brochure grammaire – anglais – masters

Transcription

MASTERS
ENGLISH MEMENTO
Grammaire et phonologie – Master 1 et Master 2
1 / 60
Table des matières
Ask / Speak / Talk..................................................................................................................................... 4
Ask................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Speak, spoke, spoken............................................................................................................................................. 4
Talk............................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Exercices..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Say / Tell....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Say / said / said: dire, réciter............................................................................................................................. 7
Tell / told / told: dire, raconter, informer, donner un ordre..................................................................7
Exercices..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Penser / Think............................................................................................................................................ 9
Expressions............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Connaître / Savoir : Know.................................................................................................................... 11
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Reported Speech .................................................................................................................................... 13
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Past Habit – used to/would/past simple......................................................................................... 16
Used to...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Would........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Past simple.............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Other Uses of 'Use To'......................................................................................................................................... 16
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Expressing wishes (and regrets)........................................................................................................ 19
Wishes about the present (and the future)............................................................................................... 19
Wishes about the future (and the present)............................................................................................... 19
Wishes about the past: regrets....................................................................................................................... 19
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Giving advice............................................................................................................................................. 22
Should....................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Had better .............................................................................................................................................................. 22
If I were you ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
Ought ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Memento.................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Exclamatory and emphatic structures............................................................................................. 25
Exclamatory Structures.................................................................................................................................... 25
Emphatic structures............................................................................................................................................ 25
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Infinitives and gerunds......................................................................................................................... 29
Their noun roles................................................................................................................................................... 29
Gerund or infinitive?........................................................................................................................................... 30
Exercises.................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Modals........................................................................................................................................................ 35
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Modals of Permission......................................................................................................................................... 36
Modals of Probability.......................................................................................................................................... 37
Modals of Ability................................................................................................................................................... 39
Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Capitalisation et ponctuation............................................................................................................. 43
2 / 60
Capitalisation......................................................................................................................................................... 43
Ponctuation............................................................................................................................................................. 44
(se) rappeler / se souvenir.................................................................................................................. 46
Remind..................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Remember............................................................................................................................................................... 46
Recall......................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Recollect................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Exercice.................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Rester.......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Exercice.................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Irregular verbs......................................................................................................................................... 53
Phonetics................................................................................................................................................... 58
Ressources................................................................................................................................................ 59
3 / 60
ASK / SPEAK / TALK
D'après English Academy: Les 50 fautes d'usages les plus fréquentes en anglais ; Florent GUSDORF,
Ellipses, 2008.
Ask
ask + COD: demander qqch, exiger (to ask patience), poser une question (to ask a question)
– ask a price (demander un prix)
– ask for something: demander qqch, réclamer qqch ; ask for favours / advice: demander
un service / des conseils ; you asked for it! : tu l'as cherché!
– ask for somebody: demander à parler à qqun
– ask somebody for something: demander qqch à qqun
– ask somebody a question
– ask somebody to a party: inviter quelqu'un
– ask somebody to do something: demander à qqun de faire qqch
– ask somebody if / whether: demander à qqun si
– ask + proposition relative
Speak, spoke, spoken
– speak to / with somebody about something: parler avec qqun de qqch
– speak + COD: to speak English, to speak the truth
– speak in a … voice: parler d'une voix …
– so to speak: pour ainsi dire
– generally speaking : en général
– politically speaking: politiquement parlant
– this speaks volumes for: cela en dit long sur...
– to speak up: parler plus fort
SPEAK peut aussi se mettre au passif: English spoken: on parle anglais
Talk
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
talk about something = discuss, speak about something: discuter, parler de
talk about V-ING: envisager de
talk to somebody: parler à qqun
talk somebody into doing something: convaincre qqun de
talk somebody out of V-ING: dissuader de
talk over a problem: discuter d'un pb
talk business: parler affaires
talk shop: parler boutique
talk nonsense: dire des bêtises
talk of the devil: quand on parle du loup
4 / 60
Exercices
1) Complétez à l'aide du verbe à la forme qui convient.
1. What price (they) …............................................................... for the house?
2. Actions …...............................................................louder than words.
3. English …............................................................... all over the world.
4. She …............................................................... and it was hard to understand.
5. After a long interrogation, the spy finally consented to ….............................................................. .
6. I …............................................................... but he hasn't answered yet.
7. I …............................................................... with your doctor.
8. They …............................................................... English together for practice.
9. This isn't a question of a few dollars – we ….......................................................... serious money.
10. I went up to the policeman and …...............................................................my way to the station.
2) Complétez à l'aide de la préposition qui convient ou Ø.
1. If you need some advice, ask …................ your doctor.
2. Michael's on the phone. He wants to speak …................ you.
3. Woody Allen's latest film has been so much talked …................ .
4. Did you speak …................ anybody on the way home?
5. I'd like to speak …................ you about your latest test results.
6. Talk …................ the devil! It's John!
7. Even though you speak …................ a gentle voice, you can still insult someone.
8. For years, they've talked …................ moving to Charleston.
3) Traduisez.
1. Il m'a demandé de lui prêter de l'argent.
…....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Combien de langues parles-tu?
…....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Je lui ai parlé au téléphone hier soir.
…....................................................................................................................................................................
4. Si tu as des problèmes, tu n'as qu'à me demander.
…....................................................................................................................................................................
5 / 60
4) Faites correspondre les verbes à particules à leur synonyme.
1
Speak out
a
Consider and discuss
2
Talk down
b
Speak without fear or hesitation
3
Talk over
c
Persuade
4
Talk up
d
Discuss enthusiastically
5
Speak for
e
Express one's opinion openly
6
Speak up
f
Speak on behalf of
7
Talk around
g
Belittle
6 / 60
SAY / TELL
Ellipses, 2008.
Say / said / said: dire, réciter
–
–
–
–
say
COD
(to someone)
He said
good bye
(to me)
On peut supprimer le complément d'objet indirect : He said hello.
On emploie say pour rapporter un ordre : “Turn left,” she said.
say
Relative en that ; discours direct
She said
She said
(that) she was 18.
(that) she would call back.
On emploie say pour rapporter des propos.
Ne jamais employer say avec a story / a joke / a lie / the time / the truth. (voir TELL)
Tell / told / told: dire, raconter, informer, donner un ordre.
tell
someone
something
He told
me
the whole truth.
The father told
his daughter
a story.
Tell
him
that I won't come. / to come at
once.
Tell a deux compléments directs.
– Le 1er représente la personne à qui on s'adresse, il ne peut pas être supprimé. Dans ce
cas, tell est directement suivi du nom ou du pronom.
– Le 2nd est un COD, une subordonnée ou une infinitive.
On trouve également: tell + a story / a joke / a lie / the time / the truth.
Au passif : ne pas confondre : to be said (on dit) avec to be told (on m'a dit)
→ He is said to be a good doctor. (= He is reputed to be a good doctor.): On dit que c'est un bon
médecin.
→ I was told of your success. (= I was informed of your success.): On m'a appris ton succès.
7 / 60
Exercices.
