plant-esr1 , under the name of the "?lus6'um
d 'histoire naturelle 1' was organized..
f32'l)
Another decree which
was
passed the tenth of October. 1794-. provided for the fonnation
of a.
11
-
/
Conservatoire des Arts et Metiersrr_.
"Il sera form.a
a Earls_.
sous 1e nom de uonservatoire des Art-s et Meti era. et sous l' in-
spection de la Oommission d'Agriculture et des
arts~ 1111
dep'Ot de
machines-t modeles, outils,, dessins, descriptions et
11 vres dans
tons les genres d~arts et metiers.
9G
L original des instrum-ents
1
et machines invantes ou perfectionnes sera de~ose au conserva( 328}
toiren.
·.rhe unity of the code ls inaluded as one of the
It wa.a decreed that · La loi est l 'ex-
1hHomme et du \}i toyena.
1
pression de la ~olont~ generale.
€.OllCOUrir
tion~
personne11.eme:nt.,
Elle doit
~tre
la
OU par
m~me
Tons les citoyens ont droit de
leurs repr~aentants,
sont ~gaJ.emont e~dmist~ibles
a
a Sa
forma-
pour tous, soit qu'el1e protege,
Toue 1es Ci toyens,. etrult egaux
soi t qu Telle pu.ni. sse.
Droi ts de 1
0
a
ses yeux,
toutes die;ni t6s, places et emplois
publics~ salon leur capacitb et san& autre distinction que cello
de leurs vertue et de leurs talentstt.
t 329 l
In a decree of the first of August, 1193. the uonvention introduced into the chaos of standards of measurements in France the
first plinciples of oTder.
i1be first article of the decree reads:
r'Le nouveau systeme des poids et mesures £onda eur la mesu:re du
m6"ridie.:n de la terre et la division d~aimale. servira uniform~ment
dans toute
la
of
1794.
~ugu.st.
liugo~
Hepubl i_que 11 •
This was to go into ef'teot the first
{330)
in gi'Vi115 the uonvention the honor of placing the
finances of the new
J!1ra.ne:e
on a £1rm basis.- eyitiently is drawing
his conclusions from Lama.rtines discussion of the state of £ina.naes
during that period.
plained that
f~la
ln the uHis·toire des Oirondins",, it is ex•
eommissi on des :finances par 1 'organe de Cambon,
son rapporteur et son oracle, porta une main probe et J.'61?a.ratrioe
9"/
snr le d0"1Jo-rdre du treeor public
obere,
et sur :Le chaos
ou
la
masse et le discredit des assignats jetaient ses transad.ions
privcfes ou publiqaes.
Il y
~vait
en circulation environ quatre
mil l_iards d r assign.ate deconsideres 11 •
(
up
demanded of the riah and the buying
331)
J:r3
the forced loans
of bar....A. tai"tes,. all but two
bi1lions of the assignats were brought in and
Ex-
dest~oyed.
portation and aircnlation of gold and silver were forbidden and
the national debt was liquidated ar.d inscribed in the Urand L!vre.
~ven
though uambon 1 s course of action was not always the most
sound, ¥il creait la moralite da tresor et restaurait la eonfianoe.
oe capital illimi.te des nations.
~a
fortune publique de la Erance
repose e~core tout enti~re aujourd 1 hui sur le~ bases jet6es par
Ga.mbon u.
f 332 l
fv'happe., who bad invented a new system of telegraphy reported
it to the uonvention (333), which was sofavorably impressed that
1 t ordered further investigation.
were still more
1795~
convinci~
!l:he results of the experiments
( 334) and on the seventeenth of tJuly,
the Jonventlon ordered the establishment of a telegraph
1ine ndane l 1 e-nceinte du i!alals National 11 •
(355J
un the third of !'ebrn.a,ry. 1793 • .taya.u. as :representative of
the naomite des Secom-s publiosn,suggostad the following dearee
with regard to hospitals and their rna it:l!~tenance:
I
''La tresorerie
natlonale tiendra ~la disposition du.ministre de l 1 interleur
jusqufa conou.rrence de quatre millions_ qui<ll a.insi qua le..restant
des fonds aecord6s par les loia des 22 Janvier et 12
seront eoploy~s
a
ao~t'l792.
secourir les 116pitaux dont les ~evenus ne seraient
98
plus en proportion des besoine. soit par rapport aux pertes et
suppression qu'ils auraient ep~ouvees, coit par unacoroissement
111omentanet d 1 infirmes qtti ~uxaient~~ pourraient y @txe ad.mis"
(3351
4
1?hls propoAttion with its appe!lded articles was adopted
by the r1onvention..
on numerous occasions the iJonvention made grants
o'f fnnds to the h03pitals an.d <the nhospices" ~
!ioB t of the rule ~3 of snni te ti on laid. down by tho uonventi on a.pP11 ed to military hospitals.
