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ARTICLE ORIGINAL
Bulky feeds in the intensive fattening
of goslings
II. Effects of alfalfa, grass and sugar beet pulp on abdominal fat pattern and caecal volatile fatty acid composition in geese
C. ARSLAN*
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 36300, Kars, Turkey
* Correspondence address: University of Kafkas, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition, 36300 Kars, Turkey. Fax: +90 474 2426853, e.mail: [email protected]
SUMMARY
RÉSUMÉ
This study was intended to investigate effect of the inclusion of alfalfa,
grass and dried sugar beet pulp meal in feed mixtures on the fatty acid composition of the abdominal fat and the caecal content of Turkish native geese.
One hundred, one day old goslings of both sex were divided into 10 equal
groups. The study lasted for 12 weeks, the first 6 weeks as starter period and
the last 6 weeks as grower period. The starter and grower diets were replaced by 5, 10 and 15 % alfalfa meal (Group II-IV), grass meal (Group V-VII)
and dried sugar beet pulp meal (Group VIII-X) during the starter period.
The percents of diet replacement were 10, 20 and 30 % during the grower
period, respectively. These diets were tested in comparison to a control
group fed only with concentrate (Group I). Feed and water were provided
ad libitum during the study. At the end of the study, six randomly selected
geese from each group were slaughtered and caecal content and abdominal
fat samples were taken.
The percentages of total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
fatty acid of the abdominal fat were found to vary between 30.2-36.1 %,
46.6-55.2 % and 12.2-14.4 % among groups, respectively. Inclusion of
alfalfa, grass and sugar beet pulp also increased the total saturated fatty acid
fraction while the total monounsaturated fatty acid fraction was decreased.
Inclusion of alfalfa and grass meal in the diet also caused a significant
increase of the polyunsaturated fatty acid fraction except for the group
which received the ration containing the lowest percentage of alfalfa, while
sugar beet pulp had no significant effect on the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids when compared with the control. Acetic, propionic and butyric acid percentages of caecal content were found to range from 57.1 to
60.8 %, 24.0 to 26.6 % and 12.3 to 13.8 %, respectively. Inclusion of alfalfa, grass and sugar beet pulp significantly increased the percentage of caecal acetic acid, but did not affect butyric and propionic acid percentages.
Aliments de lest dans l’engraissement intensif des oisons. II. Effets de la
luzerne, de l’herbe et de la pulpe de betterave sur le dépôt de graisse
abdominale et la composition en acides gras volatiles du caecum des
oisons. Par C. ARSLAN.
KEY-WORDS : goose - alfalfa - grass - sugar beet pulp abdominal fat pattern - caecum volatile fatty acids.
MOTS-CLÉS : oie - luzerne - herbe - pulpe de betterave graisse abdominale - acides gras.
Revue Méd. Vét., 2003, 154, 11, 667-671
Cette étude avait pour objectif d’étudier l’effet de l’inclusion de luzerne,
d’herbe et de pulpe de betterave dans l’alimentation des oisons sur la
composition en acides gras de la graisse abdominale et du caecum. Cent
oisons âgés d’un jour et non ont été répartis en 10 groupes homogènes.