1) Insérez say ou tell au temps et à la forme qui convient.
a) What this woman …....................................................... is not true.
b) What he …........................................................ is quite different from what he
…...................................................... previously.
c) What he …........................................................was that he hadn't been out of the house all night.
d) …........................................................ what you like, you are free to speak your mind.
e) The principal …..............................................: “Don't ...................................................... that word again!”
f) Can you …........................................................the difference? Can you …........................................................
which is which?
g) What he …........................................................ his employer resulted in his dismissal.
h) Can you …........................................................ me the time, please?
i) He …....................................................... the police about the incident.
j) He …........................................................ he was sorry.
2) Mettez les phrases au style indirect en utilisant l'amorce entre guillemets.
a) “Hold the line,” said the operator to David.
→ He told ….......................................................................................................................................................................
b) “Mind the steps,” said the guide to the visitors.
→ He told ….......................................................................................................................................................................
c) “Open your books,” the teacher said to the students.
→ He told ….......................................................................................................................................................................
3) Traduisez.
a) Parle moi de ton enfance.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
b) On m'a dit que c'était le meilleur chirurgien.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
c) Elle m'a dit qu'elle était pressée.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
d) Il m'a dit “Ne conduis pas trop vite, la vitesse est limitée.”
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
8 / 60
PENSER / THINK
Ellipses, 2008.
To think about = to consider something
I have been offered a new job, but I haven't had time to think about it yet.
To think of sthg
– penser à qqchose / une idée qui vous vient à l'esprit
I've had an idea: why don't we knock this wall down? It'll make the room bigger!
– quand on demande ou donne son avis
What did you think of the novel?
I don't think much of your idea...
– pour concevoir un nouveau projet
I've thought of a new plan.
To think of / about somebody : penser à qqu'un
I hardly think of / about her anymore.
To think of / about + V-ING : envisager
I'm thinking of / about transferring my company to Britain.
Think sthg over : réfléchir à qqch
The manager told me he would think my suggestion over.
Expressions
To think highly of : avoir une haute estime de
To think the world of : adorer
To think better of : se raviser
To think nothing of : considérer qqch comme sans importance
To think nothing of it! N'y pensez plus! / Je vous en prie! / Ce n'est pas grave!
To think twice about doing sthg : y réfléchir à deux fois
And to think he never consulted a doctor! Quand je pense qu'il n'est jamais allé voir un
médecin!
To think a problem out: analyser un problème
To think up (a plan / a solution / a scheme) : avoir l'idée de
To think through (a plan / a proposal) : examiner en détail
9 / 60
Exercices
1) Insérez la préposition qui convient (about / from / of / over / Ø )
a) The only way I can think ….................... to fight against this scourge is to legalize soft drugs.
b) You must give me some time to think it ….................... .
c) You are not alone in thinking ….................... that investing in Eurotunnel shares is really an
act of faith.
d) Peggy looks very much like her mother, don't you think ….................... ?
e) He wouldn't be pushed into making a decision sand said he would need some time to
think it ….................... .
f) I don't think much ….................... English wines though they have improved recently.
g) I don't feel like going to the theater tonight. I'll have to think ….................... an excuse.
h) What did you think ….................... the book I lent you?
i) You'll think ….................... me when you wear this tie.
j) Barnes and Noble1 are thinking ….................... expanding their business to Britain.
2) Traduisez.
a) I can't think of his name, but he was a blond guy with glasses.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
b) He's a bit aloof and doesn't think much of his colleagues.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
c) Think of a number, double it and subtract your age.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
d) He thought nothing of spending thousands of dollars on a fur coat for his wife.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
1 American franchised bookstore
10 / 60
CONNAÎTRE / SAVOIR : KNOW
Ellipses, 2008.
Le verbe “connaître” ne se traduit pas systématiquement par know en anglais.
I've known him for a long time.
I know the city like the back of my hand.
He knows a lot of poetry.
I know this voice!
Mais le champ sémantique de “connaître” est plus large.
– Est-ce qu'il connaît la nouvelle? Has he heard the news?
– Je l'ai connu à l'université. I met him at university.
– Je ne connais pas bien les coutumes japonaises. I'm not familiar with Japanese
customs. / I'm not well up on Japanes customs.
– Le pays connaît de tristes heures. The country is going through sad times.
– Le pays connaît une crise économique grave. The country is experiencing (is going
through) a serious economic crisis.
– Elle a connu deux divorces. She has lived through two divorces.
– Connaissez-vous l'Irlande? Have you visited Ireland?
– La pièce a connu un grand succès à Broadway. The play has enjoyed (has had) a great
success on Broadway.
– Il m'a fait connaître les joies de la pêche. He introduced me (initiated me) to the joys of
fishing.
– Le centre-ville a connu de nombreux changements. (The) downtown has undergone
many changes.
Exercices.
1) Trouvez les synonymes de know pour les phrases suivantes.
learn and remember ; acknowledge ; be aware of ; be friendly with ;
be acquainted with ; recognize / identify ; be familiar with
a) I know Mrs Robinson, she lives near me.
b) He knows Greek and Latin.
c) You would hardly know him. He has lost a lot of weight.
d) Prince William is known as the true heir to the throne.
e) I used to know him under a different name.
f) I know that the president lied to people about nuclear weapons.
g) Here are five things first-time crusaders need to know.
h) It takes a crook to know a crook.
i) He knows the Mayor; he'll look after your problem.
j) He knows the rope better than anyone else in American politics.
11 / 60
2) Traduisez.
a) L'entreprise a récemment connu de sérieuses difficultés.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Le restaurant a connu son 2ème changement de propriétaire en 2 ans.
…...............................................................................................................................................................................................
c) La téléphonie mobile a connu de grandes transformations au cours des dernières années.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
d) La plupart des pays occidentaux connaissent le terrorisme.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
e) Simon et Garfunkel se connaissent depuis leur enfance.
…............................................................................................................................................................................................
12 / 60
REPORTED SPEECH
When we report someone’s words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with
quotation marks (“I work in a bank”), or we can use reported speech (He said he worked in a
bank.)
In reported speech the tenses, word-order and pronouns may be different from those in the
original sentence.
Present simple and present continuous tenses
• Direct speech: “I travel a lot in my job” → Reported speech: He said that he travelled a lot in
his job.
The present simple tense (I travel) usually changes to the past simple (he travelled) in
reported speech.
• Direct speech: “Be quiet. The baby’s sleeping.” → Reported speech: She told me to be quiet
because the baby was sleeping.
The present continuous usually changes to the past continuous.
NB:
• Direct speech: “I work in Italy” → Reported speech: He told me that he works in Italy.
It isn’t always necessary to change the tense. If something is still true now – he still works in
Italy – we can use the present simple in the reported sentence.
Past simple and past continuous tenses
• Direct speech: “We lived in China for 5 years.” → Reported speech: She told me they had lived
in China for 5 years.
The past simple tense (we lived) usually changes to the past perfect (they had lived) in
reported speech.
• Direct speech: “I was walking down the road when I saw the accident.” Reported speech: He
told me he’d been walking down the road when he’d seen the accident.
The past continuous usually changes to the past perfect continuous.
Perfect tenses
• Direct speech: “They’ve always been very kind to me”. → Reported speech: She said they’d
always been very kind to her.
The present perfect tense (have always been) usually changes to the past perfect tense (had
always been).
• Direct speech: “They had already eaten when I arrived” → Reported speech: He said they’d
already eaten when he’d arrived.
The past perfect tense does not change in reported speech.
Here are some other points to consider.