It io surprising how advanced for the
times were some of the regttlations included in the
l~w
psssed
during the yeriod between the third and the sixteenth of
Year
(337}
II~
·Eb.ere
we~e
Vent~se~
decrees from time to time which
further explained and ar2plified this gre6.t law.
<ls to the ltEcole polyteohniqttet•. Larousse affords tho best
brief description of its foundation.
nr,,ombla.rdie, clirecteur de
l i!aole des 9onts et ehauss6es. eut le premier l 1 id'e d'une ~aole d..a.ns
1
J.aquella-t01.1s les corps d'ingen1eUJ:""B recevraie.nt une eduoa.tion com-
wune, une instruction
son idee
a
soienti£ique~
haute et
saine~
Il cotnmuniqua
Monge. qui la fit adopter au comite de salut public
ave-0 le concours de uarnot et de Prieur (de la C'Ote-d'Or}.
croy fut crharge de l'orgav...iaation de eette eoole. en
Four-
l~an II~
et
le deoret du 9 vsndemiaire e.n !II {28 eeptembre~ 1792} institua,
sous le nom d 1 Ecole centrale des travau:;c :publicrs. eelle qui devait
devenir l'Eeole polytechnique par la loi du 1er septembTe, 1?95.n
(3381
It was on the
~1enty-fifth
of
June~ J..7(jlt
adopted the ides of a Bureau of Longitudes.
that the Convention
Among its mambers ware
to be Lag:range and Lapleee am it wo.s to exist in conneotlon with
tlle commission. of public instru.otion.
was granted an annual
~t
6llow001ce and presented with a library.
(339}
I:n the Cons ti tu ti on of the Year III 1 the two hundred ninetyeigh.th artiole of the sec ti on dealing with Public Instruction provioes: ''fl y a poux tout e la republi que
Ull
inst i tut na. ti ortal
charge de reoueillir les d~~ouvertes. de perfeationer lee arts et
las sciences" ••• (390}
Hugo ha.s included most of the main aa-
complishments 0£ the Oonvention in hls
although some
enumeration~
of these we:ro not originated blJ ths..t body.
One of the most in"'c,eresting events in tho enti1'7e novel., is
the meeting of the tnxee leaders, Llarat, Danton. and Robespierre at
a cabaret in the Rne du Paon.
~here
aeems to be no
\
his~oric
However, it is true
:foundation for this meeting in the cabaret.
that at various times we find that at lea.at two of the three mot
together in an at11empt to reconcile their divergent plans of ac-
tion.
Lamartlne quotes Hobespierre as saying on the fifth of
November,, 1792:
TTJ'ai
eu~
en 1'192'! ru.n eeul entretien avea Marat.
Je 1-Ui repro"'Oha.i Ulle exag.$ration Gt Ulle Violence qui :rmiaaJ.ent
la aau.se qu'i1. pouvait se:rvir-.
a
Il d6clara en me quittant qu'il
n'a:vait trsuv$., en moi ni l&s va.es ni l 1 audace d'un homme d"Etatn.
{Z41)
Lac&r in 1794, when
~he
friends of Danton and
or
Hobeapierre
wished to bring them together 1 ·'Une entreva.e fut ac-aept'e par les
derut chefe.
Elle eut l_ieu dans un d1'nex b.
leur ami e01rununu.
(;~harenton,
r.,ama.rui:nesrelates further
that~
chez .Panis.
at ftrst.,a_
reaonoiliation seemed probable. but that finally the break baas.me
l.00
definitive and that Hobespierre•s hatred 0£ Daiton was i:rrevocably
formulated.
(342).
During tlhis convernati ·:m in the
the greateot
all the
1.i.es on the ,gastor11 .frontle1...
dan~;fn·
de~ails
Danton alone knew
of the intrigue that was dcvolopiv..g U:nQer the guid-
~nce o:r Ghe'vetel.
He alone .:Cnew that the leaders of the Vendee
had. agreed w-1 ~h tl!e Prineen that when the
Chftlons~
Danton insists that
cabaret~
the Vendea.ns were to strike.
i.n a vi so. but .Danton clarcd
no~
6migr~
uroy entered
Earis would bo ca11.i;ht as
tell wha.. ti he ::nevi1.
ti on v1011ld have par'3.lyzcd the He public·· with :Lear.
'i.ne lnf"o:rma-
1enotre explains
·• ...... or'! par:ni les membres du gouvernement,, lui seul l 313} con-41'""
nnissait des les premiers jours de septerabre 1 1 1 irmninenee du
danger~
qui mena~ait Earln du a~t$ de l'ouest.
par Chevetel que ltentree de 1 1 armee coalisee
Il avait ~~pris
a
le signai attendu du soulevement €-,eneral d.e la
0h'S.lons ~tait
.Breta.~n.e;
il
savait que les royalistes de Paris etaient enregimentes et
prets
a
unc
SUPrfrfT1£ tentative~
f1es ef-'forts
11' ourent
jusqu 'a Ch®.lons 'T..