L’étude a duré 12 semaines, les 6 premières semaines correspondant à la
période de démarrage et les 6 dernières semaines à la période de croissance. Les régimes de démarrage et de croissance ont été substitués par des
rations contenant 5, 10 et 15 % de luzerne (groupes II-IV), de l’herbe
(groupes V-VII) et de la pulpe de betterave (groupes VIII-X) pendant la
période de démarrage. Ces taux de substitution ont été respectivement de
10, 20 et 30 % au cours de la période de croissance. Ces régimes ont été
comparés à un régime à base d’aliment concentré (groupe I). L’alimentation
et l’eau étaient apportés ad libitum. À la fin de l’étude six oisons de chaque
lot aléatoirement sélectionnés ont été abattus et des échantillons du contenu
caecal et du gras abdominal ont été prélevés. Le pourcentage d’acides gras
saturés, mono-insaturés, et poly-insaturés de la graisse abdominale a varié
entre 30.2 et 36.1 %, 46.6 et 55.2 % et 12.2 et 14.4 % respectivement selon
les groupes. L’inclusion de luzerne, d’herbe et de pulpe de betteraves dans
la ration a augmenté de manière significative les taux d’acides gras saturés
totaux du gras abdominal alors que le taux d’acides gras mono-insaturés a
diminué. L’inclusion de luzerne et d’herbe dans la ration a également induit
une augmentation significative de la teneur de la graisse abdominale en
acides gras poly-insaturés chez tous les oisons sauf ceux qui ont reçu la
ration ayant la plus faible teneur en luzerne alors que la pulpe de betterave
n’a au aucun effet significatif sur la composition en acides gras polyinsaturés. Les pourcentages d’acide acétique, propionique et butyrique du contenu caecal ont été compris entre 57.1 et 60.8 %, 24.0 et 26.6 % et 12.3 et
13.8 % selon les groupes, respectivement. L’inclusion de luzerne, d’herbe et
de pulpe de betterave a augmenté de manière significative la teneur en acide
acétique du contenu caecal mais n’a pas affecté le pourcentage d’acide
butyrique et d’acide propionique.
668
ARSLAN (C.)
Introduction
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Geese have genetic tendency towards fatness. The improvement of bird carcasses can be achieved in different ways.
One of them is the feeding regime. It has been reported that
inclusion of bulky feeds (i.e. alfalfa, grass, clover, corn
silage) as natural stimulators to the dietary formulation could
effect abdominal fatty acids composition of goose. KIRCHGESSNER et al. [9] found that total monounsaturated fatty
acid (MUFA) level increased, total saturated fatty acid (SFA)
level unchanged, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
level decreased in subcutaneous fat of geese, fed on different
grain plus grass given ad libitum compared with those fed
with only grain. BLOTNICKA et al. [4] indicated that feed
supplemented with herbal mixture did not affect goose abdominal fatty acid composition except for the linoleic acid,
which was increased. They also reported that total saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids in goose abdominal fat varied between 27.2-33.1 and 66.9-72.4 %, respectively.
The proximate analysis of the feed samples were carried
out according to the methods of AOAC [2].
Abdominal fats oil fractions were determined using ether
extraction method [1]. These oil samples were estherized [2]
and the concentration of the fatty acids were determined by
gas chromatography (Thermoquest Trace GC) in TÜBITAK
Marmara Research Centre, Koceli, Turkey. The gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionisation detector and a SP2330 fused silica capillary column 30 m x 0.25 mm I.D. x
0.20 µm film thickness. The temperature of column, detector
and injector were adjusted to 220°C, 250°C and 240°C, respectively. Helium was used as carrier gas and of which flow
speed was adjusted 30 ml/minute. Gas flow speed used was
adjusted as H2=35 ml/minute and dry air = 350 ml/minute.
Qualitative determination of fatty acid methyl esters of
samples were made by comparing the relative retention times
obtained from fatty acid methyl ester standards provided
from Sigma (St. Louis, USA).
The concentrations of individual volatile fatty acid (VFA)
components of caecal content were measured by the pre-cited
laboratory by gas chromatography. The gas chromatography
equipped with a flame ionisation detector and a CP-WAX
fused silica capillary column 25 m x 0.32 mm I.D. x 0.20 µm
film thickness. The temperature of column, detector and
injector were 180°C, 270°C and 250°C, respectively. Helium
was used as the carrier gas and of which flow speed was
adjusted 30 ml/minute and dry air = 350 ml/minute.
Qualitative determination of volatile fatty acid salts of
samples were made by comparing the relative retention times
obtained from fatty acid standards provided from Sigma (St.
Louis, USA).
Studies have shown that volatile fatty acids (VFA) of caecal content were either increased [5, 14], unchanged [8] or
decreased [12] as the ratio of dietary fibre increased.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the
influence of diets gradually replaced by alfalfa, grass and
dried sugar beet pulp meal on the fatty acid composition of
the abdominal fat and the caecal content of Turkish native
geese.