‘Can’ and ‘will’
• Direct speech: “I can’t remember his name.” → Reported speech: She said she couldn’t
remember his name.
CAN and CAN'T in direct speech change to COULD and COULDN'T in reported speech.
• Direct speech: “I’ll be there for 3 weeks.” → Reported speech: He told me he’d be there for 3
weeks.
13 / 60
WILL and WON'T in direct speech change to WOULD and WOULDN'T in reported speech.
Other modal verbs
•Direct speech: “You could be right.” → Reported speech: I said that he could be right.
•Direct speech: “You must call me.” → Reported speech: She said that I must call her.
Other modal verbs don’t change in reported speech.
Reporting orders, requests and advice
•Direct speech: “Sit down and shut up!” → Reported speech: The captain told me to sit down
and shut up.
•Direct speech: “Can you hold this for me please?” → Reported speech: He asked me to hold it.
•Direct speech: “You should do more exercise.” → Reported speech: He advised me to do more
exercise.
Orders, requests and advice can be reported using an infinitive.
Reporting verbs
There are a number of verbs that we use to report statements. These can make your speech
and writing more interesting than simply reporting every word of the direct speech.
•Direct speech: “It wasn’t me who broke the window.” → Reported speech: He denied breaking
the window.
•Direct speech: “I’ll help you if you want” → Reported speech: She offered to help.
There are a number of verbs that can be used to report. They include: promise, claim,
suggest, advise, refuse, argue, confirm and others.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-and-vocabulary
Question forms and Reported speech
1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the
verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
• Direct speech: "Where does Peter live?" → Reported speech: She asked him where Peter
lived.
2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether +
clause:
• Direct speech: "Do you speak English?" → He asked me if I spoke English.
• Direct speech: "Are you British or American?" → Reported speech: He asked me whether I
was British or American.
• Direct speech: "Is it raining?" → Reported speech: She asked if it was raining.
3. Question words: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like
'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and
with the necessary tense change.
• Direct speech: "What is your name?" he asked me. → Reported speech: He asked me what my
name was.
• Direct speech: "How old is your mother?", he asked. → Reported speech: He asked how old
her mother was.
• Direct speech: The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" → Reported speech: The
policeman asked the boy where he lived.
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/reported_speech_questions_forms.php
14 / 60
Exercices
1. Put the following sentences into reported speech. Replace the verb SAID by a
suitable reporting verb from the list. The first sentence has been completed for you as
an example.
announced ; explained ; protested ; ordered ; admitted ; suggested ; promised ; insisted
a) “Yes, I broke that window with my ball”, said the boy.
The boy admitted that he had broken the window with his ball.
b) “Let´s go to the cinema this evening,” said David.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
c) “Stop crying Anne, or you´ll stay in your bedroom the whole afternoon,” said my father.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
d) “You can´t take me to prison. I know my rights,” the man said to the police officer.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
e) “You must come to Sarah´s party with me on Sunday,” said Tom.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
f) “Well, I´d like you all to know Emma and I are getting married next summer,” James said to
his friends.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
g) “Don´t worry, son, I´ll fix your bike this weekend,” said Mr Turner.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
h) “The delay occurred because of a mechanical problem,” said the information officer.
…...........................................................................................................................................................................................
2) Change these questions into reported ones.
1. Were you in time for the conference, Tom?
I ….........................................................................................................................................................................................
2. When does the next train leave?
The traveller …................................................................................................................................................................
3. Have you ever eaten insects, Terry?
Mary …................................................................................................................................................................................
4. How many brothers have you got, Anne?
I …........................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Did you see Peter yesterday, Tom?
Martha …...........................................................................................................................................................................
6. Is there anything I can do to help you, Tim?
Dad …...................................................................................................................................................................................
15 / 60
PAST HABIT – USED TO/WOULD/PAST SIMPLE
When we talk about things that happened in the past but don’t happen anymore in the
current time frame, we can do it in different ways.
Used to
•We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
•There didn’t use to be a gas station there. When was it built?
We can use ‘used to’ to talk about past states ….
•I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
•I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.
Remember that ‘used to’ is only for past states/actions that don’t happen now – we can’t use
it for things that still happen now. Also, ‘used to + infinitive’ should not be confused with
‘be/get used to + ‘ing’ form’ – this is covered in a separate section.
Would
•Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
•My boot camp coaches would always say “Sit down and shut up!”
We can use ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.
Often either ‘would’ or ‘used to’ is possible. Both of these sentences are possible.
•Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.
•Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.
However, only ‘used to’ is possible when we talk about past states.
•We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
•We would live in New York when I was a kid. (incorrect!)
Past simple
•We went/used to go/would go to the same beach every summer.
We can use the past simple in the same way as ‘used to’ and ‘would’ to talk about repeated
past actions.
•I had/used to have a dog called Charlie.
We can also use the past simple for past states.
•I went to Egypt in 1988.
However, if something happened only once we can’t use ‘used to’ or ‘would’ – we must use
the past simple.
Other Uses of 'Use To'
'Used to' goes together with a number of verbs to express how a person feels about a current
status or habit.
Become Used To / Get Used To
Use these forms to express that a person is in the process of making something 'normal'.
They are often used with the present continuous form. (+V-ING)
Examples:
He's becoming used to living in San Francisco.
Mary's slowly getting used to her new job.
16 / 60
We're not getting used to the weather here in Seattle. We want to go home!
Note:
When used with the present perfect, these two forms can imply that something that was
difficult in the past has become normal.
Examples:
They've become used to working overtime.
She's got used to living alone.
To Be Used To
This form indicates that a situation has become normal for a person.
Examples:
Sally is used to spending hours in front of the computer every day.
I'm used to eating out for lunch.
http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/g_usedto.htm
Exercices
1) Read the conversation and fill in the table. Who prefers/ used to prefer what?
Rajiv: Hey, Naomi, how about sushi on Friday?
Naomi: Hm, I’m not sure sushi is such a good idea…
Rajiv: But you used to love sushi?! What happened?
Naomi: I still do. But yesterday we had some with Tina, and …
Rajiv: OK, I see. Well, then I have a better idea. Call Tina and let’s have a potluck party. I will
prepare some spinach soup. It’s amazing. I used to like it a lot when I was a kid.
Naomi: Really? I used to hate spinach when I was a child. Tina still does, though. Maybe I can
prepare some Neapolitan spaghetti. You like them, don’t you?
Rajiv: Sure, just skip the bacon. I am vegetarian, remember?
Naomi: For you I will make some without the bacon. And Tina will probably bring some of her
delicious whole-wheat cookies.
Rajiv: Oh, I would eat piles of those when Tina and I were room-mates last semester.
Tina
Past
Rajiv
Now
Past
Naomi
Now
Past
Now
17 / 60
2) Underline the correct word/ phrase.
1. When I was in kindergarten, I would pretend/ would to pretend to be sleeping in the
afternoon.
2. When Tammy was in high- school, she used to/ would to go to drama club.
3. In my forties, I used/ used to be much more organized, and motivated than in my
twenties.
4. When my father was a boy, they would walk/ used to walk for miles, just to get to the
school.
5. After college, I used to be/ would be unemployed for very long time.
6. When I was little I used to like/ used like their steak well done.
3) Make negative sentences from the examples below.
1. I used to like fruit when I was a kid.
…................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Ornella used to fry noodles in a special pan I gave her as a present.
