grain legumes for piglets and pigs

EAAP 2004. NCS5, Alternative protein sources
55th Annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production
Bled, Slovenia, September 5-9, 2004
GRAIN LEGUMES, RAPESEED MEAL AND OIL SEEDS FOR WEANED PIGLETS
AND GROWING/FINISHING PIGS.
1*
2
2
3
1
E. Royer , J. Chauvel , V. Courboulay , R. Granier and J. Albar ,
Institut Technique du Porc, Pôle Techniques d’Elevage,
1
34 boulevard de la Gare, 31500 Toulouse, France,
2
La Motte au Vicomte B.P. 3, 35651 Le Rheu, France,
3
Les Cabrières, 12200 Villefranche de Rouergue, France.
[email protected]
Abstract
The maximum inclusion rates of grain legumes, rapeseed meal and oil seeds in wheat-soybean meal
basal diets have been studied at the ITP experimental unit in Villefranche de Rouergue (France) in
several experiments using piglets or pigs.
Rapeseed meal and peas can be used respectively in the diets of the second period of post-weaning
(after 12 kg – phase 2) at rates of 15 and 35 %, and in growing-finishing feeds at rates of 18 % and
40 %. Their association allows to reduce the soybean meal to 2 % and 0 % of growing and finishing
diets containing respectively 32 and 35 % of peas, 15 and 18 % of rapeseed meal.
Maximum rates of 10 % of white (Lupinus albus) or blue (Lupinus angustifolius) sweet lupins in
phase 2 diets seem advisable. The inclusion in phase 2 diets of 7 % of full-fat rapeseeds or sunflower
seeds, or 15 % processed whole soybeans or 3 % rapeseed oil give similar weight gain and feed
efficiency. The use of 8 % of oleic acid-rich sunflower seeds after 65kg body weight has no negative
effect on carcass fat quality whereas 4 % of ordinary sunflower seeds have.
Key words : grain legumes, rapeseed meal, oil seeds, inclusion rates, piglets, pigs
Introduction
The inclusion rates of the feedstuffs are
variable according to pig feed formulators, in
relation to their personal experience and the
practices of the group to which they belong
(Cherrière and Rault, 2000; Pressenda, 2001).
In consequence, for several years, operational
limits - for each raw material and each
physiological stage - have been advised in
France by means of Tables written by the
agricultural technical institutes (ITP et al.,
2002). These limits relate especially to the
maximum values and are primarily
established on the basis of optimal
performances observed in experiments.
Experimental programs on the incidence of
the inclusion rates of the raw materials are
carried out for many years by the various
French research organizations. These
experiments are conducted with amino acids
balanced feeds, which was not always the
case in the oldest tests. Concerning the
Technical Institute for Pig (ITP), the work
carried out at the station of Villefranche de
Rouergue was particularly based on the use of
oilseeds, peas, lupins and rapeseed meal in
post-weaning and growing-finishing pig
feeds. This paper focuses on the contribution
of these tests to the development of the
Tables.
The use of full-fat oil-seeds, pulses (i.e. peas,
faba beans, lupins) and rapeseed meal in pig
diets encourages the reduction of the
European protein deficit and frequently
allows a reduction of the feed cost. But the
recommended inclusion rates remained
limited a long time because of factors
restricting their use, especially their crude
fibre content, their amino acids profile, their
former high content in anti-nutritional factors.
The development of the use of lupin (but also
of faba bean not presented in this paper)
justifies experimentation -in progress or to
come - intended to improve knowledge on
these two proteins sources.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between 1990 and 2002, 11 post weaning
experiments and 7 growing-finishing
experiments using a total of 3947 piglets and
1022 pigs were completed within the
framework of 9 studies evaluating the use of
grain legumes. Pigs were of both sex and
crossbred ((LW x LD) x P76).
In the post-weaning tests, four dietary
treatments were compared in the phase 2
period, corresponding to four inclusion rates
or four samples of the same raw material, or
to four formulas using various raw materials.
