Inventing a new form of agriculture

Transcription

Inventing
a new form
of agriculture
Cirad
Inventing ecologically intensive farming systems
to feed the world CIRAD’s expertise and know‐how More effective control of locust invasions Coffee berry borer control Regulating pests and diseases in tropical agrosystems Controlling insect pests in cotton growing systems Direct seeding mulch‐based cropping Ecological intensification of banana growing Improving agroforestry systems in the humid tropics Agri‐environmental impacts of the oil palm Sustainable production for small scale farmers in developing countries Preserving biodiversity in African savannas Sustainable charcoal production in the Democratic Republic of Congo Dissemination of direct seeding mulch‐based cropping systems in Madagascar Optimizing biomass production whilst minimizing environmental impact Integrating crop and animal productions Pig production in tropical and subtropical regions Reconciling fodder production and environmental protection in the humid tropics Bibliographie/Literature More effective control
of locust invasions
Locust studies at CIRAD
Improving survey and control
strategies
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phase, mat
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Locust swarms have many causes.
Combinations of favourable ecological
conditions or changes in farming practices
may boost the insects’ capacity to cause
destruction.
Over the past thirty years, CIRAD has been conducting field research in many
countries worldwide to better understand the origin of locust invasions through
improved knowledge of the zones at risk and early detection of the conditions likely
to trigger those invasions. It has also been studying the vulnerability of the human
populations affected by crises, working to ensure that control methods are more
environmentally friendly, and promoting credible alternatives to chemical
insecticides. The sustainability of the solutions proposed is a constant concern.
Contact
Michel Lecoq
CIRAD
Locust Ecology
and Control Research Unit
Campus international
de Baillarguet
34398 Montpellier Cedex 5
France
[email protected]
© M. Lecoq, CIRAD
I
n many tropical regions of the globe and
especially in Africa, locust invasions are a
curse and a very serious threat to agriculture,
animal production and the food security of rural
populations. Not a single crop is spared. The desert
locust, in particular, is a major pest, whose spectacular
invasions can cover areas of more than 29 million km2. The
material, human and environmental damage caused is
considerable. Controlling these insects is thus a major issue for local
populations and the environment. It is a national priority for many
developing countries.
This work is backed up by in-depth knowledge of the realities of developing
countries, the operational constraints, and the bioecology of locusts. CIRAD’s
research is supplemented by training and extension operations and appraisal
missions in the event of locust swarms.
Monthly locust risk map in Madagascar.
A geographical information
system for migratory locusts
CIRAD has developed a geographical
information system for managing
migratory locusts in Madagascar, one
of the major risks for agriculture in the
country, which saw a catastrophic
invasion from 1997 to 1999. The software
can be used as a decision support tool in order
The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria Linnaeus
to pinpoint the zones at high risk of locust
(solitary phase). © M. Lecoq, CIRAD
swarms and organize surveillance and early
intervention operations more rationally. This is an essential stage in establishing
a more effective, preventive and sustainable strategy for
managing the locust risk in Madagascar.
Risk level
Very low
Low
Worrying
Threatening
Serious
Critical
Understanding the origin of desert locust
invasions
In collaboration with the FAO and national anti-locust
centres, CIRAD is using molecular biology techniques in
Africa to gain a clearer understanding of locust population
dynamics prior to invasions. Using remote sensing and The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (solitary phase).
geographical information systems, the conditions that favour © A. Foucart, CIRAD
locust reproduction and exponential growth in numbers can be identified at an
earlier stage. Management of survey and control services in the countries involved
(Mauritania, Mali, Senegal, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
and Libya) has been improved thanks to a specific database accessible in real time
via the Internet.
Partners
CIRAD offers training courses in
locust control, organized on request,
in France and abroad:
• locust expertise: controlling locust
pests;
• application techniques for locust
control and crop protection.
Technical advice notes on the main
locust pest species are available, and
an on-line locust encyclopaedia can
Locusts on sale at the market in Niamey, Niger.
© M. Lecoq, CIRAD
be consulted at http://locust.cirad.fr.
CIRAD also has a documentation centre specializing in locust pests, with more than
10 000 publications and several thousand images.
• FAO, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations, Italy
• FAO Commission for
Controlling the Desert Locust
in the Western Region, Algiers
• Locust control centres in
West Africa and the Maghreb
• AGRHYMET Regional
Centre, Niger
• National Anti-Locust Centre,
Madagascar
© CIRAD, March 2010.
Training and documentation
offers
Coffee Berry Borer Control
Triple-action IPM
he coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei
Ferrari, is the main insect pest on coffee,
attacking the fruits. It is a beetle of African
origin that affects plantations in virtually
all coffee producing countries worldwide. Despite the
introduction and repeated releases of natural
enemies, this pest adapts and develops wherever it
settles. With global warming, the coffee berry borer
(CBB) is now colonizing zones located at increasingly
high elevations, thereby threatening production of the
major high-grown coffees. Triple action IPM provides
a solution to the CBB problem whilst protecting the environment
and biodiversity.
An excellent response to CBB
survival behaviour
C
IRAD and its coffee research
partners have developed
simple,
effective
and
inexpensive IPM against
CBB comprising three components:
- strict branch stripping,
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- trapping of colonizing females,
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- meticulous plantation upkeep.
Shaded
These three activities are complementary and help to effectively control the pest.
During migration, CBB tend to shelter in residual berries waiting to colonize the
berries of the next crop. So, completely removing the residual berries remaining
on branches after the harvest (also called branch stripping), prevents part of the
pest's population from surviving. Female CBB emerging from residual berries are
also caught in traps (BROCAP® trap) which are kept in plantations until all CBB
have emerged. Lastly, plot upkeep, especially formation pruning, shade
regulation and plot cleaning improve the results of the previous techniques.
Contact
Bernard Dufour
CIRAD
Controlling Pests and
Diseases in Tree Crops
research unit
Avenue Agropolis,
France
[email protected]
© B. Dufour, CIRAD
T
Triple-action IPM is a selective, environment-friendly
technique. It is compatible with biological control and curbs
CBB before they can infest the harvest and cause damage.
Coffee tree pruning. © B. Dufour, Cirad
In shaded coffee plantations with tall varieties, CBB infestation can be reduced by
more than 90% compared to control plots. Branch stripping and trapping account
for more than 70% of the reduction.
The BROCAP® trap
Method application zones
Triple-action IPM applies to geographical zones with just one annual harvest,
i.e. in the tropical belt where the climate has two clearly marked dry and wet
seasons. On the other hand, it is more difficult to apply in equatorial zones, where
flowering and fruiting periods overlap. The method is more effective in shaded
coffee plantations than unshaded plantations, as trapping is more effective under
shade. This protection programme begins with the stripping of residual berries
(beginning of February in Central America and the beginning of January on the
Bolovens plateau in Laos) and finishes once the major CBB migratory flows have
ended (end of June in Central America and Laos). The dates indicated mostly
concern programmes devoted to arabica coffee growing.
Shade tree pruning. © B. Dufour, Cirad
Rehabilitation of the coffee plantation.
© B. Dufour, Cirad
Partners
• PROCAFE, El Salvador
(www.procafe.com.sv)
• PROMECAFE, Regional
Cooperative Programme for
Technological Development of
Coffee Cultivation in Central
America, Panama, the
Dominican Republic and
Jamaica (www.iica.org.gt)
• ECOM Agroindustrial
Corporation Ltd, Mexico and
Indonesia
(www.ecomtrading.com)
© Cirad, March 2010.
The BROCAP® trap works with
an attractant. It captures CBB
during their migration flight.
This is the only component of
IPM that calls for any real
investment, amounting to
around 3 dollars per trap. It is
essential to install at least 18
traps per hectare, with two
attractant dispensers per trap,
to ensure that the system
operates efficiently for four
months per year. CIRAD
Installation of BROCAP® CBB traps. © B. Dufour, Cirad
and PROCAFE (Salvadoran
Foundation
for
Coffee
Research) developed the BROCAP® trap to meet the needs of coffee growing in
Central America. Its use has now been extended to Asian countries. In addition to
mass trapping, for which it was designed, the BROCAP® trap can be used as an
agricultural early warning system. It is distributed in El Salvador by PROCAFE, and
elsewhere in the world by ECOM Agroindustrial Corporation Ltd.
Regulating pests and diseases
in tropical agrosystems
Diversifying plant species
in cropping systems
Specific plant diversification
A
wide diversity of plant species, or
specific plant diversity (SPD),
characterizes natural ecosystems,
which suffer much less from pests and
em.
opping syst
ch-based cr
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diseases
than cultivated ecosystems. Using
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cultivated plant varieties that are resistant to
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pests and diseases, and defining optimum spatio-temporal deployment methods for
such resistance, play a key role in crop protection. Over and above mere genetic
diversification, SPD maximizes ecological pest and pathogen regulation processes,
such as the preservation of natural enemies.
In this context, CIRAD and its partners are implementing a project in the tropics to
optimize the ecological mechanisms of pest and disease management, for
sustainable improvement of agrosystem productivity (OMEGA3 project). It is
analysing how pest and disease populations are affected by the introduction of
spatial and temporal diversity of plant species in cropping systems. Several systems
representing a range of pests and diseases and host-plants in tropical zones are
being studied: coffee-based agroforestry systems in Costa Rica, cocoa-based
agroforestry systems in Cameroon, upland rice-based direct seeding mulch-based
cropping systems in Madagascar, gombo and tomato-based food/market garden
crop systems in Niger, tomato-based market garden systems in Martinique and
cucurbit based systems in Réunion, etc.
Contacts
Alain Ratnadass
CIRAD, HortSys research unit
ICRISAT
BP 12404 Niamey
Niger
[email protected]
Jacques Avelino
CIRAD
Controlling Pests and Diseases
in Tree Crops research unit
IICA/PROMECAFE
Apartado postal 55 2200
Coronado San José
Costa Rica
[email protected]
For further information:
www.open-si.com/omega-3
© A. Ratnadass, CIRAD
B
y cultivating varieties that make different demands
on the soil and climate, diversifying species or
varieties in agrosystems reduces the risks of harvest
losses, especially in the context of climate change.
Likewise, cereal and legume combinations or use of cover crops
that reduce erosion bolster food security. However, little is
known about the effects of such plant diversification on
populations of pests and diseases, and the damage they cause. With
a view to economic and environmental sustainability, it is therefore
important to gain a clearer understanding of interactions and use them to
minimize any negative impacts and limit synthetic pesticide use.
