International network for family poultry development

Transcription

FAMILY POULTRY COMMUNICATIONS
COMMUNICATIONS EN AVICULTURE FAMILIALE
COMUNICACIONES EN AVICULTURA FAMILIAR
Volume|Volumen 21 Number|Numéro|Número 1
January|Janvier|Enero – June|Juin|Junio 2012
Published by | Publiées par | Publicado por
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR FAMILY POULTRY DEVELOPMENT
RÉSEAU INTERNATIONAL POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'AVICULTURE FAMILIALE
RED INTERNACIONAL PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA AVICULTURA FAMILIAR
www.infpd.net
www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/home.html
Family Poultry Communications (FPC) |C
Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF) |C
Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar (CAF)
Editor-in-Chief, FPC | Éditeur-en-Chef, CAF | Editor Principal, CAF
Dr. Jean Claude Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, P.O.Box: 125 Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon, Email: <[email protected]> and <[email protected]>
Associate Editor, FPC | Éditeur associé, CAF | Redactora Asociada, CAF
Pr. Johnson Oluwasola Agbede, Dept. of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.
704, Akure, Nigeria, E-mail: <[email protected]>
Spanish translator | Traducteur en Espagnol |T
Traductor en Español
Mr. Mario Chanona Farrera, Av. Juan Crispin No. 455, Col. Plan de Ayala, C.P. 29,020, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas,
México, E-mail: <[email protected]>
Coordinator, INFPD | Coordonnateur du RIDAF | Coordinador del RIDAF
Dr. E. Fallou Guèye, Livestock Production Systems Branch (AGAS), Animal Production and Healt Division. FAO,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy, E-mail: <[email protected]> or <[email protected]>
International Editorial Board | Comité Éditorial International | Comité de redacción Internacional
Pr. J.O. Agbede, Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure,
Nigeria ● Dr. R.G. Alders, International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Qld, Australia / Lubango,
Angola ● Dr. B. Bagnol, International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Australia and Mozambique ●
Prof. J.G. Bell, United Kingdom ● Prof. A. Cahaner, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel ● Prof.
Aureliano Júarez Caratachea, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarimbaro, Michoacán, México
● Dr. J.C. Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, Bamenda, Cameroon ● Dr. E.F. Guèye, Livestock
Production Systems Branch, FAO, Rome, Italy ● Dr. Q.M.E. Huque, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute,
Dhaka, Bangladesh ● Dr. S. Pousga, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ● Prof. R.A.E.
Pym, University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia ● Dr. P.C.M. Simons, World’s Poultry Science
Association, Beekbergen, The Netherlands ● Prof. E.B. Sonaiya, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ●
Dr. O. Thieme, FAO Animal Production and Health Division, Rome Italy ● Dr. M. Tixier-Boichard, Institut
National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France ● Dr. H.M.J. Udo, Wageningen Agricultural
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands ● Dr. L. Waldron, World’s Poultry Science Journal, Feilding, New
Zealand
The views expressed by the various authors in Family Poultry Communications do not necessarily reflect the official position and
policies of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Les opinions exprimées par les différents auteurs dans Communications en Aviculture Familiale ne reflètent pas nécessairement la
position et les politiques de l’Organisation des Nations-Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO).
Las opiniónes expresadas por los diferentes autores en Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar no necesariamente reflejan la
posición y las políticas oficiales de la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación de los Naciones Unidas (FAO).
ISSN 0796-9295
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CONTENTS | SOMMAIRE | CONTENIDO
EDITORIAL | ÉDITORIAL | EDITORIAL ............................................................................................................................ 1
From Newsletter to Journal - J.C. Fotsa .................................................................................. 1
Du Bulletin d’Informations à une Revue - J.C. Fotsa ............................................................... 2
De Periodico A Revista - J.C. Fotsa .......................................................................................... 3
ORIGINAL ARTICLES | ARTICLES ORIGINAUX | ARTICULOS ORIGINALES .................................................................... 4
État des lieux des parasitoses intestinales chez les poules commerciales dans le département de
l’Atlantique : cas d’Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah et Toffo - T.J. Dougnon, A.P. Edorh, P. Tobada & M.
Gbeassor ................................................................................................................................ 4
Effect of wet feeding on performance of guinea fowl - H.K. Dei, T. Tindan & A. Mohammed ..... 11
Performance of family poultry in Haiti and challenges of a husbandry support program - V.P.
Nchinda, O. Thieme & N.I. Ogali ........................................................................................... 15
Effect of pinioning on growth and behaviour of guinea fowl - H.K. Dei & S.S. Fuseini ............. 25
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS| BREVES COMMUNICATIONS | COMUNICACIONES BREVES ........................................ 29
Promotion of Rural Poultry Production in India - Satish J. Manwar ........................................ 29
NEWS | NOUVELLES | NOTICIAS .................................................................................................................................. 36
A new INFPD Executive Committee - E.B. Sonaiya ................................................................. 36
Un nouveau Comité Exécutif du RIDAF - E.B. Sonaiya ........................................................... 36
Un nuevo Comité Ejecutivo del RIDAF - E.B. Sonaiya ............................................................. 37
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS | RECOMMANDATIONS AUX AUTEURS | INSTRUCCIONES PAR AUTORES .................. 38
Instructions to authors .......................................................................................................... 38
Recommandations aux auteurs .............................................................................................. 40
Instrucciones para autores .................................................................................................... 44
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Editorial | Éditorial | Editorial
From Newsletter to Journal
It is the pleasure of the new Editorial Board members to release this first edition of the journal after it has
metamorphosed from a Newsletter to a substantive journal, Family Poultry Communications (FPC). While we like to
apologize for the delay, it may be necessary to mention here that the delay, though not deliberate, was necessary in
order to perfect and ensure regular releases under this new breath. Members of the Editorial Board clearly realize that
the attainment of standards is a journey, and not a destination! Consequently, we are open to suggestions and opinions
aimed at adding value to the Family Poultry Communications.
It is estimated that the world food requirements by the year 2050 will no doubt double that of 2012. An important
part of these requirements will come from the developing countries and thus it is imperative that smallholding farmers,
especially those keeping family poultry, are given their place in food security developmental programmes. Therefore,
research findings that could be of interest to the local farmers must be promoted with a view, not only to increasing
family protein intake to abate protein deficiency among the vulnerable groups but also to providing employment
opportunities and income generation among the resource poor. In addition, practical ways of solving some emerging
developmental problems such as genetics, nutrition, management and diseases confronting family poultry in developing
world’s needs to be documented. Family Poultry Communications, the official publication of the International Network
for Family Poultry Development (INFPD), is expected to be a veritable medium for channeling all the relevant
information to the outside world. The Editorial board is therefore ready to meet this Herculean task, thanks to God’s
help.
In this issue, you will find both reports on research findings and reviews which are aimed at improving poultry
production. We ensured that the instructions to authors,which we included in this edition, are respected by all those who
submitted their manuscripts to Family Poultry Communications. We invite all potential contributors to follow these
Instructions.
We would like to appreciate the efforts of Dr. El Hadji Fallou Guèye, the current INFPD Coordinator and former
Editor-in-Chief of the INFPD Newsletter who is also one of our French language translators for papers in English and
of Mr. Mario Chanona Farrera our Spanish language translator who both help to maintain the interest of our readers in
these languages. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Agbede Johnson Oluwasola, Deputy Editor-in-Chief for his
invaluable help by working so hard alongside with the Editorial Board to surmount the inevitable challenges of
launching this edition of the Journal, Family Poultry Communications. We express our sincere gratitude to the
reviewers for the sacrifice they have been making in reviewing the many manuscripts submitted for publication and
making the necessary corrections. I would also like to thank FAO and especially Dr. Olaf Thieme for his interest and
support to INFPD. I offer my sincere thanks to Prof. Emmanuel Babafunso Sonaiya, INFPD co-founder and former
Coordinator, for his efforts to build the foundation on which we stand in this moment of history.
Dr. Fotsa Jean Claude,
Editor-in-Chief, Family Poultry Communications
Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, P.O.Box 125 Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon,
E-mail: <[email protected]>
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Family Poultry Communications | Communications en Aviculture Familiale | Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar, Vol.21, No.1
1/46
Du Bulletin d’Informations à une Revue
C'est avec un plaisir pour les nouveaux membres du comité Editorial de sortir cette première édition du journal
après qu’il soit muté du Bulletin d’Informations à une Revue: Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF). Même si
nous tenons à nous excuser pour le retard, il peut être nécessaire de mentionner ici que le retard, non délibéré, était
nécessaire afin de se perfectionner et d'assurer une parution régulière sous ce nouveau souffle. Les membres du Comité
Editorial sont bien conscients qu’arriver aux normes et standards est un long processus et non une destination ! Par
conséquent, des suggestions et opinions pouvant permettre des améliorations de Communications en Aviculture
Familiale seront les bienvenues.
On estime que les besoins alimentaires mondiaux à l’horizon 2050 seront sans aucun doute le double de ceux de
2012. Une importante part de ces besoins viendra des pays en développement. Il est donc de ce fait impératif que les
petits fermiers, en particulier les aviculteurs familiaux se taillent la place qui est la leur dans les programmes de
développement pour la sécurité alimentaire. Par conséquent, les résultats des recherches prouvant leur utilité auprès des
aviculteurs locaux devront être encouragés ayant en vue, non seulement de rehausser la consommation familiale en
protéines et réduire ainsi les carences protéiques chez les plus vulnérables, mais aussi d’augmenter les possibilités
d’emploi afin d’accroitre les revenus chez les plus démunis. En outre, les moyens les plus pragmatiques pour résoudre
certains problèmes émergents de développement comme la génétique, la nutrition, la gestion et le contrôle des maladies
affectant l’aviculture familiale dans le monde en développement demande une bonne documentation. En tant que
publication officielle du Réseau international pour le développement de l'aviculture familiale (RIDAF), les
Communications en Aviculture Familiale devraient être une véritable interface de relai de toutes les informations
pertinentes vers le monde extérieur. Le Comité Editorial est par conséquent prêt pour affronter cette tâche d’Hercule par
la grâce de Dieu.
Dans cette édition, vous trouverez à la fois les résultats des recherches et une brève communication dont le but est
d’améliorer la production avicole. Nous avons veillé à ce que les recommandations aux auteurs, que nous avons pris le
soin d’inclure dans cette édition, soient respectées par tous ceux qui ont soumis leurs manuscrits au Journal
Communications en Aviculture Familiale. Nous invitons tous les potentiels contributeurs de suivre ces
Recommandations.
Je tiens à apprécier les efforts déployés par Dr. El Hadji Fallou Guèye, l’actuel Coordonnateur du RIDAF et
ancien Editeur-en-Chef du Bulletin RIDAF et qui se trouve aussi être l'un de nos traducteurs en langue française pour
les articles en Anglais et le M. Mario Chanona Farrera qui est notre Traducteur en langue espagnole afin de prendre en
compte les intérêts des lecteurs dans ces langues respectives. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant envers le Prof.
Agbede Johnson Oluwasola, Rédacteur-en-Chef Adjoint pour l’aide ô combien inestimable qu’il a apportée au comité
Editorial en levant les difficultés qui auraient pu empêcher la sortie de cette édition de Communications en Aviculture
Familiale. J’exprime ici ma profonde gratitude aux relecteurs pour l’esprit de sacrifice qu’ils ont fait montre en évaluant
les nombreux manuscrits soumis pour publication tout en leur apportant les corrections nécessaires. Je voudrais
également remercier la FAO et surtout le Dr. Thieme Olaf pour le soutien au RIDAF. Je présente mes sincères
remerciements au Prof. Emmanuel Babafunso Sonaiya pour, co-fondateur et ancien Coordonnateur du RIDAF, pour ses
efforts soutenus pour bâtir le socle sur lequel nous nous tenons en ce moment précis de l’histoire.
Dr. Fotsa Jean Claude
Editeur-En-Chef de Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF)
Station Polyvalente de Recherche Agricole de Mankon, B.P. 125 Bamenda, République du Cameroun,
E-mail<[email protected]>
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2/46
De Periodico A Revista
Es un placer para todos los miembros del consejo editorial el presentar a la primera publicación de la metamorfosis
sufrida por nuestro periódico a una revista más sustancial, Family Poultry Comunications (FPC), (comunicados de
avicultura familiar). También deseamos presentar una disculpa por el retraso, que aunque no ha sido deliberado, si ha
sido necesario para darle nuevo aliento a nuestros comunicados. Nuestro consejo editorial ve claramente que los logros
se obtienen atraves de la jornada y no como una meta. En consecuencia, estamos abiertos a opiniones, y sugerencias que
le den mayor valor a los Comunicados de Avicultura Familiar.
Se estima que para el año 2050, las necesidades de alimento serán de el doble que para el año 2012. Una parte
importante de este requerimiento será para los países en desarrollo, por eso es importante que los pequeños productores
y muy en especial aquellos que manejan aves, tengan un lugar para su seguridad alimentaria dentro de los programas de
apoyo para el desarrollo de la avicultura familiar. Por esto, los hallazgos dentro de las investigaciones que puedan ser de
interés para los productores locales, deben de ser promovidas con una visión no solo para incrementar el consumo de
proteínas y abatir esta deficiencia dentro de los grupos más vulnerables, sino también para proveer empleo,
oportunidades de generar ingresos para resarcir la pobreza. Además, el encontrar formas prácticas de resolver los
problemas de genética, alimentación, manejo, atención de enfermedades, todo esto debe de ser documentado en los
países en desarrollo. Los Comunicados de Avicultura Familiar, publicación oficial de la Red Internacional para el
Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar (RIDAF), (INFPD) por sus siglas en inglés, se espera sean el medio para canalizar
toda la información relevante hacia el mundo exterior. El consejo editorial se encuentra listo para esta tarea titánica con
la ayuda de Dios.
En esta revista, vamos a encontrar ambos, reportes sobre hallazgos de investigaciones, asi como reportes que nos
permiten obtener mejoras en la producción avícola. Les aseguramos que las contribuciones de los autores que incluimos
en esta edición, son respetuosas de todos aquellos que enviaron sus manuscritos a Comunicados de Avicultura Familiar.
Invitamos a todos los potenciales colaboradores para que sigan este camino.
Deseamos agradecer el esfuerzo del Dr. Fallou Gueye, el actual coordinador del (RIDAF) y editor en jefe del
periódico INFPD (RIDAF), quien además es el traductor oficial al idioma Frances de los documentos recibidos en
Inglés y al MVZ. Mario Chanona Farrera nuestro traductor al Español, con el afán de tener lectores en estos idiomas.
Yo estoy particularmente agradecido con el Pfr.Agbede Johnson Oluwasola editor en jefe por su invaluable ayuda, el ha
estado trabajando arduamente con el consejo editorial, para superar los desafíos inevitables para la realización de esta
revista. Expreso mi sincero agradecimiento a quienes revisaron todos los manuscritos enviados para esta publicación y
hacerles las correcciones necesarias. Asi también deseo agradecer a la FAO, en especial al Dr. Olaf Thieme por su
interés y apoyo al RIDAF. Ofresco mi agradecimiento al Prof. Emmanuel Baba Funso Sonaya, co-fundador del RIDAF
y principal coordinador, por su esfuerzo en construir la fundación en la que nos encontramos en este momento de la
historia.
Dr. Fotsa Jean Claude.
Editor en Jefe de Comunicaciones de Avicultura Familiar (CAF)
Estación de investigaciones polivalentes de Mankon, P.O. Box 125 Bamenda, República de Camerún.
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Original articles | Articles originaux | Articulos Originales
État des lieux des parasitoses intestinales chez les poules commerciales
dans le département de l’Atlantique : cas d’Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah et Toffo
T.J. DOUGNON1*, A.P. EDORH2, P. TOBADA1 & M. GBEASSOR3
1. Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Département de Productions Animales, Laboratoire de
Recherches en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 2009 Cotonou,
Bénin
2. Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP 526
Cotonou, Bénin.
3. Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo.
*Auteur pour correspondance: Tél.: 00(229) 97396411/90084371 e-mail: [email protected]
Résumé
La production avicole est en plein essor au Bénin. Cependant, elle est confrontée à d’énormes contraintes parmi
lesquelles les parasitoses intestinales occupent une place de choix. Cette étude de la parasitose intestinale a été faite
chez les poules commerciales élevées au sol et en cage pendant la phase pré-ponte et ponte dans le département de
l’Atlantique au Bénin. Le parasitisme interne, évalué par les œufs par gramme (OPG) de parasites, était plus élevé au
sol qu’en cages avec les résultats suivants : 32,6 ± 9,14 contre 42,3 ± 00 pour Ascaridia et 590,7 ± 42,23 contre 79,9 ±
40,8 pour les coccidies. Le parasite Capillaria est plus abondant en cages qu’au sol avec des valeurs respectives de 6,2
± 1,25 contre 3,3 ± 1,67. Les poules sont moins parasitées en phase pré-ponte que durant la période de ponte: 1,3 ± 0,33
contre 3,3 ± 1,67 pour le parasite Capillaria ; 5,2 ± 1,18 contre 32,6 ± 3,14 pour Ascaridia. En ce qui concerne les
coccidies, le phénomène est inverse avec une valeur de 3237,6 ± 429,91 pendant la phase pré-ponte contre 590,7 ±
42,23 pour la phase ponte. La présence des vers ronds et des coccidies dans les exploitations de poules pondeuses de
souche commerciale fait suite à un programme de déparasitage inadéquat et par conséquent nécessite un renforcement
des capacités des aviculteurs dans ce domaine précis afin de lever cette contrainte.
Mots-clés : Parasitoses intestinales, poulets commerciaux, Bénin.
State of intestinal parasitosis of commercial chickens in the Atlantic Division: case study
of Abomey, Ouidah and Toffo
Abstract
Poultry production is booming in Benin. However, it faces numerous constraints, including the intestinal parasitism
which plays a major role. This study about internal parasitism was carried out in laying hens kept under different
management systems (floor, cages) during the pre-laying and laying phases in the Atlantic Department, Benin. Internal
parasitism, assessed through eggs per gram (EPG) parasites, was higher on floor than in cages with the following
results: 32.6 ± 9.14 vs 42.3 ± 00 for Ascaridia and 590.7 ± 42.23 versus 79.9 ± 40.8 for coccidia. Regarding the
Capillaria parasite, the difference is not significant even if the value of 3.3 ± 1.67 in the floor is lower than 6.2 ± 1.25
obtained in cages. Internal parasitism is less noticeable in the pre-laying phase than in the laying phase with the
following values: 1.3 ± 0.33 versus 3.3 ± 1.67 for the Capillaria parasite; 5.2 ± 1.18 vs 32 , 6 ± 3.14 for Ascaridia. With
regard to coccidia, the situation is reversed with a value of 3237.6 ± 429.91 during the pre-laying phase compared with
590.7 ± 42.23 during the laying phase. The presence of roundworms and coccidia in imported laying hen flocks requires
the training of farmers in the poultry sector.