…................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Jay would practice the piano every day for at least three hours.
…................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Ever since he was a child, his family would encourage him to become an artist.
…................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. They used to play soccer every Thursday.
…................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. This restaurant used to be very popular with its Japanese style noodles.
…................................................................................................................................................................................................
18 / 60
EXPRESSING WISHES (AND REGRETS)
Use the verb WISH to refer to how you would like things to be in the present or to talk about
how you would like things to be in the future.
It can also be used to talk about the way things were in the past, but obviously the past can't
be changed.
The general concept is sometimes known as 'wishful thinking' and often coincides with the
use in Spanish of 'ojalá'.
Wishes about the present (and the future)
If you want to talk about your present situation, you can use the structure wish + past
simple or continuous. For example:
I haven't got any money. I wish I had some money.
I don't earn much money. I wish I earned a lot of money.
The same form can be used to talk about someone else's situation. However, there is another
structure that you use to talk about actions that take place in the present, but you want them
to change in the future. This structure is used to talk about another person, and generally
about things you don't like. The structure is wish + would/could + infinitive.
For example: Your friend is always borrowing money from you because he never seems to
have his bank card with him. You could say to him:
I wish you wouldn't keep borrowing money from me.
I wish you would remember to go to the bank from time to time.
Perhaps the same friend does lots of things that irritate you. Maybe he phones you early in
the morning when you're still in bed. He might arrange to meet you and then turn up late. You
could say to him:
I wish you wouldn't phone me so early in the morning.
I wish you would wait until later.
I wish you would tell me when you're going to be late.
Wishes about the future (and the present)
When you talk about the future, you use the same structure as you use to talk about present
states. Some examples:
I have to go to the dentist tomorrow. I wish I didn't have to go to the dentist tomorrow.
I'll have to do some extra work over the weekend. I wish I didn't have to do any extra work over
the weekend.
My brother is coming to stay with me next week. I wish my brother wasn't coming next week.
The future in these cases can't be changed (in theory), and so the situation is seen as unreal
and has to be referred to using past tenses.
Wishes about the past: regrets
When you think about a situation in the past, naturally you can't do anything to change it.
Therefore this is a way of expressing regret. The structure you use is wish + past perfect.
For example:
You were too slow getting ready to go out. I wish you hadn't been so slow getting ready.
Now we've missed the train. I wish we hadn't missed the train.
19 / 60
I promised our friends we'd arrive on time. I wish I hadn't promised we'd arrive on time,
because now they'll be waiting for us.
Notes
As mentioned above, the structure wish + would can't be used to talk about yourself. It is
used to refer to actions, and you should be able to stop any action you're doing.
Therefore when you talk about yourself, you're talking about states you have no control over
(I'm poor, I wish I was rich) or other people's actions that you have no control over either (I
haven't got any money. I wish you'd give me some).
If your wish might come true, you should use a different type of verb.
For example:
I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.
I'd like to go to the Caribbean for my holiday next year.
I hope you get well soon.
You don't need to repeat all the verbs all the time:
My flat is cold. I wish it wasn't.
You smoke. I wish you wouldn't.
She told him! I wish she hadn't.
http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/wishcl.html
Exercices
1)
Richard's regrets.
Richard failed an important English test, and now he’s worried that he won’t get into a good
university. He wasted a lot of time playing video games instead of preparing for the test. He
read comic books instead of textbooks. He went to his friends’ houses instead of going to
classes. He didn’t bother to watch any English movies or read any English newspapers. And he
stayed up late the night before the test!
Hindsight is 20/20! Richard has a lot of regrets. What should he have done differently?
Imagine you are Richard, and write a list of your regrets. Make 5 sentences.
2) Read the following sentences and decide which form of the verbs in bold is
correct.
1. Suzy failed most of her exams and now she wishes she would work / had worked
harder.
2. The weather is terrible today. I wish it was / is a bit warmer.
3. It really annoys me that you never do anything around the house. I wish you did /
would do something from time to time.
4. We went to a new restaurant for lunch and I´ve been feeling sick all afternoon. I
wish we hadn´t gone / didn´t go there.
5. The sky is cloudy. I wish the sun shone / was shining now.
6. Now that Peter is in Japan on a business trip, he wishes he understood / had
understood Japanese.
7. I wish I hadn´t been / wasn´t out of the office when the director called me
yesterday
8. Jeremy wishes it had stopped / would stop raining, so he can play basketball with
his friends.
20 / 60
3) Mary is 16 and feels a bit miserable about her physical appearance, her family and
her friends. She wishes things were quite different. Write what she is thinking,
beginning each sentence with I wish…
Example: My hair looks shiny with grease! - I wish my hair didn´t look so greasy!
a) My mum is always complaining about my messy bedroom
….................................................................................................................................................................................
b) I´ve got dimples in my checks!
….................................................................................................................................................................................
c) I am too fat!
….................................................................................................................................................................................
d) My daddy didn´t give me enough money to go to the disco!
….................................................................................................................................................................................
e) I don´t know why my best friend Jane is annoyed with me.
….................................................................................................................................................................................
f) Peter didn´t remember to send me a Valentine!
….................................................................................................................................................................................
21 / 60
GIVING ADVICE
There are several different structures that you can use when giving advice.
Should
This is probably the most common of the structures for giving advice. After SHOULD, and its
negative - SHOULDN'T - we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb:
You should wise up.
We shouldn’t cheat.
It is common to use 'I think' and 'I don’t think' with SHOULD:
I think you should put the answers back.
She doesn't think they should use them.
Had better
This structure is common in spoken English and it is usually used in the contracted form.
After HAD BETTER, and its negative - HAD BETTER NOT, we use the base form of the infinitive
of the verb.
You'd better return the answers to the lecturer.
You'd better not tell anyone that you found them.
If I were you
This version of the second conditional is often used when giving advice, especially in spoken
English. Note the use of WERE with “I” in the first clause.
In the second clause, we use WOULD - contracted to “'d” - and WOULDN’T.
After WOULD and WOULDN’T, we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb:
If I were you, I’d give them back to the lecturer.
f I were you, I wouldn’t use the answers.
Ought
This is the most formal of the structures used for giving advice, and so it isn't so common.
After OUGHT, and its negative - OUGHT NOT (OUGHTN'T), we use the full infinitive of the verb:
You ought to contact the police.
You ought not to cheat on exams.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode31/languagepoint.shtml
Memento
1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example: "I advise you to learn English. You will undoubtedly need it in your professional life."
2. "Advice" is an uncountable noun.
Example: "My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up!"
22 / 60
Exercices
1) Nuts and crosses.
Work in pairs. Each time you have given a piece of advice using a correct sentence, write over
the problem with a cross or a nut. You have 1 point each time you have five items in a row
(vertically, horizontally or diagonally).