Pest and disease regulation processes
Introducing specific plant diversity induces different pest and
disease regulation processes (insects, pathogens or parasitic plants),
which are analysed:
• sanitizing effects of service plants as the previous crop cover in
relation to tomato bacterial wilt in Martinique,
• allelopathic effects of cover crops in relation to
white grubs and Striga on upland rice in
Madagascar,
• the luring effects of decoy plants, combined with
barrier effects and conservation biological control
on the tomato fruitworm and on whiteflies of market
garden crops in Martinique and Niger,
• the same effects "assisted" by food attractants
combined with biological insecticides on cucurbitattacking fruit flies in Réunion,
• the effects of combining trees and bushes on mirid
bug dynamics and the epidemiology of black pod rot
on cocoa in Cameroon,
• the effects of landscape fragmentation on the
epidemiology of coffee leaf rust and on coffee berry
borer dynamics in Costa Rica.
Unshaded coffee plantation in Papua New
Guinea, devastated by leaf rust.
© J. Avelino, CIRAD
Shaded coffee plantation in Costa Rica:
shading reduces rust-related risks.
© J. Avelino, CIRAD
Novel cropping systems
Construction
of mechanistic models
Ideotypes of SPD-based
cropping systems resilient
to pests and diseases
Partners
• ICRISAT, International Crops
Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics, India/Niger
• CATIE, Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y
Enseñanza, Costa Rica
• INRAN, Institut national de
recherche agronomique du
Niger
• FOFIFA, Centre de recherche
agronomique de Madagascar
• IRAD, Institut de recherche
agricole pour le développement,
Cameroon
• Universities in Cameroon,
Costa Rica, Madagascar and
Niger
• INRA, Institut national de la
recherche agronomique, France
An inventory is proposed of service plants that can be used for agro-ecological
management of pests and diseases in horticultural systems (in Martinique) or in
direct seeding mulch-based systems (in Madagascar). For instance, the benefits
offered by the fodder radish, Raphanus sativus, have been discovered, be it for its
antibacterial effects against Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato crops, or for its
suppressive effect on white grubs in mulch-base rice crops. Some contradictory
effects of shade have also been discovered on the incidence of leaf rust in coffee
agroforestry systems: shade reduces disease incidence compared to full exposure
to sunlight by reducing the fruit load, but increases it by creating humid
conditions more conducive to infection and disease development.
After formalizing the ecological processes studied, and
Hypotheses regarding SPD
effects on pests and diseases
depending on the major types of pests and
generated by observation
Adding to the
diseases, plants and plant diversification
knowledge base
methods, CIRAD defines indicators to
Experimental checking
construct predictive models of
of suspected SPD effects
infestation. The models are
used to elaborate novel
Parameterization
of existing models
cropping systems that are
Indicators
resilient to pests and
diseases, based on the
Validation of models
introduction of SPD in
Scenarios
through observation
and decisionand experiments
agrosystems.
making rules
Controlling insect pests in
cotton growing systems
A form of agriculture
less dependent on pesticides
ecause of their impact on fibre production and
quality, insect pests significantly affect incomes
among cotton growers. This constraint has previously
been largely overcome using phytosanitary products,
but the practice is now threatening the viability of production
systems, due to the reduced efficacy of a number of insecticides
following the advent of resistant insect populations and the disruption
of various biological balances. Research has to take account of insect
population dynamics and their interactions with the environment, above and
beyond the level of the cultivated plot alone, so as to develop new, sustainable
protection strategies that reconcile agricultural production and environmental
protection.
Understanding the life system of insects
In the African savannahs, two insects cause
significant damage to cotton crops: the bollworm
Helicoverpa armigera, which attacks the fruiting
organs, and the aphid Aphis gossypii, which sucks
boll.
g a cotton
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the sap and thus weakens young cotton plants and
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Helicoverpa
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affects fibre quality by depositing honeydew when
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the bolls open. CIRAD is working to characterize the mechanisms involved in the
population dynamics of these insects so as to identify ways of keeping levels
below damage thresholds.
A study has been conducted in several African regions, on aphid populations. In
theory, the populations are capable of colonizing more than 250 plant species,
but in reality, they are genetically differentiated and specialize in groups of host
plants. For instance, some populations are only found on cotton during the rainy
season, and then on other Malvaceae such as okra or red sorrel in market garden
plots during the dry season. Other populations prefer plants of the families
Cucurbitaceae (melon, water melon, etc) or Solanaceae (pepper, aubergine, etc).
Conversely, an analysis of bollworms taken from various plants revealed a lack
of specialization. Opportunistic movements over short or long distances
enable the populations to exploit temporary cultivated plant resources (maize,
cotton, cowpea and tomato, for instance) or some weeds (Cleome spp. or Hyptis
sp.).
Aphis gossypii aphids on a cotton leaf.
© T. Brévault, CIRAD
Contact
Thierry Brévault
CIRAD
Annual Cropping Systems
Research Unit
Avenue Agropolis
France
[email protected]
B
Monitoring population movements
New markers, such as the composition of the insects’
bacterial flora, are currently being developed with a
view to monitoring population movements. Knowing the
migration profiles of populations and the sequence of
plants that serve as refuges or reproduction reservoirs
depending on the season makes it possible to predict infestations. It also makes it
possible to act on the insects’ survival phases using appropriate cropping practices:
destruction of relay plants, early sowing, topping cotton plants to reduce their
attractiveness, etc. It is also possible to alter the habitat so as to slow the spread of
insects: spatial arrangement of the plot, crop associations or successions, plant
barriers, etc. Such knowledge also serves to fuel models of the development of
resistance to insecticides.
Helicoverpa armigera bollworm on tomato.
Aphis gossypii aphids on a pepper plant.
Restructuring agricultural landscapes
By simplifying landscapes and using increasing amounts of pesticides, intensive
agriculture results in a loss of plant and animal biodiversity in agrosystems, and
consequently of the services rendered by that biodiversity, such as natural regulation
of insect pests. It is vital to restructure the agricultural landscape using hedges, trees
or buffer strips if we are to restore biodiversity.
Cotton plots in a savannah landscape.
© P. Schwarz
In the savannahs of Africa, these
plants may be intercropped with
cotton plants or planted around
the edges of plots, to stimulate
the production of “killer”
beneficial that act against
bollworms or aphids. For
instance, some plants provide
an opportunity for aphid
populations and their associated
parasitoids to develop, with
the prospect of seeing the
parasitoids transfer to cotton
plots. Other plants are being
tested that could act as traps, by
attracting female Helicoverpa
moths looking for a place to lay
their eggs.
Another study in Cameroon has shown that direct seeding of cotton on a legume- or
grass-based plant cover favours the establishment of a more abundant, diverse soil
macrofauna, particularly in terms of species that prey on insect pests.
Helicoverpa armigera bollworm on a weed.
Partners
• PRASAC, Pôle régional de
recherche appliquée au
développement des savanes
d'Afrique centrale, Chad
• IRAD, Institut de recherche
agricole pour le
développement, Cameroon
• Société de développement
du coton, Cameroon
So-called “service” plants can act as traps for pests and refuges or banks for predators
and parasitoids. They can also have a repellent effect on pests. It is vital to know about
these service plants, and also the beneficial fauna and its impact on insect pest
populations if we are to make optimum use of biodiversity.
Direct seeding
mulch-based cropping
An engineering tool for
ecological intensification
onventional cropping systems based on soil tillage,
massive use of industrial inputs (fertilizers,
pesticides and energy), and a small number of
cultivated species can no longer satisfy food, health and
environmental requirements. How can we continue to produce
more so as to feed people, while protecting the environment? To
ensure ecological intensification, CIRAD makes use of the way in which
natural ecosystems, such as forests, in which biological and biochemical
cycles are regulated naturally, work. It conducts research aimed at changing farming
systems into veritable cultivated ecosystems. In particular, it works to develop ways
of protecting and restoring the soil by combining direct seeding with permanent plant
covers.
Direct seeding mulch-based cropping
systems
D
irect seeding mulch-based cropping
(DMC) systems are based on three
principles: zero soil tillage, permanent
soil cover that combines plant species
rd, CIRAD
© P. Lienha
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intended
to
produce biomass and harvest residues,
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Growing so
and the constitution of a large biodiversity of cultivated species grown
in rotation, association and crop successions. These three principles combine to create
a micro-environment for the crop, hence better expression of its potential to resist pests
and diseases, and increased productivity (grain, pods, fibre, etc).
Respecting these principles and studying how to apply and master them are the bases
of an engineering method that can be applied to ecological intensification. The aim is
to design model cropping systems suited to different socioeconomic and biophysical
environments, based on more efficient use of natural resources such as solar energy,
water, carbon and soil.
CIRAD designs DMC systems as part of its work on agricultural development. It
conducts research aimed at understanding the processes at play and building indicators
for managing those processes.
Contacts
André Chabanne
Francis Forest
CIRAD
Direct Seeding and Cover
Crops Research Unit
Avenue Agropolis
France
[email protected]
[email protected]
To find out more:
http://agroecologie.cirad.fr
© L. Séguy, CIARD
C
DMC: a tool for a new type of
agriculture
CIRAD’s fieldwork sites combine a wide
range of biophysical and socioeconomic
situations representative of tropical
environments. The DMC systems
developed in Brazil by CIRAD teams are
now being used in Central Africa
(Cameroon), North Africa (Tunisia), the
Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Asia
(Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand
and China) and the West Indies
(Guadeloupe) to:
• regenerate tropical soils degraded by inappropriate farming
methods;
• use natural areas for agriculture without compromising their
production potential;
• propose cropping systems that use as few chemical inputs as
possible, to ensure safe products and avoid polluting water, soils and
the air;
• develop a range of alternative rice cropping systems by using
DMC and rice varieties developed for DMC, with a high yield
potential and that make optimum use of limited water resources;
• detoxifying soils through bioremediation, etc.
DMC systems thus enable the establishment of sustainable farming systems, thanks
to more efficient use of natural resources and better integration of agriculture,
animal production and perennial crops. If applied on a scale of several villages,
they make a relevant contribution in terms of rational development of rural areas.
Moreover, if adopted on a larger scale, they can go some way towards providing
a response to global issues such as food security and the environment (management
of shared natural resources, global warming, biodiversity, etc).
DMC systems and
environmental services
Brachiaria ruzisiensis
cover between rows of
cassava.
© F. Tivet, CIRAD
Harvesting Brachiaria ruzisiensis seeds by
hand. © P. Grard, CIRAD
Partners
• FOFIFA, National Centre of
Applied Research and Rural
Development, Madagascar
• Direct Seeding Group,
Madagascar
• TAFA NGO, Madagascar
• SODECOTON, Cameroon
For instance, the results obtained over
the past ten years in Brazil, Madagascar
and Laos show an overall trend towards
increased carbon stocks in soils cultivated in this way. This sequestration of
atmospheric CO2 can reach as much as 1.5 tonne per hectare per year for rationally
fertilized crop rotation systems, producing some 16 tonnes of recyclable primary
biomass (cereal and legume mulch and roots) per hectare per year. In France, in
Touraine, such systems have resulted in sequestration levels measured in situ of
20 tonnes of carbon per hectare, obtained after 10 years of DMC.