Materials and methods
ANIMALS, DIETS AND MANAGEMENT
One hundred, unsexed, one day old Turkish native geese
chicks were randomly assigned into ten dietary treatment
groups. The study lasted for 12 weeks, with first 6 weeks as
starter period and the last 6 weeks as grower period. One of
the groups was fed with only concentrate prepared for starter
and grower diet (Group I = Control) to meet National
Research Council [10] recommendations for geese (Table I).
These diets were replaced by 5, 10 and 15 % of alfalfa meal
(Group II, III, IV), grass meal (Group V, VI, VII) and dried
sugar beet pulp meal (Group VIII, IX, X) at starter period.
The percentages of the bulky raw material was 10, 20, 30 %
during the grower period. Diets were offered to animals in
mash form, feed and water was available at all times during
the experimental period.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
At the end of the study, 6 geese were randomly selected
from each group for slaughter. After slaughter, caecal content
was immediately taken from caecum and processed according to the procedure of PARKER and Mc MILLAN [11].
The abdominal fats were taken 2 hours after slaughter from
carcasses, labelled and stored in deep freeze at - 20 ° C until
analysis.
STATISTICS
Data were subjected to analysis of variance using one-way
ANOVA procedures in SPSS [13]. A Duncan Multiple Range
Test was performed when significant values were obtained.
Values were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE).
Results
Saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)
were predominant, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) were relatively low in abdominal fat of all groups
(Table II). The major SFA were palmitic and stearic acid, the
major MUFA was oleic acid and the major PUFA was linoleic acid. Total SFA was significantly lower in the control
group than other groups (P < 0.001), while MUFA percentage was greater in control group. Inclusion of alfalfa and
grass meal in the diet caused a significant increase (P <
0.001) in PUFA fraction in all groups except group II, while
sugar beet pulp had no significant effect on polyunsaturated
fatty acids percentage when compared to control.
The major volatile fatty acids of the caecum were acetic
acid followed by propionic and butyric acids (Table III).
Acetic acid percentage varied between 57.1 and 60.8 %
according to the groups and feeding bulky feeds significantly
Revue Méd. Vét., 2003, 154, 11, 667-671
BULKY FEEDS IN THE INTENSIVE FATTENING OF GOSLINGS. II
669
Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE) and ash content of the diets were
determined according to AOAC procedures.* Provided per kg concentrate ; Vitamin A, 21 000 IU ; Vitamin
D3, 4 200 IU ; Vitamin E, 52.5 mg ; Vitamin K3, 4.38 mg ; Vitamin B1, 5.25 mg ; Vitamin B2, 12.25 mg ;
Vitamin B6, 7 mg ; Vitamin B12, 0.03 mg ; Folic acid, 1.75 mg ; D-Biotin, 0.08 mg ; Vitamin C, 87.5 mg ;
Niacin, 70 mg ; Cal-D-Pantothenat, 14 mg ; Choline chloride 119 ng. ** Provided by calculation.
TABLE I. — Composition of concentrate fed at starter and grower period, %.
increased acetic acid percentage when compared with control
(P < 0.01). Propionic acid percentage ranged 24.3 to 26.6 %
according to the groups and bulky feeds did not significantly
affect propionic acid percentage when compared to control
group (P = 0.079). Butyric acid percentage were not significantly increased by bulky feeds ranging from 12.5 to 13.8 %
among the groups (P = 0.057).
Discussion
It is noticed that saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids
percentage were higher than polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage in abdominal fat. In general, fatty acids incorporated
into lipids derive from two different sources, either from food
or from de novo synthesis [6]. In the present study, fatty acids
incorporated predominantly derive from de novo synthesis
from carbohydrates, due to the low fat concentration and the
high carbohydrate concentration of the diets. Majority of
Revue Méd. Vét., 2003, 154, 11, 667-671
saturated and monounsaturated long chain fatty acids are the
products of de novo fatty acids synthesis from carbohydrates.