I have a
headache
I don’t
have any
money
I have no
friends
I’m tired
I’m
hungry
I’m wet
from the
rain
I’m sad
My
clothes
are dirty
I can’t
read well
I can’t
speak
English
well
I want a
good job
when I’m
older
I got a bad
grade
I hit my
friend
I’m bored
I feel sick
I’m
always
late for
school
I lost my
USB drive
I’m fat
I’m thirsty
I made my
sister cry
I lost my
money
My cell
phone is
broken
I want to
go to the
UK
My friend
hit me
I’m lost
I’m thirsty
I’m
always
late for
school
I can’t
speak
English
well
I lost my
soccer
ball
I feel sick
I made my
sister cry
I hit my
friend
I’m sad
I’m lost
I don’t
have any
money
I hit my
friend
I’m bored
My cell
phone is
broken
I’m
hungry
My friend
hit me
I got a bad
grade
I’m tired
I can’t
speak
English
well
I want to
go to the
UK
I can’t
read well
I want a
good job
when I’m
older
My
clothes
are dirty
I lost my
money
I’m
always
late for
school
I lost my
USB drive
I have no
friends
I feel sick
I’m fat
I’m wet
from the
rain
I made my
sister cry
I have a
headache
2) Travel Advice
Write the name of a country, city or region you know well in the space below.
Then, complete the sentences with travel advice for visitors.
Give advice for things like climate, public transportation, food and drink, taxis, shopping,
crime,
health, going out alone, customs, etc.
Don't let your classmates see what you are writing. Keep it secret!
1. If you visit …........................................... for the first time ...
2. You ought to …...........................................…...........................................…...........................................
3. Don’t …...........................................…...........................................…..........................................................
4. You’d better…...........................................…...........................................…..............................................
23 / 60
5. Be careful …...........................................…...........................................…............................................….......
6. Make sure you …...........................................…...........................................….............................................
7. Watch out for …...........................................…...........................................…...............................................
8. You need to …...........................................…...........................................…............................................…....
9. You could try …...........................................…...........................................…............................................…
10. Don’t forget to…...........................................…...........................................…...............................................
11. The most important thing is to …...........................................…...........................................…............
12. …...........................................…...........................................…............................................…............................
Now, read your travel advice to your group members. Can they guess the country, city or
region you are describing?
24 / 60
EXCLAMATORY AND EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
Exclamatory Structures
These structures help us to emphasize different parts of the sentence. In speech, intonation
and pronunciation also identify the emphasis.
1. What (a, an)+ (adjective)+ noun...!
What a beautiful dress that is! (not: is that)
What nice weather! (not: a nice weather)
What a relief!
What cute puppies!
2. How+ adjective/ adverb…!
How beautifully she sings!
How entertaining this show is! (not: is this show)
NOTE: When we use the structures above, the sentence must be in the affirmative form
and attention should be paid to the noun (whether it is singular or plural, countable or
uncountable).
3. The negative- interrogative form
Isn’t it a lovely baby!
Wasn’t the film interesting!
Doesn’t Alex draw well!
Didn’t he give a brilliant speech!
4. Here/ There+ present simple (usually with the verbs come and go)
Here comes Mary! (not: is coming) or Here she comes!
There goes our bus! or There it goes!
NOTE: When we use a pronoun, we put it right before the verb, but when we use a
noun its position is after the verb.
5. So+ adjective/ adverb!
6. Such+ (a, an)+ (adjective)+ noun!
Nick is so talented! or Nick is such a talented boy!
The babies are so cute! or They are such cute babies! (not: so cute babies)
She sings so well!! or She is such a good singer!
It’s such a shame!
They’re such idiots!
Emphatic structures
We use these structures to emphasise a specific word or phrase in a sentence.
1. It is/was+ word or phrase we want to put emphasis on+ who/that
Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
It was Graham Bell who/that invented the telephone in 1876.
25 / 60
It was the telephone that Graham Bell invented in 1876.
It was in 1876 that Graham Bell invented the telephone.
2. In interrogative and negative sentences
Who was it that invented the telephone?
Is it Mary who is an architect or her sister?
What is it that you wanted to tell her?
Isn’t he a famous actor?
Was it Bill who broke the window?
Why is it that he’s not talking to us?
3. That’s what/ why/ where/ who
That’s why I didn’t come to the party.
That’s what I meant.
That’s how I got this job.
That’s where I hid the money.
In interrogative sentences:
Is that why you didn’t come to the party?
Is that what you meant?
Is that how you got this job?
Is that where you hid the money?
4. What
I need some time off.
What I need is some time off. or Some time off is what I need.
5. Do, does or did to emphasise a verb
Imperative: Do stand up!
Simple present: I do care about you.
He does play the violin.
Simple past: She did apologize for her mistake.
Exercices
1) Rewrite the sentences using DO, DOES and DID.
a. Open the window!
….................................................................................................................................................................................
b. I want to come with you.
….................................................................................................................................................................................
c. Let me know if you need anything.
….................................................................................................................................................................................
d. He paid for the flowers yesterday.
….................................................................................................................................................................................
e. Linda loves surprises!
….................................................................................................................................................................................
26 / 60
2) Choose the correct answer.
Here…………the train!
What…………furniture!
How difficult……………..!
What…………dress!
There……………….!
a. is going
b. goes
a. comfortable
b. a comfortable
a. is this exercise
b. this exercise is
a. beautiful
b. a beautiful
a. goes Joan
b. Joan goes
3) Tick the correct sentences and correct the wrong ones.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
How sweet of you to offer your help!
There our bus goes!
Who was it that invented the vacuum cleaner?
How beautiful she sings!
What lovely flowers!
Britney Spears is such beautiful!
They are such good children!
This is such brilliant idea!
27 / 60
28 / 60
INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
Their noun roles
Both gerunds (V-ing) and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about
anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name
activities rather than people or objects. Here are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives
(and one additional non-noun use, the adjective complement, that we throw in here, free of
charge ).
Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence:
a.Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
b.To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy.
It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the
subject (as in 1b), but it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject
Complement:
a.Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn2.
The gerund can also play this role:
b.Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn.
Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role
of Noun Complement and Appositive:
a.Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession.
b.I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn.
c.Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within
reach.
The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very
partial list of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives
with an infinitive phrase (their desire to play in the championship game, a motivation to
pass all their courses, her permission to stay up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see
how the phrase modifies and focuses the noun.
advice
appeal
command
decision
desire
fact
instruction
motivation
opportunity
order
permission
plan
possibility
preparation
proposal
recommendation
refusal
reminder
request
requirement
suggestion
tendency
wish
Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is
said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we
will include it here nonetheless.)
a.She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan.
b.She was reluctant to tell her parents, also.
2 University of Connecticut
29 / 60
c.But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever.
Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions:
ahead
amazed
anxious
apt
ashamed
bound
careful
certain
content
delighted
determined
disappointed
eager
eligible
fortunate
glad
happy
hesitant
liable
likely
lucky
pleased
proud
ready
reluctant
sad
shocked
sorry
surprised
upset
Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to
find gerunds taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:
a. She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters.
b.She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure.
Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.
a.The committee had no choice except to elect Frogbellow chairperson.
b.What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave?
Finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:
Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions
will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice between gerund
and infinitive forms as direct object.
Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a word that means to
link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a series of linked constructions, as
in "We agreed to try to decide to stop eating between meals."
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm
Gerund or infinitive?
When a verb is complemented by another verb, the second one can be:
• a gerund: I enjoy listening to classical music.
• a to-infinitive: He wants to stay, but I want him to go.
• a bare infinitive (that is, without to): Let me go.