In the long term, extending DMC systems can thus provide considerable
environmental services: erosion control, improved water quality, and a reduced
greenhouse effect.
Numerous earthworm casts in a direct-seeded upland rice plot on a
Stylosanthes plant cover.
© F. Tivet, CIRAD
• EMBRAPA, Brazilian Agricultural
Research Corporation
• Ponta Grossa State University,
Brazil
• Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries, Cambodia
• Yunnan Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, China
• National Agriculture and
Forestry Research Institute, Laos
• Kasetsart University, Thailand
• Northern Mountainous
Agriculture and Forestry Science
Institute, Vietnam
Along with its partners, CIRAD works to
analyse the ecosystemic functions of
DMC systems, notably in relation to
soil organic matter dynamics, soil
biological activity and pest and disease
management.
Ecological intensification of
banana growing
New, more sustainable cropping
systems
ith 16 million tonnes per year, dessert banana
exports account for a major share of
agricultural production in many tropical
countries. Production is still largely reliant on
intensive monocultures. Such production methods result in
reduced soil fertility and increased soil parasite population
levels, and have an adverse effect on the environment and
sometimes on human health. Producers are faced with problems
relating to the poor sustainability of their cropping systems. In
several producing countries, there is growing awareness of
environmental issues, with consumers becoming increasingly concerned
about the quality of the products they buy and how they are produced; new, very
strict regulations on phytosanitary product use are also now being applied,
particularly on the European market. As a result, the development of innovative,
sustainable cropping systems is now a major issue for every country in which bananas
are grown.
Designing new cropping systems
T
o reduce adverse environmental
impacts and respond to societal
and regulatory changes, CIRAD
has developed new banana-based
disease,
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cropping
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are now on offer. Such systems use cropping
Guadelou
practices not or less involving chemical inputs:
using healthy planting material on healthy soils, integrated pest management
methods, spatiotemporal organization of cropping systems, etc.
The available knowledge on banana plant growth was inputted into a simulation
model. This led to the development of the SIMBA model, which designs prototype
cropping systems by simulating the agronomic and environmental performance of
a range of cropping techniques. The tool can be used to study the effect of ecological
intensification practices on agrosystem functioning and to build new cropping
systems.
Contacts
Marc Dorel
CIRAD
Banana Plantain and
Pineapple Cropping Systems
Research Unit
Station de Neufchâteau
97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau
Guadeloupe
[email protected]
François Cote
CIRAD
Banana Plantain and
Pineapple Cropping Systems
Research Unit
Boulevard de la Lironde
France
[email protected]
© R. Domergue, CIRAD
W
CIRAD tests these new systems in consultation with banana
production chains, and particularly with producers in
Guadeloupe and Martinique. For instance, tests are under
way of using Neonotonia wightii as a cover crop in banana
plantings in the West Indies. The cropping systems are
assessed for their agronomic, economic and environmental
performance.
Reducing pesticide use
Traditionally, banana growing has often relied on using phytosanitary products,
particularly against nematodes. To develop more sustainable cropping systems,
CIRAD and its subsidiary Vitropic have worked with producers and nurserymen to
develop new crop management sequences that use banana in vitro plantlets as
planting material, on soils cleaned by means of fallow or appropriate crop
rotations. The in vitro plantlets are healthy, and free of nematodes, insects and
pathogenic fungi. Such crop management sequences avoid the need to
make systematic use of nematicides. In the French West Indies, they
have largely contributed to reducing phytosanitary product use on
banana: - 60% in ten years.
Intercropping banana and Neonotonia
wightii, a perennial legume.
© J.M. Risède, CIRAD
For the future, CIRAD is looking into the influence of how
cropping systems are organized, in both spatial and temporal
terms (varietal mix, introduction
of breaks such as hedges, etc)
on banana pest and disease
regulation.
Trapping root borers
Integrated control of nematodes
Nematodes are one of the main components of the soil parasite complex. Cropping
systems based on practising fallow (or crop rotations) and planting healthy material
(obtained by in vitro culture) provide effective solutions to the problems caused by
soil parasites; fallow serves to clean the soil, but to be most effective, it also has to
protect the soil against erosion or weed development. A soil cover during fallow
periods of plants that do not host nematodes can also serve as a mulch for banana
plants and significantly improve the efficacy of the crop management sequence.
Such measures free growers from the need to apply nematicides, and allow them
to pursue a more environmentally friendly approach, notably by cutting their
herbicide use.
Planting of banana in vitro plantlets,
Martinique. © R. Domergue, CIRAD
Partners
• UGPBan, Union des
Groupements de Producteurs
de Bananes de Guadeloupe
et de Martinique
• Vitropic, France
Root borer trap in a banana planting,
Martinique. © R. Domergue, CIRAD
Rational methods can also be used to
reduce the numbers of Cosmopolites sordidus,
the banana root borer, in plantations. Trapping is one
method. The traps can be made considerably more
attractive by impregnating them with a synthetic
pheromone, sordidin. The efficacy of the method can be
improved still further by placing entomopathogenic
nematodes of the genus Steneirnema in the traps.
Improving agroforestry
systems in the humid
tropics
The example of cocoa
and coffee trees
groforestry systems (AFS) in the humid tropics
combine forest trees with tree crops (coffee,
cocoa, kola, rubber, etc.), or with food crops or
livestock. Some such AFS are derived from natural
forests in which part of the original vegetation has been replaced
by productive trees or crops, and others from the replanting of trees
after slashing and burning the forest for food crops. After a few years,
these farming methods culminate in a complex multiple cropping system.
They are primarily managed according to the cash crops present in the system,
which usually account for a large share of farmers' incomes.
© D. Snoeck, CIRAD
A
In the current context of declining land availability, rural population pressure, the food
crisis, the limits reached by conventional agricultural intensification and climate change,
agroforestry offers some worthwhile prospects. Improving the management of these
systems, and ensuring their environmental, technical and social sustainability are a major
challenge for research and development.
The functioning of cocoa and coffee-based AFS
C
offee and cocoa-based AFS are a traditional type of
production, whose management and functioning
resemble those of a forest. Such systems produce less
coffee or cocoa than a monoculture, but in return:
• their management requires less labour and fewer pesticides
in Ecuador.
l" cocoa tree
A "Naciona
and chemical fertilizers,
re, CIRAD
© M. Dulci
• farmers derive other products from them, for consumption
by their own household or for marketing: various fruits, kola, palm oil and wine,
medicinal products, essential oils, fodder, timber, handicraft products, packaging, etc.,
• they offer a range of environmental services: biodiversity conservation, soil
fertility, carbon storage, etc.,
• they provide social and cultural goods: family, national and international heritage,
landscape aesthetics, shrines, etc.
Contacts
Didier Snoeck
CIRAD
Performance of tree crop-based
systems research unit
Avenue Agropolis
France
[email protected]
Michel Dulcire
CIRAD
Innovation joint research unit
73 rue J.-F. Breton
France
[email protected]
Cocoa and coffee trees are two species originating from
the undergrowth, and the shade of other associated
species is therefore naturally beneficial to them, as is the
organic matter they also provide. But shade can also have
detrimental effects, such as creating an environment
conducive to diseases. For example, shade reduces the
incidence of insects in cocoa agroforests, but it is
propitious to pod rot. In coffee agroforests, shade
prolongs the fruit ripening period for better coffee quality,
but it reduces yields.
Improving AFS sustainability
CIRAD is undertaking research to improve the efficiency of these complex
cropping systems. Understanding and assisting AFS development first means
analysing local know-how and the strategies and practices of stakeholders:
producers and their organizations, processors, technical advisors, middlemen
and manufacturers, public decision-makers.
Thus, various AFS studies are under way:
• local know-how, strategies and practices of stakeholders,
• innovation processes on cultural practices and methods of intercropping different
plants to reduce parasite pressure, and on supply chain trends,
• their impact on the landscape.
Given the complexity of interactions between different intercropped species,
CIRAD is developing environment-friendly agroforestry intercropping models to
stabilize or even increase farmers' incomes.
Research in the face of change
CIRAD is analysing the contribution
made by agroforestry to the viability of
household activity systems, faced with the
factors of change (economic, climatic,
environmental), in sub-Saharan Africa and
Madagascar.
A comparative analysis of the different local
Coffee-Erythrina intercropping, Costa Rica. © P. Vaast, CIRAD
backgrounds enables researchers to:
• measure AFS impact on family economics, land heritage and the environment,
• assess the flexibility of family activity systems in the face of change: crop
diversification, biodiversity management methods, implementation of
environmental services,
• draw up technical and economic responses with producers in the face of regional
and international developments,
• challenge the development models promoted by public policies.
Coffee trees, Côte-sous-le-Vent, Guadeloupe.
© M. Dulcire, CIRAD
Main partners
• Grand-Sud Cameroun
Research Platform in
Partnership
• CATIE, Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y
Enseñanza, Costa Rica
• IRAG, Institut de recherche
agronomique de Guinée,
Guinea
• ICRAF, International Centre
for Research in Agroforestry,
Kenya
• KEFRI, Kenya Forestry
Research Institute, Kenya
• University of Antananarivo,
Madagascar
• University of Makerere,
Uganda
• University of Legon, Ghana
Research is also interested in the ability of smallholders to innovate and develop
their professions. CIRAD is therefore working with them to sustainably improve the
standard of living of these populations.
Agri-environmental
impacts of the oil
palm
Indicators for sustainable
production
n increasing number of non-governmental
organizations are blaming current oil palm
development systems, accusing them of being
responsible for the degradation of natural
resources and causing environmental problems. In 2003, this
led to the founding of a roundtable for sustainable palm oil
production, bringing together the different stakeholders in the
supply chain, and CIRAD. The initiative is based on defining principles
and criteria for sustainable production and on using a good practices guide.
If the initiative is to be effective, it needs to be accompanied by precise qualitative
and quantitative indicators.
Assessing plantation sustainability
I
mplementing these criteria means establishing
a normative and transparent evaluation system
based on a sound scientific footing, with a
view to measuring, assessing and analysing
how agricultural practices affect the environment,
providing information on the status of each
A. Labeyr ie
antation. ©
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pa
situation and monitoring the progress achieved.