Weaners were housed in an environmentally
controlled nursery with an average number of
360 piglets (between 336 and 384), placed in
24 pens of 15 piglets each (14 - 16), with 6
pens per treatment. Piglets were randomly
allotted after weaning at 28 days of age. For
post-weaning experiments, performances
related to the total growth stage between 7.5
and 26 kg were measured, but the
experimental diets were distributed only after
the average intake of 6 kg of phase 1 diet per
piglet, adjusted according to weights at
weaning. The total duration of post weaning
phase was 5 or 6 weeks. The performances of
the control groups ranged between 447 and
529 g/d of daily gain, and between 1,4 and
1,7 points of feed conversion ratio.
In the growing-finishing period, two or four
treatments were compared. Experiments
involved between 128 to 160 pigs, located
into 20-24 pens of 5-6 pigs, except for 2 older
tests where the animals were housed into 8 to
10 pens of 15-16 pigs. Initial weight averaged
between 24 and 28 kg at the start of the
experiments and pigs were slaughtered
between 104 and 110 kg live weight.
Performances of control animals ranged
between 726 and 886 g/d of daily gain, and
between 2,51 and 2,91 points of feed
conversion ratio.
Responses measured were average feed and
water daily intake, average daily gain, feed:
gain ratio and slaughter data. All variable
were subjected to variance analysis using
STAT-ITCF or SAS.
The experimental feeds are produced on the
ITP Villefranche’s manufacturing unit since
1997 but were manufactured in a commercial
feed mill before. In each experiment, the
inclusion of the feedstuff to be tested was
done by replacement of other ingredients:
wheat, barley and soybean meal. Within each
experiment, the diets were formulated to be
isoenergetic (on net energy basis),
isonitrogenous and to contain similar levels
2
of digestible amino acids. The formulas
respected a rate of digestible lysine identical
by unit of net energy according with the usual
recommendations in France for the phase 2,
growing and fattening periods. The minimum
ratio(s) methionine, methionine + cystine,
threonine and tryptophan on lysine were
respected.
The feed was given, according to the tests, as
pellets or meal for the post-weaning period. In
fattening experiments, a dry form (meal or
pellets) or liquid or dry/wet (delivering dry
meal, then adding water [1:1]) was used. Pigs
were provided at libitum during post-weaning
period, and according to scale during growingfinishing period.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the studies are presented in table
1. Index performances of treatment groups
have been calculated on the basis of the control
group (basis 100). The maximum inclusion
rates evaluated by the experiments are shown
in table 2.
The sunflower seeds do not contain any antinutritional factor. However, its crude fibre
content, 2 to 3 times higher than other oilseeds, can explain the low number of studies
concerning its use in post-weaning period. The
3 successive experiments carried out at
Villefranche with 2 different samples of seeds
showed that the inclusion of 7 % of sunflower
seeds allows equivalent performances to those
obtained with the 3 % rapeseed oil treatment
(Albar et al., 1998 – Exp. 11-12-13). However,
one of the seed batches had lower protein and
fat content than the values given in feed tables,
which could explain a significant degradation
of the feed conversion ratio (+3%) in Exp. 12.
During growing-finishing, we noted that an
inclusion rate of 4 % sunflower seeds in a corn
based diet did not modify performances
(Courboulay and Massabie, 1994 – Exp. 17), in
agreement with the results of Hartman et al.
(1985) and Østerballe et al. (1990) for rates of
respectively 10 % in a corn-soybean meal
based diet and 12 % in a barley-soybean meal
diet. Such a rate induced a strong increase in
the linoleic acid (C18:2) content of the backfat
(21 % of the total fatty acids against 14 % with
the control treatment), exceeding the generally
recommended level of 15 % above which
technological defects of dry cured pork
products can appear. Developed primarily for
their industrial marketing, the oleic acid-rich
sunflower varieties have a lower level of
linoleic acid than conventional sunflower
(about 30-50 vs. 275 g/kg) and a higher one of
oleic acid (280 vs. 90 g/kg). A Villefranche
experiment has showed that this type of
sunflower can be used without risk of negative
effect on carcass fat quality at a rate of 8 %
(Albar et al., 2000 – Exp. 18).