Keywords: Intestinal parasitosis, commercial chickens, Atlantic, Benin.
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Condición de Parasitosis Interna en Gallinas Comerciales en Division Atlantic: Estudio de
caso de Abomey, Ouidah y Toffo
Resumen
En un estudio realizado durante la etapa de desarrollo de gallinas de postura importadas en el Depatamento Atlantico de
Bénin, se evaluaron la cantidad de huevos por gramo (EPG) de heces, en las etapas de pre-postura y postura, bajo los
sistemas de manejo en piso y en jaula. Fueron encontradas, mayores cantidades de parásitos internos en las aves de piso
que en las de jaula, encontrándose los siguientes resultados. 32.6 ± 9.14 vs. 42.3± para Ascaridia; y 590.7 ± 42.23 vs.
79.9 ± 40.8 para Coccidia. Con respecto a Capillaria la diferencia no fue significativa aún cuando el valor de 3.3 ± 1.67
en el piso fue más bajo que el de 6.2 ± 1.25 obtenido en las jaulas. Los parásitos internos fueron menos presentes en la
etapa de pre-postura que en la etapa de postura, con los siguientes valores: 1.3 ± 0.33 vs. 3.3 ± 1.67 para la Capillaria;
5.2 ± 1.18 vs. 32.6 ± 3.14 para las Ascaridias. Con respecto a las Coccidias el valor es al revéz con 3237.6 ± 429.91
durante la pre-postura, comparado con 590.7 ± 42.23 durante la fase de postura. La presencia de Ascarides y de
Coccidias en gallinas importadas requiere de un entrenamiento en los avicultores.
Palabras Clave: Parásitos Intestinales, Gallinas Comerciales, Atlantic, Bénin.
Introduction
La poussée démographique en République du Bénin favorise la demande toujours croissante en protéines d’origine
animale. Pour pallier le déficit alimentaire, l’élevage des animaux à cycle court, surtout de la volaille revêt une
importance capitale. Cependant, l’explosion de la filière avicole ces dix dernières années est confrontée à certaines
contraintes. En effet, en 1991, les mortalités annuelles de poussin en élevage avicole au Cameroun étaient évaluées à
90% (Amayene, 1991). Outre les maladies infectieuses, ces mortalités sont attribuées aux maladies parasitaires
notamment celles dues aux parasites gastro-intestinaux (Ikeme, 1971). A. galli est le plus prévalent et le plus abondant
nématode chez les oiseaux de basse-cour au Nigeria (Ikeme, 1971) et le second après Heterakis spp. à Dschang au
Cameroun (Mpoame et Essomba, 2000). Selon Chrysostome et al. (1995), les risques sanitaires constituent le principal
frein au développement de l’aviculture au Bénin. Les dégâts économiques liés aux parasitoses dues aux helminthes,
protozoaires et ectoparasites occupent une place non négligeable dans le non-décollement de la filière. La lutte efficace,
rationnelle et permanente contre les parasitoses impose une meilleure connaissance des parasites mis en cause dans le
contexte avicole béninois. Malgré les travaux de Mpoame et al. (2003) au Cameroun et de Oloukounlé (2003) au Bénin,
la volaille continue de payer un lourd tribut aux parasitoses gastro-intestinales d’où l’importance de la présente étude
dans les élevages de poulets importés dans l’Atlantique : Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah et Toffo.
Matériel et méthodes
L’étude a été réalisée dans le Département de l’Atlantique du Bénin de Juin à Août 2011. Les fermes avicoles
d’Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah et Toffo, ont été explorées en vue d’un prélèvement coprologique (Figure 1).
Dans chaque commune, il a été ciblé au hasard cinq fermes aussi bien pour la phase pré-ponte que pour la phase de
ponte puis les systèmes d’élevage (sol, cages). Seules les fermes dont l’effectif de poules commerciales est supérieur ou
égal à 100 têtes ont été prises en compte. Ainsi, 500 sujets ont été visés aussi bien pour chaque phase que pour chaque
système d’élevage. La recherche des parasites du tube digestif a été réalisée en effectuant quatre (04) séries de
prélèvements. Deux séries de prélèvement ont été réalisées par mois, une série la première quinzaine et une autre la
deuxième quinzaine du même mois, ceci durant deux mois successifs. Les techniques utilisées sont les suivantes :
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Figure 1 : Localisation des zones de prélèvement de fientes de poules commerciale
Prélèvement des fientes
En ce qui concerne le prélèvement de fientes chez les sujets au sol, des papiers de ciment ont été disposés sous des
paniers où étaient enfermées 4 poules à la veille. Ainsi, les fientes les plus fraîches possibles et sans corps étrangers
étaient récupérées le lendemain matin à sept heures. Quatre paniers étaient installés à cet effet dans les coins de chaque
poulailler. S’agissant des sujets en batterie, des sacs de jute étaient attachés sous les cages de ponte pour la récupération
des fientes fraîches.
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Identification des parasites internes
Les œufs des parasites sont été identifiés selon la méthode de Thiempont et al. (1995) et Soulsby (1982).
L’analyse du taux de réduction a été évaluée selon la formule ci-après:
TDR = [(T0 – T1)*100] / [T0]
TDR
= Taux de réduction
T0
= Taux d’infestation au début essai
T1
= Taux d’infestation à la fin essai
Analyses statistiques
Les données sur les charges parasitaires et les OPG ont été soumises à l’analyse de variances (ANOVA) selon le
modèle de Kendall et al. (1970) basé sur la moyenne des carrés. Les moyennes ont été comparées suivant la méthode de
la PPDS lorsqu’elles présentaient des différences significatives.
Résultats
Comparaison de deux phases d’élevage pour les OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules commerciales
dans la zone d’Abomey-Calavi. La présence des parasites Capillaria et Ascaridia au cours de l’élevage à Abomey –
Calavi est manifeste en phase de ponte (4,1 ± 1,12 pour Capillaria et 55,6 ± 16,68 pour Ascaridia). Ces parasites sont
absents en phase pré-ponte. Par contre les ookystes sont plus présents en phase pré-ponte la différence étant
significative au seuil de 0,05 (Tableau 1).A Ouidah, le parasitisme est également élevé en phase de ponte pour les
parasites Capillaria (2±0,2) et Ascaridia (10,2 ± 1,25) par rapport à la phase de pré-ponte. Mais les ookystes sont plus
présents en phase de pré ponte (3774,2 ±89,58) (p≤0,05) (Tableau 2).
Tableau 1 : Comparaison des OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules importées selon la phase d’élevage
dans la zone d’Abomey-Calavi.
Phases d’élevage
OPG
Capillaria
Ascaridia
Ookyste
Pré-ponte
Oa
Oa
4028,66 ± 303,37a
Ponte
4,10 ± 1,12b
55,6 ± 16,68b
194,5 ± 85,21b
Probabilité
0,004
0,008
0,007
Les valeurs moyennes suivies de lettres différentes au niveau de la même colonne sont significativement différentes
(P≤0.05).
Tableau 2: Comparaison des OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules importées selon la phase d’élevage
dans la zone de Ouidah.
Phases d’élevage
OPG
Capillaria
Ascaridia
Ookyste
Pré-ponte
Oa
Oa
3774,3 ±89,58a
Ponte
2 ± 0,2b
10,3 ± 1,25b
194,5 ± 85,21 b
probabilité
0,003
0,005
0,007
(P≤0.05).
A Toffo, le parasite Capillaria (3,9±0,55) et Ascaridia (114,6 ± 5,87) sont plus présents pendant la phase de ponte
qu’en phase de pré-ponte (Tableau 3). Mais les ookystes sont manifestement plus présents en phase pré-ponte (2453,7
+/- 82,21) (p≤0,05).
7/46
Tableau 3 : Comparaison des OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules importées selon la phase d’élevage
dans la zone de Toffo.
Phase d’élevage
OPG
Capillaria
Ascaridia
Ookyste
a
a
pré-ponte
0
2±2
2453,8 ± 82,21b
Ponte
3,9± 0,55b
114,7±5,87b
51 ± 02,75b
probabilité
0,001
0,003
0,005
(P≤0.05).
De la même façon, des comparaisons des systèmes d’élevage (sol, cages) ont été effectuées. Le parasitisme est
plus accentué au niveau de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi notamment pour les parasites Capillaria (4,1±1,12), Ascaridia
(42,3±10) et les ookystes (194,5± 45,21) pour le système d’élevage au sol comparé au système d’élevage en batterie
(p≤0,05) (Tableau 4).
Tableau 4: Comparaison des OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules importées selon le système
d’élevage dans la zone d’Abomey-Calavi.
Phase d’élevage
OPG
Capillaria
Ascaridia
Ookyste
a
a
Sol
4,1 ± 1,12
42 ,3 ± 10
194,5 ± 45,21b
Cages
0b
12, 6 ± 9,14b
0b
probabilité
0,002
0,002
0,004
(P≤0.05).
Au niveau de la ville d’Ouidah, les parasites, Capillaria (25±0,5), Ascaridia (20,2±0,25) et les ookystes sont
significativement plus présents au sol (272,5 ±16,38) qu’en batterie (p≤0,05) (Tableau 5). Au niveau des élevages
avicoles de Toffo, le système en batterie n’a pas enregistré de parasites Capillaria (3,9±0,55) et Ascaridia (114,6 ±
5,87).
Tableau 5: Comparaison des OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules importées selon le système
d’élevage dans la zone de Ouidah.
Phase d’élevage
OPG
Capillaria
Ascaridia
Ookyste
a
a
Sol
25 ± 0,5
20,3 ±0,25
272,5 ± 16,38a
b
b
Cages
2,00 ± 0,2
4 ±0,4
09 ± 0,96b
probabilité
0,003
0,002
0,005
(P≤0.05).
Les ookystes seuls sont significativement présents en batterie (10,9 ± 02,75) (Tabeau 6). Les poules sont
généralement plus parasitées au sol qu’en batterie parasitisme avec un taux de 2,3 ± 0,67% pour Capillaria; 4± 2,31%
pour Ascaridia et 79,8±1,8 pour les coccidies (Tableau 7).
Tableau 6 : Comparaison des OPG de chaque parasite interne chez les poules importées selon le système
d’élevage dans la zone de Toffo.
Phase d’élevage
OPG
Capillaria
Ascaridia
Ookyste
a
a
Sol
3,9 ± 0,55
114,7 ±5,87
179 ± 12,97a
Cages
0b
0b
10,9 ± 02,75b
probabilité
0,006
0,008
0,006
(P≤0.05).
8/46
Tableau 7 : Comparaison des OPG des trois types de parasites selon les phases d’élevage dans la zone d’étude.
Phase d’élevage
OPG
Pré-ponte
Pondeuses au sol
Pondeuses en cages
Capillaria
4,3 ± 0,33a
20,3 ± 0,25a
2,3 ± 0,67a
a
b
Ascaridia
5,2 ±1,18
32,6± 9,14
4 ± 2,31c
Ookyste
3237, 6 ± 42,91a
590,7± 2,23b
79,9 ± 1,8c
Probabilité
0,007
0,006
0,003
(P≤0.05).
Discussion
L’importance de la présente étude réside dans le fait que malgré l’éclosion de plusieurs élevages avicoles urbains
et périurbains, pour satisfaire la demande élevée en œufs de consommation et de viande de poulets, un fossé béant
persiste entre l’offre et la demande (Aliou, 2001). Cette situation justifie l’importation massive des produits de volailles
pour combler le vide créé par la faible production de volailles au niveau national (N’Noume, 2000). L’amélioration de
la production nationale de volaille passe par un état des lieux des systèmes d’élevage, des phases de production afin
d’identifier les contraintes de gestion technique. Il s’agira alors de mettre en place de bonnes pratiques de conduite
surtout sur le plan sanitaire notamment en matière de contrôle des parasites internes.
En ce qui concerne les phases d’élevage (pré-ponte et ponte) à travers les OPG de chaque parasite interne,
l’infestation due aux Capillaria et Ascaridia est toujours plus élevée pendant la phase ponte que pendant la phase préponte au niveau de chaque élevage. Il y a cependant des différences parfois très significatives comme le cas d’AbomeyCalavi avec le parasite Ascaridia et plus importante encore dans la zone de Toffo. Cette situation s’explique dans la
mesure où les risques d’infestation sont plus élevés pendant la phase ponte.
La plupart d’éleveurs de poules pondeuses ne maîtrisent pas la gestion technique de l’élevage ; ils tiennent
rarement des fiches de suivi qui leur permettraient de rentabiliser leur entreprise. Sur le plan financier, les crédits mis en
place au profit des aviculteurs sont parfois prohibitifs : au-delà de 20% comme taux d’intérêt généralement
remboursable dès le premier mois qui suit la mise en place du crédit. La conséquence est le manque de soutien financier
pendant la phase de production des poules ; ceci engendre un mauvais entretien surtout sur le plan sanitaire de ces
animaux. Le ramassage des fientes de poulets dans les poulaillers ponte au sol, mal entretenus, est la source de
multiplication de germes pathogènes et surtout de parasites. Ce risque s’accroît avec l’humidité provoquée par les
mauvais dispositifs d’abreuvement des pondeuses. Ces résultats confirment les conclusions de Petit (1991) attestant le
mauvais entretien des poulaillers comme étant le facteur primordial du développement du parasitisme dans les élevages
des régions tropicales
Même si les résultats sont pour la plupart sans grande importance statistiquement, les OPG obtenus sont en général
plus élevés pour l’élevage au sol comparé à celui pratiqué en batterie. Quand les poulets sont élevés en hauteur, ils ne
sont pas en contact avec la litière souillée ; ils sont donc beaucoup plus à l’abri du parasitisme. L’insuffisance d’hygiène
dans l’élevage avicole favorise l’éclosion des parasites puisque les poulets élevés au sol ingèrent beaucoup plus
facilement des œufs de parasites. Ceci pose le problème du choix du système d’élevage. Le système d’élevage en cages
offre de multiples avantages. Cependant le coût onéreux pour cet investissement contraint les aviculteurs à opter
généralement pour l’élevage au sol dans les pays tropicaux (Jourdain, 1990). La gestion des fientes dans les cages
constitue aussi un sérieux problème environnemental chez les quelques rares aviculteurs qui optent pour ce système
d’élevage. Par ailleurs, les installations avicoles ne sont pas souvent réalisées par des professionnels. Même si les
poules sont à l’abri des parasites, les conditions sont beaucoup plus favorables au développement de virus et bactéries
aviaires dans les exploitations avicoles qui disposent d’un système d’élevage en cages en République du Bénin.
Conclusions
L’étude menée sur les parasitoses gastro-intestinales dans le Département de l’Atlantique a révélé :
– L’existence des helminthoses dues à deux nématodes (Ascaridia, Capillaria) avec la présence des ookystes surtout
en phase de pré-ponte.
– Les poules élevées en cages sont moins parasitées que celles élevées au sol.
– La formation des aviculteurs devient une nécessité en vue de l’adoption d’un calendrier prophylactique adéquat. Ceci
constitue la solution aux contraintes sanitaires auxquelles est confrontée l’aviculture dans le département de
l’Atlantique.
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Impact
Le poulet béninois et les œufs contribuent respectivement à 2,4% et 1,4% dans la formation du chiffre d’affaire
agricole du Bénin. Cependant, ce secteur est confronté à d’énormes problèmes sanitaires dont les parasitoses gastrointestinales. La présente étude établit un état des lieux de ces affections dans le Département de l’Atlantique qui
représente la plus grande zone en aviculture commerciale au Bénin. De l’analyse des résultats, il ressort que
l’ascaridiose, la capillariose et surtout les coccidies viennent au premier plan surtout au niveau du système d’élevage au
sol. Il urge d’améliorer le système d’élevage en matière d’élevage de poulets commerciaux. Ceci passe nécessairement
par la mise en place de crédits adéquats et spécifiques à l’élevage avicole. Les producteurs, les provendiers, les
vendeurs d’intrants et de produits finis avicoles, les techniciens pourront en tirer profit pour l’épanouissement de cette
filière avicole au Bénin.
Références bibliographiques
ALIOU, Y. (2001) Contribution à l’étude des caractéristiques dominantes de gestion technique des exploitations
avicoles commerciales des grandes agglomérations au Sud-Bénin. Mémoire de fin d’études au Collège
Polytechnique Universitaire (CPU). Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi. 67 p.
AMAYENE, P. (1991) Comparaison de quelques paramètres de production et de croissance de poulets locaux du
Cameroun à ceux de la race Rhode Island Red. Mémoire de fin d’étude, Centre Universitaire de Dschang,
Cameroun. 62 p.
CHRYSOSTOME, C.A.A.M., BELL, J.G., DEMEY, F. and VERHULST, A. (1995) Seroprevalence to three
diseases in village chickens in Benin. Preventive Veterinary Medecine 22 : 257-261.
IKEME, M.M. (1971) Effects of different levels of nutrition and continuing dosing of poultry with Ascaridia galli eggs
on the subsequent development of parasite populations. Parasitology 63: 233-250.
JOURDAIN, I. (1990) L’aviculture en milieu tropical. Revue avicole, Paris, France. 147 p.
KENDALL, M.G. & YSIDRO, F. (1970) Studies in the history of Statistics and probability, London. 257-263.
MPOAME, M. & ESSOMBA, L.I. (2000) Essai de traitement contre des parasitoses gastro-intestinales du poulet avec
les décoctions aqueuses de graines de papaye (Carica papaya). Revue Elev. Méd. Véd. Pays trop. 53 (1) : 23-25.
MPOAME, M., TEGUIA, A. & AKOA, E.J.M. (2003) Evaluation de l’efficacité des extraits aqueux de graines de
papaye (Carica papaya) dans le traitement de la coccidiose cæcale à Eimeria tenella chez le poulet de chair.
Tropicultura 21(3): 153-156.
N’NOUME, L. (2000) La filière poulet dans le Sud-Bénin : Etat des lieux. Mémoire de fin de cycle CPU/UNB,
Abomey-Calavi. 56 p.
OLOUKOUNLÉ, M. (2003) Effet comparatif de citrate de Pipérazine et des Graines de Papaye sur Ascaridia galli
chez les poules pondeuses ″ISA BROWN″. Mémoire de fin d’études au Lycée Agricole Mèdji de Sékou, Allada,
Bénin. 67 p
PETIT, F. (1991) Manuel d’aviculture en Afrique. Rhône Mérieux, Paris, France. 74 p.
SOULSBY, E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. Baillière Tindall, London. 205
p.
THIEMPONT, D., ROCHETTE, F., VANPARUS, Q.F.J. (1995) Le diagnostic des verminoses par examen
coprologique. 2ème édition. Janssen Research Foundation. Beerse Belgique, p. 29.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Effect of wet feeding on performance of guinea fowl
H.K. DEI1, T. TINDAN and A. MOHAMMED
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL1882,
Tamale, Ghana.