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Mature
To that end, CIRAD is developing with its partners a set
of agri-environmental indicators, known as IPALM. The approach adopted is based
on the INDIGO® method developed by INRA in Colmar for temperate crops. It
involves a system that cross references agricultural practices with components in
the agro-ecosystem that might be affected, such as surface water or groundwater
quality, air quality, soil fertility, or even biodiversity
© CIRAD
A
Contacts
Jean-Pierre Caliman
CIRAD
Performance of tree cropbased systems research unit
c/o P.T. SMART
P.O. Box 1348
28000 Pekanbaru, Riau
Indonesia
[email protected]
Aude Verwilghen
CIRAD
Performance of tree cropbased systems research unit
Avenue Agropolis
France
[email protected]
Assessment, decision-support and communication tools
These agri-environmental indicators are a tool for assessing pollution risks, but also
for estimating the effectiveness of the fertilizers applied. Farmers who adopt these
tools are thereby demonstrating their involvement in environmental conservation.
A scoring system has been developed based on scientific knowledge and a field
assessment. It is on a scale of 0 to 10. The optimum "risk-free" situation for the
environment is awarded a score of 10. A score of 7 to 10 lies in the "acceptable"
zone,
but
still
remains improvable.
Any score under 7
indicates
an
excessive ecological
risk requiring a
specific action plan.
Results of nitrogen indicator (I ) calculation, and recommendations.
N
Nitrogen flow study: soil solution sampling
system for NO3 leaching analysis.
© J.P. Caliman
IN: an indicator for nitrogen
IN, the first indicator developed, assesses the efficiency of nitrogen management in
oil palm plantations, especially applications of nitrogen fertilizers, which are
usually both a key production factor, a major cost, and a major environmental risk.
It can be used to estimate nitrogen losses in the form of ammonia by volatilization,
nitrates by leaching and nitrogen protoxide by gas emission. It is therefore
organized in three modules INH 3 , INO 3, IN 2O, relative to those compartments.
Depending on whether the aim is to analyse environmental impact, or establish
a diagnosis with a view to making practices more efficient, just one of these subindicators might be considered, or all three. IN is based on a complete nitrogen
flow balance in relation to oil palm requirements and has to be updated each year
for each plot. It can be applied to a plantation by using a mean of the plot values
weighted by the areas.
Study of nitrogen flow balances (here the
root system). © J.P. Caliman
IPhy: an indicator for pesticides
For a broader partnership
In addition to these two indicators, Iom, an indicator for organic matter and Icov,
an indicator for soil cover, have also been developed. These four indicators are to
be validated via a network of partners familiarized with this type of approach.
Development of a software package to calculate the indicators on oil palm, IPALM,
will facilitate its adoption by users. Future developments will focus on assessing
how practices impact on biodiversity and water quality.
Partners
• University of Nancy, France
recherche agronomique,
Environment and Agronomy
Centre, Nancy-Colmar, France
• PT Smart Tbk, Indonesia
Pesticide use is of major concern to consumers. IPhy is a qualitative risk indicator
based on decision trees. Fuzzy logic is used to aggregate the different factors
identified as determinants in the process being considered, such as leaching, runoff and volatilization of pesticides. It also takes into account some properties of the
molecules, their risks for human and animal health, and what happens to them in
the environment (half-life, soil infiltration, etc.). The indicator comprises four
modules, three on the risks associated with phytosanitary practices for the
environmental compartments—surface water, groundwater, air—and the fourth on
the risk associated with the rate applied.
Sustainable production for small
scale farmers
in developing countries
Designing innovative cropping
systems
ropical environments generally have fragile soils
and aggressive climates. Predictive climate change
models agree that the instability of climatic
conditions is likely to increase, with more frequent
droughts or catastrophic flooding. The poorest producers find it
difficult to access credit and markets, which, moreover, do not
provide them with a sufficient return. In view of this, CIRAD is
working to develop innovative systems that protect and make
optimum use of the natural resources available in the short and long term,
which stabilize and maintain if not improve productivity and limit the
environmental impacts of agricultural activity.
The agronomic processes
and ecological services used
T
he proposed cropping systems centre on
direct seeding mulch-based cropping
cations for
ifi
ec
sp
of
(DMC). They aim to minimize the natural
t
en
y establishm
Participator
s, Brazil.
em
st
sy
C
physical, chemical and biological
new DM
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, CIRAD
dares Xavier
© J. H. Vala
degradation of soils as a result of their cultivation,
and are based on diversifying the species cultivated in rotation, succession or even
association (intercropping).
Introducing cover crops into these systems provides a range of services:
• nutritive substrate for the soil fauna and the crops grown;
• increased primary biomass production due to the solar energy intercepted
between two crop cycles and at the start of the main crop cycle (cereals, soybean,
cotton, etc);
• recycling of nutrients, which permeate the deeper soil horizons thanks to the
plants’ dense, deep root systems;
• water regulation, linked to the total, permanent protection of the soil, which
reduces runoff;
• control of diseases, insect pests and weeds, whose habitat is modified;
• supplies of food and animal fodder.
Contacts
Eric Scopel
CIRAD
Research Unit
FOFIFA, BP 1444
Antananarivo
Madagascar
[email protected]
François Affholder
CIRAD
Research Unit
SupAgro
2 place Viala
Montpellier Cedex 1
France
[email protected]
© E. Scopel, CIRAD
T
On a farm scale
However, implementing DMC with a view to a given service
means for farmers striking a delicate balance between various
ecological processes. This requires from them greater
knowledge of the impact of cropping techniques on that
balance between processes, so as to manage them better and
thus achieve the relevant agricultural and ecological
objectives. Developing the use of live covers requires specific
knowledge tailored to the local situation in terms of the
environmental conditions and the stakeholders involved in
agricultural production.
Moreover, this type of complex innovation means making substantial changes to
how resources are used on farms, to how operations are organized, and can result
in the diversification of the products generated and the sources of income. Such
changes are not always acceptable to some producers. In the case of Vietnam, for
instance, farmers’ motivation to practice DMC rather than traditional upland rice or
maize production systems is determined by their ability to cope with the additional
cost of the technique, particularly in terms of labour.
DMC systems involve cover crops grown
in succession, relay or association with
the main crops so as to make optimum
use of the resources available in time and
space. © E. Scopel, CIRAD
New systems for and with producers
CIRAD is working with producers in several tropical regions to build new cropping
systems:
• in central Brazil, for the small farms resulting from the agrarian reform in the
Cerrados;
• in the hills of northern Vietnam, for small mountain farms, following the ban on
slash-and-burn;
• in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, with cereal and cotton smallholders in the local
savannahs;
• in Madagascar, with
rainfed rice smallholders
in mid- and high-altitude
zones;
• in Mali, Niger and
Guinea, with smallholders
in semi-arid zones.
Monitoring plant growth in a
maize-based DMC system, Vietnam.
© F. Affholder, CIRAD
Partners
• EMBRAPA Cerrados, Brazilian
Agricultural Research
Corporation for the Cerrados
region
• VASI, Vietnam Agricultural
Science Institute
• IIAM, Mozambique National
Institute of Agronomic Research
• Montpellier SupAgro, France
• IRD, Institut de recherche
pour le développement, France
The evaluation and conception process around DMC systems thus largely depends on
the points of view of the players locally involved in rural development, and
particularly those of the different types of farmers who are prompted, by choice or
necessity, to show an interest in this type of cropping system. Because of these
considerations, CIRAD has chosen participatory methods to develop innovative
cropping systems in conjunction with its partners. This type of approach helps
considerably to familiarize producers with new technical proposals and facilitates the
cross-learning required for efficient management of such systems.
Preserving biodiversity in
African savannas
Towards widespread adoption
of conservation agriculture
around protected areas
Contacts
Reconciling production
and conservation
It is a matter of choosing between lowinput environment-friendly, but extensive
agriculture, and intensive farming
concentrated on small surfaces and
sparing land for conservation. For most species of interest to conservation, the
second solution is increasingly recognized as a more desirable solution. However,
intensive farming should not pollute downstream habitat and reduce their ability to
support biodiversity. Therefore, CIRAD in Zimbabwe promotes conservation
agriculture as a strategy to reconcile production and conservation.
babwe.
nment, Zim
tural enviro
g on the na
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er
rd
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Cotton plot
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© F. Baudro
The purpose of these techniques is to reduce the “leakiness” of cropping systems,
minimizing negative environmental impacts (water runoff, erosion-related sediment
and pollutants) and retaining the production capacity (water, topsoil, nutrients,
organic matter) in situ.
Frédéric Baudron
CIRAD
research unit
French Embassy
PO Box 1378
Harare Zimbabwe
[email protected]
Marc Corbeels
CIRAD
research unit
TSBF-CIAT
PO Box MP228, Mazowe Road
Harare Zimbabwe
[email protected]
© F. Baudron, CIRAD
T
he Mid-Zambezi Valley is a remarkably
preserved
ecosystem
hosting
major
populations of large mammals, such as
elephants, buffaloes, lions, leopards, etc.
Many initiatives aim at preserving this wildlife and
increasing the benefits that local populations derive from
it (safari hunting, ecotourism). Yet, its habitat has been
considerably reduced over the last two decades, with the
expansion of agriculture and cotton production in particular.
Agricultural expansion not only leads to a drastic decline of
biodiversity in farmland, but also to habitat fragmentation and increased isolation
of habitat patches. How can agriculture and wildlife conservation be reconciled?
January
"Self-cleaning" cropping systems
Several research studies demonstrate that the maintenance of a surface mulch of
crop residues effectively controls horizontal nutrient losses and runoff. Crop
residues also act as an amendment. In fine-textured soils, such residues may
increase the stock of organic matter. Intercropping or rotation with deep-rooted
secondary crops reduces vertical losses of mobile nutrients such as nitrogen by
recycling them from the deep horizons to the surface. These secondary crops also
significantly increase biomass production and may even fix atmospheric nitrogen in
the case of legumes such as pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), jackbean
(Canavalia ensiformis (L.)) or velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC).
Systems using mulches and “multipurpose” legumes tend to increase soil
biodiversity and soil biological activity. For instance, pesticides are not only
retained within these systems, trapped in soil organic matter, but also degraded
through the activity of large-spectrum extracellular enzymes secreted by plant
roots and by soil micro-organisms, a process know as “bioremediation”.
The "self cleaning" capacity of such systems is being investigated.
Sorghum with Cajanus cajan at different
periods of the cropping cycle (January,
May). © F. Baudron, CIRAD
May
Promoting conservation agriculture
Evaluating the performances of such systems requires large-scale trials. Under the
PARSEL project (Public-Private-Community Partnerships to improve food security
and livelihoods in South East Lowveld and Mid Zambezi Valley) funded by the
Eurpean Union, 300 hectares have been cultivated under cotton, sorghum and
pigeonpea using techniques of conservation agriculture. These achieved yields
exceeding those achieved under conventional cropping. The challenge now is to
stimulate the joint interest of farmers and private operators around conservation
agriculture. For this, CIRAD and its partners are working on the establishment of an
“eco- label” that would provide access to a high value textile market.