Authors indicate a satisfactory performance for
piglets fed full-fat soybeans after a reduction
of trypsin inhibitors by heat processing
(Aumaitre and Bourdon, 1982; Burnham et al.,
2000; Bertol et al., 2001). In our 3 tests, piglets
were fed diets containing 15 % whole
soybeans of good extrusion quality (trypsininhibiting activity of 3,4 TIU/mg DM) or
insufficient extrusion quality (13,5 and 14,5
TIU/mg) in replacement of soybean meal and
rapeseed oil (Albar et al., 1998 – Exp. 11-1213). They had similar weight gain and feed
efficiency to those obtained with the control
treatment. In 3 further experiments (Royer et
al., 2003 – Exp. 14-15-16), the effects of diets
containing soybeans that had been processed
with roasting, roasting followed by steamflaking, or extrusion were tested at an
incorporation rate of 15% for 12 lots provided
by 7 commercial suppliers. Three lots of
extruded seeds, including 2 coming from the
same supplier and used in different
experiments,
presented
trypsin-inhibiting
activities higher than 6 TIU/mg (15.2, 10.2 and
8.9 TIU/mg). But this higher concentration
resulted in significantly lower performances
for the 2nd lot used in Exp. 15.
The trypsin inhibiting activity is one of the
most reliable methods to evaluate the quality
of beans. Taking into account the variability
between beans and processing conditions, the
process itself is not an important element of
evaluation. However, Aumaitre (1985, quoted
by
Bourdon,
1990)
observed
better
performances of 21 day old piglets receiving
25 % of soybeans with 5,0 TIU /mg submitted
to a double extrusion, that with beans with 8,2
TIU /mg after a simple extrusion. The
incidence of the treatment quality seems thus
stronger when piglets are younger and when
the beans are substituted in higher rates.
However, taking into account their high price,
soybeans are included only in the piglet’s diets,
and sometimes sow’s diets, at incorporation
rates lower than 15%. Lastly, low variations of
feed: gain ratios in our study are coherent with
the energy values indicated by the tables for
various soybeans (NRC, 1998; INRA-AFZ,
2002) although a better energy value is
sometimes given for extruded beans (Marty
and Chavez, 1993; Barbosa et al., 1999; Kim et
al., 2000a, 2000b).
3
Varieties with low contents of glucosinolates
allow the inclusion of full-fat rapeseeds in pig
diets but it is limited by a palatability factor
and grinding problems. Few studies exist on
their use, and authors often propose not to
introduce them at levels higher than 10 % in
piglet diets (Bureau and Evrard, 1993). A
perfect control of the grinding conditions is the
main requirement according to Bourdon
(1990), who reports similarity of performances
and digestibility values between diets
containing high levels of extruded soybeans or
rapeseeds, or fat-soybean meal based, in
agreement with Reis de Souza et al. (1990).
For the first two tests (Albar et al., 1998; –
Exp. 11-12) in Villefranche at an inclusion rate
of 7% of rapeseed in the weaning phase 2
diets, the in vitro crude fat availability of the
diets indicated a poor grinding, corresponding
to respectively 60 % then 15 % of seeds not
correctly crushed. In Exp. 11, the growth
performance obtained with the rapeseed
treatment was significantly lower than the
others showing an increase in the daily intake
of 8 % and a degradation of the feed
conversion ratio of 10%. In Exp. 12, with a
feed conversion ratio degradation of 5%, the
difference was reduced by half. The grinding
of a mix of barley and rapeseeds for the Exp.
13, combined with a better quality of these
seeds, allowed performances similar with those
of the other treatments. The energy value of
rapeseeds, 9 % lower than the values used for
the formulation, can also partly explain the
poor performances obtained in the first 2 tests,
whereas the fat contents were in conformity
with those of the tables for Exp. 13.
Digestibility experiments undertaken later by
Skiba et al. (1999, 2002) showed better
performances and a higher energy value of
rapeseed in a meal form when rolled vs. simply
ground, but also that pelleting the feed
compensated the differences for the simple
grinding process and maximized the nutritional
value of rapeseeds.