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) are increasingly kept under intensive management. An 8-week feeding trial was
conducted to determine the effect of wet feeding on growth performance. Two experimental diets (dry and wet) with 6
replicates each using a completely randomized design were tested from 6 to 14 weeks of age. Each replicate consisted
of 5 unsexed keets of mean initial live weight of 280 g/bird that were placed in deep-litter pens (1m x 1m). The wet
mash was prepared daily by addition of 1.3 parts of water to 1 part of dry feed. Feed and water were provided ad
libitum. Growth data were analysed by one factor analysis. Wet feeding reduced (P≤0.01) daily mean feed intake [dry
feed = 67.2 versus wet feed = 59.7 g/bird], but improved (P≤0.01) gain/feed ratio [dry feed = 0.245 versus wet feed =
0.295] that resulted in higher (P≤0.05) daily mean live-weight gain [dry feed = 16.4 versus wet feed = 17.6 g/bird] and
live-weight at 14 weeks of age [dry feed = 919 versus wet feed = 984 g/bird]. It is concluded that wet feeding has the
potential to improve growth of guinea fowl.
Keywords: Guinea fowl; wet feed; growth performance
Effet de l'alimentation humide sur la performance de la pintade
Résumé
Les pintades (Numida meleagris) sont de plus en plus élevées en système intensif. Un essai de nutrition a été mené
pendant 8 semaines afin d’évaluer l’influence d’une alimentation fraiche sur les performances de croissance des
pintades. Pour se faire, deux types de rations expérimentales (sèche et humide) ont été distribués de 6 à 14 semaines
d’âge suivant un dispositif complètement randomisé; chaque ration ayant 6 répétitions. Chaque répétition consistait en 5
pintadeaux non sexés, chacun ayant un poids initial moyen de 280 g et tous les animaux élevés sur litière profonde de
1m3 (1m x 1m). La ration fraiche a été préparée en ajoutant quotidiennement 1,3 part d'eau à 1 part d'aliment sec. Les
animaux ont été nourris et abreuvés ad libitum. Les données de croissance ont été soumises à une analyse de variance
unidimensionnelle. Les principaux résultats montrent la réduction significative (P≤0,01) de la consommation journalière
de l’aliment frais [aliment sec = 67,2 par rapport à l’alimentation humide = 59,7 g/sujet], mais a un effet améliorateur
(P≤0,01) du ratio gain/aliment [aliment sec = 0,245 comparés aux aliments frais = 0,295] ce qui accroit (P≤0,05) le gain
de poids journalier [aliment sec = 16,4 par rapport à l’aliment frais = 17,6 g/sujet] et le poids vif à 14 semaines d'âge
[aliment sec = 919 par rapport à l’aliment frais = 984 g/sujet]. Il est conclu que la distribution d’une alimentation
fraiche pourrait améliorer la croissance de la pintade.
Mots clés: Effet thermique, contrôle alimentaire, croissance, poulet.
Efecto de la Dieta Húmeda en el Desempeño de las Gallinas de Guinea.
Resumen
Se ha incrementado el mantener bajo manejo intensivo a las gallinas de Guinea (Numida meleagris) . Un estudio de 8
semanas sobre su alimentación, se realizó para determinar el efecto de la dieta húmeda sobre el desempeño en el
crecimiento. Dos dietas exprimentales (seca y húmeda) con 6 repeticiones bajo un diseño aleatorio de cada una, fue
probado de las 6 a las 14 semanas de edad. Cada replicación consistió en lotes de 5 aves sin sexar, colocadas en un
espacio de (1m x 1m x 1m). La masa húmeda se preparó agregándole 1.3 partes de agua a 1 parte de alimento seco,
diariamente, el alimento y el agua se proporcionaron ad libitum. Los datos sobre el crecimiento se analizaron por
análisis de un factor. La dieta húmeda, redujo (p≤0.01) la ingesta diaria (dieta seca 67.2 v.s. dieta húmeda 59.7 gr. por
ave, pero mejoró (P≤ 0.01) la conversión alimenticia (dieta seca 0.245 vs dieta húmeda 0.295), esto resultó en una
mayor ganancia de peso diaria (dieta seca 16.4 vs. 17.6 gr. por ave de la dieta húmeda) y el peso vivo a las 14 semanas
de edad (dieta seca 919 vs. dieta húmeda 984 gr. por ave) se concluye que la dieta húmeda tiene potencial para mejorar
el crecimiento de las gallinas de Guinea.
11/46
Palabras Clave: Gallinas de Guinea, dieta húmeda, desempeño en el crecimiento.
Introduction
Intensive rearing of guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) has proved to be profitable as well as important in ensuring
food security in sub-Saharan Africa (Guerne-Bleich et al., 2005). Thus there has been a gradual shift from scavenging
to intensive rearing. Guinea fowls by their nature can waste a lot of feed when they scoop with their beak during
feeding (Nsoso et al., 2003). Wet feeding may curtail feed wastage as well as ensure efficiency of feed utilisation, since
feed alone constitutes major cost in poultry production. Other advantages of wet feeding include reduction in dust in
intensive houses (Forbes, 2003) and, most importantly, improvement in growth performance of broiler chickens,
particularly under hot climatic conditions (Mai, 2007; Awojobi et al., 2009; Dei and Bumbie, 2009) as well as enhanced
efficiency of feed utilisation in growing ducks (Forbes, 2003). However, it is not known how wet feeding would
influence growth performance of guinea fowls.
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of wet feeding on performance of guinea fowls kept in
confinement.
Materials and methods
Study site and experimental birds
The study was conducted between September and December 2010 at Nyankpala in the Northern Region of Ghana,
which is located in the Guinea Savanna zone. One hundred (100) day-old keets of guinea fowl (Pearl variety) were
brooded in a deep-litter house for six weeks on a starter mash (Table 1) that contained 238 g/kg crude protein (CP) and
12.6 MJ/kg metabolisable energy (ME). At six weeks of age, sixty unsexed keets of similar live weights were selected
and divided into 12 groups of 5 keets with mean live weight of 280 g/bird. Two treatments (dry and wet mashes) were
tested. Each treatment was replicated 6 times using a completely randomized design. A grower diet (Table 1) based on
maize and fishmeal that contained 200 g/kg CP and 12.5 MJ/kg ME was used. The wet mash was prepared daily by
addition of 1.3 parts of water to 1 part of dry feed as recommended by Yalda and Forbes (1995) for chicken. The birds
were housed in deep litter pens (1m x 1m) with floor space of 0.15 m2/bird. Feed and water were given ad libitum and
light was provided 24 h from 6 to 14 weeks of age.
Table 1: Composition of the guinea fowl diets (g/kg)
Ingredient
Starter diet (0-6 weeks)
Grower diet (6-14 weeks)
Maize (Zea mays)
600
620
Fishmeal (660 g/kg CP)
150
100
Soybean meal
150
130
Wheat bran
70
120
Oyster shell
10
15
Dicalcium phosphate
15
10
Vitamin/trace mineral premix*
3
2.5
Salt
2
2.5
Calculated nutrient composition (g/kg)
Crude protein
238.0
200.0
Lysine
13.4
11.2
Methionine
4.9
4.0
Methionine+Cystine
8.3
7.3
Calcium
14.5
13.0
Phosphorus
9.5
7.6
Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg)
12.6
12.5
*Composition of vitamin/trace mineral premix per kg diet: vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 5.2 mg; vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol), 0.125 mg; vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol), 100 mg; vitamin K3 (menadione), 5 mg; vitamin
B1(thiamine), 2 mg; vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 9 mg; vitamin B3 (Niacin), 50 mg; vitamin B5 (Calcium pantothenate), 25
mg; vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), 7 mg; vitamin B8 (biotin), 0.3 mg; vitamin B9 (folic acid), 3 mg; Vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin), 0.24 mg; Fe (FeSO4), 90 mg; Cu (CuSO4), 5 mg; Mn (MnO), 120 mg; Co (CoSO4), 1 mg; Zn
(ZnSO4), 100 mg; I (Ca(IO3)2), 2 mg; and Se (Na2SeO3), 0.4 mg.
12/46
Data collection and analysis
Feed intake was measured weekly by subtracting the left-over feed at the end of the week from the amount of feed
provided. Wet feed left-over was dried to the same dry matter of the dry mash before feed intake was determined.
Plastic feeding troughs were used. Water intake was not measured in this study. Live weights of birds in each replicate
were measured weekly by weighing the five birds in replicate as a batch using a digital electronic scale (Jadever JPS1050), and the weekly live weight gain was calculated. Feed conversion efficiency was defined as live weight gain per
unit feed consumed. Data collected were analyzed using GenStat 8th edition (Lawes Agricultural Trust, 2005).
Results
Table 2 shows the effect of wet feeding on performance of guinea fowl. Wet feeding reduced (P≤0.01) daily mean
feed intake; but improved (P≤0.01) feed conversion efficiency that resulted in higher (P≤0.05) live-weight at 14 weeks
of age.
Table 2: Effects of wet feeding on feed intake and growth performance of guinea fowls (6-14 weeks of age)
Variable
Dry Mash
Wet Mash
SED
P
Mean feed intake (g/bird/day)
67.2
59.7
2.19
0.007
Mean weight gain (g/bird/day)
16.4
17.6
0.481
0.036
Mean live-weight at 14 wk
(g/bird)
919.0
984.0
27.00
0.036
Mean gain/feed ratio
0.245
0.295
0.0091
0.001
SED-Standard error difference, P-Probability
Discussion
It is known that addition of water to feed improves production levels of poultry even under normal environmental
conditions (Scott, 2003; Shariatmadari and Forbes, 2005; Awojobi et al., 2009). One of the favourable effects of wet
feed on growth of birds has been attributed to improvement in feed digestibility (Forbes, 2003). Also, guinea fowls are
known to waste feed through their feeding behaviour (Nsoso et al., 2003); thus wetting the feed might curtail feed
wastage.
There was no mortality in both treatment groups. Studies involving broiler chickens did not show any effect of wet
feeding on mortality (Dei and Bumbie, 2011), since there was no daily left-over of the wet feed.
Wet feeding presents a major limitation under large-scale poultry production and automated systems. However,
there are possibilities of overcoming this in the light of technological advancements in the poultry equipment
manufacturing industry. For example, Thorne et al. (1989) developed an automated wet feeding system for laying hens
that allowed the use of high-moisture by-products. Also, guinea fowls are reared on a small-scale under the traditional
system of management that does not require automatic feeding. Thus wet feeding could be quite useful for small-scale
or backyard poultry producers.
Conclusion
In this study, wet feeding improved growth performance of guinea fowl; therefore it should be practised by guinea
fowl producers.
Impact
Wetting of feed is a practice whereby some water is added to the feed prior to giving it to chickens. It has the
benefit of improving feed digestibility, reduction in feed wastage due to dustiness, and their growth. This study shows
that wet feeding of guinea fowls can reduce the amount of feed they consume as well as increase their utilisation of feed
with increase in growth performance. These findings are, particularly, useful to backyard or small-scale producers of
guinea fowls, who can easily practise wet feeding to increase productivity of their birds.
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Performance of family poultry in Haiti and challenges of a husbandry
support program
V.P. NCHINDA 1 *, O. THIEME2 & N.I. OGALI 3
1
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Box 80, Bamenda, Cameroon;
Tel.: (+237) 77 69 36 55
2
FAO, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
3
Veterinary Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute- Muguga North, P.O. Box 32, 00905,
Kikuyu, Kenya; Tel.: (+254) 722 625 385
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Family poultry has long been recognized as a way to address problems of food insecurity and poverty. For these reasons
family poultry development has been at the centre of the development agenda in Haiti. The country is dominated by
poverty hence international and national support to improve family poultry husbandry is a measure geared towards
improving food security and alleviating poverty. A husbandry support programme was implemented in Haiti that
consisted of introducing exotic cock species, training on disease control and management, construction of coops and
technical support from extension workers. Community vaccinators were also trained and vaccination campaigns
organized to control Newcastle disease. The present study assesses the contribution of this family poultry support
programme to the performance of family poultry units and challenges for achieving success. Based on a quasiexperimental survey design, primary data were collected from 132 respondents. Analysis of the data revealed that the
average number of eggs laid per crossbred hen (14.25) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than those laid by local hens
(10.48). The crosses had a better body weight but were not significantly different as far as broodiness and raising of
chicks are concerned. These positive results can be attributed to the support provided, but several challenges such as
bird mortality, poor hygienic conditions, management practices and lack of inputs (vaccines, drugs, feed) still impede
the performance of family poultry in Haiti. Significant improvements could be achieved by a sustainable vaccination
system, adopting appropriate bio-security practices coupled with regular follow-up and timely access to inputs.
Keywords: Traditional Poultry Husbandry, support, impact and difficulties
Performance de l'aviculture familiale en Haïti et les défis d'un programme d’appui en
élevage avicole élevage
Résumé
L'aviculture familiale a été considérée depuis des temps jadis comme un moyen de lutte contre l’insécurité alimentaire
et la pauvreté. C’est pour cette raison que l’amplification de l'aviculture familiale a été au centre des efforts de
développement en Haïti. Le pays a été dominé par la pauvreté et a par conséquent bénéficié du soutien aussi bien
international que national pour améliorer l’aviculture familiale comme étant un moyen visant à améliorer la sécurité
alimentaire et réduire la pauvreté. Un programme d’appui à l’élevage avicole a été mis en place en Haïti consistant à
introduire les coqs améliorés, mettre en place une formation en gestion et contrôle de maladies, la construction de
poulaillers et l’appui technique de la part des agents de vulgarisation. Les agents communautaires de vaccination ont été
également formés en même temps que des campagnes de vaccination contre la maladie de Newcastle ont été organisées.
La présente étude évalue la contribution de ce programme avicole familial de soutien à l’amélioration des performances
des unités familiales avicoles et les défis à palier pour leur réussite. Sur la base d’une enquête quasi-expérimentale, les
données primaires ont été collectées auprès de 132 répondants. L'analyse des données a révélé que le nombre moyen
d'œufs pondus par poule croisée (14,25) était significativement plus élevé (p<0,001) que ceux pondus par des poules
locales (10.48). Les croisés avaient un poids corporel plus lourd mais n’ont pas présenté une différence significative en
rapport avec l’aptitude à la couvaison et le suivi des poussins élevés. Ces résultats positifs peuvent être attribués à
l'appui fourni, mais plusieurs défis tels que la mortalité des oiseaux, les mauvaises conditions d'hygiène, la gestion et le
manque d'intrants (vaccins, médicaments, aliment) constituent une entrave à l'aviculture familiale en Haïti. Des
améliorations significatives pourraient être réalisées à travers un système de vaccination soutenue, l’adoption de
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mesures de biosécurité appropriées couplées à un suivi régulier et à un accès en temps opportun d’intrants.
Mots-clés: Aviculture Familiale, Apport, Impact, Contraintes
Desempeño de la Avicultura Familiar en Haití y sus Desafios en la Implementación de los
Apoyos para los Programas.
Resumen
La avicultura familiar ha sido ampliamente reconocida como un instrumento para atacar los problemas de seguridad
alimentaria y pobreza. Por esta razón se ha empleado como el centro de la agenda para el desarrollo en Haití. El país
esta sumido en la pobreza y se hace un esfuerzo local e internacional para apoyar y mejorar la crianza de aves, como
una medida que les brinde una mejora en la seguridad alimentaria y alivio de la pobreza. Un programa de apoyos a la
crianza de aves se implementó en Haití, en el que se consideró la introducción de razas exóticas, capacitación en la
prevención de enfermedades, manejo, construcción de gallineros y asistencia técnica por medio de extensionistas. Se
capacitaron a vacunadores comunitarios y se implementaron campañas de vacunación contra la enfermedad de
Newcastle. El presente estudio resalta la contribución del apoyo a la avicultura familiar en su desempeño como
unidades avícolas familiares y sus desafíos para obtener éxito. Basados en una encuesta casi experimental, se
obtuvieron los primeros datos de 132 encuestados. El análisis de estos datos reveló que el promedio de huevos
obtenidos por gallina con cruzamiento de raza fue de (14.25) por echada y fue significativamente superior (P≤0.001) a
las gallinas locales (10.48). Las aves cruzadas dieron mejor peso corporal pero no tuvieron una diferencia significativa
en la crianza y cuidado de los pollitos. Estos resultados positivos fueron atribuidos al apoyo brindado, pero existen
muchos desafíos como son la mortalidad de las aves, la higiene, las prácticas de manejo, la falta de insumos tales como
vacunas, medicamentos y alimento; esto suele impedir el desempeño de la avicultura familiar en Haití. Una mejoría
significativa puede lograrse estableciendo un sistema sostenido de vacunación, adoptando prácticas de bioseguridad,
aunado a un continuo y oportuno acceso a los insumos.
Palabras Clave: Crianza avícola tradicional, apoyo, impacto, dificultades.
Introduction
Haiti is a densely populated and poverty stricken country on an island in the Caribbean. The poverty incidence is
severe and affects all categories of persons in particular women and children. Family poultry rearing, essentially with
chickens, is a major livestock activity that is practised by 95% of the rural households in Haiti (MARNDR, 2007) and is
an important source of income and protein for many households.
Family poultry is recognized as one of the entry points to address the problems of malnutrition, food insecurity,
low income and poverty as a whole. The resulting income and intake of poultry meat and eggs can contribute to
improve the educational and nutritional status of children (Pitt et al., 2003). Gawande et al. (2007) and Dei et al. (2009)
argue that family poultry is a profitable venture and Njue et al. (2006) reported positive net margins in Kenya following
a vaccination intervention on family poultry. Family poultry is thus considered a tool for livelihood improvement and
poverty alleviation (Dolberg, 2007; Fasina et al., 2007; Sharma, 2007) which motivated the Government of Haiti to
adopt a family poultry improvement programmes (MARNDR, 2010) that was supported by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The interventions in Haiti included vaccination campaigns to reduce bird
mortality, introduction of exotic cock species, training of farmers on disease control and management, construction of
coops and technical support from extension workers and community vaccinators. Nchinda et al. (2011) concluded that
these interventions had a net positive impact on the income and food security needs of participating farmers. The
present study is providing additional information about the impact of the family poultry support programme in Haiti on
the flock performance and identifies difficulties that were faced during implementation. Such information will be
important for accountability, policy formulation and future interventions for the development of the sector.
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Materials, methods and data sources
Study area
The study was carried out in the Artibonite and South departments of Haiti and five council areas of these two
departments were chosen purposively to include and capture departmental differences, effects of the husbandry systems
diversity and of the introduced innovations (Vaccination/vaccinators, housing and introduction of exotic cocks). The
council areas in the South department included Chantal, Toberck and Arniquet and in Artibonite they included Petit
Rivière and Marchand Dessalines.