Partners
• Alliance Ginneries, Zimbabwe
• Mbire Rural District Council,
Zimbabwe
• University of Zimbabwe
• European Union Commission
Cotton plants sown directly through residues from the previous crop,
Zimbabwe. © F. Baudron, CIRAD
The most promising system is
based on a rotation between
cotton and sorghum, the main
food crop in the Mid-Zambezi
Valley,
intercropped
with
pigeonpea. The residues of
sorghum and pigeonpea are
retained as mulch through which
cotton is directly sown, without
any tillage. Pigeonpea is the
multipurpose grain legume the
most appreciated by the farmers
of the Mid Zambezi Valley: it
produces nutritionally rich grains
of good commercial value, useful
fodder, nitrogen-rich litter and its
woody stem can be used as fuel.
Sustainable charcoal
production in the
Democratic Republic
of Congo
Improved tree fallow
inshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic
of Congo, has a population of 8 million
inhabitants and consumes up to 6 million tonnes
of bio-energy equivalent per year. The city is
surrounded by grasslands and patches of forest. The bio-energy
used by the urban households consists mainly of fuelwood (charcoal
and firewood). Charcoal needs, but also most of the staple starchy
foods in the diet (cassava and maize) are provided by slash-and-burn
shifting cultivation and by carbonization of the patches of forest and tree
savannahs, which continue to deteriorate. Production obtained from these tree stands is
becoming scarce and expensive. Soil fertility is declining, crop yields after fallow are
decreasing, springs are drying up and fires are increasingly frequent. How can these
populations continue to be supplied whilst limiting the environmental impact on forests?
Improving tree fallow
Slash-and-burn cultivation gives rise to tree fallow
after one to three years of cropping, due to the
exhaustion of soil reserves. Improving tree fallow
consists in planting tree legumes, whose roots
r
fo
ed
ar
combined with microorganisms fix atmospheric
eau being cle
e Bateke plat
D
e slopes of th
Peltier, CIRA
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©
nitrogen. Organic matter and nitrogen storage in
g.
Forest on th
in
farm
uction and
charcoal prod
the soil is thereby accelerated. This is especially
true for acacias, trees that are also known for their large biomass/wood production.
The trees can already be planted during the cropping period and continue to grow
rapidly after harvesting during the fallow phase.
Since the 1990s, CIRAD has bred more specific tree species associated with
symbiotic bacteria (rhizobium) that display strong growth and nitrogen fixation,
particularly in Ivory Coast and the Republic of Congo. Since 2009, CIRAD has been
implementing the EU-funded "Makala" (research development project about the
fuelwood sector), and intends to disseminate these improved tree fallow techniques
and provide sustainable management techniques for the last remaining patches of
forest around Kinshasa.
Contacts
Jean-Noël Marien
Régis Peltier
CIRAD
Forest Resources research
unit
Campus international
de Baillarguet
France
[email protected]
[email protected]
© R. Peltier, CIRAD
K
The Mampu tree fallow
The Mampu plantation, about 140 km east of
Kinshasa, was originally designed as the pilot
phase in a vast reforestation project covering
100,000 hectares of sandy soils on the Bateke
plateau. Between 1987 and 1993,
8,000
hectares
of
Acacia
auriculiformis were planted. From 1994
onwards, the Mampu plantation was
Reforestation of degraded grassland, mainly
divided into plots of 25 hectares
with Acacia auriculiformis.
allocated to 320 farming families.
Farmers were required to manage their
new tree plantation following a novel agroforestry technique that
combines food crops with acacia. Two or three years after planting the
trees, once agricultural products have been harvested, the acacias
reach a height of three metres. After around ten years, a veritable acacia
forest, mixed with a few local species, becomes established. Farmers
can then exploit it, process the wood into charcoal and sell it in town.
In the unharmed humus, they can replant a new crop cycle. Every
4 metres, a one metre wide strip
of soil is left unfarmed, so that
acacia seeds can germinate and
reconstitute the future forest stand.
Increasingly efficient
charcoal makers.
Extension to the Bateke
plateau grasslands
The Mampu agroforestry model is
to be extended to the villages
located in the Bateke plateau
grasslands. Special attention is
paid to the role of traditional land
rights and the possible diversification of other products and local processing
techniques. Overall, this should increasingly contribute to meeting urban
renewable energy needs, whilst creating rural jobs.
Moreover, other agroforestry systems, under other ecological and socio-economic
conditions, are worth testing; such as managing the natural regrowth of local multipurpose species (for fruits, wood, shelter for game, nitrogen fixation, etc.). Indeed,
on more clayey land once occupied by forest, there is a great variety of tree species
in the natural regrowth. Those trees cannot develop due to continual felling and
uncontrolled fires. If the plot is covered by a thicket, a farmer can first protect it with
a fire-break, then select 100 to 400 sprigs per hectare of useful species out of the
thousands of shoots. After 8-10 years of protection, the plot can then be used to
harvest fuelwood and to plant crops, whilst maintaining a few large trees for seed
production (10 to 100 per hectare) for the next production cycle.
Partners
• CIFOR, Center for
International Forestry Research,
Cameroon
• Hanns Seidel Foundation,
Germany and Democratic
Republic of Congo (DRC)
• Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech
University, Belgium
• Kisantu botanical garden, DRC
• Research Unit on Commercial
Forest Productivity, Republic of
Congo
• University of Kisangani, Ecole
régionale post universitaire
d’aménagement et de gestion
Intégrée des forêts et territoires
(ERAIFT), DRC
• National Reafforestation
Services, DRC and Republic of
Congo
Total charcoal production from the plantation
currently varies from 8,000 to 12,000 tonnes
per year (t/year). In addition, the farmers
produce 10,000 t/year of cassava, 1,200 t/year
of maize and 6 t/year of honey. Reforestation of
the Mampu stand is considered a success.
Cassava harvest after slash-and-burn
cultivation in an acacia plantation, and
processing into chips. © R. Peltier, CIRAD
Dissemination of direct
seeding mulch-based
cropping systems
in Madagascar
n the mid-altitude zones of Madagascar, cropping
systems based on direct seeding, with a cover crop
and crop rotation, have been disseminated on
smallholdings since the turn of the century with a degree
of success. In order to disseminate these new cropping patterns,
CIRAD and its development partners in Madagascar have developed
modelling tools to monitor and assess activities through a DSS (Decision
Support System). For developers, these tools provide decision-support in the
technological choices to be implemented depending on their physical environment
and their type of farm.
I
Optimizing extension efforts
I
n agricultural development projects, decisionsupport and negotiation between operators
t, CIRAD
es. © E. Peno
tic
ac
and with farmers is a priority, so that actions
pr
of
t
d assessmen
Field visit an
live on after the end of the project. CIRAD is
endeavouring to optimize extension efforts by proposing techniques and services
that are truly adapted to each type of farmer.
This type of initiative is being implemented as part of development projects in the
regions of Lake Alaotra (BV-lac project, Lake Alaotra watersheds), Vakinankaratra
and southeastern coast (BVPI-SE/HP project). The aim is to adapt technical and
organizational messages to farmer realities and promote innovation processes
including direct seeding mulch based cropping systems (DMC) for sustainable
production as well as the integration of agriculture and animal production. A selfappraisal method for farmers’groups and a network of reference farms have been
developed. These tools can also be used to assess technical actions and provide
support in defining aspects of public agricultural development policy.
Contact
Eric Penot
CIRAD
Innovation joint research unit
Ampandrianomby, BP 853,
99 Antananarivo
Madagascar
[email protected]
© E. Penot, CIRAD
Developing a learning
approach
Identifying innovation processes
CIRAD proposes self-appraisal sessions where farmers in
producer organizations themselves identify innovation
processes adapted to them, using the "Accelerated Propagation
of Innovation" (API) method (Belloncles). The method requires
prior coaching of the participants so that they can give thought
to a situation then act appropriately. This prior coaching is
provided by socio-organization specialists.
At Lake Alaotra, CIRAD used the API method with associations
of irrigation water users, the federation of user associations in
the network of the two irrigated areas: "PC15" and "Marianina
Valley", as wall as with agricultural intensification groups and
farmer groups integrating DMC practices. The transmission of
technical information within the farmer groups applying DMC was
a frank success. The analysis identified how DMC techniques are effectively
adopted and revealed a potential will to increase intensification from the 4th or 5th
year of DMC.
Cowpea mulch in a DMC system with a
maize-cowpea-rice rotation, Madagascar.
© E. Penot, CIRAD
The development project partners thereby acquired experience in organizing and
running these sessions. The method has been formalized in the form of a BV-lac
working document available from CIRAD.
Developing a network
of reference farms
Olympe software is a tool
developed by CIRAD, INRA
and IAMM (Mediterranean Agricultural Institute in Montpellier) to simulate farm
activities. It can be used to test the robustness of a technical choice, and farm’s
resilience when faced with a series of hazards. Simulations of the adoption of new
techniques are carried out with standard crop management patterns that provide
reliable data over a large number of plots through prospective analysis. Applying
this approach to the adoption of direct-seeding mulch-based cropping systems at
Lake Alaotra helped development operators to make progress in their work.
Consequently, the technical possibilities offered to famers have become more
adapted to the constraints faced by different types of farms. In particular, the levels
of cropping system intensification proposed are more adapted to risk levels
acceptable to producers.
On-farm reporting-back session, Madagascar. © E. Penot, CIRAD
Partners
• FOFIFA, Centre de recherche
agronomique de Madagascar
• University of Antananarivo,
Madagascar
• Development partners
associated with the BV-Lac and
BVPI-SE/HP projects,
Madagascar
• Groupement semis direct de
Madagascar
New cropping systems are
assessed
in
networks
of
reference farms. A network
of reference farms is a set
of farms representative of
different
agricultural
and
socio-economic situations. The
farms are monitored annually,
to measure the impact of
technical actions and development policies and carry out
prospective analyses.
Optimizing biomass production
whilst minimizing
environmental impact
The contributions of virtual agronomy
C
© H. Rey, CIRAD
IRAD's AMAP joint research unit has developed
software packages to simulate the architectural
development of plants and their yields. By
arranging plants in stands, from a plot to
a landscape scale, it becomes possible to conduct virtual
experiments to assess and optimize the effect of cultural
practices or environmental conditions on growth. This ecoinformatics approach can also help to answer questions about the
environmental impact of agricultural production.
Simulating plant growth
By modelling the architecture and development
of individual plants, it is possible to see how
ware.
ft
so
E
SL
elementary growth processes evolve over time
Hérault with
landscape in
of a vineyard
n
io
at
within
the plant and how they are affected by
ul
m
Si
, CIRAD
© S. Griffon
environmental conditions. Growth models have
been incorporated into simulation softwares (AMAPsim, Digiplante) which can be used
to simulate plant structures under agronomically and environmentally variable natural
conditions. This approach has been applied on various plant models (sunflower, maize,
oil palm, coffee, eucalyptus, pine, etc.).