The inclusion of white (Lupinus albus) or blue
(Lupinus angustifolius) sweet lupin at
moderate rates of 10 % in piglet diets did not
have negative effect in Villefranche on the
daily feed intake (Cherrière et al., 2003 – Exp.
4-5-6). At higher rates, the incidence was
variable according to varieties: no incidence
for 15 % of blue Boltensia lupin, light
incidence for the same rate of white Ares lupin
(non significant), very marked incidence for
the blue Bora lupin at the rate of 20 % (drop of
11 % of feed intake) and at the rate of 30 %
(drop by 17 %). The alkaloid concentrations
could explain the lower feed intake observed
Table 1. Influence of the feedstuff inclusion rates on piglets or pigs performances
Exp.
1
Feedstuff
Pea
rate
%
weight
(kg)
pigs
/treatment
treatment to control index (1)
Formula & ingredients
ADFI
ADG
FCR lean meat
Feeding system
Comments
Reference
25
24-105
32
100
99
101
103
wheat, soy meal
dry meal, to scale
Albar et al, 1992
25
24-105
32
101
100
101
97
liquid, to scale
2
Pea
25
25-105
32
101
100
103
98
pellets, to scale
25
25-105
32
103
101
101
101
liquid, to scale
3
Pea
(35)
8-26
90
99
106***
94***
wheat, pea, soy meal
dry meal, ad lib.
Pea particle size 610 µm (2) Albar et al, 2000
4
White ares lupin
5
8-25
84
102
99
102
Cherrière et al, 2003
wheat, corn, barley, soy meal dry meal, ad lib.
10
8-25
84
99
96
104
15
8-25
84
96
89***
108**
5
Blue boltensia lupin
5
8-24
84
100
102
97
10
8-24
84
100
100
98
15
8-24
84
98
102
96
6
Blue bora lupin
10
8-27
90
99
95***
96
20
8-27
90
89**
89***
92*
30
8-27
90
83**
79***
95
7
Rapeseed meal
5
8-25
96
101
102
98
Albar et al, 2001
wheat, soy meal, pea (15%), pellets, ad lib.
10
8-25
96
99
101
97
cane molasses, oil
15
8-25
96
98
99
97
8
Rapeseed meal
6
27-105
40
99
100
99
100
wheat, soy meal, pea (27%), pellets, to scale
Soymeal at 2% in growing & 0
12
27-105
40
99
101
98
102
bran, cane molasses, oil
% in finishing diets for 18 %
18
33-103
40
99
99
100
102
rapeseed treatment
9
Pea /Rapeseed meal
32/15
29-107
72
101
100
101
wheat, (barley & soymeal for liquid, to scale
Pea/rapeseed meal 35/ 18 % Albar et al, unpublished
10 Pea /Rapeseed meal
32/15
72
100
97
103
control only)
in finishing diets :
wheat, barley, soy meal, pea, dry meal, ad lib.
Albar et al, 1998
11 Sunflower seed
7
8-26.5
90
100
101
99
poor in fat
(rapeseed oil)
Rapeseed
7
8-26.5
90
108**
97*
89**
poor in fat -, 60% not ground
Extruded soybean
15
8-26.5
90
99
101
98
13.5 TIU/mg
12 Sunflower seed
7
8-26.5
90
99
97
103*
poor in fat
Rapeseed
7
8-26.5
90
99
94***
105***
poor in fat, 15% not ground
Extruded soybean
15
8-26.5
90
99
99
100
14.5 TIU/mg
13 Sunflower seed
7
8-26.5
90
101
100
102
Rapeseed
7
8-26.5
90
103
100
101
good grinding
Extruded soybean
15
8-26.5
90
100
99
101
3.4 TIU/mg
14 Roasted &flaked soybean (15)
7.4-25
90
105
103
102
B plant, 1rst batch, 3.5 TIU/mg Royer et al, 2003
wheat, soy meal,
dry meal, ad lib.