~Vb.ether
~r not~
the
et i l semble evident que tous
qu 'un but) en.p'@cher l ' cnnemi d • arri t"e:r
( 3<-4)
stor~
of the meeting in the cabaret is historic
Hugo has sufficiently interp:retod the personalities of the
three men in their speeches to m8ke the entire scene an ef£ectivo
f-tc1<.li ti on to the atmosphere of the novel.
l~ese
events that have been discussed are only a few of the
more important ones ci tell. by Hug.o. fJ!hero
bee~picked
~J.re
many others which have
up here and there from trauition and from authentic
\
sources.
101
P~l
of the::::e are valuable in sustaining 'the historic
102
'rbe
fnf.rt~tal
nse.4 in the W7it-ing o'f t-lle novel, •Q_wt-w-
Vingt-!'rei-&eJ• ~ le lar{fely
d~n
from
soureas, cf'
hiat-o~ic
ot
whirth the two moat important a.re tbe "Memoif1es~
Oonnt de Ftd.eaye
utilized
only
~nd
ta.r~artine" a
autho~i'T
the "Moni teurtt.
~...eii
It m-7 be tttiir'L B.ugo
ttJiifrtQire des Girondlns" > for 1 t is the
found for mfilil7
o~ ~hs
However
~Qua~re-Vlngt-Tr-eizen~
both
i~
in31dante cited in
1• qui1e possible that
had acoese t-o :tdentle:m.l original sources.
'?he uee -that. Bua<>
oooaa1one$ his
tr..~de
knowl~dge
of his m&'tel"ial ie act a.lflaye
ia nl1ghtl7 contu&ed-.
tha\ o:ften his ir..tforti&tion is eujoe.r.t1aial.
t.te •Moniteuru where he
to~in1ng
tl1a
report.rs of
bor~owed
~he trial~
mostly
I
&B
fro~
It 1s ev1dent-
in
t~
the
of Louis XVI and
ee.se of
nuabe~s
~f
oon-
the Gizondins.
Even though the a.aourn1lat1on of faets in •Quatre-Vingt, 'f:reizett mey not be hiat--oricall7 valuable,. the 111terprettition
ot theee fp,ctis ~..Jld their
r&mantie
ye~ o~
1~vantiena
mmke
OJ)~ortune
t~e
novel
eombination iiiil!h t.he
~
thB F~nch Revoluti<m._ 1?95.
monument
~o
that great
Jlotea.
1--Qua.tra-Vingt-Treize: Vol. I,
2--Idem:
1• 182.
192--193.
~pa.
The letter was betng .re~d to the Convention by Barera.
.
•sept mills rn7saLe ont attaque Va.nnee.
Ioua lea aYona
repouasee. et ile ont laiase da.ne nos ma.inn quatre oa-
--•t
~
ncns.
.
eombien de rr1sorm1eret interrompit une
Barere eont1nua.-Pcat.acr1ptum
vo1x.
de la lettre:
'Jlous n'&vona pa.e de :r;.riaoM1era paree que nous n•en
ta1 sord~ 11 ua'. •
5--Beimp~ae5on
de l'Anc1en Moniteur. Seule Bietoi.re Aut.bea-
~1que 1tt Inul t.8.rOe de l~ Bevolut1Q~ ]tre,np1ae Depllia la
Reunion dea Wte.ta-Genera.ux Juaqu'a.u Cone.ulat
"
•
#
(
mai lT89-
noverr1bra 1?99)-Par1e--Henr1 Floa; Im1rimerie-ld1 t.eur-
Vols. I--IIIII--1858-1862:
4--Quatre-Vi:nct.-Tr~ize:
Yo1: XIX. P• 81.
Vol. I. I• 159
.t • 18'.
5-Idema
6-l'161-183T.
?-P. Larousae. G~,nd Dictionnaire Univereel du IIX9 Siecle-Paria-A:.iminietretion d.u Grt-.nd D1ctionna1re Un1Yersel-
Vola.
I-IV--18~n-18,6:
Vol. II, P• 1414 (under Buonarotti•
Hiohel)
8-Quatre-Vingt-'l're1ze:
Vol. II, P• 12.
9-Ibid.
10--Beterred to Puieaye, Heaoirea, etc.--fS vols.--Loadon--
Oox, Yile, and Bayle's--Vola. I and II, 1803--Vol. III.
1804; Paris--Pillet t;ine--Vol. IY, 182.5-Yol. Y, 1824;
London-Harper and Oo.-Vol.
n,
P• 35.
11--A oaptain
or
the .roralist an7.
1807-1808:
Vol.
II.
11--A captain
o~
the
12..,..._Qua:tre-Vingt-Treiz&!
op. a-it.:
l3-'P'-a1scy-e~
Vol.
lo.
p.