By reconstructing plant stands, such as a crop field, it is possible to simulate, analyse
and optimize plant production under variable agronomic and environmental
conditions for different applications that take plant architecture into account. For
example, the quantity and quality of light captured by plants can be simulated using
their three-dimensional description (Archimed software).
When these models are adapted to a landscape scale, they can be used to simulate
growth variability in relation to local sunlight and rainfall conditions, and water
distribution in the soil, etc (GreenLab paysage software).
Contact
Thierry Fourcaud
CIRAD
AMAP joint research unit
Boulevard de la Lironde
France
[email protected]
The development of algorithms to display plants in landscapes
(SLE software) is finding new applications in the graphic animation
fields (virtual reality, films, video games, etc.).
Improving light capture in agroforestry
By combining the AMAPsim and Archimed softwares, mapping of
the light available for intercrops (maize, cocoa, soybean, etc.) has
been simulated for teak or Acacia mangium-based agroforestry
systems in Indonesia, or coconut-based systems in Vanuatu. The studies showed
how the amount of available light, and its spatial distribution, changed depending
on tree development. It thus became possible to plan possible crops according to
their shade tolerance.
Simulated mapping of light transmission
beneath six-year-old coconut palms under the
Archimed platform.
© J. Dauzat, CIRAD
Simulation experiments are also carried out to assess the possibilities of optimizing
these systems by modifying tree density and planting layout, or by pruning lower
branches when trees develop too much. For example, it has been possible to show
how planting trees in North-South rows improves light distribution in the plot, or
how pruning the lower section of a three-year-old Acacia mangium crown
quadruples the amount of light available for intercrops.
Defining ideotypes of sunflower
varieties
Partners
• Chinese Academy of Sciences
– Institute of Automation
(CASIA)
• Laboratory in Computer
Science, Automation and
Applied Mathematics (LIAMA),
China
• China Agricultural University
(CAU), Key laboratory of plantsoil interactions, China
• Institut national de la
recherche en informatique
et automatique (INRIA),
DIGIPLANTE project team,
France
• Laboratoire d’écophysiologie
des plantes sous stress
environnementaux (LEPSE,
UMR SupAgro-INRA), France
The interaction between development rate
and organ growth in sunflowers is
considered as a function of the temperature
and light conditions encountered by the
crop during its growth, and of the planting
design adopted. Virtual experiments lead to
optimized planting designs (density,
Sunflower plants (Heliasol variety) in the field.
spacing) for given ecotypes and
© H. Rey, CIRAD
geographical situations. It is also possible
to define periods in the crop management
pattern when the crop is more or less
susceptible to water deficits, and thereby
optimize irrigation.
These studies have helped to define
ideotypes of sunflower varieties, taking into
account both architectural characteristics
(e.g. for better light capture) and growth
characteristics of the plant (for better use of
water and temperature conditions) so as to
Sunflower plants simulated with AMAPsim software.
be more efficient under fluctuating
© H. Rey, CIRAD
environmental conditions. This agrophysiology approach can be used to test the performance of sunflower varieties
under new environmental conditions and adapt cultural techniques. Other similar
studies have been conducted on cotton, maize, or tomato, using the GreenLab
model.
Integrating crop and
animal productions
ombining crop and animal productions was
first promoted in sub-Saharan Africa and
Madagascar in the 1960s. It led to massive
adoption of animal traction in regions where the
rice, cotton and groundnut sectors were sufficiently
organized to provide farmers with credit and training. Today, the
growing rural population and pressure on arable land call for a re-think
in the types of combinations between crop and animal productions, in order
to cope with new population needs.
C
© P. Dugué, CIRAD
A type of ecological
intensification in developing
countries
Making optimum use of synergies
between agriculture and animal
production
A
lthough animal traction was well received
in sub-Saharan Africa, as it was possible to
increase the area cultivated per farm worker
adagascar.
rice field, M
a
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and work became less laborious, quality
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manure production and fodder crop development for
© P. D
intensive animal production units have rarely been undertaken. Today, the demand from
towns for food products is rising (cereals, legumes, milk, ruminant meat, but also meat
of short cycle animals, poultry and pigs); mineral fertilizer prices continue to increase
in line with petroleum prices; the motorization of farming operations and transport also
comes up against rising fuel prices.
In this context, by integrating agriculture and animal production, maximum advantage
can be taken of the complementarities existing between cropping systems (fodder
production, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and mineral nutrient recycling) and animal
production systems (production of organic manure and energy) to reduce consumption
of fuel, chemical fertilizers and concentrated feeds. Animal production should also be
considered as a good "utilizer" of agricultural by-products, such as cereal bran, crop
residues, etc., and of marginal zones unsuitable for farming. Lastly, integrating intensive
animal production units with a few fattening cattle on family farms creates jobs and
limits the creation of large livestock breeding units on the edge of towns, which are
usually sources of pollution.
Contacts
Patrick Dugué
CIRAD
Innovation Joint Research Unit
1573 rue Jean-François Breton
France
[email protected]
Eric Vall
CIRAD, Livestock Systems
and Animal Product
Management Research Unit,
c/o CIRDES 01 BP 454
Bobo-Dioulasso Cedex 01
Burkina Faso
[email protected]
Synergies on a production unit scale
This approach enables researchers to more effectively work with producers, but it
can also be used by technicians in development bodies to enhance their ways of
advising mixed cropping/livestock farms.
Synergies on an agropastoral territory scale
This involves adapting the rules of use for collectively used land and natural
resources (rangelands, water points) to guarantee sustainable exploitation of agrosylvo-pastoral resources. The agropastoral activities that depend on those resources
are thus supported and disputes between the different resource users (farmers,
animal breeders, foresters, etc.) are limited. This can lead on to new agreements
between the different socio-professional categories. For instance, they may extend
to the use of crop residues, the guarding and mobility of herds, bushfire
management, the conservation of
banks along water courses, and
rational exploitation of fodder trees.
This new coordination, which could
induce more sustainable synergies
between production units, is in
keeping with the establishment of
local charters for the management of
agropastoral territories acknowledged
by the different socio-professional
categories and local authorities, such
as rural municipalities and the
administration.
Cattle, crop residues pasture. © P. Dugué, CIRAD
Stack of rice straw feeding a herd of zebus,
Madagascar. © P. Dugué, CIRAD
Dairy cow fed with freshly cut vetch,
Madagascar. © P. Dugué, CIRAD
Partners
• CIRDES, Centre international
de recherche-développement
sur l'élevage en zone
subhumide, Burkina Faso
• INERA, Institut de
l’environnement
et de recherches agricoles,
Burkina Faso
• University of Bobo-Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
• Union des Producteurs
de coton du Tuy, Burkina Faso
• BV-Lac project, Madagascar
• EMBRAPA, Brazilian
Agricultural Research Centre
• IRAD, Institut de la recherche
agricole pour le
développement, Cameroon
• SODECOTON, Société de
développement du coton,
Cameroon
CIRAD is exploring various avenues for integrating
agriculture and livestock in the production units. It is
a matter of helping producers to design novel agricultural
systems that are economically viable, socially acceptable
and make optimum use of input investments (fertilizers,
concentrated cattle feeds). This research is based on
technical results already acquired and on farmers' know-how. Participation of rural
stakeholders is incorporated into the different research phases. For instance, we
assess with producers the possibilities of adopting these achievements or the need
to adapt certain technical proposals. Over and above the experimental work
undertaken with producers, CIRAD develops computerized tools to model mixed
cropping/livestock farms, which are used to consider the future of the farms. These
tools enable producers, but also agricultural advisors, to assess different evolution
scenarios for their production unit in terms of monetary income and food security,
soil fertility balances or the ability to feed animal production units. It is thus
possible to assess the feasibility of adding a fodder crop to the rotation, or of
increasing the number of animals to be fattened.
Pig production in tropical
and subtropical
regions
ig production provides almost 40% of the meat
consumed worldwide. Pig production is expanding in
Asia, Latin America and the non-Muslim zones of Africa.
It is practised by small-scale pig farmers and provides
essential income in rural zones. Faced with the technical, economic,
environmental and health risks associated with developing this activity,
ecological intensification is an interesting prospect for sustainable smallholder pig
farms. CIRAD experts are adopting an interdisciplinary approach to assist this
innovation process.
P
© V. Porphyre, CIRAD
Promoting sustainability
to feed populations in the South
Contacts
Gaining a clearer understanding
of changes on pig farms
M
ost pig farms in developing
countries are small family units,
based on very diversified
Reunion
ghlands of
hi
e
th
in
production methods ranging
Pig farm
re, CIRAD
© V. Porphy
from low-input extensive rearing to industrial
off-land production. CIRAD is implementing
projects in a close partnership with research and development organizations from
the South, to:
• assess locally-available food and animal resources,
• analyse the technical and economic efficiency of pig production systems in
tropical countries,
• characterize the diversity of rearing units by gaining a clearer understanding of
their technical, economic and social rationale,
• understand the role of pig production in the pluri-active socio-economic
strategies of smallholders in developing countries and in the marketing sectors,
• model development patterns for farms and for the production and processing
sectors to assist in their change.
Vincent Porphyre
CIRAD
Livestock Systems
and Animal Product
Management Research Unit
Station Ligne Paradis
7 chemin de l’IRAT
97410 Saint Pierre
La Réunion - France
[email protected]
Jean-Michel Medoc
CIRAD
Environmental Risks of
Recycling Research Unit
Cité diplomatique de Van Phuc
298 Kim Ma
99 Hanoï
Vietnam
[email protected]
http://pigtrop.cirad.fr
Promoting the recycling and use
of pig waste
Pig rearing units discharge effluents that lead
to environmental pollution problems. CIRAD
proposes ways of managing pig production
unit effluents to protect the environment and
fertilize crops. It determines the composition
of effluents to rationalize their recycling on
crops and to design novel treatment processes;
it analyses waste management practices and adapts them to crop
management sequences; it helps to improve slurry recycling in
agricultural systems for minimum environmental risks; it models
environmental impacts in the production sector, using the Life Cycle
Analysis method for better decision-support.
Pig farm, North
Vietnam
© V. Porphyre, CIRAD
Sow of the Mong Cai race, with her litter,
Vietnam © V. Porphyre, CIRAD
Accompanying the pig
production systems of tomorrow
Combination of small-scale pig farming and carp fish
farming, North Vietnam © V. Porphyre, CIRAD
CIRAD helps the pig production sectors in
developing countries to adopt alternative
management methods, based on criteria
for the ecological intensification of pig
farms that are acknowledged by all the
local stakeholders. It develops novel
methods for sustainable development of
pig farms by exploring ecological
intensification methods, controlling
animal diseases and adding value to
products. Its research is designed to
optimize use of local resources, improve
the energy balance of pig farms for less
energy-demanding development and
assist stakeholders towards multi-criteria
quality labelling of their products.