Data collection and analysis
Secondary sources used include project documents, reports from FAO offices (Haiti and Rome), internet and
stakeholder institutions in Haiti - the National Program for Food Security (NPFS) coordination unit, VETERIMED and
GERMALOT. Primary data were collected by the first author from individual respondents, groups, project drop outs
and key informants with the aid of structured questionnaires and a local assistant. Direct observations were also used to
collect information that could not be captured either by group discussions or questionnaires. Primary data were
collected from 59 (44.7%) newly recruited and 73 (55.3%) previous project participants. Newly recruited project
participants were farmers that had been selected for the on-going project phase but had not yet been provided the
support offered by the project in terms of improved cocks, training and feed hence they are considered as the control
group. The previous project participants (treatment group) were beneficiaries of the previous two phases of the poultry
support program some 2-8 years ago. The data collection covered three council areas in the South department including
Chantal, Toberck and Arniquet and the two council areas of Petit Rivière and Marchand Dessalines in the Artibonite
department. The surveyed persons included 83 (63%) male and 49 (37%) female beneficiaries.
Collection of data on flock characteristics includes the numbers of chicks, pullets, exotic and local cocks.
Collected performance data include the number of eggs laid by each hen, clutch size, eggs hatched/clutch/hen, chicks
raised per hen, number of surviving chicks at maturity and number of clutches per hen/year. The challenges faced in the
development of family poultry were also identified and prioritized by farmers during group discussions. Data were
analysed using STATA version 10. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the family poultry performance in
the study areas. The T-test statistics method was used to determine mean differences in flock characteristics and
performance between the old project participants (treatment group) and the newly recruited (control group).
Limitations
A limitation of this study is the cross-sectional nature of the collected data. The longitudinal picture of the
intervention could not be covered. However, some previously collected family poultry husbandry data were used to
triangulate the findings.
Results and discussions
Flock size and seasonality
The analysed primary data showed that on average respondents had 3 cocks, 7 hens, 5 cockerels, 13 chicks and 6
pullets (Figure 2). This puts the total number of birds reared by each household at an average of 34 with a cock-to-hen
ratio of 3:7. Apart from the number of hens and cocks, the number of chicks, pullets and cockerels at the disposal of the
farmers at the time of the survey (September, 2010) were higher than the nine months’ average recorded in 2007 by the
field technicians of MARNDR (Figure 1).
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Figure 1: Average household chicken flock size in Artibonite and South Departments of Haiti.
14.0
13.2
12.0
Mean number of birds
10.0
9.2
8.8
8.0
6.6
6.1
6.0
4.9
5.1
4.4
3.5
4.0
2010
2007
2.6
2.0
0.0
Chicks
Pullets
Cockerels
Hens
Cocks
:
NB: Constructed based on survey data (2010) and statistics from MARNDR (2007)
However, this comparison might be biased as the 2007 figures are averages taken over a period of nine months and
under different management, health and climatic conditions (cyclones, rainfall and dry season). The flock size changes
from one month to the other. For instance, the numbers of cocks in September 2007 were six as opposed to 3 in
February of that same year. The flock size is lower between the months of March and April as could be seen on Figure
2. A number of compelling findings were noticed upon analysis of the data collected by the MARNDR workers over a
period of nine months. First, the months of June and July stand out to be months when the total flock size increases by
30-50%. This percentage increase falls progressively and stagnates in September. The increase or decrease in flock size
could be explained by disease outbreak (April and November), consumption and sales made by the households. For
instance, April and November are known periods for Newcastle disease outbreaks as testified by key informants
contacted and farmers during group discussions. Mortality is highest in July following the increase in flock size with an
average of 13 birds lost due to predators. Also, the flock size starts reducing in the month of September because the
farmers make most of their sales (5 birds) in June, July and August as they have to provide for the school needs of their
children. It was also established during group discussions that December is also one of the peak moments when farmers
make most of their sales. December is a period when birds are sold at relatively better prices as the demand is high
because of the festivities at the end of the year.
The analysis of the number of birds at the disposal of recently recruited and old participants show no significant
differences even though the number of each category of birds owned by the latter was slightly higher than that of the
former (Table 1).
However, this was a cross-sectional survey and the dynamic nature of the flock size over the year must be kept in
mind. The coops, with a mean size of 16.1m2 , were under exploited as they did not house the potential number of
birds let alone being entirely used for the purpose for which they were intended.
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Figure 2: Monthly flock size variations of 155 households in the South Department of Haiti, 2007.
NB: Constructed based on survey data (2010) and nine months’ family poultry statistics from MARNDR (2007)
Table 1: Flock characteristics of recently recruited and old project participants
Description
Newly recruited participants (n=45)
Old participants(n=65)
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min - Max
Mean
Std. Dev. Min - Max
Number of chicks
Number of pullets
Number of cockerels
Number of hens
Number of cocks
12.72
6.24
6.00
6.49
2.45
8.82
4.63
5.03
4.20
2.57
1-38
1-18
1-22
1-18
1-14
13.46
5.95
4.63
6.75
2.62
10.07
5.01
3.82
5.05
1.89
1-42
1-28
1-16
1-26
1-9
Innovation, rearing system, feeding and vaccination
A major innovation for the family poultry farmers was the introduction of cocks from exotic breeds that are well
known for better body weight and egg production. Table 2 shows the types and number of cocks distributed in the two
Departments among them Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red (RIR), Leghorn and their crosses.
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Table 2: Types of cocks provided as support to participants in the two departments
Artibonite
South
Total
Type of cock support
Freq.
Percent
Freq.
Percent
Freq.
Percent
None
14
40.0
21
60.0
35
26.5
Plymouth Rock
13
43.3
17
56.7
30
22.7
Rhode Island Red (RIR)
2
100
0
2
1.5
Leghorn x RIR cross
0
40
100
40
30.3
Plymouth, Leghorn and RIR
0
4
100
4
3.0
Local Naked-neck
0
2
100
2
1.5
Local non described
19
100
0
19
14.4
Total
48
36.4
84
63.6
132
100
These types of cocks and their progeny were essentially reared following the scavenging system alongside local
birds owned by the respondents. In the South department few of the farmers received cocks from three different breeds
namely Plymouth Rock, Leghorn and RIR. The technicians who took part in the recent and previous phases of the
project confirmed that in addition to exotic breeds, local cocks were also selected and distributed in the Artibonite
department. During the investigation these were 14.4% of the respondents. Meanwhile, 26.5% of the respondents did
not receive any of the types of cocks provided as support to participants.
In addition to the distribution of cocks from exotic and selected local breeds other support interventions included
awareness training on poultry health to reduce mortality, small assistance for construction of chicken coops, 5
kilograms of concentrate to feed the distributed exotic or local cocks and vaccination campaigns organised by
community vaccinators. The influence of these interventions on management practises compared to the new project
participants without these interventions are shown by Table 3.
Table 3: Indicators of management by new and old beneficiaries
Variable
Newly recruited
Old project participants
participants
Obs.
Mean
Std.
Obs.
Mean
Std.
Dev.
Dev.
Number of birds vaccinated in
37
10.9
2.5
51
21.9
2.4
the past year
Number of birds lost due to
36
10.9
2.4
51
15.0
2.8
predators
Expenditure on medication,
57
39.1
3.0
70
43.8
3.3
vaccination and feed (US$)
Expenditure on medication
36
1.3
2.9
51
2.9
3.0
and vaccination only (US$)
Expenditure for coop
54
62.3
3.5
68
78.2
2.5
construction (US$)
*** Significant at P<0.001; N.S. stands for Not significant
Significance
level
***
N.S.
N.S.
***
N.S.
The significantly (P<0.001) higher number of birds (21.9) vaccinated per year by the old project participants
compared to the newly recruited beneficiaries (10.9) show that the project participants recognise the importance of
vaccination. As the average cost of vaccination per bird is approximate USD 0.13 for both groups, the total expenses
related to medication and vaccination is thus also significantly different. The results indicate that poultry producers can
pay for vaccination services if an adequate system is put in place, as it was the case with paid vaccination services
provided by some trained community vaccinators and private institutions like VERTERIMED. In addition to
medication and vaccination fees, the surveyed farmers also spend money to buy feed.
On a general note, the average number of birds vaccinated by each respondent over the past one year was 16.3. An
average of $41.6 were spent for medication, vaccination and feed put together. On the other hand, medication and
vaccination accounted for an average of $2.1 and coop construction expenses stood at $78.1. The birds of 62% of the
respondents spent the night in the coops constructed for this purpose under the impulsion of the project. However, 31%
of the respondents still have their birds sleeping on tree tops despite their investment made to provide the birds with
20/46
shelter. They used the coops for purposes other than the one for which they were intended. A small proportion (7%) led
their chickens stay overnight in their homes.
The average expenditure for medication, vaccination and feed by respondent in the department of Artibonite was
USD 35.2 hence less than in the South (USD 45.6) (Table 4). Annual vaccination and medication expenses put together
were small as the latter stood at $4 for Artibonite and $1.3 for the South departments, respectively. The average number
of birds vaccinated by each of the respondent was approximately the same for both departments unlike the coop
construction expenses that were higher for the Artibonite’s respondents (Table 4).
Table 4: Indicators of management by department
Description
Artibonite
Obs. Mean
Std.
Dev.
Number of birds vaccinated
23
24.6
2.6
Number of birds lost by predation
28
13.6
2.4
Expenditure on medication,
45
35.2
4.3
vaccination and feed (USD)
Expenditure on medication and
23
4.0
3.4
vaccination (USD)
Expenditure on coop construction
45
90.3
2.8
Obs.
South
Mean
Obs.
14.1
13.0
45.6
Std.
Dev.
2.5
2.8
2.5
Overall
Mean
88
87
127
16.3
13.2
41.6
Std.
Dev.
2.6
2.7
3.1
65
59
82
64
1.6
2.8
87
2.1
3.2
77
61.3
2.9
121
78.1
2.3
Performance of family poultry production
The collected data show that the average number of eggs laid by the cross-breed hens (14.25) is significantly
higher than the number laid by the local hens (10.48) which corresponds to a 36% increase (Table 5). This increase was
also confirmed in discussions with groups and key informants. Moreover, the weight and size of eggs laid by the crossbreed hens appear to be bigger than those of the local hens. These eggs have a better market value especially for
hatching purposes. Some farmers often buy these eggs for hatching as they consider them “improved” with birds
resulting thereof having better body weight than those from the local eggs.
Table 5: Performance data of improved and rustic hens (n=108).
Trait
Improved Hens
Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. Mean
Total number of eggs
14.25
0.73
5.31
10.48
laid per hen per clutch
Eggs incubated per
9.22
0.32
2.24
8.86
clutch
Number of eggs
7.25
0.32
2.25
7.51
hatched/clutch/hen
Number of chicks raised
5.68
0.42
2.86
5.75
per hen (0-2 months)
Number of surviving
4.47
0.33
2.26
4.92
pullets (≥ 2 months
Clutches per hen/year
3.38
0.15
1.06
3.52
*** Significant at P<0.001, N.S.: Not Significant
Local Hens
Std. Err.
Std. Dev.
0.21
2.16
Diff.
0.59
Significance
level
***
0.22
2.30
0.36
N.S.
0.20
2.05
-0.26
N.S.
0.21
2.18
-0.07
N.S.
0.20
2.08
-0.45
N.S.
0.11
1.18
-0.14
N.S.
Despite the significant difference in the number of eggs laid per cycle, the clutch size (eggs covered) is
approximately the same for both the local and cross-breed hens. The number of eggs hatched and chicks raised show no
significant differences between these two categories of birds. Similarly, the numbers of clutches per hen each year as
well as the number of chicks raised show no significant differences. This is appeasing as the perception by the farmers
is that “improved hens are better layers than local ones whereas local hens are better hatchers than improved hens”.
This is why some farmers prefer to have the eggs from cross-breed hens hatched by the local hens. Similarly, a few
others rather rear the cross-breed hens as layers and hatch eggs by using broody local hens. Though it is not yet
prominent, this is not strange as reported by Sørensen (in FAO, 2010) who argues that hatchability, high egg yield and
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broodiness are antagonistic traits. Chickens bred for high egg production are losing their ability to become broody.
Consequently, if the cross-breed hens are reared for high egg production, thoughts might need to be given to incubation
facilities. It may be necessary to capitalise on this to provide alternative means of incubation as the cross-bred hens
provide the household with a greater number of eggs at a similar hatchability level as the local hens.
A comparison of the different genetic groups raised in the two departments shows that the performance of the local
hens in Artibonite is better than in the South department (Table 6). This is particularly the case for the number of eggs
laid per local hen, the clutch size and the number of eggs hatched which are all significantly different (P<0.001). The
number of annual clutches per local hens is also significantly higher (P<0.05) in Artibonite than in the South department
(Table 6). This is in line with the findings of Garcia-López et al. (2007) who argued that Creole hens in Haiti have a
good potential to supply animal protein in terms of meat and eggs to rural areas.
Performance differences across geographical boundaries in Assam (India) were reported by Gawande et al. (2007).
The causes for the difference were partly explained by the management system that differs across the regions. The
authors also reported that higher body weight of cocks and hens were also responsible for better performance. These
were also the observations made in the field for this study with the birds in Artibonite showing better body weights than
those of the South department.
Table 6: Mean Departmental differences in the performance of local and cross-breed hens.
Trait
Artibonite
South
Sign.
level
Performance of local hens
Obs.
Mean Std. Std. Obs. Mean Std. Std.
Err. Dev.
Err. Dev.
Number of eggs laid per hen/clutch
46
11.5
0.4
2.8
64
9.9
0.2
2.0
***
Clutch size (eggs) per broody hen
46
10.5
0.5
3.1
64
8.0
0.2
1.7
***
Number of eggs hatched/clutch/hen
46
8.5
0.4
2.6
65
7.0
0.2
1.8
***
Number of clutches per hen/year
46
4.2
0.4
2.8
65
3.3
0.1
0.9
*
Number of chicks raised per hen
46
6.2
0.4
2.6
65
5.5
0.2
2.0
N.S.
Number of surviving chicks to maturity
5.3
0.4
2.7
65
4.8
0.2
1.7
N.S.
Performance of crossbred hens (exotic cock x local hen)
Number of eggs laid by hens/clutch
19
17.1
1.3
5.6
37
12.9
0.8
4.6
0.00a
Clutch size (eggs) per broody hen
15
10.6
0.7
2.6
36
8.5
0.3
1.8
0.00a
Number of eggs hatched/clutch hen
15
8.1
0.8
3.0
35
6.9
0.3
1.7
0.07a
Number of clutches per hen/year
14
3.9
0.6
2.2
37
3.4
0.2
1.0
0.31a
Number of surviving chicks to maturity
13
6.5
1.0
3.6
37
5.4
0.4
2.5
0.24a
Number of chicks raised per hen
13
5.2
0.9
3.1
36
4.4
0.3
2.0
0.27a
a
Too small (n) for any meaningful difference and conclusion ; *** Significant at P<0.001, *Significant at P<0.05
Meaningful conclusions could not be drawn regarding differences between departmental boundaries for the
crossbred population because the observations were too few.
Nevertheless, it must be noted that farmers are conscious that the crosses between exotic and local hens have a
rapid growth and maturity history, better body weight, sell at better prices and lay more eggs than the rustic chickens.
However, people still have a preference for rearing local hens because these resist to diseases, pests and rains, have a
better taste, “eat everything”, are good at brooding and raising chicks, lay nutritive eggs and far reaching longevity
compared to the crossbred hens..
Challenges of family poultry husbandry
The major challenge that hampers improvement in the family poultry husbandry in Haiti is the mortality of birds.
This is principally due to Newcastle Disease (ND) and other diseases like Gumboro. The Newcastle disease outbreaks
occur in the project area repeatedly in April and November each year. As vaccines and their proper storage facilities are
not readily available at the grassroots level it is difficult for the trained community vaccinators or specialised services of
the MARNDR to make prompt and timely vaccination campaigns. Birds are therefore lost in larger numbers due to
diseases in addition to losses due to predators. This discourages farmers from increasing their flock size as they fear that
the losses from disease outbreak and predators’ attacks cannot be controlled by them.
Natural disasters are also responsible for some of the losses incurred in family poultry farming in Haiti. The
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country and areas of intervention are exposed to natural disasters such as cyclones, hurricanes and floods. Coops must
be solid enough to withstand these natural disasters that impede family poultry husbandry in Haiti.
Difficulties to improve management have increasingly been recognized as a major handicap (Sharma, 2007) in
improving family poultry through the introduction of exotic cocks. This is also one of the major problems faced by the
participants of the chicken farming program in Haiti. For instance, the birds are regularly left to scavenge around or
sleep on tree tops despite the fact that coops have been constructed and rehabilitated to shelter these birds. Furthermore,
the bio-security measures are not followed as the coops have multiple uses and are not disinfected hence loss of birds
occur.
Access to inputs and particularly vaccines, drugs and commercial feed are stumbling blocks to the development
of family poultry in the areas of intervention and in Haiti in general. Feed, in particular if supplied from the Dominican
Republic, is expensive and not readily available. Birds therefore survive essentially on the scavengeable resource base
and supplementation with grains. To improve feeding Garcia-López et al. (2007) advocate for further research into the
use of local feed resources as an alternative to commercial feed.
The problem of marketing of chicken was also raised by the farmers as a limiting factor to the sub-sector.
Despite a preference by consumers for local chicken meat and eggs, the marketing of these products face serious
competition from the products that are imported from the Dominican Republic and the United States of America and
that are cheaper (Laroche and Awono, 2008).
The introduction of exotic chicken breeds to the farmers improved the number of eggs laid by the crossbred
hens. However, farmers are aware that this type of chickens may not be good at incubation and raising of chicks and
they maintain local hens for this purpose. This highlights the need to consider incorporating an appropriate artificial
hatching technology to the innovation package. Financial resources are required to fully adopt the suggested technology
package which may be a limiting factor for poor farmers and those who have no access to financial resources.
Conclusion and recommendations
The objectives of this study was to assess the impact of a family poultry support programme on the flock
performance of family poultry (chicken) in the South and Artibonite departments of Haiti and to identify challenges that
may impede the development of family poultry sector in the country. The introduction of exotic cocks in farmers’ flocks
in Haiti significantly improved on the number of eggs laid. The average number of eggs laid per cross-breed hen was
significantly higher (36%) than those laid by local hens under the scavenging system. This surplus of eggs provides
opportunities for more consumption and sale. The crossbred birds had a better body weight. Similar results were
reported by Sharma in Uganda after Kuroiler chickens from India were introduced to farmers in that country (Fotsa and
Ngeno, 2011). In Haiti, this innovation to backyard poultry was shown to be of economic and food security importance
to participants (Nchinda et al., 2011).
However, the crosses with exotic breeds were not different from the rustic birds as far as broodiness and raising of
chicks are concerned. Though this was not observed, it is worth noting that hatchability, high egg yield and broodiness
are antagonistic traits. Chickens bred for high egg production lose their ability to become broody. The exotic cocks
were introduced to the scavenging production system without controlling birds to intermingle with local chicken.
Crossbreeding was thus not controlled and a risk of genetic erosion of the local genetic biodiversity would be
unavoidable in the long run.