Vol.. l l ~ p,._ 15 •
Vcl. II
• eit. :
Vol. II,, Ii• l5.
l-6"'""-Qua.t.re-Ving~-Treize::
2~d&ru:
u.
V-01. IIs It• 434.
14--Qun:tt-e-Vfngt-~~ize:
Vol. Xt,
oy. 01-tit
l?~Pu.ieayas
army.
~oyelist
JI• 4~.
!J• 12.
•an
"lio®e .9er1 vat tg 7 noof}iJor, en II!-t
oroir&i t qu 1 :tl~
ont des taleg~a~~ee 1 .• Hugo ~iteB thi~ remark &6 a justification.for
hi~
The
-l.'.1:fi.'tee.ra. during ti.mes of cnror-eed 1na.ctton~
r~ym.liai
accouni of how J'1.1.pidly the
devised rr-an1wi::,ye of k"eeJ>ing 'the
di& Btnu",dcinesu.,
24~~e
Notea
3~
rQy~lis~a
eoltlicr~~s1 "Tout.
le J-0ur,
Jean Ohcman ntnta £~isait ch~peletter."
122, 130?
144-5~ 141~ 19&~
202, 205,
212~
2?6 J- 2'19-96 ~ 298 J: 300~' S-10 ..
25--Sse lo-tea
136~
2'6--See Dote.a
116~ 129~
a12,
sii~
149-50,
51_.
194,
sos.
15it l91h: 203, :;;.-04. 240, 256• 304-5,
541-2.
27..-Sm 1fct<:'.S 30-1. 6lt1
aa.-tfee
iso.
94~ 270~
272-4,.
llotes 10-tJJ 13,. l5~ l?~ 18'5! 33, 37. 31.l* 43, 45-6.- 49-
9-s,_
i-02$
tnts-1. ioo.
21..,,
2s1~
22-s. 2r-e-.9.
a5'.-
~"f>s-a.
Vol. II!J
2~ua.t,re-Vingt--1freiae1
30--Thiers. l:liatoire
e't
p~
12.
la R~volu~io~ Frang&ise~~Parie--J'u~e
de
eie .. .- I~:tbl'aireG-Ed1 teu~r.s--10 Vol~~ ~nd AUas--
Tl!irteentt~ Edit~o-n
$1.~Idem:
p.
·1857-lil5l, Vol. lV,.
~--
86.
~17 •
Vol.
34:~1u\t.Jte-1lini;t--Trelze:-
'II~
p. 15.
3~4V1UlHr, llislio1.re de Fm.nee ContemporaibG Dari-me la
ne-
vclutior; J"urutH'a la }!aix de 191°9--Tf)-Lle Beecnd-Ltl Bevolutiox~ (170~:;-l"f9::t) 1m,1~
Uaehette--1900; P•
G. 'Partaet.---l?al?'is--1..ribre.1.rie
1~9.
Vel. II ~ IJ * l:L.
:~-~uet-r'fi-\Ti!1f1~-'freize.:
39-PttlJ!aye, o:p .. nit.:
Vol. !I,. Ji ..
M4-~
note.
Vol. ll" p.- 28.
40-Que~tre-Vin;;t---T,CJ-eize:
41-tenot.r..a!r Lo Ma.rqui$ de la llouerlo- et la Oonjura:tioo
Bret.G~ l'r00-17931: d •ft.pl'es -dee Doemnents Inedi ta-:-Parie--~
P-e-rrin
~t
O:te.-1920:
42~Qua:li.r-e~ Vtngt-Tx-eize:
;ppra. 19'1-198.
Vol.
43-·Puisaye, o·v" ei1ft.-: Vol.
44--ll~t.Pe-Ving~-?!rei&e!
45.-Puisayei o~_. 01 t,.,t
47.........qu~·~re.....,Vingt..,,~Tretze:
II~
II~
p. 19.
P• 441.
\101. II, ~- l l .
Vol. II" ppe1 507-30&_.
Vol. II, :P•
a.,
4&---Idem; P• 10.
49.-Pui~ya~
op. cit.,t
Vol. II, P"YS• 285-2ero+
53.,,.......tiaron,, Pa.rlo Pend.&nii
Te.rrenrt, Ra!ipO.rts des
~ent•
!}eo~e'ts du ilinietre de l t~!'iear, Pub11•s puur le
~
voe1•eiieA u:J-'ftt
~1atoire
/9
""" . . ~..t~
v~nt0m~-0.rain$~~P1~--J..tJ..uraire
Alpb'<-.mf:;r~ ?:te~r-d
Fila-1910; Tome :i:er' (27 a.out 1?93-
~ deae1l1bws 1'193):
Vol~ I, :P~ 5-3--:Ra:-p11-0.rt de Rottueev!lle,
'fC1p t.
s2~--cH.• , OJJ• tiit.:
* 1793,,
Ra~11or11 de Perr16~e~ 2?