Partners
• National Institute of Animal
Science, Vietnam
• Hanoi University of
Agriculture, Vietnam
• National Institute of
Veterinary Research, Vietnam
• Soils and Fertilizers Institute,
Vietnam
• Institute of Policy and Strategy
for Agricultural and Rural
Development, Vietnam
• Coopérative des producteurs
de porcs de la Réunion
• Fédération régionale des
coopératives agricoles, Réunion
Sharing research results
CIRAD proposes its PIGTrop portal on the internet: http://pigtrop.cirad.fr,
providing access to the latest news and research results on original topics dealing
with pig production in developing countries. This internet site is intended for
researchers, students, professionals, pig rearers and development agencies
interested in the sustainable development of the pig supply chains in developing
countries. It presents the results of international research on animal health and
emerging diseases, the socio-economic organization of the pig sector, integrated
waste management, genetic management of populations, food strategies, optimum
use of biodiversity and product quality. Today, PIGTrop is the unrivalled scientific
reference portal on pig research for development in tropical supply chains.
• Qualitropic, Pôle de
compétitivité Agro-Nutrition en
milieu tropical, Réunion
• Lycée agricole de SaintJoseph, Réunion
• Institut national de la
• Royal Veterinary College,
University of London, United
Kingdom
Combination of pig farming, market gardening and fish
farming, Red River Delta, Vietnam © V. Porphyre, CIRAD
Reconciling fodder production
and environmental protection
in the humid tropics
Sustainable development
of forage systems
he humid tropics have seen a considerable
expansion in ruminant farming since the
1970s and are currently home to almost
a quarter of the world's ruminant stock. This
situation is often criticized for its negative
environmental effects: deforestation, loss of biodiversity,
scrub invasion of the environment, greenhouse gas
production, etc. CIRAD is involved in research to reconcile
the development of ruminant farming in these regions to
meet the food and economic needs of the populations, and the
need to protect the environment.
Controlling pasture degradation
Pastures established after deforestation are
fragile environments which are rapidly
invaded by scrub. As their restoration is
delicate, they are often abandoned and
aena replaced by other grasslands established on
ol
m
ro
Ch
by
ic infested
ican Republ
Central Afr
e
newly deforested areas. In order to limit
th
in
nd
Rangela
CIRAD
J. Huguenin,
deforestation, CIRAD has developed
odorata. ©
management conditions for grasslands that prevent scrub invasion processes. The
recommendations are intended to ensure rapid and dense soil cover. Grasslands
have to be exploited regularly (high stocking rate, grazing rotation) in order to
maintain a dense and uniform cover capable of limiting the germination and
subsequent development of weeds. In this way, controlling grassland degradation
indirectly helps to slow down further deforestation for new grasslands.
Agro-ecological management of forage environments
Forage ecosystems in the humid tropics can be sustainably managed. It calls for
precise and interactive organization of grassland and herd management to
reconcile animal productivity, the lifespan of grasslands, and environmental
services.
© J. Huguenin, CIRAD
T
Contacts
Johann Huguenin
CIRAD
Livestock Systems
and Animal Product
Campus International
de Baillarguet
34398 Montpellier cedex 5
France
[email protected]
Blanfort Vincent
CIRAD
Livestock Systems
and Animal Product
BP 701
97387 Kourou cedex
Guyane - France
[email protected]
http://greforec.cirad.fr
Plant growth is very rapid in the humid tropics but the
nutritional optimum of the vegetation is short-lived. In
addition, seasonal effects can also be a constraint for
fodder production (cold season, dry season,
excessively wet season).
For intensive and agro-ecological grassland
management, several measures have to be taken into
account:
• maintaining dense plant cover by adjusting the
structure of plant covers through animal stocking (2 to
4 head per hectare) and rotation rates (3 to 6 weeks),
• diversifying plant species to take into account seasonal effects and promote
nutritional complementarity. For example, oats maintain a fodder supply during
a cold season in certain humid tropical zones; grass-legume combinations, such as
Panicum maximum and Stylosanthes hamata balance nutritional contributions,
• choosing complementary fodder resources: forage gardens where the vegetation
is cut and brought to the animals in addition to their pasture, fodder trees such as
Leucaena, either browsed or exploited by pruning.
A Brahman zebu browsing Brachiaria
humidicola grassland in French Guiana.
These agro-ecological fodder intensification measures lead to greater productivity
while preserving the environment and limiting further expansion of areas.
CIRAD is studying biological
dynamics that are conducive to
restoring ecological balances in
environments disrupted by herbivore
production. The aim is to strengthen
the stability of rearing units while
attenuating
their
negative
environmental impacts by more
effectively
providing
certain
ecosystemic services:
• Limiting greenhouse effect gases:
ruminant production contributes to
Rangeland invasion by Jatropha gossipifolia in New Caledonia.
greenhouse gas emissions, but
© V. Blanfort, CIRAD
grassland agrosystems compensate
for those emissions by sequestrating
carbon in the soil (1 to 2 tonnes per
hectare per year). In temperate
zones, the carbon stock in soils
under grassland can reach 65 tonnes
per hectare.
• Protecting soils: continuous cover
grasslands offer major protection
against soil erosion; soil fertility
Flight over the Transamazonian zone, Para State, Brazil.
under grasslands displays a drop in
acidity, an increase in nutrient
storage and high active organic matter content; soil aluminium toxicity diminishes.
• Maintaining biodiversity: rotations with high animal stocking help to control
scrub invasion by preventing the development of invasive plants, which cause a
severe reduction in biodiversity, including in forest areas next to grazing lands.
Partners
• EMBRAPA, Brazilian
Agricultural Research Centre
• Federal University of Para
State, Brazil
• Coopérative des éleveurs de
bovins, French Guiana
• Sica Lait and Sica Revia,
La Réunion
• Institut agronomique
calédonien, New Caledonia
• Agence nationale de
développement de l’élevage,
Central African Republic
• FIFAMANOR, Centre de
développement rural et de
recherche appliquée,
Madagascar
• National Institute of Animal
Science, Vietnam
Offer of ecological services
Bibliographie / Literature
Comment mieux contrôler les invasions de
criquets / More effective control of locust
invasions
• Chapuis M.-P., Loiseau A., Michalakis Y., Lecoq M., Franc A.,
Estoup A., 2009. Outbreaks, gene flow and effective population size
in the Migratory locust, Locusta migratoria: a regional scale comparative survey. Molecular Ecology (Oxford), 18(9): 792-800.
• Franc A., Rabesisoa L., Luong-Skovmand M.H., Lecoq M., 2005.
Phase polymorphism in the Red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata
(Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Madagascar. International Journal of
Tropical Insect Science (Nairobi), 25(3): 182-189.
• Lecoq M., 2005. Desert locust management: from ecology to
anthropology. Journal of Orthoptera Research (Ann Arbor, MI), 14(2):
179-186.
• Maiga I.H., Lecoq M., Kooyman C., 2008. Ecology and management of the Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss
1877) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in West Africa: review and prospects.
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (nouvelle série)
(Paris), 44(3): 271-288.
• Magor J.I., Lecoq M., Hunter D.M., 2008. Preventive control and
desert locust plagues. Crop Protection (Oxford), 27(12): 1527-1533.
Maitriser le scolyte des baies du caféier /
Coffee berry borer control
• Dufour B.P., Franco F., Hernández A., 2007. Evaluación del trampeo en el marco del manejo integrado de la broca del café. In: La
broca del café en América tropical: hallazgos y enfoques, workshop
internacional, junio 2007, Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Ed. por
Barrera J.F., García A., Domínguez V., Luna C., ECOSUR y Soc.
Mex. Ent., México, Mexique, 89-99.
• Dufour B.P., González M.O., Mauricio J.J., Chávez B.A., Ramírez
Amador R., 2005. Validation of coffee berry borer (CBB) trapping
with the BROCAP® trap. In: XX International Conference on Coffee
Science, 11-15 October 2004, Bangalore, India. ASIC, Paris, France,
1243-1247.
• Avelino J., Zelaya H., Merlo A., Pineda A., Ordoñez M., Savary S.,
2006. The intensity of a coffee rust epidemic is dependent on production situations. Ecological modelling, 197 (3-4): 431-447.
• Ratnadass A., Togola M., Cissé B., Vassal J-M., 2009. Potential of
sorghum and physic nut (Jatropha curcas) for management of plant
bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa
armigera) on cotton in an assisted trap-cropping strategy. Journal of
SAT Agricultural Research, 7.
Gestion agro-écologique des cultures fruitières et
maraîchères / Agro-ecological management of
fruit and market garden crops
• Malézieux E., Crozat Y., Dupraz C., Laurans M., Makowski D.,
Ozier-Lafontaine H., Rapidel B., de Tourdonnet S., ValantinMorison M., 2008. Mixing plant species in cropping systems:
concepts, tools and models. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable
Development, 29: 43-62.
• Ratnadass A., Michellon R., Randriamanantsoa R., Séguy L., 2006.
Effects of soil and plant management on crop pests and diseases. In:
Uphoff N., Ball A., Fernandes E., Herren H., Husson O., Laing M.,
Palm C., Pretty J., Sanchez P., Sanginga N., Thies J., Biological
Approaches for Sustainable Soil Systems. Boca Raton, Etats-Unis,
CRC Press, p. 589-602.
Les mouches des fruits et des légumes en milieu
tropical / Fruit and vegetable flies in the Tropics
• Rousse P., Gourdon F., Quilici S., 2006. Host specificity of the egg
pupal parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in La
Réunion. Biological Control, 37 (3): 284-290.
• Duyck P.F., Junod P., Brunel C., Dupont R., Quilici S., 2006.
Importance of competition mechanisms in successive invasions by
polyphagous tephritids in La Réunion. Ecology, 87 (7): 1770-1780.
• Rousse P., Chiroleu F., Veslot J., Quilici S., 2007. The host- and
microhabitat olfactory location by Fopius arisanus suggests a broad
potential host range. Physiological Entomology, 32: 313-321.
• Dufour B.P., 2007. Condiciones de uso de las trampas en el
control de la broca del café. In: Manejo da broca-do-café, workshop
internacional, 28 nov. 2004, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. IAPAR,
Londrina, Brésil, 85-93.
• Vayssières J.F., Cayol J.P., Perrier X., Midgarden D., 2007. Impact
of methyl eugenol and malathion bait stations on non-target insect
populations in French Guiana during an eradication program for
Bactrocera carambolae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,
125 (1): 55-62.
Régulation des bio-agresseurs dans les
agrosystèmes tropicaux / Regulating pests and
diseases in tropical agrosystems
• Van Mele P., Vayssières J.F., Van Tellingen E., Vrolijks J., 2007.
