Linux, système libre

GNU - Linux
the free operating system
[email protected]
AC T G G C
école d'été EDVS 2009
UNIX
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1969 : multi-user and multi-task system
A superuser = root
1973: AT&T makes Unix available to
universities (licence)
école d'été EDVS 2009
Origin of GNU - Linux
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In 1985 Richard Stallman
publishes the GNU
Manifesto
Gnu is Not Unix!
Main goal: creation of a
free version of Unix
In 1989 GNU is ready but
the kernel is still lacking
école d'été EDVS 2009
Origin of GNU - Linux
In October 1991 Linus Torvalds writes a Unix
clone for PC and makes it freely available
✔ GNU – Linux
= GNU applications + Linux kernel
✔ GNU – Linux consists of 3 layers:
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A kernel
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A distribution
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A graphical environment
école d'été EDVS 2009
A distribution
• A collection of softwares
• A system organisation
• Each distribution reflects
– A need
– A technical point of view
– A philosophy
• More than 300 distributions available!
• Oldest distribution: Slackware
école d'été EDVS 2009
Some popular distros
• Commercial distributions
– Fedora (Red Hat)
– Suse Linux
– Mandriva
– Ubuntu
• Community distributions
– Debian
– Gentoo
distrowatch!!
école d'été EDVS 2009
Linux everywhere
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PC and PowerPC (Mac)
Old PCs, netbooks
PDA
Mobile phones
MP3 players
Divx players
Freebox
…
école d'été EDVS 2009
System organisation
File manager
école d'été EDVS 2009
System organisation
File manager
Linux terminal (shell)
école d'été EDVS 2009
File system
✔ System rights:
read / write / execute (rwx)
✔ System properties:
user / group / rest-of-the-world
école d'été EDVS 2009
File system
✔ System rights:
read / write / execute (rwx)
✔ System properties:
user / group / rest-of-the-world
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Security
✔ Superuser (root)
✔ Network filters
✔ OpenSource
✔ Encrypted passwords (MD5)
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KDE environment
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Gnome environment
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XGL and 3D desktop
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Servers / Development
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Web (Apache...)
Mail
MySQL, PostgreSQL
PHP
DNS
DHCP
...
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C / C++
Java
Perl
Python
Shell
Ruby
...
école d'été EDVS 2009
Help needed?
• Man
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Google
Lea : http://lea-linux.org
LUGs (Linux Users Groups)
Forums, mailing lists, wiki ...
école d'été EDVS 2009
Live distribution
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Running Linux on any
machine without installation
Many distributions available
as live CD
➔Ubuntu (Windows compatible...)
➔Mandriva
➔Fedora
➔SliTaz (25 Mb!!!)
école d'été EDVS 2009
Ubuntu Linux
✔ 2004: Mark Shuttleworth creates
Ubuntu = “Humanity towards others”
or “I am who I am because of who we
all are”
✔ Ubuntu = up-to-date yet stable Linux
distribution for the average user
✔ Annual releases in April and October
4.10, 5.04, 5.10... 8.04 LT, 8.10, 9.04...
✔ Hardy Heron = Long Term Support
(LTS)
école d'été EDVS 2009
Ubuntu Linux family
école d'été EDVS 2009
What is Ubuntu?
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Linux-based operating system for desktops,
laptops, and servers
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Completely Free and Open Source
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Officially supports Intel x86, AMD 64-bit
On-line with Ubuntu
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Browse the web
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Send email
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Chat with friends
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Remote desktop
control
Video conferencing
Of ce tools
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Create presentations
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Build spreadsheets
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Write, edit documents
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Create databases
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Compatible with other
office productivity
products
Fre e s e c u r i t y u p d a t e s
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Automatic
announcements
Easy to follow
instructions
Ad d / Re m o v e p ro g r a m s
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Hundreds of free
software packages
Secure and simple
package manager
All at the click of a
button!
In over 40 languages
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... from Arabic to
Xhosa
Smart Common Input
Method support
Open to your
translation
contributions
A n d m u c h m o re . . .
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Accessibility
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simple high visibility themes
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screen magnifiers and screen readers
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on-screen keyboard
Documentation
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System documentation through the Help program
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Ubuntu Desktop Guide
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Ubuntu Server Guide
T h e U b u n t u Pro m i s e
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Genuine Freedom and Flexibility
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Zero Licensing Fees
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First Class Support: Commercial and Community
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Collaboration to the Core
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Localisation and Customisation
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Certification: Hardware, Software, Skills