In order to know which verbs are followed by a gerund or an infinitive (with or without to)
you have to learn it by heart. However, there is something that can be of help: most verbs are
followed by the to-infinitive, so if you learn the verbs followed by the gerund and those
followed by the infinitive without to (which are just a few), you can be pretty sure that the
rest of the verbs will be followed by a to-infinitive.
To make matters more complicated, there is a small group of verbs that can be followed by
either a gerund or an infinitive. Some of them show a change of meaning when taking one or
30 / 60
the other, while others don't change their meanings at all. Let's see them:
Same meaning: attempt, can't bear, begin, continue, intend, propose, start.
Examples: We start working at 8 in the morning. We start to work at 8 in the morning.
Love, hate and prefer are followed by the to-infinitive or the gerund without much
difference in meaning. However, the infinitive is preferably used when we refer to one
particular occasion. When would precedes these verbs, the to-infinitive is always used: I'd
love to go, but unfortunately I can't, as to-infinitive is more prospective than a gerund.
Same meaning but different use:
• Allow, advise, forbid and permit are followed by a gerund when there is no personal
object. Otherwise, they are followed by a to-infinitive: I advised seeing a doctor. I advised him
to see a doctor.
Different meaning:
• With remember and forget, the gerund refers to things that happened earlier, whereas the
infinitive refers to what must be done: I remember posting the letter (that is, "I can remember
that I have posted the letter")Please, remember to post the letter (that is, "you have to post the
letter")
• Stop + gerund means "to stop the activity you are doing" or "to break a habit": She stopped
eating chocolate last year. Stop + to-infinitive means "to make a pause in order to do
something else": She stopped to eat some chocolate. (meaning that she stopped what she was
doing in order to do something else).
• Regret + gerund means "to be sorry for what has happened": I regret telling her my
secret. Regret + to-infinitive means "to be sorry for what is going to be said": I regret to tell
you that we have offered the job to somebody else.
• Like + gerund means "to enjoy": I like reading adventure books. Like +to-infinitive means
"to have a preference for" : I like to know the facts before forming an opinion, or even "want": I
didn't like to say no. Please, note that the infinitive must be used after would like: I'd like to
tell you that...
• Try + gerund means "to make an experiment": I tried using the new method, but it didn't
work. Try + to-infinitive means "to make an effort":He tried to pass his university entry exam.
• Go on + gerund means "to continue with the same action": Mary went on reading the
letter. Go on + to-infinitive means "to start something new": He first talked about the problem,
then went on to discuss the solution".
• See, watch and hear followed by the gerund imply that we observe part of the action, but
when they are followed by the bare infinitive they suggest that the action is observed
completely, from beginning to end: When I looked out of the window I saw him crossing the
street. I saw him get out of the car, cross the street and go into the supermarket . Notice that in
the second example we mean that the actions that are seen are complete.
http://inmadom-myenglishclass.blogspot.fr/2014/01/gerund-or-infinitive.html
31 / 60
Exercises
1) Choose the correct option:
1. You need a key FOR / TO open the door.
2. I am learning English FOR / TO get a better job.
3. Why do hens cross the road? FOR / TO go to the other side.
4. FOR / TO answer this question, we must look more closely at the facts.
5. I scolded him FOR / TO using such language.
6. The mug had been used FOR / TO mixing flour and butter.
7. They locked the door to STOPPING / STOP us from getting in.
8. You need to ask permission FOR GOING / TO GO to the toilets.
9. She apologised FOR LOSING / TO LOSE the book.
10. People have a duty FOR VOTING / TO VOTE.
11. The bus stopped FOR / TO LET some passengers off.
12. Forgive me FOR NOT PAYING attention / NOT TO PAY attention.
13. It would have been easier FOR FINDING our way / TO FIND our way if we had brought a
map.
14. Did you join the army FOR SERVING / TO SERVE your country or to COMPLAINING /
COMPLAIN about the food?
15. Their aim is FOR helping / TO help people buy new houses.
2) Gerund or Infinitive ? – Fill in with the correct form.
1. Mary enjoys ….......................................................... to music. (listen)
2. I don’t mind …..........................................................the washing up. (do)
3. Irregular verbs are not easy ….......................................................... . (remember)
4. Mathew is really good at ….......................................................... . (cook)
5. She waited ….......................................................... a movie ticket. (buy)
6. The doctor encouraged his patients ….......................................................... healthy food. (eat)
7. My flat is easy ….......................................................... . (find)
8. She is interested in ….......................................................... a doctor. (become)
9. He is saving money ….......................................................... a new car. (buy)
10. When I met her I couldn’t help ….......................................................... her. (hug)
11. My favorite hobby is ….......................................................... . (cook)
12. My father helped me ….......................................................... my homework. (do)
13. I’m sick of ….......................................................... hamburgers every day. (eat)
14. It is important ….......................................................... the net for more information. (surf)
15. She advised me ….......................................................... a doctor as soon as possible. (see)
16. I don’t feel like ….......................................................... English today. (study)
17. Isabel got Mike ….......................................................... her car (wash)
18. ….......................................................... sport every day is good for your health. (do)
19. At last they decided ….......................................................... the apartment. (rent)
20. I pretended ….......................................................... asleep. (be)
21. Sheila stopped ….......................................................... hello to her friends. (say)
32 / 60
22. It’s no use ….......................................................... over spilt milk. (cry)
23. The following questions are easy ….......................................................... . (answer)
24. She told us where ….......................................................... the necessary material. (find)
25. Would you mind ….......................................................... this letter for me? (post)
26. They suggested ….......................................................... by bus. (travel)
27. We plan ….......................................................... to Europe this summer(go)
28. It was hard for her ….......................................................... smoking. (quit)
29. We were all happy about ….......................................................... the New Year in Vienna.
(celebrate)
30. It seems difficult ….......................................................... everything about the topic. (know)
31. Just avoid …..........................................................unnecessary mistakes. (make)
32. Can you imagine ….......................................................... my car before we leave? (finish)
33. We are used ….......................................................... up early in the morning. (get)
34. She enjoys ….......................................................... . (paint)
35. I forgot ….......................................................... the door when I left. (lock)
36. I regret ….......................................................... you that your application was rejected. (inform)
37. We intend ….......................................................... you next spring. (visit)
38. I decided ….......................................................... more often. (exercise)
39. Mary keeps ….......................................................... about her problems. (talk)
40. Ireland doesn’t allow ….......................................................... in bars. (smoke)
41. Nancy seemed ….......................................................... disappointed. (be)
42. I can’t bear ….......................................................... so much responsibility. (have)
43. She is fond of ….......................................................... picnics. (have)
44. She promised ….......................................................... smoking. (stop)
45. They urge their citizens ….......................................................... more waste. (recycle)
46. John is thinking about ….......................................................... abroad. (study)
47. She considered ….......................................................... to New York. (move)
48. The aquarium needs ….......................................................... . (clean)
49. Tom agrees ….......................................................... me. (help)
50. She warned him ….......................................................... late. (not be)
33 / 60
34 / 60
MODALS
Introduction
The English modal verbs are often challenging for learners of English. This happens for many
reasons, including both grammar and meaning.
The English modal verbs are auxiliary verbs.
Modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings.
There are both single-word modals and phrasal modals.
The single-word modals are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
Phrasal modals include the following: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have
to, have got to, ought to, used to
All the single-word modals above are followed by the simple form of verbs:
He may Ø know the answer.