Effects of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in controlling mango fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae). Journal of Economic
Entomology, 100 (3): 695-701.
• Avelino J., Willocquet L., Savary S., 2004. Effects of crop management patterns on coffee rust epidemics. Plant pathology, 53 (5),
541-547.
• Vayssières J.F., Goergen G., Lokossou O., Dossa P., Akponon C.,
2005. A new Bactrocera species detected in Benin among mango fruit
flies (Diptera Tephritidae) species. Fruits, 60 (6): 1-9.
© N. le Gall
Inventer une agriculture
écologiquement intensive
pour nourrir la planète
Lutte contre les insectes ravageurs en culture
cotonnière / Controlling insect pests in cotton
growing systems
• Brévault T., Couston L., Bertrand A., Thézé M., Nibouche S.,
Vaissayre M., 2009. Sequential pegboard to support small farmers in
cotton pest control decision-making in Cameroon. Crop Protection,
28: 968-973.
• Brévault T., Carletto J., Linderme D., Vanlerberghe-Masutti F., 2008.
Genetic diversity of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, in the unstable
environment of a cotton growing area. Agricultural and Forest
Entomology, 10: 215 – 223.
• Brévault T., Bikay S., Maldès J.M., Naudin K., 2007. Impact of no till
with mulch on soil macrofauna communities in a cotton cropping system. Soil & Tillage Research, 97: 140-149.
Gestion du risque pesticide en horticulture /
Managing pesticide risks in horticulture
• Cabidoche Y.-M., Jannoyer M., Vanniere H., 2006. Conclusions du
Groupe d’étude et prospective, aspects agronomiques, Contributions
Cirad – Inra. Montpellier, Cirad, 64 p.
• Cabidoche Y.-M., Achard R., Cattan P., Clermont Dauphin C.,
Chabrier C., Lafont A., Sansoulet J., 2006. Stockage dans les sols à charges variables et dissipation dans les eaux de zoocides organochlorés
autrefois appliqués en bananeraies aux Antilles : relation avec les systèmes de culture, Rapport final d’exécution Programme 2003-2005
« Evaluation et réduction des risques liés à l’utilisation des pesticides »
du MEDD, Inra Cirad, 99 p.
• De Moraes Sá, Séguy l., Gozé E. et al, 2009. C sequestration rates in
no-tillage soils under intensive cropping systems in tropical agroecozone. Soil Science Society of America Journal, in press.
• Séguy L., Bouzinac S., Husson O., 2006. Direct-seeded tropical
soil systems with permanent soil cover: Learning from Brazilian
experience. In: Uphoff Norman T. (ed.), Ball Andrew S. (ed.),
Fernandes Erik C.M. (ed.), Herren Hans R. (ed.), Husson. Olivier
(ed.), Laing Mark V. (ed.), Palm Cheryl (ed.), Pretty Jules (ed.),
Sanchez Pedro (ed.), Sanginga Nteranya (ed.), Thies Janice (ed.).
Biological approaches to sustainable soil systems. Boca Raton, CRC
Press, p. 323-342.
• Séguy L., Bouzinac S., 2008. La symphonie inachevée du semis
direct dans le Brésil central : le système dominant dit de « semidirect » : limites et dégâts, éco-solutions et perspectives : la nature
au service de l'agriculture durable. [Cd-Rom]. Montpellier, Cirad,
1 disque optique numérique (CD-ROM).
Intensification écologique chez le bananier /
Ecological intensification of banana growing
• Côte F.-X., Abadie C., Achard R., Cattan P., Chabrier C., Dorel M.,
de Lapeyre de Bellaire L., Risède J.M., Salmon F., Tixier P., 2009.
Integrated pest management developed in the French West Indies to
reduce pesticide use in banana production systems. Acta
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Efficiency of a bagasse substrate in a biological bed system for the degradation of glyphosate, malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin under tropical
climate conditions. Pest Management Science, 64 (12): 1303-1313.
Améliorer les systèmes agroforestiers en zone
tropicale humide / Improving agroforestry
systems in the humid tropics
Culture des vergers en milieu insulaire / Orchard
cultivation on islands
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indicators. Agricultural Systems, 76: 639-653.
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Food Crops Society (CFCS), 41, 2005-07-10/2005-07-16, Gosier,
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et la conception des systèmes de culture. In: Doré T. et al. (Eds).
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explore management options in Agroforestry Systems. In:
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successfully established on savannahs: a local innovation in the central region of Cameroon. 2nd International Symposium on Multistrata Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops, CATIE, Turrialba,
Costa Rica.
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pratiques de gestion des agroforêts à base de café de Guinée forestière sur le temps long. Atelier international de réflexion à partir de
visites de terrain « Les agroforêts d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre :
dynamiques, performances et avenir ? 2008, Sérédou, Guinée,
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Guinea. Agroforestry systems, 73 (3): 189-204.
Le semis direct avec couverture végétale /
Direct seeding mulch-based cropping
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18 (4): 343-349.
Impacts agri-environnementaux du palmier
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Sustainable charcoal production in the
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Development of an agro-ecological indicator (I-PHY Palm) to
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Production durable en agriculture familiale au
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in developing countries
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Préserver la biodiversité des savanes africaines /
Preserving biodiversity in African grasslands
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Diffusion des systèmes de semis direct avec
couverture végétale à Madagascar /
Dissemination of direct seeding mulch-based
cropping systems in Madagascar
• Penot E., 2008. Document de travail n° 4 : Mise en place du
réseau de fermes de références avec les opérateurs du projet. Projet
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• Baudron F., Corbeels M., Monicat F., Giller K.E. (submitted).
Cotton, more than tsetse eradication, drove habitat loss for the wildlife of the Mid Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Biological Conservation.
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conventions de modélisation pour le RFR. Projet BV-lac/AFD, lac
Alaotra, Madagascar, 2008.
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Siqueira Neto M., 2006. Soil carbon storage potential of direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems in the Cerrados of Brazil.
Global Change Biology, 12: 1-15.
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scénarios en analyse prospective et des simulations sur les exploitations agricoles du réseau de fermes de référence. Projet
BV-lac/AFD, lac Alaotra, Madagascar, 2009.
Optimiser la production de biomasse en
minimisant l’impact sur l’environnement /
Optimizing biomass production whilst
minimizing environmental impact
• Barczi J-F., Rey H., Caraglio Y., de Reffye P., Barthelemy D., Dong
QX., Fourcaud T., 2008. AmapSim: a structural whole-plant simulator based on botanical knowledge and designed to host external
functional models. Annals of Botany, 101: 1125-1138.
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multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and
ontogeny. Annals of Botany, 99: 375-407.
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Modélisation et simulation de l'architecture et de la production
végétales. In: Hallé, F. (Ed) Aux origines des plantes : des plantes
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• Mathieu A., Cournede P.H., Letort V., Barthelemy D., de Reffye P.,
2009. A dynamic model of plant growth with interactions between
development and functional mechanisms to study plant structural
plasticity related to trophic competition. Annals of Botany, 103:
1173-1186.
• Mikolasek O., Trinh D.K., Médoc J.M., Porphyre V., 2009.
L’intensification écologique d’un modèle de pisciculture intégrée :
recycler les effluents d’élevages porcins de la province de Thai
Binh (Nord Vietnam). Cahiers Agriculture, 18 (2): 235-241.
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practices for biosecurity in pig sector: issues and options.
FAO/OIE/World Bank - Animal Production and Health Paper. Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Roma. In
press 2009.
• Médoc J.-M., Guerrin F., Courdier R., Paillat J.-M., 2004. A Multimodelling approach to help agricultural stakeholders design animal
wastes management strategies in the Reunion Island. In: Pahl-Wostl
C., (ed.), Schmidt S., (ed.), Rizzoli A.E., (ed.), Jakeman A.J., (ed.).
Complexity and integrated resources management. Transactions of
the 2nd Biennial Meeting of the International Environmental
Modelling and Software Society. Volume 1. Manno, Switzerland:
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Management, 2004/06/14-17, Osnabrück, Germany.
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manure with green wastes to prevent environmental impact of pig
production in the Wallis archipelago, Pacific ocean. In: Proceedings
of the International Workshop on green pork production, Paris,
France, May 25-27, 2005, p. 111-112.
• Rey H., Dauzat J., Chenu K., Barczi J-F., Dosio GAA., Lecoeur J.,
2008. Using a 3-D virtual sunflower to simulate light capture at
organ, plant and plot levels: contribution of organ interception,
impact of heliotropism and analysis of genotypic differences.
Annals of Botany, 101: 1139-1151.
Concilier production fourragère
et renouvellement des ressources en zone
tropicale humide / Reconciling fodder
production and environmental protection in the
humid tropics
L’intégration de l’agriculture et de l’élevage /
Integrating agriculture and animal production
• Blanfort V., Orapa W., 2008. Ecology, impacts and management
of invasive plant species in pastoral areas. Proceedings of the
Regional Workshop on invasive Plant Species in Pastoral Areas,
24-28 november 2003, Koné, New Caledonia. IAC/SPC, Suava,
201 p.
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fonctionnement d'exploitations agricoles de polyculture élevage
pour une démarche de conseil. Cas de la zone cotonnière de l'ouest
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Cameroun, 11 p.
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la conduite des troupeaux aux pâturages (ouest du Burkina Faso).
Natures sciences sociétés, 17 (2): 122-135.
• Projet FERTIPARTENAIRES http://food-fertipartenaires.cirad.fr
Production porcine dans les régions chaudes /
Pig production in tropical and subtropical
regions
• Hostiou N., Tourrand J.-F., Huguenin J., Lecomte P., 2006. La
diversité de gestion des systèmes herbagers en Amazonie : cas des
élevages bovins brésiliens. Fourrages, 187: 377-392.
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2009. Conduite et organisation agropastorale des prairies pâturées
dans les élevages guyanais. Communication In: Actes des
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p. 353-356.
• Rippstein G., Escober G., Motta F., 2001. Agroecologia y biodiversidad de las Sabanas en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia.
CIAT et CIRAD, Colombie, 302 p.
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Afrique de l'Ouest. Revue Grain de Sel, 46-47 : Répondre aux évolutions alimentaires, un défi majeur pour l’élevage africain, MarsAoût 2009, p. 26-27.
• Salgado P., Lubbers M., Schipper R.A., Van Keulen H., Alary V.,
Lecomte P., 2009. Adoption of new forage technology: impact on
the socio-economic sustainability of milk production in Moc
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GAMEDE: A global activity model for evaluating the sustainability
of dairy enterprises, Part I – Whole farm dynamic model.
Agricultural Systems, 101: 128–138.

Inventing a new form of agriculture

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