Meanwhile, farmers were successfully inculcated the culture of vaccinating their fowls and paying for such
services that were provided by trained community vaccinators. Nevertheless, bird mortality was still a measure problem
to backyard poultry in Haiti. Measures should be taken to reduce the primary constraint which happens to be bird
mortality through the institution of a sustainable vaccination system, ensure that farmers adopt appropriate bio-security
and management practices, provide regular follow-up as well as ease access to inputs (vaccines, drugs, feed).
Impact
This article shows how join technical assistance of the Haitian Government and the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations increased the average number of eggs laid by local hens by up to 36% together with
the size of eggs and the body weight of birds under a scavenging system. The paper also shows how weaknesses of
backyard poultry could be turned into exploitable opportunities by the national and international community to alleviate
poverty in developing countries by way of family poultry. It highlights investment opportunities for stakeholders
interested in poultry vaccination, input supply and technical backup.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations and the
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) for financing the studies. Special thanks go to all the
collaborators in the Ministry of Agriculture (Haiti) and the FAO Representation in Haiti and Headquarters (Rome) for
supporting and assisting the assessment process especially under a very challenging working environment.
References
DEI, H.K., ALIDU, I,. OTCHERE, E., O, DONKOH., A., BOA-AMPONSEM, K., and ADAM, I (2009)
Improving the brooding management of local guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Family Poultry Vol. 18 (1&2):3-8
DOLBERG, F. (2007) Poultry production for livelihood improvement and poverty alleviation. In: O. Thieme and D.
Pilling, eds. Proceedings of the International Conference Poultry in the Twenty-first Century: avian influenza and
beyond,
held
5–7
November
2007,
Bangkok,
Thailand.
Rome.
http://www.fao.org/Ag/againfo/home/events/bangkok2007/docs/part3/3_1.pdf
FAO (2010) Chicken genetic resources used in smallholder production systems and opportunities for their
development, by P. Sørensen. FAO Smallholder Poultry Production Paper No. 5. Rome.
FASINA, F.O., WAI, M.D., MOHAMMED, S.N. and ONYEKONWU, O.N. (2007) Contribution of poultry
production to household income: a case of Jos South Local Government in Nigeria. Family Poultry Vol. 17
(1&2):30-34.
FOTSA, J.C. and NGENO, K. (2011) Activity Report, Pan-African Conference on the launch of the Kuroiler chicken
in Uganda. Family Poultry Vol. 20 (2):40-47.
GARCIA-LOPEZ, J.C., SUAREZ-OPORTA, M.E., HERRERA-HARO, J.G., PINOS-RODRIGUEZ, J.M. and
ALVAREZ-FUENTES, G. (2007) Egg components, lipid fraction and fatty acid composition of Creole and
Plymouth Rock x Rhode Island Red crossed hens fed with three diets. Family Poultry Vol. 17(1&2):47-56
GAWANDE, S.S., KALITA, N., BARUA, N. AND SAHARIA, K.K. (2007) Indigenous chicken farming in rural
conditions of Assam, India. Family Poultry Vol. 17(1&2):15-29
LAROCHE, D.C and AWONO, C. (2008) Evolution of urban chicken consumption in Southern countries: a
comparison between Haiti and Cameroon, 12th Congress of the European Association of Agricultural Economists
(EAAE).
MINISTÈRE DE L’AGRICULTURE, DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT
RURAL (MARNDR) 2007 Colloque National sur la problématique des Micro, Petites et Moyennes Entreprises
du
secteur
agro-industriel,
Caribe
Convention
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MINISTÈRE DE L’AGRICULTURE, DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT
RURAL (2010) Plan national d’Investissement Agricole de l’Haiti.
NCHINDA, V.P., THIEME, O., ANKERS, P., CRESPI, V. and ARISTE, S. (2011) Food security and economic
importance of family poultry (chicken) husbandry program in Artibonite and South departments of Haiti.
Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 23, Article #201. Retrieved, from
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/9/nchi23201.htm
NJUE, S.W., KASIITI, J.L. and GACHERU, S.G. (2006) Assessing the Economic Impact of Commercial Poultry
Feeds Supplementation and Vaccination against Newcastle Disease in Local Chickens, In Kenya. In: Improving
farmyard poultry production in Africa: Interventions and their economic assessment. Proceedings of a final
research coordination meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and
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PITT, M., SHAHIDUR, R.K., OMAR, H.C. and MILLIMET, D. (2003) Credit programmes for the poor and the
Health Status of Children in Rural Bangladesh. International Economics Review 44(1): 87-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00063
SHARMA, R.K. (2007) Role and relevance of rural family poultry in developing countries with special reference to
India. Family Poultry Vol. 17 (1&2): 35-40.
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Effect of pinioning on growth and behaviour of guinea fowl
H.K. DEI1 and S.S. FUSEINI
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL1882,
Tamale, Ghana
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Guinea fowls are nervous and flighty at least disturbance, thus difficult to handle in confinement. Attempts to handle
them with ease include cutting or extraction of flight feathers and pinioning. The objective of this study was to assess
the effect of pinioning on growth and behaviour of guinea fowl during the growing period, 8-16 weeks of age. Eighty
four keets of equal sexes at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into 6 groups of 14 birds each. Mean initial liveweight per bird per group was 548 g. Each group was assigned to one of the two treatments (control and pinioned
wings) in completely randomized design. Pinioning was carried out humanely at 8 weeks of age. Birds were kept in
deep litter pens and fed mash grower diet that contained 200 g/kg CP and 12.5 MJ/kg ME. Feed and water were given
ad libitum and light was provided 24 h. Data were collected on growth variables. Feed cost was computed. Behaviours
of both treatments were observed. Growth data were analysed by ANOVA using ‘GENSTAT’. Birds pinioned
consumed less (P≤0.001) feed. Live weight gains and feed efficiencies were similar (P≥0.05) in both treatments.
Pinioning had reduced (P≤0.001) feeding cost, and feed cost per kilogram gain was 3% less (P≥0.05) than that of the
non-pinioned group. Also pinioned birds exhibited docile demeanour.
Keywords: Guinea fowl; pinioning; growth performance, behaviour
Résumé
Les pintades sont toujours nerveuses et sont sujets à des vols perturbateurs et par conséquent, difficiles à élever dans un
système intensif. Pour les maitriser, il est indispensable d’exécuter la coupe ou l’extraction des plumes de vol et les
rémiges primaires. Cette étude a été initiée dans le but d’évaluer l’effet des rémiges primaires sur la croissance et le
comportement de la pintade pendant la période de croissance située entre 8 et 16 semaines d’âge.. Quatre-vingt-quatre
pintadeaux de deux sexes ont été subdivisés au hasard en 6 groupes de 14 sujets chacun. Le poids initial moyen par
sujet et par groupe a été de 548g. Chaque groupe a été soumis aux deux traitements témoins (ayant les ailes garrottés)
de façon totalement randomisé. La coupe des rémiges est faite à 8 semaines d’âge de manière soignée et respectueuse
de l’éthique animal. Les sujets ont été élevés sur litière profonde et recevaient un aliment élevage ayant 200 g/kg PB,
12,5 MJ/kg EM. Les animaux ont été nourris et abreuvés à volonté et la lumière était assurée 24h sur 24 h. Les données
de croissance ont été collectées et le coût des aliments a été calculé. Les comportements des animaux soumis aux deux
traitements sont observés. Les données de croissance ont été analysées en utilisant le logiciel 'GENSTAT ». La
consommation des pintades garrottées a été significativement (P ≤0,001) inférieure comparée à celle des autres
traitements. Le gain de poids et l’indice de consommation ont été similaires (P≥ 0,001) dans les deux traitements.
L’influence des rémiges primaires a été permis la réduction des coûts alimentaires de 3%avait réduit (P ≤0,001) les
coûts d'alimentation par 3% de moins (P ≥0,05) le coût de l'alimentation par la prise de poids par rapport au groupe nongarrotté. Les pintades garrottées présentent un comportement de docilité.
Mots clés : Pintade, Rémige primaire, Croissance, Comportement
Qué Efecto Tiene el Atar a las Gallinas de Guinea en su Crecimiento y en su Comportamiento.
Resumen
Las gallinas de Guinea son muy nerviosas y vuelan ante cualquier perturbación. Así es muy complicado su manejo en
confinamiento. En el intento para poder manejarlas se ha probado cortarles las plumas de vuelo así como atarles las
alas. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el efecto de atar a las aves en su desarrollo y su comportamiento, durante
el periodo de crecimiento de las 8 a las 16 semanas de edad. 84 aves de 8 semanas de edad fueros tomadas al azar y se
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dividieron en 6 grupos de 14 aves cada uno. El promedio de peso inicial por ave de cada grupo fue de 548 gr. Cada
grupo fue asignado a alguno de los dos tratamientos, el control y el de alas atadas de manera totalmente al azar. El atado
se llevó a cabo a las 8 semanas de edad. A las aves se les alojó en compartimentos y se alimentaron con una fórmula de
20% PC. y 12.5 Mj/Kg. EM. El alimento y el agua se proporcionaron a libre acceso y la luz fue de 24 Hs. Se recabaron
los datos sobre crecimiento y costo de alimentación. Se observó el comportamiento de ambos tratamientos . Los datos
sobre el crecimiento se analizaron mediante ANOVA empleando GENSTAT . Las aves atadas consumieron menos
alimento(P ≤0.001). La ganancia de peso y la conversión fueron similares (p≤ 0.05) en ambos tratamientos. El lote
atado redujo el costo de alimentación ( P ≤ 0.001), y fue 3% más bajo en la conversión alimenticia (P≤ 0.05) comparado
con las aves sin atar. Así también las aves atadas se mostraron más dóciles.
Palabras Clave: Gallinas de Guinea, Atar, desempeño de crecimiento, comportamiento.
Introduction
The domesticated helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is known to be nervous and flighty at least
disturbance. This behaviour is a way of survival in the wild by avoiding predators (Witter et al, 1994); since they rely
on fast take-off as a means of escape. The energy required for jumping and flight shortly after take-off is very high,
which is beyond the power generating capacity of the leg and flight muscles (Askew et al, 2001; Henry et al, 2005).
According to Bowlin and Wikelski (2008), flying requires more energy than walking. This may demand extra feed for
more energy for flight, body maintenance and production (Dei and Nsoah, 2009). Thus removal of flight feathers may
not only conserve energy for productive functions, but also render birds flightless and docile for easy care and handling.
Methods such as cutting and extraction of flight feathers of local guinea fowl only render the bird flightless
temporary. Therefore taming birds this way will require frequent catching which may be quite stressful. Thus it is
opined that rendering birds permanently flightless by pinioning will be more appropriate despite welfare issues
involved. Animal activists frown on causing pain to animals that may compromise their welfare. However, the
pinioning procedure is such that less pain will be inflicted on the birds, particularly when they are very young. This
study was undertaken to assess the effect of pinioning on performance and behaviour of local guinea fowls kept in
confinement.
Materials and methods
The local helmeted pearl guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) was used for the study. Eighty four keets of equal sexes
at 8 weeks of age were obtained from the Animal Research Institute, Nyankpala Station, Tamale. They were randomly
divided into 6 groups and there were 14 birds (7 males, 7 females) in each replicate group. Mean initial live weight per
bird per group was 548 g. Each group was assigned to one of the two treatments (intact wings or control and pinioned
wings) in a Completely Randomized Design. Pinioning was carried out humanely at 8 weeks of age (i.e. amputation of
the wings at the carpal joints to remove the part that holds the flight or primary feathers used for flying). In this study,
both wings were pinioned to see if birds would be able to learn to fly again using the secondary feathers. The normal
procedure is to pinion one wing. The birds were kept in deep litter pens (2.3m x 2.1m) with a floor space of 0.35
m²/bird. They were fed grower mash (200 g CP/kg, 12.5 ME MJ/kg). Feed and water were given ad libitum and light
was provided 24 h. Data were collected on feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion rate, feed cost and behavioural
changes. Feed intake and live weight of birds were weighed at weekly intervals in batches using electronic digital scale
(Jadever JPS-1050). Birds in both treatments were monitored for any behavioural changes such as nervousness and ease
of handling throughout the study as well as when they were able to attempt flying again. Growth data were analysed by
GENSTAT 8th edition (Lawes Agricultural Trust, 2005).
Results
Birds pinioned consumed less (P≤0.001) feed, but had similar (P≥0.05) live weight gains and feed efficiencies as
their control counterparts (Table 1). Pinioning reduced (P≤0.001) feed cost, but 3% less (P≥0.05) feed cost per kilogram
gain compared to non-pinioned group. Birds pinioned exhibited docile demeanour (Table 2) and were generally easy to
manage in confinement.
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Table 1: Effects of pinioning on growth performance and feeding cost of local guinea fowls (9-16 weeks of age)
Variable
Non-pinioned
Pinioned
SED
Probability
Feed intake (g/bird/day)
Live weight gain (g/bird/day)
Final live weight (g/bird)
Final live weight minus flight feather
weight (g/bird)
Gain/feed ratio
Mean feed cost (GH¢/bird)
Mean feed cost per gain (GH¢/kg)
SED-standard error of difference
88.57
9.86
1,100
1,085
79.72
8.38
1,018
1,018
0.661
0.668
34.6
33.7
<0.001
>0.05
>0.05
>0.05
0.112
2.91
2.65
0.105
2.62
2.58
0.0080
0.022
0.081
>0.05
<0.001
>0.05
Table 2: Characteristic behaviours of pinioned local guinea fowls
Characteristic
Non-pinioned
Degree of flying at least disturbance
High
Level of aggression
High
Frequency of running around in pen
More
Degree of noise-making
More
Level of agitation by human presence
High
Level of docility
Low
Level of timidity
High
Pinioned
Low
Low
Less
Less
Low
High
Low
Discussion
Feed has been recognised as a major cost item of poultry production, thus any reduction in feed intake with
consequent decrease in feed cost would have considerable effect on profitability. Thus significant reduction (P≤0.001)
in feed intake by pinioned birds (Table 1) suggests the importance of rendering these birds flightless for economic
reasons. Even though surgical cost of the birds and labour cost of catching the birds for surgical operations were not
taken into consideration in this study, it was envisaged that such costs might be minimal.
It appeared that the reduction in activity factor of pinioned birds had favourable effects on their feed requirements
and nutrient utilisation. Hence, favourable growth performance of these birds although a slight dip in weight gain was
observed (Table 1); probably due to decline in feed intake. Several studies have shown that guinea fowls spend a lot of
energy on jumping and flight activities (Askew et al., 2001; Henry et al., 2005; Bowlin and Wikelski, 2008) and
removal of flight feathers is beneficial in conserving energy for productive functions (Dei and Nsoah, 2009).
Generally, pinioning had a beneficial effect of ameliorating aggressiveness and nervousness in these semidomesticated birds. Thus they exhibited docile demeanour compared to their control counterparts (Table 2). For
instance, pinioned birds were less noisy, less timid, calmed during feeding or hot periods, and flew about less and more
accommodating of human presence. Dei and Nsoah (2009) observed similar behaviour characteristics in local guinea
fowls when their flight feathers were extracted. According to Brodbeck (2005), if the wild behaviour of indigenous
guinea fowls is not tamed, it would be difficult to catch or handle them and they often sustain injuries. Also, Apple et
al. (1995) noted that fright causes stress which in birds induces flight and this in turn causes metabolic changes that
adversely affect productivity in farm animals.
Local farmers have recognised the importance of rendering guinea fowls flightless by cutting their flight feathers
in order to tame them. This is done whenever the farmer suspects no threat of predation. However, the difficulty of
catching these birds periodically to cut the flight feathers after regrowth makes pinioning (i.e. permanent flightlessness)
a better option. It was observed in this study that pinioning both wings made the birds to somehow regain their ability to
fly again though flight could not be sustained for long.
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Conclusion
This study showed that pinioning had no adverse effect on birds’ growth performance. This method of permanent
flightlessness had economic benefits as well as taming of birds for easy handling. It is therefore recommended that
farmers should pinion local guinea fowls kept under the intensive system of management without compromising their
welfare.
Impact
Pinioning is a simple surgical procedure of removing the flight feathers of guinea fowls to make them permanently
flightless. This is done to curb wild behaviour exhibited by them that makes them difficult to catch or handle in
confinement. This study shows that pinioning will not adversely affect growth performance of the local breed of guinea
fowl. It is beneficial in reducing feeding cost, as well as taming of them that makes their handling quite easy. Both
reduction in feed cost and taming are important for intensive rearing of the local guinea fowls.
References
APPLE, J.E., DIKEMAN, M.E., MINTON, J.E., MURPHY, R.M., FREDDE, M.R., LEITH, D.E. and UNRAH,
J.A. (1995) Effects of restraint and isolation stress and epidural blockage on endocrine and blood metabolite
status, muscle glycogen depletion and incidence of dark cutting longissimus muscle in sheep. Journal of Animal
Science 73: 2295.
ASKEW, G.N., MARSH, R.L. and ELLINGTON, C.P. (2001) The mechanical power output of the pectoralis muscle
of blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) during take-off. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 3601-3619.
BOWLIN, M.S. and WIKELSKI, M. (2008) Pointed wings, low wing loading and calm air reduce migratory flight
cost in songbirds. PLOS One 3 (6): 2154.
BRODBECK, F. (2005) Guinea fowl culture. Wildlife Society of Malawi Sustainable Management of Indigenous
Forest Project Report, National Headquarters, Limbe, Malawi, pp 7-9.
DEI, H.K. and NSOAH, J.K. (2009) Effects of removing flight feathers on growth performance of local guinea fowl
(Numida meleagris). Proceedings of the 16th Ghana Society of Animal Production, Kumasi, Ghana, pp. 131-134.
HENRY, H.T., ELLERBY, D.J. and MARSH, R.L. (2005) Performance of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) during
jumping requires storage and release of elastic energy. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 3293-3302.
LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST. (2005) GenStat 8th ed. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
WITTER, M.S., CUTHILL, I.C. and BOSNER, R.H. (1994) Experimental investigations of mass-dependent
predation risk in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Animal Behaviour 48: 201-222.
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Short Communications| Brèves Communications | Comunicaciones Breves
Promotion of Rural Poultry Production in India
SATISH J. MANWAR
Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir, Dist. Latur, Maharashtra –
413517, India
Summary
In India, poultry rearing is an integral part of the rural farming system. However, the 70% of the nearly 44 billion eggs
and 1.6 billion broilers per annum are consumed in urban and semi urban areas and the rural consumption is quite low,
mainly due to the poor availability of eggs and poultry meat. Non-descript native fowl are used in this production
system which has acquired considerable adaptability to local climatic conditions. Usually, investment is low in this
system and it is not economically viable given the high mortality and low productivity of the reared chicks. The
strategies for the success of backyard poultry production include use of improved breeds, improved feeding practices,
housing, health and biosecurity, developmental programmes, protection from predators, training, extension and
information system, marketing, developing a suitable bird for backyard poultry along with diversification in poultry
production. The eggs and meat of backyard chicken is much more highly valued and they are equivalent to ‘Organic
eggs or chicken’ with prices being 50-100 % higher. Therefore, increased backyard production would result in a
positive impact on women empowerment, household food security and income generation. For development to take
place attention needs not only to be on the producer but as much on the establishment of an enabling environment
which provide access to essential inputs like vaccination, feed, micro finance and good market access for other inputs
and outputs.