63....._Ider,:
Ra11£;or-s de So-alet 11 13 ae:Dt••
65--ItJ.ernt
'fb.l.:;;~ort.
se--.Id~;
Ra;pJ!o.Pt de
'7G-~:tdera
IntroC.1u:rt1.on,
Yl~Idem:
:r;ps. l9o,. 248.
de fJ•;;.t-nud, 10
a~p~.~
11793~
&out.,. lV9S, p.
»•
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1'195" lh 5V-.
t&,t1l~La.tnorrt~gr~e,
i; • .¥..U\'111.•
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p .. 16"1-.
18 oo:Pt.•t· llf95g P•
;pa. 165,. 210--.
4 ..
72-....Idem:
pp~. 283~
580.
"73-Idemt
Rappor·t de Rt)U6s-evtlle 11 8 sept'11 • l '95,, ! .- tS.
Y4-Qua:tre-..Vilig~Treizei
75--IdeIU
P•· ll'"l.
T6---0&.ro:n,
or~
eit.:
Vol-
t~
lh
118~
Ra.:p11-0rt de B - ., 29 sept., 1?93.
"1---QUP.tl'e-Vingt-Treize:
'l~ldem1
i:.P•• 120..-122.
T~I-dem:
i; ~
SO-Idem:
p., 1,66.
Vol. I, p. ' ·
164.
Sl-..Lfr.notre. Pari$ Revolu.tionna.1.re--Par1c-""'Per.rin et Ota-..
Librai.roo-Edi'teu-irs
*2--LaYiese., cp. cit.
{nomrelle edition)--l9~(h P• 103.
Vol. II, P• 92._
t
Vol. 1 :i ppa-.. 157---168.
B~a~~e-Ving-t-Tretee:
84~The
same design of oirown M was uaed for the stat"Ues ..
Vol. I, P• 168,.
S~Que.tre-V1ng~7reiBe:
e~Letiot.r"e, Peri s
nevolu tl cnne.i re:
pJJs .- 104--105.
pps. l06-J07.
87~Idemt
88-•Qua:tre-Vj.ngt--Tt•e1$?et
89-...ZdeE:
:P• igy •
90--Idem.t
p.. 155-.t
V9l. l,. P• l-69.
~
?l-Lanot.re,, Le tfa.rqu1 ~ de le 1_touerle:
95~u1007e
vm.G born in i'fst>.
94~!rh! e~S.p:
OIJ * O-i 't~ t
p.. 521"•
95-Pa.ul de S-sin.11-Victor., Vie'i-or
1884--:
:P• 200.
lh.&ge--Pa.ria--Oal~n
II
ltiv-
FP-8'• lSV-188.
9&--Hm.e" Drouet we.s for
r.~n:v
rears Victor Bugcr's cloees·t, .trien<J..
Vietor Dugo, His Life and Work--Londen-Eveleigh
97~'.Dand:aon,
llash--1912t
11~
500,. N()te l.
•
-
99--Qut;t tu~~Vi»gt~T.re1 ze:
~
Vol. I , i:. 162.
A
Beaueil des Acta& du Onmite du S&lut. Public
l~Aula.-:rd.,.
>
~veo
la Cort""teepertdanoe Oftioielle d.e-6 Rep~eBent:anta en U1asion
et le Reg1etPe du Cona~il Ex&eutif P~oVieoLra--raris-­
IJ)lp.rime.rie 1Jat1.ona.le--l669-l9Z5:
io1~-Quat.1...e-Vingt-T..reize:
op. e1t.:
102-P~isn,ye,
103-'.Larouese~
ep. nit-.t
V-01.
l0~Puisa:1e~ OJ:"• oiti.t
106-Idem:
10?-.Ibi<l~
'Jd.• 263, llote l.
II~
V<;il..- II., P•
Vol,., IVl,
104--Lenotre,. L-e Ma.rqu1e
Vol.. III {1890) P• 22 •.
sas.
l'• 101'/?.
la Boaer:ie,1 P• Tl.
Vol .. II, P• 21-.
Vol. II,, P• 99.
n-otet-.
lO~Quat.re~Vint;t-Traizet
109--Puiaaye'ft
a-v~ 1ait'*':
Vol,.
I~·
i;ps,. es.-96
Vol. Il" pps. 41V~O
110...._Paul d-e saint.....V,ictc.J?-, op. e1 t-t p • .197.
lll~ua~re-V1ngt..T.reiz~u
Vol. I_. P• 1v2.