Extruded soybean
(15)
7.4-25
90
100
101
99
D plant, 1rst batch, 3.5 TIU/mg
Extruded soybean
(15)
7.4-25
90
103
100
103
E plant, 1rst batch, 15.2 TIU/mg
control = 15 % roasted
15 Roasted &flaked soybean (15)
7.4-25
90
101
101
100
B plant, 2nd batch, 3.2 TIU/mg
soybean from A plant; 3
Extruded soybean
(15)
7.4-25
90
100
101
99
D plant, 2nd batch, 2.6 TIU/mg
batches of respectively 3.0,
Extruded soybean
(15)
7.4-25
90
96
94**
102
E plant, 2nd batch, 10.2 TIU/mg
5.6, 3.0 TIU/mg
16 roasted &flaked soybean
(15)
7.7-27
90
99
102
96
C plant,
4.2 TIU/mg
Extruded soybean
(15)
7.7-27
90
98
102
96
F plant,
9.0 TIU/mg
Extruded soybean
(15)
7.7-27
90
99
102
96
G plant,
5.6 TIU/mg
wheat, (barley), pea, soy meal, pellets, to scale
C18:2 = 21,1 % (3)
Courboulay &
17 Sunflower seed
4
23-104
32
100
103
97
99
Sunflower seed
4
24-107
47
100
100
100
101
rapeseed meal, molasses
Massabie, 1994
18 Sunflower seed
4
25-110
40
100
102
98
100
(3)
wheat, (barley), pea (20%),
dry/wet meal, to scale C18:2 = 15,5 %
Albar et al, 2000
Oleic sunflower seed
4
25-110
40
100
101
99
101
C18:2 = 8,4%
soy meal
Oleic sunflower seed
8
25-110
40
100
102
98
101
C18:2 = 8,5 %
(1) performances of control group = 100 ; ADFI : average daily feed intake; ADG : average daily gain; FCR : feed conversion ratio; * (p<0.05), **(p<0.01), ***(p<0.001) means significantly differs from control
(2) average pea particle size of control = 1020 µm
(3) linoleic acid in backfat (% of identified fatty acids)
5
alpha-galactosides. However, other studies
connected the problem of flatulence to the
stachyose and verbascose contents, raffinose
having little effect. In conclusion, prudence is
essential concerning the risks of intake
decrease. Maximum rates of 10 % of blue
lupin are for the moment recommended in
post-weaning, and by extrapolation in
growing-finishing, due to the variability of the
alkaloids content. However our results with
Boltensia agreed to those obtained with
Gungurru (Noblet et al., 1998) and Sonet
(Richter et al., 2002) and showed that rates of
15 % could be considered for these varieties of
blue lupin. The rate of 10 % appears to be
accepted in post-weaning for the white lupin.
However, it cannot be recommended for the
moment
in
growing-finishing
without
complementary experimentation, taking into
account important risks of flatulence.
with the Bora blue variety, whose alkaloid
contents were high compared to the two other
lupins and to the Tables. It is thus advisable to
moderate the sometimes announced advantage
of the blue lupin. The lower intake noted for
the high rates of lupin was reflected directly on
the growths, without worsening of the feed
conversion ratio. This was probably due to a
palatability problem related to the lupin, in
agreement with the reports of Castaing et al.
(1982) and Quemere et al. (1984) for sweet
white Kalina lupins.
The significant deterioration of the feed: gain
ratio observed at the rate of 15 % of white Ares
lupin indicates that for this feedstuff, the
growth decrease is not only related to the
intake fall. It could be explained, in agreement
with the bibliography (Cerning-Beroard and
Filiatre-Verel, 1980), by the higher content of
total alpha-galactosides in white lupins, and by
a higher stachyose content compared to other
(1)
Table 2 . Inclusion rates for pulses oilseeds and oilseeds meal/cakes for piglets, pigs and sows .