Key words: Rural poultry, Constraints, Strategies
Résumé
En Inde, l’aviculture fait partie intégrante du système de production rurale. Cependant, 70% de près de 44 milliards
d'œufs et 1.6 milliard de poulets de chair sont consommés annuellement en zones urbaines et péri urbaines; la
consommation rurale est très faible à cause principalement d’un faible approvisionnement de ces zone en œufs et en
poulets. La poule locale non décrite native est celle qui est la plus utilisée dans ce système de production à cause de sa
grande capacité d’adaptation aux conditions climatiques locales. Habituellement, ce système requiert un faible
investissement à la base mais n’est pas économiquement rentable étant donné la forte mortalité et une faible
productivité des poussins élevés. Les stratégies pour le succès de la production de basse-cour comprennent l'utilisation
de races améliorées, l’utilisation des aliments équilibrés, l’habitat, les soins vétérinaires et la biosécurité, les
programmes de développement, la lutte contre les prédateurs, la formation, la vulgarisation le système d'information, la
commercialisation, la mise sur pied d’une volaille adaptée à la basse-cour suivie d’une diversification de la production
avicole. La viande de poulet et les œufs issus de la basse-cour sont plus valorisés et équivalent à des «œufs
biologiques » ou poulet coutant 50-100% plus chers. Par conséquent, l’accroissement de la production avicole de la
basse-cour se traduirait par un impact positif sur l'autonomisation des femmes, la sécurité alimentaire des ménages et la
génération de revenus. Pour que le développement soit effectif, une attention ne sera pas seulement portée sur le
producteur mais aussi bien sur la mise en place d’un environnement propice permettant des intrants essentiels tels que la
vaccination, l’aliment, la micro-finance et un bon accès au marché des autres intrants et extrants.
Mots clés: Volaille rurale, Contraintes, Stratégies.
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Resumen
En la India, la cría de aves de corral es una parte integral del sistema de producción rural. Sin embargo, el 70% de los
casi 44 billones de huevos y 1.6 billones de pollos de engorda por año se consumen en las zonas urbanas y semiurbanas, y el consumo en las zonas rurales es muy bajo, debido principalmente a la poca disponibilidad de huevo y
carne avícola. En estos sistemas de producción se utilizan aves nativas, las cuales han adquirido una gran adaptabilidad
a las condiciones climáticas locales. Por lo general, en estos sistemas la inversion es baja y no es economicamente
viable, dada la alta tasa de mortalidad y la baja productividad de los pollos criados. Las estrategias para que la
producción de aves de traspatio tenga éxito incluyen el uso de razas mejoradas, mejoramiento de las prácticas de
alimentacion, alojamiento, salud y bioseguridad, programas de desarrollo, proteccion de los depredadores, capacitación,
sistemas de extención e información, marketing, desarrollo de una ave adecuada para el sistema de traspatio junto con
una diversificación en la producción avícola. El huevo y la carne de aves de traspatio son mucho mas valuados y son
equivalentes a los ¨Huevos Orgánicos¨ ó a los pollos cuyos precios son 50-100% mas altos. Por lo tanto, un aumento en
la producción de traspatio se traduciría en un impacto positivo en el apoderamiento de la mujer, seguridad alimentaria y
generacion de ingresos. Para que el desarrollo se lleve a cabo, se necesita atención no solo en el productor si no en la
creación de un entorno favorable que provea el acceso a insumos esenciales como vacunas, alimento, micro finanzas y
un buen acceso al mercado para otras entradas y salidas.
Palabras clave: avicultura rural, restricciones, estrategias.
Introduction
In spite of the fact that India enjoys 3rd position in egg production and 4th in broiler production in the world, the
consumption of eggs and meat is far below the global average of per capita consumption per annum. The Indian
Council of Medical Research has recommended consumption of 180 eggs and 10.8 kg poultry meat per person per
annum. At present, most of our poultry production units are located near urban areas, catering to urban needs and when
a fraction of this production reaches the villages, it costs the rural consumer at least 50% more than what it costs the
urban consumers. The higher price and low availability of poultry products to the rural consumer leads to lower
consumption and thereby deficiency of quality protein in their diet.
Poultry rearing is an integral part of the rural farming system. However, the 70% of the nearly 44 billion eggs and
1.6 billion broilers per annum are consumed in urban and semi urban areas and the rural consumption is quite low,
mainly due to the poor availability of eggs and poultry meat. Poultry production in rural areas and hills is still
unorganized and on small scale. The private sector is not inclined to go to the rural areas because of the commercial
nature of the poultry egg and meat production. As a result the percentage of native backyard birds in the total poultry
population has dropped from 50% about 30 years ago to about 10% now. The eggs and meat of backyard chicken is
much more highly valued and they are equivalent of ‘Organic eggs or chicken’ with prices being 50-100 % higher.
Therefore, increased backyard production would result in a positive impact on women empowerment, household food
security and income generation.
In extensive backyard rearing system, the family members, especially the women take care of the poultry, which
are very small in numbers, averaging 20 birds per family (Khan and Manwar, 2007). There is no commercial
application here as there is hardly any surplus left for marketing. The major inputs required for this sector are locally
adaptable improved variety of stocks with better productivity and low mortality, health care, trainings and extension.
Formation of self-help groups, societies, cooperatives etc. will increase awareness about nutrition and also help the
farmers realize surplus production through proper technological adoption, thus adding to their income as a
supplementary source.
Management of poultry has been associated with women for various historical and social factors. With the recent
emphasis on gender in development activities, there has been a tendency for poultry production to be seen as means of
reaching women’s group. With targeted training, gender based constraints such as poor access to information by
women, division of labour/heavy workloads and fewer roles in decision making in the household are envisaged to be
overcome. This also has been shown to lead to their greater empowerment if they are able to participate as poultry
advisors, extension workers for providing advice and support to other poultry owners.
Backyard poultry farming is a family enterprise generally practiced by rural women and the contributions of
women clearly highlight their articulation of activities in poultry farming where women must be recognized as potent
human resource. The backyard poultry farming can be converted into a highly profitable venture by imparting rural
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women with skills for scientific rearing of backyard poultry and at the same time keeping the input cost low by using
locally available environment friendly resources. The native chicken thus produced will be a cheap and constant source
of quality protein in the form of eggs and meat for the villagers. More importantly it will lead to empowerment of
women in rural areas and the overall socio- economic status of rural families will be elevated.
Present status
Non-descript native fowl are used in this production system which has acquired considerable adaptability to local
climatic conditions. The free range birds obtain their feed from scavenging. They scavenge on worms, hunt bugs,
stones, grit, green leafy vegetables and household waste, etc. Usually, investment is low in this system and birds are
reared without any sophisticated house and kept in open throughout the day. The native birds have a marked resistance
to many diseases and are efficient mothers. They incubate their eggs and give protection to their young chicks till they
are able to protect themselves.
The women in rural areas already make significant contributions to rural households by looking after family,
livestock and poultry. Poultry rearing has also been seen as a popular activity among the rural people who have been
associated with it since ages. The preference of consumers for indigenous birds, liking for colored plumage and tinted
eggs and traditional wisdom of raising the birds has also helped in in situ propagation of local birds. Unfortunately, low
productivity has become the stamp of this rural backyard poultry, leading to lower returns. Moreover, there is no
commercial application in this system of farming as there is hardly any surplus left for marketing. The main reason for
it is that poultry owners did not receive any training in backyard poultry farming.
Therefore, to give the necessary impulsion to the rural women empowerment programme in general, poultry may
be used as an effective tool with some crucial technological applications like increasing the productivity and decreasing
the mortality rates, etc. The major inputs required for this sector are locally adaptable improved variety of stocks with
better productivity and low mortality, health care, trainings and extension. This can be a successful venture if the
women constitute self-help groups; co-operatives, etc. to increase awareness about nutrition and surplus production
through proper technological adoption, thus adding to their income as a supplementary source. So, backyard poultry
farming initiation on scientific guidelines has vast income and employment generation potential for the rural women.
Lack of understanding of backyard poultry farming makes it difficult to design and implement poultry based
development programmes that benefit rural people. An appropriate strategy is necessary in backyard poultry farming for
empowerment of rural women and to have stress-free birds free from harmful residues.
Constraints
The tribal and backward community populations have been traditionally rearing chicks, which is not economically
viable given the high mortality and low productivity of the reared chicks. Low productivity is mainly caused by
unscientific feeding that leads to susceptibility of birds to different infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies and
metabolic disorders. The poultry birds, especially of meat type at high altitude are highly susceptible to ascites and
sudden death syndrome. In ascites, excess amount of ascitic fluid (combination of lymph and blood plasma) accumulate
in the body cavity that often leads to mortality. The other important constraints in backyard poultry farming include
(Rao and Thomas, 1984; Balaraman and Kaul, 1985; Singh and Pani, 1986; Singh and Johari, 1990; Rangnekar and
Rangnekar, 1996; Dana, 1998; and Saha, 2003):
High hatching mortality and attack of predators
Non-availability of suitably developed breeds that can be adopted well at different height, cold temperature
Extreme climatic conditions like cold and low oxygen pressure, shortage of space and difficulties in housing owing
to extreme cold climate.
Scarce availability of good quality feedstuffs suitable for poultry feeding.
Lack of awareness among people on economic potentiality of poultry production.
Inadequate or lack of proper health cover, vaccines, medicines, hatcheries, availability of quality feed and
organized marketing.
Unhygienic and complaints by neighbourer
Lack of financial support
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Strategies
Backyard poultry farming by and large is a low input or no input venture and is characterized by indigenous night
shelter, scavenging system, with little supplementary feeding, natural hatching of chicks, poor productivity of birds,
local marketing and no health care practice. Its importance in national economies, nutritional status and incomes of
developing countries has been recognized (FAO, 1987). In many developing and underdeveloped countries backyard
poultry production is mainly based on traditional extensive poultry production system which contributes up to 90 % of
the total poultry products. In India, Desai (1996) reported successful rural poultry farming projects involving women,
who led to increased production and empowering of women through provision of training and credit. Backyard poultry
farming fulfills a wide range of purposes: provide meat and eggs, food for special festivals, chicken for traditional
ceremonies, pest control and petty cash, utilizes minimum inputs, requires minimum human attention, and causes less
environmental pollution along with ensuring nutritional security, subsidiary income to buy more food, send children to
school and augment assets to ensure financial security. The strategies for the success of backyard poultry production are
discussed hereunder (Manwar and Singh, 2007):
1. Improved breeds
The indigenous birds although low in productivity but are highly resistant to diseases, adaptable to adverse
climatic conditions and able to produce even under low input systems. The government of India has supported backyard
poultry farming which has resulted in release of some important backyard poultry varieties viz. Vanaraja, Gramapriya,
Giriraja, CARI Nirbheek, Krishna-J, etc., for benefit of rural farmers.
China is the highest egg producing and second highest chicken meat producing country in the world. The most of the
poultry is in the form of the backyard poultry or in unorganized sector and this sector is not over dependent upon the
imported germplasm unlike India. In India also there are many types, breeds and strains of indigenous poultry which are
well adapted to their environment. There is need for their genetic improvement in order to improve their productivity
within their local environment and also to make use of the improved indigenous birds in crossing with imported exotic
birds and conserve the desirable genes (e.g. for disease resistance) of the indigenous breed for future breeding.
2. Improved feeding practices
Availability of feed is the major constrain in high altitude poultry feeding. Certain grains, pulses and oil seeds are
grown in hilly areas. Some amount of grain and it’s by products can be made available. Moreover, certain by products
are also available from fruit industry. During the dry season, poultry can quickly develop vitamin deficiency because of
the scarcity of the succulent vegetables in the range. There is a need to supplement their scavenging with sources of
minerals and vitamins. Most of the materials available for scavenging are not concentrated enough in terms of energy
because they contain lot of crude fiber. Therefore, scavenging poultry should be supplemented with the energy sources
such as maize, sorghum and millets in the morning or late in the evening. Birds scavenge during the day mostly for
protein (insects, worms, larvae, etc.), minerals (stones, grits, and shells) and vitamins (leafy greens) in between the
meals. It is very important to know the amount of scavengeable feed available in a village and to monitor the effect of
seasons on it. The recommended policy is to identify and use locally available feed resources to formulate diets that are
balanced. There has been less use of fertilizers and pesticides on hills, and their use for poultry feeding with little
supplement of deficient nutrients will certainly promote production of organic chicken and eggs.
3. Housing of birds
Majority of the poultry owners keep the birds in houses prepared by using locally available materials viz. wood,
mud, broken bricks, tiles, wire net, etc. Proper housing must not only provide an environment that moderates
environmental impact but must provide adequate ventilation for birds to lay eggs, as well as to feed and sleep in comfort
and security. Thus, construction of proper housing using cheap, durable, locally available resources and skills can go a
long way in improving village chicken production.
Depending upon the agro climatic conditions the house designing should be done to get optimum production from
the high yielding birds. The hilly areas like J and K have a low temperature problem. During the winter, temperature at
certain places may go below 00C. Hence, efforts are to be made to provide the warmth. Seal the house from three sides
using gunny bags, one side which does not face the direction of the cold winds should be kept open for ventilation. This
side must face south and rest three i.e. north, east and west be closed. During winter, keep the house full to its capacity.
This provides more heat. Direct draft should be controlled to ensure comfort of birds during winter. Birds are more
comfortable at slightly higher temperature and low humidity than at reverse. Cross ventilation is essential for
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controlling humidity. There should be cross ventilation all along the two sides of poultry house. This will remove
excess of moisture and undesirable gases and will also help in keeping the litter dry.
4. Poultry health and biosecurity
The requirement of health coverage is as crucial to the rural/small scale sector as ......?. The major diseases of
backyard poultry in India that have been identified are Newcastle disease (ND), Infectious bursal disease (IBD), or
Gumboro, Marek’s disease (MD), Fowl typhoid, cholera, mycoplasmosis and coccidiosis. Among all these diseases ND
is the most devastating disease of backyard chickens. Commercial sector may be at risk from free range rural flocks due
to their lack of biosecurity measures and rural production may succumb to commercial methods like indiscriminate use
of vaccines even when they are not needed. Cold chain and thermo stable vaccines are other requirement, which shall be
considered. Biosecurity measures should be followed in light of HPAI in neighbouring countries and other exotic
diseases and any imports shall be scrutinized.
5. Developmental programmes
When compared to the agriculture and other livestock, poultry has definitely an edge. Because, it is not much
dependent on monsoon unlike agriculture and it requires less land and can be established on waste lands such as drought
prone and alkaline soils. The developmental interventions required are primary production at village level (viz. Parent
stock unit, Mini hatcheries, Feed mixers, Sale counters, Chick brooding units) for input supply along with marketing
and health care services. This will also help in generating employment in rural areas. Village poultry programme in
Bangladesh have trained more than 20,000 poultry workers responsible for vaccinating village chickens. In India also
this practice is to be encouraged. Vaccination against ND increases chick survival rate by 100%.
6. Protection from predators
Predators such as snakes, rats, dogs, cats, etc. causes high mortality. Prevention can be considered through proper
housing and shelter. Hunting, poisoning, trapping and use of the natural enemies of the predators are the available
methods. Predators can be repelled by specific plants. For example, sliced garlic put in the house of the birds to repel
the snakes from the birds.
7. Training, extension and Information system
The role of the poultry owners in a family largely depends on the type and size of the family. The time available
with the members of the household largely depends on the number of members as well as the type of family. In a
medium family size the women folk of the household can easily take up backyard poultry farming as it is an enterprise
with low demand on time and labour. Its success lies in the training of farmers and training shall be undertaken at large
scale to give technical information about farming, mostly basic chick rearing and create awareness about benefits of
poultry with respect to economics and nutritive value of egg products. It should also include taking up diversified
farming. Seminars and workshops involving farmers from block to state level at regular intervals will also help create
awareness about poultry farming.
8. Marketing:
The rural produce shall be given wide publicity for its near-organic and non-synthetic nature. This will help create
a niche market for the rural products.
9. Developing a suitable bird for backyard poultry
Poultry keeping in backyard gives very high return as the investment is very low. Our country needs to have a bird
suitable to rural, poor, small and marginal farmers, who are deprived of technical know-how and other inputs for
poultry rearing. Native birds have
Better adaptability to local harsh conditions and possess the ability to survive, produce and reproduce on low plane
of nutrition and sub-optimal management.
The inputs required are very small as they scavenge their feed requirements and are raised with little veterinary care
owing to high disease resistance
Low cholesterol level in eggs and meat
All the local breeds show broodiness and hatch their own chicks making the system auto generating.
They possess the ability to protect themselves and their young ones from predators.
Dual purpose birds will be most suitable.
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Colored plumage pattern
Eggs and meat from local breeds are sold at a premium price as people have a preference for eggs and meat of
indigenous poultry compared to those realize from farm-bred chickens.
10. Alternative poultry species
Diversification is target in terms of giving special focus on new species. Alternative poultry species such as ducks,
Japanese quails, Turkeys, Guinea fowls, Emu and ostrich should be encouraged. In order to overcome the constraints
there is a need for creating awareness, providing knowledge and proper planning and implementation of strategies for
backyard poultry farming to make it a rural poultry revolution for poverty alleviation in rural India. The future strategies
are highlighted and discussed here under.
• There is a dire need of imparting basic training to the women to take up poultry activity and give them the needed
confidence to successfully rear the birds. An extension activity for transfer of technology from the lab to the
farmers’ doorstep has to be intensified.
• Since the backyard poultry farming is managed largely by the women in the family the scientific training imparted
to them on rearing of poultry in their backyards will benefit their families.
• Though the backyard poultry farming does not require any sophisticated management but the importance regarding
night shelters, cleaning equipment and general hygiene needs to be imparted to the farmers.
• Cheaply built sheds made of local materials like mud, thatch and bamboo which may house 15-20 birds with
reasonable floor space can economize the housing. Sheds must be built so that they may prevent birds from
predators.
• Breeding policy for backyard poultry aims at increased production of eggs and poultry meat by increasing
productivity of native poultry birds and introduction of new species of poultry bird like turkey, guinea fowl for
diversity in the meat type poultry.
• Proper feeding and other improved managemental practices will also help improve the productivity of the birds.
• Number of the birds kept under this system of farming depends upon the feed resource availability in the range. If
grass and worms are in abundance the number of the birds may be increased.
• Poultry health and bio-security are two of the most alarming challenges for both the rural and commercial set up.
Health coverage to the birds in the rural areas needs a deep health service delivery system not adequate presently, to
counter the high mortality rates particularly in birds of young age.