Most of the phrasal modals include to: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, have to, have
got to, ought to, used to
With these phrasal modals, the simple form of a verb follows to:
He's able to help us.
He's going to help us.
He's supposed to help us.
He has to help us.
He's got to help us.
He ought to help us.
He used to help us.
One of the phrasal modals, HAD BETTER, does not include TO. Use the simple form
of a verb after HAD BETTER: He'd better help us.
All of the modal verbs show meaning.
When they are used with a verb, they show someone's feeling or attitude toward the action
or situation that the verb shows.
Every modal verb has more than one use and/or meaning.
Special Note:
In some grammar books, DARE and NEED are included in lists of modals because their
"behavior," in some situations, is similar to the "behavior" of modals:
DARE can be used with or without TO and a simple verb in negative statements and in
questions:
He didn't dare (to) leave early. / Do I dare (to) leave early?
NEED can be used with NOT and a simple verb:
He need not leave early.
In other situations, the "behavior" of DARE and NEED is not like the "behavior" of one-word
modals.
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/understanding_and_using_modal_verbs01.html
35 / 60
Modals of Permission
A) General points
• There cannot be more than one 'real' modal verb in a single clause or verb group.
• Real modal verbs have fewer forms than other verbs. If we need a form that is not available,
we use phrases such as BE ALLOWED TO.
• MAY NOT is practically never contracted.
• Formality: CAN < COULD < MAY.
• To ask about general rules, rather than particular permission, we cannot use MAY (see
below).
Future with WILL, combinations with other modals, Perfect Tenses, all uses of the -ing form,
To-infinitive. → BE ALLOWED TO
Examples:
If I move in, will I be allowed to bring my dog?
She might be allowed to bring her dog.
I'd never been allowed to stay up as late as that day.
Being allowed to smoke doesn't mean you have to.
I'd like to be allowed to do things my way.
B) Asking Permission: Can, Could, May
• All of these can be used to ask permission. The difference is in politeness and formality.
COULD tends to sound more polite than CAN, and MAY is more formal.
Examples:
Can I borrow your pen for a moment? - Sorry, I need it. Is the pencil OK?
Could I take a look at your notes? - Yeah, sure.
May I go to the toilet, sir? - It's only ten minutes to go. You'll have to wait.
C) Granting and Refusing Permission: Can/May and Can't/May Not
COULD/COULDN'T cannot be used to give or refuse permission - only to ask it and to talk
about permission in the past.
• MAY is much less common than can in both granting and refusing permission orally, as it is
more formal. MAY NOT, in particular, conveys authority.
• To express prohibition, must not may also be used
Examples:
You can wait in the living room if you want.
Could I borrow your rubber? - Sure you can.
You may leave as soon as you finish the exam.
Could we have a barbecue up in the park? - I'm afraid you can't -it's too dangerous.
Candidates may not bring dictionaries.
You mustn't leave your bags around on the airport.
D) Talking about Permission: Can/Could, Be Allowed To
If we want to talk about permissions and rules made by third parties, by someone else, we
cannot use MAY.
CAN/COULD can only be used in the simple tenses (past and present). The other possible
time forms (Future, Perfect) require BE ALLOWED TO.
If we talk about permission, politeness is irrelevant: we are just stating facts.
Thus, CAN and COULD are just different time forms, nothing more.
If a specific past permission led to a specific past action, we have to use BE ALLOWED TO.
36 / 60
Else, COULD and BE ALLOWED TO are synonymous.
For past non-permission, WASN'T/WEREN'T ALLOWED TO is more common than
COULDN'T: it is less ambiguous.
➔ Consider:
▪ I could go home early yesterday. = I finished early, so I was able to...
▪ I was allowed to go home early yesterday. = The boss said it was OK for me to...
▪ I was allowed to / could stay up till ten when I was a kid.
▪ Sometimes, she can / is allowed to take home some food from the restaurant she
works in.
▪ Can you take photos in here?
▪ Could you enter the crypt? - No, visitors weren't allowed there back then.
Modals of Probability
We can use these modal verbs (also called modals of deduction, speculation or certainty)
when we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure
we are.
1) Talking about the present: must / might / could / may / can't
•must + infinitive
•might / might not + infinitive
•could / could not + infinitive
•may / may not + infinitive
•can't + infinitive
For example:
I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David. I ask: 'Where is Julie?' and David guesses:
•She must be on the bus. (I'm fairly sure this is a good guess)
•She might come soon. (maybe)
•She could be lost. (maybe)
•She may be in the wrong room. (maybe)
•She can't be at home. (I'm fairly sure this isn't true)
Notice that the opposite of 'must' is 'can't in this case.
Will / won't
We use will and won't when we are very sure:
•She'll be at work now.
Should / shouldn't
Should and shouldn't are used to make an assumption about what is probably true, if
everything is as we expect:
•They should be there by now.
•It shouldn't take long to drive here.
This use of should isn't usually used for negative events. Instead, it's a better idea to
use will :
•The underground will be very busy now (not: 'should be').
37 / 60
Can
Can is used for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes
happens:
•Prices can be high in London.
Can is not used to talk about specific possibilities:
•He could be on the bus (not: 'can be').
2) Using modal verbs to talk about the past: must / might / could / may / can't + have
+ past participle
•must have + past participle
•might / might not have + past participle
•could / couldn't have + past participle
•may / may not have + past participle
•can't have + past participle
For example:
You: Where was Julie last night? → David:
•She must have forgotten about our date.
•She might have worked late.
•She could have taken the wrong bus.
•She may have felt ill.
•She can't have stayed at home.
Will / won't + have + past participle
Will and won't / will not + have + past participle are used for past certainty (compare
with present use of 'will' above):
•The parcel will have arrived by now.
Should + have + past participle
Should + have + past participle can be used to make an assumption about something that
has probably happened, if everything is as we expect (compare with present use of 'should'
above):
•The train should have left by now.
Could
We can use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the past (compare with
the use of 'can' above):
•Prices could be high in the sixteenth century.
This is not used to talk about specific possibilites in the past (instead we use could + have +
past participle ):
•He could have been working late (not: 'could be'. As this is a specific possiblity, 'could
be' is present tense)
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-probability.html
38 / 60
Modals of Ability
When we talk about ability, we mean two things.
First, we mean general ability. This is something that once you have learned you can do any
time you want, like being able to read or swim or speak a language, for example.
The other kind of ability is specific ability. This mean something that you can or can't do in
one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something heavy, or find somewhere
you are looking for.
Present:
CAN / CAN'T (for both general and specific ability)
•I can play the piano.
•She can speak English.
•He can't drive – he's too tired.
•We can't come now.
Past:
COULD / COULDN'T (for general ability)
•I could read when I was four.
•She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.
•He couldn't dance at all until he took lessons.
•My grandfather couldn't swim.
WAS ABLE TO / COULDN'T (for specific ability)
•When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it.(not 'I could fix it')
•She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much.(not 'she could
pass')
•He called us because he couldn't find the house.
•I couldn't open the window.
COULD + HAVE + past participle (an ability someone had in the past, but didn't use)
•I could have played the piano well but I didn't practise enough.
•We could have come earlier.
•She could have studied law, but she preferred to become a secretary.
Future:
WILL / WON'T BE ABLE TO (general ability)
•At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.
•He won't be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.