Polyunsa-turated fatty acids incorporated into tissue lipids
derive from food [6]. Therefore, a high de novo synthesis
fatty acids explains higher levels of saturated (SFA) and
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA).
Alfalfa, grass and sugar beet pulp inclusion in diet, increased total SFA level whereas it decreased MUFA levels. All
alfalfa and grass meal groups showed an increase in PUFA
levels, except for the group which received the lowest percentage of alfalfa inclusion. Oppositely, sugar beet pulp
inclusion did not affect PUFA levels when compared with
control. The ratio of total SFA to PUFA levels were lower in
grass meal groups when compared with other groups. The
decrease in the SFA/PUFA ratio might be attributed to lower
metabolisable energy content of grass meal leading to a
decrease in de novo synthesis due to lack of glucidic substrate
670
ARSLAN (C.)
a,b,c,d,e : Means in the same row with different letters statistically differ (** : P < 0.01, *** : P < 0.001)
SFA : Saturated MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA : polyunsaturated fatty acids
TABLE II. — Fatty acid composition of abdominal fat in the geese, % (Mean ± SE).
** : P < 0.01
a,b,c : Means in the same row with different letters statistically differ
TABLE III. — Caecal volatile fatty acid concentration in the geese, molar, %
(Mean ± SE).
(i.e. starch). It is noticed that the linolenic acid, a ω-3 fatty
acid, showed significant increase in alfalfa and grass meal
groups when compared with control. On the other hand,
bulky feed inclusion resulted in a significant decrease in
MUFA levels, which may not be favourable. The values of
the fatty acid levels obtained in this study are in accordance
with those of others [3, 4, 9].
Although the feeding regime did not statistically affect caecal propionic and butyric acid percentage, acetic acid percen-
tage was significantly higher in all bulky feed groups than
control. Proportional increase of alfalfa, grass and sugar beet
pulp in the diet resulted in a harmonious increase in the acetic acid percentage, which could be attributed to the proportional increase of crude fibre content of diets. Similarly
CHEN et al. [5] reported that total volatile fatty acids and the
molar percentage of acetic acid in the caecal content was
increased and propionic acid decreased when dietary fibre
increased in geese diet. The caecal volatile fatty acid concentrations in the present study were consistent with those of
HAN and SHAO [7], TIMMLER [14], and HSU et al. [8],
but higher than those of SAVORY and KNOX [12].
In conclusion, inclusion of alfalfa, grass and sugar beet
pulp meal in diet increased total saturated fatty acids, but
decreased monounsaturated fatty acids percentage of abdominal fat of geese. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty
acids of the abdominal fat tended to increase in all geese
except for those which received sugar beet pulp. Inclusion of
alfalfa, grass and sugar beet pulp in diet increased acetic acid
and did not change propionic and butyric acid percentage of
caecal content of geese, suggesting the advantage of bulky
raw material introduction on goose fat composition.
Revue Méd. Vét., 2003, 154, 11, 667-671
BULKY FEEDS IN THE INTENSIVE FATTENING OF GOSLINGS. II
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ERRATUM :
About the first part of this article : Effects of grass, alfalfa and sugar beet pulp on
growth slaughter performance and some blood parameters in geese.
In summary :
- line 8 : add : «from each group» after «selected geese ;
In Introduction :
- line 5 : add : «from» after «utilising»
In Materials and methods :
* Animals, diets and management
- line 2 : after «dietary treatement» add : (10 goslings in each)
In table 1 legend :
- line 5 : add : «119 ng» after «Choline chloride»
In Results and discussion :
- line 47 : read : «Group II, V and VIII»
In References :
- reference 2 : read : 2003, 67, (3), 116-119. and no : 2002a, 66, (6), 1-4.
- reference 3 : read : 2002, 26, (1), 91-96. and no : 2002b, 26, (1), 91-96.
- reference 4 : ignore : « = process in Br. Poult. Sci.»
- reference 24 : read : Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. And no : Turkish J. of Anim. Sci.
Revue Méd. Vét., 2003, 154, 11, 667-671
BLANCHE