• Special emphasis is needed for marketing of rural poultry produce coming from the backyard and small flocks.
• Since most of the small holder poultry farmers are poor, government should extend assistance to improve the poultry
farming system like selective breeding and multiplication of local poultry breeds for supply to the villagers by the
government poultry farm.
• All the poultry stocks should he vaccinated against the most common killer diseases like Ranikhet Disease (RD) and
Fowl Pox. Small packs of R.D. vaccine containing preferably 50 or less doses of the vaccine to be made available to
reduce wastage and make it economical for farmers.
• Extension support for health care, input supply, market linkages and other aspects should be readily available at
village level.
Conclusion
By having a holistic approach to backyard poultry development, taking into account technical as well as
organizational approach, it is possible within a relatively short period to develop poultry production systems based upon
locally available resources, which may help the rural women in developing their skills and creating a sustainable
income with very few inputs. For development to take place attention needs not only to be on the producer but as much
on the establishment of an enabling environment which provides access to essential inputs like vaccination, feed, microfinance and good market access for other inputs and outputs.
Impact
Backyard poultry farming plays an important role in rural economy. In addition to supplementary income, the
village poultry have nutritional, cultural and social values. The rural poultry farmers have poor knowledge about
feeding, breeding and management practices, which led to poor performance of the birds. Therefore, extension
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programmes should be strengthened so that the farmers become more knowledgeable and skilful about the new
technologies as well as the recommended practices and can maximize the productivity and consequently the income.
The on-farm training of rural poultry owners is also necessary so as to bring about changes in their practices. India has
tremendous potential in organic poultry because of the existence of traditional backyard system. Therefore, there is need
to follow suitable approach and technology for the development of backyard system of poultry rearing which, in turn,
can be changed to a successful organic venture.
References
BALARAMAN, S. and KAUL, P.N. (1985) Adoption of improved practices by traditional fisherman in Kerala. Indian
Journal of Extension Education, 21: 80-88.
DANA, S.S. (1998) Animal husbandry practices among Santal and Lodha tribes of Medinipur district of West Bengal.
Ph.D. Thesis, Division of Extension Education, IVRI, Izatnagar.
FAO (1987) Report on the expert consultation on rural poultry development in Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 23–28 March
1987. Animal Production and Health Division Publication. No. 274415. Rome.
KHAN, A. and MANWAR, S.J. (2007). Backyard Poultry Production for Rural Women Empowerment: Present
Scenario and Future Strategies, Proc. National Seminar organized by the SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India, pp: 69-72.
MANWAR, S.J. and SINGH, Y. (2007). Strategies for promoting Backyard Poultry Production for Women
Empowerment and Nutritional Security, National Seminar organized by the SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India pp: 7983.
RANGNEKAR, D. and RANGNEKAR, S. (1996) Traditional poultry production system - A need for fresh look from
rural development perspective. XX World's Poultry Congress, New Delhi, 2-5 Sept., pp: 405-408.
RAO, G. V. and THOMAS, P.C. (1984) The breed characteristics of Kadaknath breed of indigenous chicken. Avian
Research, 68: 55-57.
SAHA, D. (2003) Status of rural poultry production in North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. M.V.Sc. Thesis,
Division of Extension Education, IVRI, Izatnagar.
SINGH, D. P. and JOHARI, D. C. (1990) Kadaknath the native fowl needs to be conserved. Indian Farming, March,
1990, pp: 29-32.
SINGH, D.P. and PANI, P.K. (1986) Aseel's background and foreground. Poultry Guide, Feb., 1986, pp: 53-60.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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News | Nouvelles | Noticias
A new INFPD Executive Committee
Preparatory to the next biennial General Meeting of International Network for Family poultry Development (INFPD)
that will hold during the XXIV World’s Poultry Congress (WPC) in Salvador - Bahia, Brazil, there was a need to elect
new officers to run the INFPD for the next 4 years. Knowing well that majority of us may not be able to attend the
WPC, it was agreed by the Executive Committee that all members should be given the opportunity to nominate (and be
nominated) and to elect officers for INFPD for the next 4 years (2012 – 2016). Therefore an electronic consultation was
run from 23 September 2011 to 23 December 2011 in order to allow all INFPD members to cast their votes. The
deadline for the election was extended three times in order to get at least 50% of our members voting to make the
elections credible. Hundred sixty-four (164) votes were cast as of December 24, 2011. Results of the elections were
released on January 2012 and are presented in the table below as follow:
Post
Coordinator
Secretary
Editor-in-Chief, FPC*
Deputy Editor-in-Chief, FPC*
Ex-Officio
Candidates Votes
E. Fallou Guèye (Senegal)
Md. A. Saleque (Bangladesh)
Jean-Claude Fotsa (Cameroon)
J. Oluwasola Agbede (Nigeria)
Brigitte Bagnol (Mozambique/South Africa)
Results
Elected
Elected
Elected
Elected
Elected
*FPC: Family Poultry Communications
Thank you very much for active participation. Let me wish you all a very productive Year 2012.
Prof. E. B. Sonaiya
Dept. of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, NIGERIA.
E-mail: <[email protected]>, Tel: (+234) 803 719 7378
Past Co-ordinator, International Network for Family Poultry Development.
Un nouveau Comité Exécutif du RIDAF
Dans le cadre des activités préparatoires à la prochaine Assemblée Générale biannuelle du Réseau International pour le
Développement de l'Aviculture Familiale (RIDAF) qui se tiendra lors de la XXIVème Congrès Mondial de l’Aviculture
(CMA, ou World’s Poultry Congress) qui se tiendra à Salvador- Bahia au Brésil, il a été nécessaire d’élire de nouveaux
dirigeants du RIDAF. Sachant bien que la majorité d'entre nous peut ne pas pouvoir participer à ce congrès, le comité
exécutif a décidé que la possibilité soit donnée à tous les membres de nommer (et d’être nommés) et d’élire les
dirigeants du RIDAF pour un mandat de 4 ans (2012 – 2016). Ainsi, une consultation électronique a été organisée du 23
septembre 2011 au 23 décembre 2011 afin de permettre à tous les membres du RIDAF d’effectuer leurs votes. La datelimite pour l’élection a été reportée à trois reprises afin d’obtenir au moins 50% de nos membres votant pour rendre les
élections crédibles. Cent soizante qutre (164) votes ont été enregistrées à la date du 24 decembre 2011. Les résultats
proclamés en Janvier 2012 ont été présentés comme ci-dessous indiqués:
Poste
Coordonnateur
Secrétaire
Éditeur en Chef, CAF*
Éditeur en Chef Adjoint, CAF*
Ex officio
Candidats
E. Fallou Guèye (Sénégal)
Jean-Claude Fotsa (Cameroun)
Brigitte Bagnol (Mozambique/Afrique du Sud)
Résultats
Élu
Élu
Élu
Élue
Élue
*CAF: Communications en Aviculture Familiale
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Je vous remercie beaucoup pour votre participation active. Permettez-moi de vous souhaiter tous une très productive
Année 2012.
Prof. E. B. Sonaiya
Ancien Coordonateur, Réseau International pour le Développement de l’Aviculture Familiale.
Un nuevo Comité Ejecutivo del RIDAF
En preparación a la próxima Asamblea General bienal de la Red Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura
Familiar (RIDAF) que celebrará durante el XXIV Congreso Mundial de Avicultura (CMA ó World´s Poultry Congress)
en la Bahia-Salvador, Brasil, había la necesidad de elegir a nuevos oficiales para funcionar el RIDAF. Sabiendo bien
que la mayoría de nosotros puede no poder atender al WPC, fue convenido por el Comité Ejecutivo que todos los
miembros deben tener la oportunidad de nominar (y ser nominado) y de elegir a los oficiales para RIDAF por los 4
próximos años (2012 - 2016). Por lo tanto se realizó una consulta electrónica del 23 de septiembre de 2011 al 23 de
diciembre de 2011, para permitir que todos los miembros de RIDAF emitan sus votos. El plazo para la elección era tres
épocas extendidas para conseguir por lo menos el 50% de nuestros miembros que votaban para hacer las elecciones
creíbles. Cientos sesenta y cuatro (164) votos fueron emitidos el día 24 de diciembre de 2011. Los resultados
anunciados en enero de 2012 se muestran a continuación:
Posición
Coordinador
Secretario
Editor en Jefe, CAF*
Suplente de Editor en Jefe, CAF*
Ex-Oficio
Candidatos
E. Fallou Guèye (Senegal)
Jean-Claude Fotsa (Cameroun)
Brigitte Bagnol (Mozambique/Sudáfrica)
Resultados
Elegido
Elegido
Elegido
Elegido
Elegido
*CAF: Comunicaciones en Avicultura Familiar
Muchas Gracias por la activa participación. Déjeme desearle todo un año 2012 muy productivo.
Prof. E. B. Sonaiya
Coordinador del pasado, Red Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Instructions to authors | Recommandations aux auteurs | Instrucciones par autores
Instructions to authors
The following formatting instructions must be followed carefully. Authors are responsible to ensure the correct
formatting before the submission of the manuscripts of their papers. Manuscripts that do not meet the requirements will
not be considered.
Contents
Family Poultry Communications (FPC) publishes reviews and original papers on all aspects of family poultry science,
reports on the development of family poultry production from all over the world, reports from conferences, seminars,
symposia and known scientific working groups, as well as book reviews, news and a listing of forthcoming events of
the INFPD (International Network for Family Poultry Development) and other relevant organisations. An original paper
must be based on relevant research and development activities. It must at least have the following sections:
Introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion and conclusions. A review paper should be comprehensive
within the area defined by its title, the structure should be logical and the citations should be subjected to critical
appraisal just like the methodology and statistical analyses of results. When preparing a review paper, sound deductive
and constructive processes should be used to produce valid, useful and clearly presented conclusions. It is encouraged to
use appropriate figures, tables, formulas and illustrations. The objective must always be to produce a worthwhile
addition to the body of available literature.
Preparation of manuscript
Submitted papers, which will be subject to scrutiny by independent referees and editorial revision, should normally not
exceed 8-10 pages (or approximately 6000 words) including tables, illustrations and references. Longer papers can be
accepted but it is advisable for authors to contact the editor before submission.
Papers should be presented in Word format, in an A4 layout, using Times New Roman 12 point font, line spacing must
be double, margins 2.5 cm and with consecutive line numbering (continuous over pages) along the left margin. Pages
must be numbered in the upper right-hand corner.
The first page of the manuscripts should contain the following features:
Title: Directly relating to the topic of the paper.
Name(s) and postal address(es) of author(s).
E-mail address of the corresponding author.
Abstract should be 100-300 words and be translated into the two other official languages (English, French and/or
Spanish).
Keywords: Up to 8
Use of italics
Latin phrases, e.g. in vivo, et al. should be italicised. Species names should be italicised only if the full name is used
(e.g. Chlamydia psittaci) or if suffixed by “spp” (Gossypium spp.) when referring to multiple or undefined species. The
first part of the species name has to be capitalised, and the second in lower case, without exception (e.g. Eimeria
tenella, Trichomonas gallinarum). All references to bacterial, animal or plant family names must be formatted as
regular text (e.g. “chickens belong to the family of phasianidae”).
Note: Provide a paragraph of no more than 150 words explaining to INFPD’s non-specialists the importance of your
research findings. These points will be published at the end of the article under the sub-section "Impact"
References
Authors must be careful when citing references, especially regarding the formatting (bold, italicised, etc.) and giving the
full names of the publication that should not be abbreviated (give full journal title, no abbreviation!). References must
include only those cited in the body of the text.
Reference to previous work must concern those relating to the topic of the paper and should be cited in the text with the
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author’s name and the year of publication in parentheses, e.g. “Guèye (1998) found that…” or as “Sonaiya and Agbede
(2002) confirmed the recent conclusions of Fotsa et al. (2012) showing...”
In the references list, references must be sorted in alphabetical order of the surnames of the first author with all authors
cited. The full name of journals should be written including the first and last page numbers of the papers concerned:
GUÈYE, E.F. (2009) Paper title. Journal Title Vol. (Nr): page numbers (see examples below).
Examples
GUÈYE, E.F. (2009) The role of networks in information dissemination to family poultry farmers. World’s Poultry
Science Journal 65 (1): 115-124.
AGBEDE, J.O., KLUTH, H. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2009) Studies on the effects of microbial phytase on
amino acid digestibility and energy metabolisability in caecectomised laying hens and the interaction with the
dietary phosphorus level. British Poultry Science 50 (5): 583-591.
GUNARATNE, S.P., CHANDRASIRI, A.D.N., HEMALATHA, W.A.P.M. and ROBERTS, J.A. (1993) The feed
resource base for scavenging village chickens in Sri-Lanka. Tropical Animal Health and Production 26: 249-257.
FOTSA, J.C. (2012) Genetic diversity of Indigenous Chickens in Cameroon. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production
in Africa 60 (1): 63-70.
ACAMOVIC, T., SINURAT, A., NATARAJAN, A., ANITHA, K., CHANDRASEKARAN, D., SHINDEY, D.,
SPARKS, N., ODUGUWA, O., MUPETA, B. and KITALYI, A. (2005) Poultry. In: Livestock and Wealth
Creation: Improving the Husbandry of Animals Kept by Resource-poor People in Developing country (Owen, E.,
Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N. & Smith, T., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, England, pp: 301-324.
CAMACHO, E.M., LIRA T.I., RAMÍREZ, C, LÓPEZ, P.R. y ARCOS, G. J. (2006) La avicultura de traspatio en la
costa de Oaxaca, México. Ciencia y Mar 28: 3 – 11.
DESSIE, T. (1996) Studies on village poultry production systems in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. MSc Thesis,
Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
The author/s is/are totally responsible to ensure the accuracy and the correct citation of the references. The editors of
FPC cannot take any responsibility for incorrect citations.
Tables, line drawings and photographs
Titles of figures and tables must be brief with enough information for it to be understood far away from the text. Tables
can be displayed inside the text. Larger tables can be put in separate pages at the end of the paper, while their
approximate location will be indicated in the text. All tables should follow the specific “table” creation function in
Word software, and, tabs and spaces should not be used. Tables spacing must be appropriate, and column headings as
brief as possible, with a self-explanatory legend, if required. Statistical significances between means in columns or rows
must be indicated by superscript letters, and accompanied by a standard statement underneath the table or figure, e.g.
“Means with different superscript letters in the same row (or column) are significantly different at P < 0.05”. Graph
figures should be created as Excel charts that will be sent in a separate file along with the text. Bitmap or picture files of
graphs or tables will not be accepted. The use of photographs must be discussed directly with the editor for final
submission format. Line drawings should be sent in a separate file, must be scanned black and white, and each image
should be accompanied by legend and reference. Scanned photographs with larger memory size (> 1 MB) should be
sent as individual attachments. Images resolution should be 250 dpi for black / white images and 300 dpi for colour
images at the printed image size. Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw or PowerPoint can be used to submit drawings.
Footnotes
Where the utilisation of footnotes is essential, they should be indicated by asterisks (*), daggers (†) and double daggers
(‡) in that order. However, footnotes must be avoided wherever possible. Footnotes must be located at the bottom of the
page on which it is referred to and separated from the main text by a horizontal line above the footnote. Footnotes to
table must be placed underneath the table to which they refer.
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Revising your articles
When submitting a revised version of your paper in response to the referee’s comments, you should accompany it with
detailed changes made suitable for transmission to the referee. Where changes have been in response to the referee’s
remarks, it is important to mention this and indicate where they can be found. It is strongly requested to send in a
second copy of your paper with the changes marked or underlined.
Recommendations
The referee’s comments must be taken into consideration. Please make sure that you send the revised copy of your
paper and not simply the original version again. By complying with the following guidelines, you will be assisting the
FPC’s editors and reviewers who give their time to review manuscripts. If you carefully prepare your manuscript, this is
a tremendous help given to the editors of FPC that save their time and enhance the publication process.
Appeal of decision
The editors of Family Poultry Communications (FPC) will welcome the appeal of decision made by authors who would
like to do so. This should be done by e-mail with a detailed explanation for the purpose of appealing decision of the
editors.
Proofs
The senior author will be provided with page proofs and will be responsible to contact the possible co-authors in
checking the proofs. Typesetting errors only may be corrected at this level while additional matter and alterations may
be accepted only at the indulgence of the Editors. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the author(s) to ensure the correct
submission format required. Within 07 days of receipt, proofs must be corrected and returned.
Submission of papers
Papers must be submitted in one of the three INFPD working languages (English, French and
Spanish) with abstract translated into the other two languages by e-mail to the Editors of Family Poultry
Communications, Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa and/or Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede.
Back volumes
Back issues of Family Poultry Communications are available at the following link:
www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/newsletters.html
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Research for
Development (IRAD), P. O. Box: 125, Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon
Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede, Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal
University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Recommandations aux auteurs
Les instructions de mise en forme doivent être suivies attentivement. Les auteurs ont la responsabilité d’assurer la mise
en forme correcte avant la soumission des articles. Les articles non conformes aux instructions seront retournés.
Contenu
Le Journal Communications en Aviculture Familiale (CAF) publie des articles originaux ainsi que ceux de synthèse sur
tous les aspects de la science de l’aviculture familiale. Le bulletin publie aussi des rapports sur le développement de la
production en aviculture familiale à travers le monde entier, des rapports de conférences, séminaires, symposia, ateliers,
des rapports de groupes de travaux scientifiques constitués, ainsi que des manuels de synthèse, des nouvelles, des notes
d’informations provenant des associations, en même temps qu’une liste des événements futurs concernant le RIDAF
(Réseau International pour le développement de l’Aviculture Familiale) et autres organisations pertinentes. Un article
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original soumis pour publication doit se porter sur les activités de recherche et de développement. Il doit comporter les
grandes sections suivantes: Introduction, matériels et méthodes, résultats, discussion et conclusion. Un article de
synthèse doit être exhaustif dans le domaine défini par le titre, la structure doit être logique et les citations doivent être
sujettes à des révisions critiques, tout comme la méthodologie et l’analyse statistique des résultats. En préparant un
article de synthèse, des déductions et des démarches constructives doivent être employées afin d’aboutir à des
conclusions valides, utiles et clairement présentées. Il est encouragé d’utiliser des figures, tableaux, formules et
illustrations appropriés. L’objectif est toujours d’apporter une contribution appréciable à la littérature déjà disponible.
Préparation du manuscrit
Les articles soumis, qui seront sujets à une évaluation minutieuse par des évaluateurs spécialisés indépendants ainsi
qu’une révision de l’équipe éditoriale ne doivent normalement pas dépasser l’équivalent de 8-10 pages du bulletin (ou
approximativement 6000 mots), y compris les tableaux, les illustrations, et les références bibliographiques. Des articles
plus longs peuvent être acceptés mais il est préférable de contacter l’éditeur avant leur soumission.