112-P!tra.-L.a Journee tlu 14 ju1,llet,, 1?89,, Fragment des
m$moire~ inedi~e de L ..-G. Pitra-Pa.ris-Edited by
lul:e.a Flammermoiit---18172:
Pi,,.t.ra we.a
U~Ltn1-1e
&n eye-.1'1 tne~.tG
p~s.
of' the
52-5S.
affai.f'~
Madelin;1 l'i:"8neh Bevolnt1on (~anslat-ion)....-Jiew Ye:rk-
G. P.- Patna.m's So-ne-l9ltlt
114-Bebinet~
lpbefirr Le
PPfl• 26l-P,.J52.
r.ft~etpla.in,
et flollabomteura,, Diotion-
m1re Riston ~ue et Yiioz1~a.1>'hl g.ue de la.. R&volu ti-ctn at de
l~Empi-Fa--1789-1816--Paria--ttbrei~ie Ris~orique
4e la
·
Revolu~to~
ll,,
et
d~
itt::mfire--1899 {1898)--2 vol~.:
ppa,._387~88.
llJS-A.:ren:tvee Ptt.rlm..e.nteiroa de 1?89-1860--Pt'amiera s&r1e 7
1789
a 1-?9~1:--l'ari ~,.,..I,d. b.r~i:iie .Ad?d:ni a tnti v~l OCT-l~15:
Vol. XLVIl1j ~ • C59",
llS~T~rL!neJ,
Il:tetoire des
Girona:nG--~~le--Haehette e~
Frhrma--Ar't. '!Ill~
1£0-..A.rah1V£S Pc..Ple.r..-e~t~rest
189-....~tiv.e, C'P• cit-.:
V.ol .. LIV, pt!a! 65th
Vol:e: !I!, Book 34, Section 19,
P• 584.
13~1leittipreae1on fie l 'Anoien Mom teur:
Vol XIV., P·• 853.,
01e 1
op.
l~l-,,_,Robi~~t~
132--I-Oen!:-
VoJ.. -. I
I'
451-458.
pps~
Vol"* II, P'*' 1453.
1~4.....~!j~~,
Vt.Jl. !Y ~
r•
11i1 •
13~..!dem,
Vol--
!•
819~
!V~
II~
33Y.
:;; •
err. ei tr.:
135---I,e.~Gac-e·e~
.
Vol.
Qit.~
See nleo Pi..ob!nert., op ..
-cit~:
Vol.
I, I . 483.
l~mr-Clf.,rlyle !l 1frcn~h
18!37-"3 vols.-:
131?-Areh! vea
P.fl-volutton--Lundnn_...,{lht...JliflEhn a.nd Re.11--Vol. I!I. P• 64 ..
Vol. LXXIV,, 11pe. 303-304.
,,r~l~J1anta1ret.n
13~·uatro-V:tr~·t-1f-1.~e1za:
Vol. It> P• 1V4.
159--A:rehi 'VSS P&r.l9?!t.ento.1res:
Vo.l. !,IV,_ p •. 245 :tf.
140-1719-1??6.,
141-l 7~'>-1602.
l4?r-"'Robi~~t,
op.
l44-1leir~r€nn1on
146,~IQa~:
r~ n~4
1 •tu1ciicm tfQnitonr.:
Vo1~ JV~ p~
146<--T!co~n~t,
Vol. !I,
a~t.:
Vol. XVIII;- :pp8.
rz,.
• eit.:
Vol.
II~
yp.s.
~tt
l.!1?-,..,·P~i1I.Jil~tHieion de l 'Jh1G\sn Moniteu.r:
148--Qumt!fe-Vingt-T~o1ze:
11:9--0arlyle~
150-!dem:
.. cit.:
Vol.
I~ "t<.
98; 99.
'tTol. XIV~ JIJJS $49-850.
lYa.
Vol. llit fr• 53.
Vo1'1 11, ;:::J;s. 315, 522.,
101-La.lt-a.rtine~ Ol)•
ait.t
15t;--Bob-'.?.:niat,. t;p.., f'l'!t.:
!sa~-0ueoo"'
153-Robia'iti
Vel. IV, Book 41. Se-etion 4. p. 217.
Vol"' !r J.J• 440.
011. eit.i
Vol. IV,. :P¥S•
09. oit-..:
Vol.
I~ p.
52~626.
253.
15&--Iie:r:.:
Vol. II• f •
l5'?-Id~'7~:
lT-ol. I,,
158-Ide.m:
Vol,
i; .\)
5~2.
690.
,
15~.A•~hivss Pa~le~1~J.ntal.i~at:J:
ffJa dant:..ntle d.ono
t}lttl
Vol. L.X, Ji• 393,.
J!tb.rat eoit dealc~· en eta:t.t de
100--!dem:
Vol. LII g 1'. 275.
l8l-Ido1n:
Vo1.r~x,
l~-IJem:
Vol
.rI, t..; .. 50-70,.,
LI~ p~n* 335-3~~.
lo3-ta~out.1~G ~ op.. oi t (t: 7(ll .. ?i, 11 • 71)4 {under •oomi tea
Vol .. !I,, P• 353.
l55---Ido.r11:
I
166-Qua tr3--·U'in,e;t··Treize-: Vol. l, .PJia. 175-176.