Phase 1
weaners
Phase 2
piglets
Growers-finishers
Gilts
Pregnant sows
Lactating sows
Peas
Faba beans
White lupin
Blue lupin
0
0
0
0
30
15
10
10
nl
15
5
10
nl
10
nl
10
nl
10
Full-fat rapeseed
Full-fat sunflower seed
Processed f.soybeans
0
0
10
7
7
15
5
4
10
5
5
10
5
8
10
5
8
10
Rapeseed meal
Sunflower meal
Soybean meal
0
0
20
10
0
nl
15
5
nl
10
5
nl
10
10
nl
10
5
nl
(1) We indicate here, on a purely informative basis, the limits for gilts and sows.
nl : non limited
Adapted from Tables d’alimentation pour les porcs 2002, ITP et al. (ed), Paris
The lysine content of peas (Pisum sativum) is
relatively high, but sulphur amino acids,
threonine and tryptophan contents are low.
When associated with corn, peas require a
supplementation with amino acids (Castaing et
al., 1993). Peas are a perfect addition for
rapeseed meal because they complementarily
balance in amino acids (Albar et al., 2001). In
growing-finishing, the incorporation of peas is
not limited. Diets containing 25 to 45 % can be
used whatever the feeding system (Gatel et al.,
1989, Quemere, 1990; Albar et al., 1992). It
was shown that phase 2 diets well balanced in
all limiting amino acids containing up to 40 %
of peas allows performances identical to those
obtained without peas (Grosjean et al., 1991;
Van Cauwenberghe et al., 1997; Grosjean et
al., 1997).
A study carried out in Villefranche on the
effect of the dietary particle size on the
performances showed that a fine size (610 µm)
compared to a medium (750) or coarse (1020
µm) size of peas significantly improves growth
and feed conversion ratio of weaned piglets fed
in phase 2 period with 35% of peas (Albar et
al., 2000 – Exp. 3). The micro-grinding of the
pea (25 µm) enhanced the real digestibility by
about 10 points compared to grinding with a
2,4 mm screen (Hess et al., 1998) but this
improvement certainly knows a limit (Crevieu,
1999). It seems that the problem of low
palatability sometimes observed doesn’t result
from the pea itself. The effect on the feed
intake of a new diet with a high percentage of
peas was variable but stayed equivalent to the
control for the total 4 days of transition (Gatel
and Grosjean, 1986; ITCF, 1992). In fact, the
presence of pea has an effect on feeding
behaviour of fattening pigs (increase of the
eating act duration, reduction of the number of
visits per day), without consequence on total
intake or growth, but it is advisable to take this
phenomenon into account for strong
competition situations between animals (Mathe
et al., 2003). Finally, an imbalance in
tryptophan can indeed explain observed
problems of low palatability.
In two post-weaning and growing-finishing
experiments (Albar et al., 2001 – Exp. 7-8), we
increased the levels of rapeseed meal resulting
from seeds of the "00" type, with low
concentrations in glucosinolates (12,4 and 10,4
µmol /g) and erucic acid. Inclusion levels of 15
% for piglets and 18 % for growers-finishers
have had no significant incidence on daily
intake, growth, feed:gain ratio, neither
reduction in appetite, regularly cited in the
literature. In both experiments, the diets,
containing corn, pea and soybean meal, were
formulated to contain the same amount of net
energy and digestible amino acids, since amino
acids digestibility for rapeseed is lower
compared to soybean. Following these results,
the maximum rate of 5 %, suggested in the
former French tables was re-examined with a
rise at a level of 10 %. The acceptable
maximum rate of 15 % in growing-finishing,
identical to the Danish recommendations
(Landsuvalget for svin, 1996), was confirmed.
These results were confirmed by two other
experiments comparing growers and finishers
formulas containing corn, pea and rapeseed
meal to corn, barley, soybean meal diets
(unpublished data; Exp. 9-10). These
experiments showed the possibilities of
suppressing all the soybean meal in growingfinishing, replacing it by a pea – rapeseed meal
association. In spite of the good quality of the
rapeseed meals available in the European
Union, the image of this feedstuff remains
negative in feed industry (Pressenda, 2001). It
is thus important to maintain the efforts of
reduction of the glucosinolates content,
independently of the requirements related to
the payments of the EU’s Common
6
Agricultural Policy. A work group of the 11th
Rapeseed Congress held in July 2003 in
Copenhagen thus recommends to reduce in the
future the maximum content of glucosinolates
in commercial grains from <18 µmoles /g
(present standard in Europe) to <15 µmoles /g
or even <8 µmoles /g, but also to declare the
quality characteristics of the rapeseed cakes
when being sold (Röbbelen and Frauen, 2003).