Les articles doivent être présentés sous le logiciel Word, avec une feuille de dimension A4, en utilisant la police Times
New Roman de traille 12, l’interligne doit être double, les marges à 2,5 cm et avec une numérotation consécutive des
lignes (en continue au delà des pages), le long de la marge gauche. Les pages doivent être numérotées à droite et en
haut.
La première page des manuscrits doit contenir les informations ci-après:
Titre: Doit être directement lié au thème de l’article
Nom(s) et adresse(s) postale(s) de(s) auteur(s)
Adresse électronique de l’auteur pour correspondance.
Le résumé doit comporter 100-300 mots et sera traduit dans les deux autres langues officielles (Anglais, Français et/ou
Espagnol)
Mots clés: Jusqu’à 8 mots.
Utilisation des italiques
Les expressions latines telles que in vivo, et al. doivent être écrites en italique. Les noms d’espèces ne doivent être en
italique que si le nom entier est utilisé (p.ex. Chlamydia psittaci) ou bien si accompagné du suffixe “spp” (Gossypium
spp.) lorsqu’il fait référence à des espèces indéfinies ou multiples. La première partie du nom d’espèce doit être en
majuscule, et la seconde en minuscule, sans exception (p.ex. Eimeria tenella, Trichomonas gallinarum). Toutes
références à des noms de familles pour les bactéries, les animaux ou les végétaux doivent apparaître sous une forme
identique au texte régulier (p.ex. “les poules appartiennent à la famille des phasianidaes”)
Important
Prévoir un paragraphe d’au plus 150 mots expliquant aux non spécialistes du RIDAF l’importance de vos résultats
trouvés. Ces points seront publiés sous le sous-titre ‘Impact’ à la fin de l’article.
Références bibliographiques
Les auteurs prendront les précautions lors de la citation des références, en particulier pour ce qui concerne la mise en
forme (gras, italique, etc.) et en donnant le nom entier de la publication qui ne doit pas être abrégée (écrivez les noms
des journaux en entier, pas d’abréviation!). Les références bibliographiques listées ne comprendront que celles citées
dans le corps du texte.
Les références concernant les travaux antérieurs doivent tenir compte de celles qui sont en relation avec le thème de
l’article. Elles doivent être citées dans le texte par le nom de l’auteur suivi de l’année de publication entre parenthèses,
p.ex. “Guèye (1998) a trouvé que… ” ou “Sonaiya et Agbede (2002) ont confirmé les récentes conclusions de Fotsa et
al. (2012) montrant...”
Dans la liste des références, les différents travaux doivent être classés par ordre alphabétique du nom de famille du
premier auteur, tous les auteurs devant être cités. Le nom du journal doit être écrit en entier, y compris les numéros de la
première et de la dernière page de l’article concerné:
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GUÈYE, E.F. (2009) Titre de l’article. Nom du journal Vol. Nr: numéros des pages (voir l’exemple ci-dessous).
Exemples
Science Journal 65: 115-124.
in Africa 60 (1): 63-70.
BONKOUNGOU, G.F.X. (2002) L’amélioration de l’élevage traditionnel de la volaille locale en zone Sahélienne du
Burkina Faso. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AITVM, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 207-217.
FAO (2004) Economie de la production. Dans: Production en Aviculture Familiale (Sonaiya, E.B. & Swan, S.E.J.,
Eds.). Production et Santé Animale, Rome, Italie, pp. 82-82.
HODGETTS, B. (1981) Dealing with dirty hatching eggs. MAFF Information for Flock Farms and Hatcheries: Hatch
Handout No.17.
CAMACHO, E.M., LIRA T.I., RAMÍREZ, C., LÓPEZ, P.R. y ARCOS, G. J (2006) La avicultura de traspatio en la
BOUSSINI, H. (1995) Contribution à l’étude des facteurs de mortalité des pintadeaux au Burkina Faso. Thèse de
Médecine Vétérinaire, EISMV, Dakar, Sénégal.
Le(s) auteur(s) est(sont) pleinement responsable(s) de la véracité et la correcte citation des références bibliographiques.
Les éditeurs n’endossent aucune responsabilité sur les citations bibliographiques inexactes.
Tableaux, dessins et photos
Les titres des figures et tableaux doivent être brefs avec assez d’informations les rendant compréhensibles en dehors du
texte. Les tableaux peuvent être insérés dans le texte. Les tableaux plus larges peuvent être placés séparément à la fin du
document sur de nouvelles pages et leur emplacement approximatif sera indiqué dans le texte. Tous les tableaux doivent
suivre la fonction spécifique de création de “tableau” du logiciel Word. En outre, les tabs et les espacements ne doivent
pas être utilisés. Les espaces des tableaux doivent être appropriés, et les titres des colonnes aussi brefs que possible,
avec une légende explicative, si nécessaire. Les signifiances statistiques entre les moyennes à l’intérieur des colonnes
ou des lignes doivent être indiquées par des lettres en exposant, et accompagnées par une note explicative standard au
bas du tableau ou de la figure concerné(e), p.ex. “Les moyennes ayant des lettres différentes en exposant sur la même
ligne (ou colonne) sont significativement différentes à P < 0.05”. Les graphiques doivent être crées sous forme de
diagramme Excel, et devront être envoyés sous fichier séparé, au moment de la soumission du texte. Les fichiers de
graphiques et tableaux photographies ne seront pas acceptés. En cas d’utilisation d’images photos, discuter directement
avec l’éditeur sur le format final à envoyé. Les dessins en ligne doivent être envoyés sous fichier séparé, et doivent être
scannés en noir et blanc, et chaque image doit être accompagnée d’une légende et d’une référence. Les photos scannées
dont la mémoire est supérieure à 1MB doivent être envoyées sous forme de fichiers attachés séparés. La résolution des
images doit être de 250 dpi pour les images en noir et blanc et de 300 dpi pour les images en couleur à l’impression de
l’image. Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw ou PowerPoint peuvent être utilisés pour la soumission des dessins.
Notes de bas de page
Les notes de bas de page, en cas de nécessité, doivent être indiquées dans le texte par des astérisques (*), des croix (†)
et des doubles croix (‡), dans cet ordre. Néanmoins, l’utilisation des notes de bas de page doit être évitée, à chaque fois
que c’est possible. Dans le manuscrit, une note de bas de page doit être placée au bas de la même page où elle est
indiquée, et doit être séparée du reste du texte par une ligne horizontale. Les notes de pieds de page relatives à un
tableau doivent être placées immédiatement sous le tableau concerné.
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Révision des articles
Lors de la soumission d'une version révisée de votre manuscrit en réponse aux observations de relecteurs, vous voudriez
bien l'accompagner des corrections détaillées apportées pour être transmises aux relecteurs. Si des changements ont été
en réponse aux remarques du relecteur, il est important de le mentionner et indiquer où les retrouver. Il est fortement
recommandé d’envoyer une deuxième version de votre manuscrit portant les modifications marquées ou soulignées.
Recommandations
Les commentaires du relecteur doivent être pris en considération. Veuillez, s'il vous plaît, vous assurer que la copie
révisée de votre manuscrit a été envoyée et pas simplement l’envoi à nouveau de la version originale. En vous
conformant aux instructions aux auteurs, vous aiderez les Editeurs et relecteurs de CAF qui donnent de leur temps pour
éditer les manuscrits. Si vous préparer soigneusement votre manuscrit conformément à ces recommandations, vous
aurez aidé les Editeurs des CAF à économiser de leur temps pour se consacrer à l’amélioration du processus de
publication de vos articles.
Appel de la décision
Les éditeurs de Communications en Aviculture familiale (CAF) admettront l'appel aux décisions par ceux des auteurs
qui le souhaiteraient. Dans ce cas, vous voudrez bien le faire par courrier électronique muni des explications détaillées
des raisons pour lesquelles vous faites appel aux décisions des éditeurs.
Epreuves
Les observations et corrections sur le manuscrit seront renvoyées à l’auteur principal qui aura la responsabilité de les
partager avec les éventuels co-auteurs de l’article pour leur prise en compte. À ce stade, seules les petites erreurs de
frappe pourront être corrigées. Des changements majeurs sur le document pourront être acceptés sur indulgence de
l’éditeur. Par conséquent, le(s) auteur(s) doi(ven)t s’assurer d’envoyer la version finale de l’article, mis en forme selon
le format requis. Le manuscrit doit être corrigé et envoyé dans les 7 jours suivant la réception des observations et
corrections.
Soumission des articles
Les manuscrits doivent être soumis dans l’une des trois langues de travail du RIDAF (Anglais, Français et Espagnol),
par email, aux éditeurs de Communications en Aviculture Familiale, Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa et/ou Pr. Oluwasola Johnson
Agbede.
Anciens numéros
Les anciens volumes de Communications en Aviculture Familiale sont disponibles sur le site:
Éditeur-en-Chef: Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Station Polyvalente de Recherches de Mankon, Institut de Recherche
Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), B.P. 125, Bamenda, Cameroun
Éditeur-en-Chef Adjoint: Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede, Dept. of Animal Production and Health, Federal University
of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Instrucciones para autores
Las siguientes instrucciones de formato deben seguirse con mucha precaución. Los autores son responsables y deben
asegurarse de que el formato sea el correcto antes de enviar sus trabajos. Los manuscritos que no llenen los
requerimientos no serán considerados.
Contenido
Comunicaciones de Avicultura Familiar publica revisiones, trabajos originales de todos los aspectos de la ciencia
avícola familiar, reportes sobre el desarrollo de la producción avícola familiar de todas partes del mundo, reportes de
conferencias, seminarios, simposios y equipos de trabajo científico conocidos, al igual que revisiones de libros, noticias
y un listado de próximos eventos de la Red Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Avicultura Familiar (INFPDInternational Network for Family Poultry Development) y otras organizaciones relevantes. Los trabajos originales
deben basarse en investigaciones relevantes y actividades de desarrollo. Debe por lo menos tener las siguientes
secciones: Introducción, materiales y métodos, resultados, discusión y conclusiones. Un artículo de revisión debe ser
integral en el ámbito definido por su título, la estructura debe ser lógica y las citas sujetas a evaluación crítica al igual
que la metodología y el análisis estadístico de los resultados. En la preparación de un documento de revisión, el toque
deductivo y procesos constructivos deben ser utilizados para producir conclusiones válidas, útiles y puedan ser
presentadas con claridad. Se alienta a utilizar las figuras apropiadas, tablas, fórmulas e ilustraciones. El objetivo
siempre debe ser producir una adición valiosa para el cuerpo de la literatura disponible.
Preparación del manuscrito
Trabajos enviados, los cuales serán sujetos a escrutinio por árbitros independientes y revisión editorial, normalmente no
deben exceder 8-10 páginas (o aproximadamente 6000 palabras) incluyendo tablas, ilustraciones y referencias. Trabajos
más extensos pueden ser aceptados pero se sugiere a los autores contactar al editor antes de enviar los trabajos.
Los trabajos deben ser en formato Word, en un diseño A4, usando letra Times New Roman 12, doble espacio, márgenes
de 2.5 cm y con número de línea consecutivo (continuo sobre páginas) de lado del margen izquierdo. Las páginas deben
ser numeradas en la esquina superior derecha.
La primera página del manuscrito debe tener las siguientes características:
Titulo: directamente relacionado con el tema del trabajo
Nombre(s) y dirección(es) postal de los autor(es)
Correo electrónico del autor correspondiente
Resumen: debe ser de 100-300 palabras y traducido a las otras dos lenguas oficiales (Inglés, Francés y/o Español).
Palabras clave: hasta 8 palabras
Uso de itálicas
Frases en Latin, por ejemplo, in vivo, et al. deben estar en itálicas. Nombres de Especie deben ser en itálicas solo si se
utiliza el nombre completo (p.e. Chlamydia psittaci) o si se utiliza el sufijo por ¨spp¨(Gossympium spp.) cuando se
refiere a múltiples o especies indefinidas. La primera parte del nombre de la especie debe ser con letra mayúscula, y la
segunda en minúscula, sin excepción (p.e. Eimeria tenella, Trichomonas gallinarum). Todas las referencias a nombres
de la familia de origen animal, bacteriana o planta deben tener el formato de texto normal (por ejemplo, "los pollos
pertenecen a la familia de phasianidae").
Nota: Proporciona un párrafo de no mas de 150 palabras explicando a la INFPD que no son especialistas, la
importancia de los hallazgos de tu investigación. Estos puntos serán publicados al final del artículo en la sub-sección
¨Impacto¨
Referencias
Los autores deben tener cuidado cuando citan las referencias, especialmente con respecto al formato (negritas, itálicas,
etc.) y anotar el nombre completo de la publicación que no debe ser abreviado (anotar el titulo completo de la revista,
no abreviaciones!). Se deben de incluir solo las referencias citadas en el cuerpo del texto.
La referencia a trabajos anteriores sólo podrán referirse a las relacionadas con el tema del artículo y deben ser citadas en
el texto con el nombre del autor y el año de publicación entre paréntesis, p.e. ¨Gueye (1998) encontró que…¨ o como
¨Sonaiya y Agbede (2002) confirmaron la reciente conclusión de Fotsa et al. (2012) mostrando…¨
En la lista de referencias, las referencias deben estar ordenadas por orden alfabético de los apellidos del primer autor
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con todos los autores citados. El nombre completo de las revistas debe ser escrito con los números de página inicial y
final de los documentos de que se trate:
GUEYE, E.F. (2009) Titulo del trabajo. Titulo de la revista Vol. (Nr): número de páginas (ver ejemplos abajo)
Ejemplos
Science Journal 65 (1): 115-124.
in Africa 60 (1): 63-70.
ACAMOVIC, T., SINURAT, A., NATARAJAN, A., ANITHA, K., CHANDRASEKARAN, D., SHINDEY, D.,
SPARKS, N., ODUGUWA, O., MUPETA, B. and KITALYI, A. (2005) Poultry. In: Livestock and Wealth
Creation: Improving the Husbandry of Animals Kept by Resource-poor People in Developing country (Owen, E.,
Kitalyi, A., Jayasuriya, N. & Smith, T., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, England, pp: 301-324.
CAMACHO, E.M., LIRA T.I., RAMÍREZ, C, LÓPEZ, P.R. y ARCOS, G. J. (2006) La avicultura de traspatio en la
DESSIE, T. (1996) Studies on village poultry production systems in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. MSc Thesis,
Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
El autor / s es / son totalmente responsables de garantizar la exactitud y la correcta citación de las referencias.
Los editores del FPC no pueden asumir ninguna responsabilidad por las citas incorrectas.
Tablas, dibujos lineales y fotografías
Los títulos de las figuras y tablas deben ser breves con información suficiente para que se entienda muy lejos del texto.
Las tablas pueden aparecer dentro del texto. Tablas más grandes se pueden poner en páginas separadas al final del
artículo, mientras que su ubicación aproximada se indica en el texto. Todas las tablas deben seguir la función de
creación específica "tabla" de software en Word, y, las tabulaciones y espacios no deben ser utilizados. El
espaciamiento de las tablas debe ser adecuado, y los encabezados de columna lo más breve posible, con una leyenda
fácil de entender, si es necesario. Significancias estadísticas entre las medias de las columnas o filas deben indicarse por
letras en superíndice y acompañado de una declaración estándar por debajo de la tabla o figura, por ejemplo, "Medias
con diferentes superíndices en la misma fila (o columna) son significativamente diferentes a P <0.05." Figuras gráficas
deben ser creadas como gráficos de Excel que se pueden enviar en un archivo separado junto con el texto. Archivos de
Bitmap o imágenes de gráficos o tablas no serán aceptados. El uso de fotografías debe ser discutido directamente con el
editor para el formato de presentación final. Los dibujos deben ser enviados en un archivo separado, deben ser
escaneados en blanco y negro, y cada imagen debe ir acompañada de la leyenda y la referencia. Fotografías escaneadas
con un tamaño de memoria más grande (> 1 MB) deberán enviarse como archivos adjuntos individuales. La resolución
de las imágenes debe ser de 250 dpi para imágenes en blanco y negro y 300 dpi para imágenes a color del tamaño de la
imagen impresa. Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw o PowerPoint pueden ser utilizados para enviar los dibujos.
Pie de página
Cuando la utilización de las notas es esencial, deben ser indicadas por un asterisco (*), dagas (†) y dagas dobles (‡) en
ese orden. Sin embargo, las notas deben evitarse siempre que sea posible. Notas al pie deben estar situadas en la parte
inferior de la página en la que se hace referencia y separadas del texto principal por una línea horizontal por encima de
la nota. Notas al pie de la tabla deben ser colocadas debajo de la tabla a la que se refieren.
Revisión de sus artículos
Al presentar una versión revisada de su trabajo en respuesta a los comentarios del árbitro, deberá ser acompañado con
las modificaciones detalladas realizadas para su transmisión al árbitro. Cuando los cambios han sido en respuesta a las
declaraciones del árbitro, es importante mencionar esto e indicar dónde se pueden encontrar. Se ruega encarecidamente
enviar una segunda copia de su documento con los cambios marcados o subrayados.
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Recomendaciones
Los comentarios del árbitro deben ser tomados en consideración. Por favor, asegúrese de enviar la copia revisada de su
papel y no simplemente la versión original de nuevo. Al cumplir con las siguientes pautas, usted estará ayudando a los
editores de la FPC y críticos que toman su tiempo para revisar los manuscritos. Si prepara cuidadosamente su
manuscrito, es una gran ayuda que le da a los editores de la FPC y que les permite ahorrar tiempo y mejorar el proceso
de publicación.
Apelación de la decisión
Los editores de Family Poultry Communications (FPC) dan la bienvenida a las apelaciones acerca de la decisión hecha
por los autores que deseen hacerlo. Esto se debe hacer por correo electrónico con una explicación detallada del
propósito por el cual se esta apelando la decisión de los editores.
Pruebas
El autor principal contará con pruebas de imprenta y será responsable de contactar a los posibles coautores en la
verificación de las pruebas. Errores de composición tipográfica sólo podrán ser corregidos en este nivel mientras que la
materia adicional y modificaciones sólo podrán ser aceptados con la indulgencia de los editores. Por lo tanto, es
responsabilidad del autor(s) asegurar el formato correcto de presentación requerido. Dentro de 07 días de recepción, las
pruebas deben ser corregidas y devueltas.
Presentación (envío) de trabajos
Los trabajos deben ser enviados en uno de los tres idiomas de trabajo de la INFPD (Inglés, Francés y Español) con los
resúmenes traducidos a los otros dos idiomas por correo electrónico a los Editores de Family Poultry Communications,
Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa y/o Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede.
Volúmenes anteriores
Las ediciones anteriores de Family Poultry Communications están disponibles en el siguiente link:
Editor-en-Jefe: Dr. Jean-Claude Fotsa, Mankon Polyvalent Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Research for
Development (IRAD), P. O. Box: 125, Bamenda, Republic of Cameroon
Correo electronico: <[email protected]>
Suplente Editor-en-Jefe: Pr. Oluwasola Johnson Agbede, Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal
University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
Correo electronico: <[email protected]>
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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International network for family poultry development

Transcription

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