159--.Ide~r
Vol. I
l
'?5--~d3m:
Vol. II, P• l!'.!'3.
l~l~lI~m.:
Vnl. II. t·• 592.
3
~·
176.
re-
179--Idem:
p._ 1?7.
oit..: Vol. IIf p.
180--Caclyle.
c~.
183-Araluves
P~.r:-lemer.. ta1r~o~
184--:Rotinet-, L!., elt ~ :
Vcl L)CV.II, i. Z'!8 f:f.
II !'i IFl.e+
Vol~
165--Ar..:bi ve:a 'f.t..t(.telf~ef.; u:diire~:
16&--Rcbix'J.et, CI·• o:t~.:
-187-!rc:hJ.. 'teS
V~J
Vol. tlI, J;,. ol ,, ff
19l-Id-t1r~:
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l9E--Idem:
Vol. tV;
193--Idem:
V~l.
194-.-0~£-Jyle, o~.
l.9"'~~.. i·tins~
,t. ..
~~ l~C.
cit.: Vo.l.
CJ!• e:tt.:
Feb. 2, 1703.
III~
t• 91.
Vol. !Il, lklolt so,, IJeation
l98~.t.ro111 ~s
P.:wl£mer1ttLil"e£H
S-0.l""r-B-clli..t~-et~
CI. ci:t-.::
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Vel. ..
n'f, ;.
f~~ ) .
49,.
6?0.
Vol. LX,
~!I
48Y.
Vol,, ! .., P• 408.
EO-B-llei111,t·f•&ezion de 1 'Ancien Moili teuri
3f.I6-3n1".
1793.
?Gff.
J'"Jl'·• cit.- t vo.J.• I,
2-03--~rtins,
/
911
41
196---.&cifa.,p~e~t:\1011 tie. J~ "luc1€ln Mord. ·tenl:';
197~J.">OUS&~11
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l70£Pfl!
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LI!!,
t'f
Vol a LX,_ lh 1l>.- Ma11ob
1S6--Ide.rtr.:
~·
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::~s~200.
V\Jl.- IX, 11a-. $£..1-S25.
Ptil~) Bllell't~ ;t1,e~l
lo5
~1.
Vol. XVI, i1• 554-p
Vol. IV,. 'Book 42• Seetlon
12~
ppsill
{?ha sema story is told i.n 6~1.yle,. op., cit.
17'6..,
Vol.
III~ r.1~s. 200-~0l.
'
)
005--..ReimDre;gsion 1e 1 'J.nciat! !-.fon1 terAr:
Vol. UV, p,. 851.
\
218--QnRti~-Vin~t-'T.rei~e;
219--r~r0vsae,,
er~
e:tt.:
2m}--Que~re-Vir1gt~Treizc:
22J~-.-Ptti~eye;.
c:p. cit.:
or ..
cit-.:
22~--~atr~-Vir.gt...Treize:
2~5--Puip,aye,
OF· eit.
J;t.
25lt
V(}l. lI, p-. 961.
Vol.
II~ ~·
lq.
Vol. I!, I . 565.
222--.-Q;rJ&tre-Vinet-,.,reize:
2P~5--TR4f:VtJ8-S~
Vol. I;
!
Vol •. It! l •
16.
Vol., I l l Jc P•
984~
tro1_. I,. P•
~8.
Vel. IIj t• 5Z9.
2g9--Idem. Vol.. I..X,, 1• lOO? •
. 23&--Puiaaye,
2:-;9-Id~em~
op0:,~~-it+
.._:
,,.
Vol~ II~ ppe .. 453~55.
P• 461.
a:.;O--Quatre-V1ngt-'Tre1Z$l
Vol. I~ !:.• 28.
{Me-rt'ly 0&ImQt be
:rrrund ill the Pte..t.er'lnl at. band.)
2:1iB,--"hepe 1.s en- i ..rrt,~r~,;:;ting study of Gui.llet 1:n tan-crt-.re'e
~v:t.ef 11'-n~ l'ei sons $1 V-t~ux 'Pep1eretr __,..rtJ:l 31.en:e 80r1e--Pc.r1a-.,.,.
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234-~_\e.~~"Vinf~t-T!'eize:
Val. II,. ' . 38.
n!eUonnaire de la lMgua
B~n-itt. Code:rrey~
:p:ps. 193-~~~?.
tous ees d'f.alectea dn II-a au
xva
fran~e.1
ae et de
Paris-F •.
V:tewe-g, Lib!'ft1re-t<U teur--1885.....1902-Y \rola. and I:
Vel.