Conclusion
The experiments carried out at ITPVillefranche research station allowed us to
propose to the French formulators new
inclusion limits for the main alternatives
proteins sources.
For a same lipid content in feed, similar
performances can be obtained with various
oilseeds, taking into account their respective
oil contents. The sunflower seeds and
rapeseeds have the positive feature of a direct
use without preliminary industrial heat
treatment. Their use in phase 2 diets was
experimented at the rate of 7 % but can be
considered at the rate of 10 % for correctly
ground rapeseeds. In growing-finishing, their
inclusion is permitted by the restriction in
linoleic acid in the diet (1.7 % /DM maximum)
and will depend on other included raw
materials. The rate will generally be lower than
5 %, but can reach 10 % in the case of
sunflower seeds of the oleic type. The full-fat
soybeans require a good cooking quality, but
their frequent high price limits their use only in
piglets and sometimes sows diets at levels
lower than 15 %.
The incorporation rate of pulses depends on
their contents in anti-nutritional factors.
Reduction
of
the
trypsin
inhibitors
concentration in new varieties of peas allows
to obtain satisfactory results with a 30 %
inclusion rate in phase 2 diets and to have no
other limits in growing-finishing diets than the
balance in amino acids and the economic
benefit. The situation is different for lupins.
Maximum rates of 10 % of blue lupin can be
considered in post weaning and growingfinishing diets, and can be increased for certain
varieties. For white lupin, rates of 10 % appear
possible in post-weaning but seem to have to
be excluded in growing-finishing. The
utilization of increasing rates of faba beans is
the subject of on-going studies in France.
The association of several pulses (peas, faba
beans, lupins) in the same formula generally
results in imposing a limiting rate for the total
of the raw materials of this family. The
evaluation
of
these
rates
requires
complementary studies. The reduction of the
7
glucosinolates concentration in rapeseeds has
allowed to introduce higher rates of rapeseeds
meal into pig feed, and to stop the mistrust
expressed about this raw material. The amino
acid balance of peas and rapeseeds meal
appears complementary and the association of
these two raw materials allows to reduce the
inclusion of soybean meal. Maximum
inclusion limits being known, the final choice
and the inclusion level of the raw materials
depends on the formulation goals (least
expensive net energy, well balanced in
digestible amino acids), but takes also into
account the supplying and storage difficulties,
as well as the conservation and the quality of
these feedstuffs.
Utilisation des oléagineux, du tourteau de colza
et des protéagineux chez les porcelets et porcs
charcutiers.
Le taux maximum d’incorporation des oléagineux,
du tourteau de colza et des protéagineux en
remplacement du tourteau de soja dans des
régimes à base de blé a été étudié à la station ITP de
Villefranche de Rouergue lors de plusieurs essais
sur porcelets et porcs charcutiers.
Le tourteau de colza et le pois protéagineux peuvent
être utilisés respectivement à 15 et 35 % en 2ème
âge, à 18 % et 40 % en engraissement. Leur
association permet de limiter le tourteau de soja à 2
et 0 % dans des aliments croissance et finition
contenant respectivement 32 et 35 % de pois, 15 et
18 % de tourteau de colza. Des taux maximum de
10 % de lupin blanc (Lupinus albus) ou bleu
(Lupinus angustifolius) en 2ème âge apparaissent
prudents. Les apports dans l’aliment 2ème âge de 7
% de graines entières de colza ou de tournesol, ou
de 15 % de graines de soja extrudées ou de 3 %
d’huile donnent des résultats comparables.
L’emploi en engraissement de 8 % de graines de
tournesol oléique ne dégrade pas la qualité des gras
alors que cela est le cas dès 4 % avec le tournesol
classique.
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