!:llementary V!"Js.:
2~6-~u.~tre-Ving-t-'Tce1zet
237--Puise.ye, c:p.- oi i~ r
21e--~,1tu~.:tre--Vin.trt-Trei:20:
239'-!demt
IV,
G\1.p-
J?• 54811t
Vel. II$< Jt• 12.
V-ttl. II 'P
I:];i'.61
Vol •. IJ !J'°'
l8l.,.l.B2
~l6.
F• 135-.
240-!.:w:r~j.rtine ~
op.
~:f~
t-.:
241---(Jm t.re.,...Vingt--Treiz.et
242-1·o~~outSee ~ ~:p.-
Git,_.,
246--~natJ?e-Vin~t-T~eize:
24~~ob1net, op~
cit.t
24~--Puatre-Vinet-Treizet
Vol.
V~
BQok 55, Section 5,- ii• 366-.
Vol. !,. J?• 26-.
v.r, r- n.s.
Vcl.
Vol. I:, P•
Vol.
z.
Vol.
~·
n.
2e ..
5?.9.
I" 3-7.
24&-feng tre • IT/ieillea M.&..:i eo-11a, Viau:&. Pc.ltier,s:
'rrcitt1e~e
aerie, J:J;.~. ZO'i-'2>\0
24~IbiG., Note-~ Challamel.(hictionna-1.re de la Rev-elution.''
Uous ~-e e1 tons cec .riacc.n~.r-s, fantsi.3iste.e ~etrt-et.re. que
.
ee qtie Parie savai t ou oro)1l1 t ea voir du
-eomt:e -&oboa
!fl"
.
pa.;;;ae d *Ha~)rioi. ca.t !j authantiqu-eml?lnt, ee paase ee.t reste__ _
~
1
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250-La..rouere, Olf • c1 t.: Vol. IX if :pJ;s.,
Vol ..
25l--{!tul~ee-Vut~t-1ft'e1ae:
252--~ou&ae~
op.
~!t.:
Vol~
p. ll 7
xv. p~
4
1106•
\Jul..I, .i- .. 2 1! •
.254-Qua.t-.t~e-·U-ingt-T.i-eia~:
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!~
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II :tc 13ook ll,, Sec ti.on lO, Jr. Z6.
2il8--Q~tre.-Ving1'-~lle'1~:
\Jol
I.
2el--Quu:tre...v:tnit.-11're.tze:
Vol. II, Jt. l"/
255-u~k4&tir.J.c t
c:i 1'. :
ti>
~~
128.
'Ii;
{Mlle. de Leoo111;Je, ir11$.t'ese de Mollien (aie), llr.1a. de la
wonen of tile
rgya!i~t ;p!\rty.)
25£;-G. Le:.. o·tre$ !"e; Marquis de la Reuerie~ ~r,s .. 3B-l17.
1ntaresting in.diViduulB
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tL.roueLont 'the t.towl fl.bout wrtcm 1-nf"cr;rr.ation
i~ i1u10Iripl:ste or a_ntiroellf lfM!k1.r~:
1!e:ade..ree"5 l!e.s Tantea,
"oJ.. ... 1. 1.i• 28" S~.t"'an~ Vol .. l, P• 116; !Ame ... de Bou1~lars,
1?1 tuu !t atld Motf¥,flabe.ri#,. Vol+ l ~ p.. 117 ;- La Reynie, Oo11ehtu1,
4lid
Pillo7. vo1. I.,
r--
128 J
Beza.rd,
Vol. I, 1-JlcG. l "1 a-1 79;
Fesqtie, Vol. IIs l'• 14! Gueeha.mp, Vol.-
Ohai11ta-en-B:lvPr, Vol. I!~ P• 158.
~e to
26-4--Paul o.e
n.
l'J;·i3.- 44 and 94j
(These references
Viet0-? Huro' s~t?uatre-Vingt~'l?reiee" .•
Saint..-Victor~
265--Pulsa:re !' c1 .. cit. :
~
c;tt .. : P• 199'°'
Vol., IV• P• 399.
25~Idem:
p:Ji&,
268-Idemi
Vol. II, 1pa. 253--254.-
41~4J.9.
269-Q'!Jli~Vingt-Treize:
270..-Tb1ers. op. e:tt.:
Vol. IV, l!• 63.
271--Qu~tre--Vingt-~£e1ze:
2'2~-?h!ern, -0~.
el t.:t
zry3.....!demt
PIHl.- 64-85.
274-Ider-J:
Vol.
v,
Vol. II, p-. l7•
Vol. n,
)J.
15.
Vol. IV, p'! 84.
;-pe'll 280-282.
275--Qua~re-Ving~-Troize:
Vol. I,, PI"th l.79-1€0.
2?~Reimp111 oiislon de 1 1 o,,neie11 Momteurt
277--.ArchivsS'
Pa.rlem9nt~lre-0:
218-Q'llatre-Vingt~Trei£et
•
l9D.
281-~Xdemt
~·
2SB-Idem:
J!ps.
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