CAN / CAN'T (specific ability)
•I can help you tomorrow.
•I can't come to the party.
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-ability.html
39 / 60
Exercices
1.) Choose the correct answer.
1. You broke my necklace! You ... been more careful!
a. should have
b. must have
2. It’s beautiful. You ... given me a nicer present.
a. wouldn’t have
b. couldn’t have
3. I think James ... got lost. He’s never late.
a. might have
b. should have
4. I ... bought milk, but I didn’t know we needed more.
a. may have
b. would have
2) Complete the sentences using a suitable modal and the correct form of the verb in
brackets. There may be more than one possible answer.
1. It was wrong of Glen to be so rude. He ......................................... (not behave) that way.
2. Maggie ......................................... (write) sooner, but she didn’t find an Internet café until
yesterday.
3. I can’t remember for sure, but I ......................................... (not lock) the front door.
4. Something ......................................... (happen) to Steve. He always calls when he’s late.
3) Complete the passages using the modals and modal perfects below and the correct
form of the verb in brackets. Use each modal or modal perfect once only.
TEENS IN THE NEWS
can ■ could ■ couldn’t have
.............. you ................. (1. use) some assistance organising your desk, your cupboard and your
room? Tidy Teens ............... (2. help). This student-run group raises money for charity by
cleaning up. "We didn’t realise it when we started, but we ..............(3. think) of a better way to
raise money," says 17-year-old Brian Mason, who helped establish the group.
must have ■ be able to ■ shouldn’t have ■ should have ■ have to
Carol Dahl ......................................... (4. think) she was dreaming when she heard that she’d won
the national secondary- school essay contest. “I didn’t believe it,” she explains. “I just laughed
at first, which I probably ......................................... (5. do).” The prize, a cheque for £1,000, will be
awarded to Carol at a ceremony in March. “I ......................................... (6. guess) that there would be
a price to pay for the award – and there is.
40 / 60
I ......................................... (7. write) a speech to give at the ceremony,” Carol says. “I’m pretty
nervous but I hope I ......................................... (8. do) a good job.”
4) Complete the sentences with the modal perfects below and the correct form of the
verb in brackets.
should have ■ couldn’t have ■ must not have ■ would have ■ could have
must have ■ might have ■ shouldn’t have
1. I’m not sure where Don went. He ............................................ (go) to buy bread.
2. I’m sorry I’m so late. You ............................................ (think) I wasn’t coming.
3. You ............................................ (bring) the new world music CD. I wanted to listen to it while we
studied.
4. She ............................................ (buy) three T-shirts, but she only had enough money for one.
5. I really upset Shari. I ............................................ (tell) her the terrible news about Jim.
6. They decided to stay at a hotel, although they ............................................ (stay) at our house. We
insisted that they were welcome.
7. That cake was incredibly delicious. It ............................................ (be) better.
8. My swimming suit’s not in the suitcase. I ............................................ (pack) it.
5) Rewrite the sentences with suitable modals or modal perfects. There may be more
than one possible answer.
1. It was a bad idea to eat in this restaurant.
........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................
2. There’s a chance that we’ll have a test today.
........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................
3. I’m sure I left my sunglasses at the café.
........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................
4. You have got no reason to be concerned about Ted.
........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................
5. It’s a shame you didn’t ask me earlier.
........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................
6. Donella doesn’t know how to speak English very well.
........................................................................................................................ ......................................................................
41 / 60
6) Complete the passage with suitable modals or modal perfects, and the correct form
of the verb in brackets. Some answers may vary.
Teens in the news
Tom Brinks was supposed to have stayed in school all morning but he ............................................
(1. leave) because he had forgotten his maths book, so he went home to get it. However, he
ended up catching a burglar instead. “When I got to my house, I saw that the front door was
open. Then, through a window, I saw a man,” the 15-year-old student explained.
“I ............................................ (2. confront) him myself, but I decided to call the police from my
mobile phone instead. They came at once.” According to Officer Mike Smith, “Without Tom’s
help, we ............................................ never ............................................ (3. catch) the burglar, who we now
know was responsible for many recent burglaries in the north London area.”
Sixteen-year-old Kelly Jones’ application ............................................ (4. impress) the
administrators of the new Learn Abroad student exchange programme, because out of over
1,000 applicants, only ten were accepted – including Kelly. “When I got the news,
I ........................................... (5. be) happier!” says London-born Kelly, who decided to request a
placement in Athens. “I ............................................ (6. choose) to go to any of 16 countries, but I
eventually decided on Greece,” says Kelly, who will be living with a family in Athens. To Kelly’s
relief, everyone in the family ............................................ (7. speak) English. And although exchange
students ............................................ (8. know) the language of their host country prior to going,
they all ............................................ (9. study) it while abroad. “The language classes are mandatory,
but I don’t mind,” says Kelly. “I think that knowing Greek will make it easier for me to socialise
and understand the culture.” Is she nervous about going? Kelly smiles and says, “Maybe I
............................................ (10. be) nervous, but I’m not. In fact, I ............................................ (11. wait) to
go.”
42 / 60
CAPITALISATION ET PONCTUATION
Capitalisation
rubriques
anglais
français
Nationalités : noms
The French and the Chinese
Les Français et les Chinois
Nationalités: adjectifs
He is French
Il est français
Langues
He teaches
Chinese
Termes relatifs à la
géographie, l'histoire et
la politique
The United States
Baker Street
in the Vectorian period
the Olympic Games
Jours / mois
The 4th
November
Titres
professionnels,
politiques, honorifiques
Doctor Watson
Queen Elisabeth
the Chancellor of the
Exchequer (= the Minister
of Finance)
Le docteur Watson
la reine Elisabteh
le ministre des finances
Titres d'ouvrages
As You Like It
Gone With the Wind
Comme il vous plaira
Autant en emporte le vent
French
Thursday
and
Il enseigne le français et le
chinois
Les Etats-Unis
rue des rosiers
à l'époque victorienne
les Jeux olympiques
of
Le 4ème jeudi de novembre
43 / 60
Ponctuation
Voici tout d’abord un petit rappel des principaux signes de ponctuation :
Apostrophe
‘
Capital letters
A, B…
Colon
:
Comma
,
Dash
- (tiret)
Exclamation mark
!
Full stop
.
Hyphen
- (trait d’union)
Question mark
?
Quotation marks
(also called quotes or inverted
commas)
"… "
Semi-colon
;
La ponctuation répond à des règles précises, qui ne sont pas nécessairement les
mêmes dans les deux langues.
FRANÇAIS
ANGLAIS
VIRGULE pour « lier » 2 phrases
POINT VIRGULE - phrases liées par le
sens
VIRGULE avant mot de liaison
POINT VIRGULE
VIRGULE toutefois possible avant AND,
BUT, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS,
THEREFORE, sauf si le sujet est identique
dans les 2 propositions
VIRGULE séparant une séquence
d’adjectifs ou une énumération de nom
AND, la virgule sépare les adjectifs, et and
n'arrive que devant le dernier de la série
VIRGULE dans les chiffres
POINT
mais VIRGULE pour séparer groupes de 3
chiffres
ex. : 7, 691, 328
VIRGULE après un adverbe
44 / 60
DEUX POINTS (usage courant)
formels en anglais
DEUX POINTS introduisant des
exemples
périphrases : FOR EXAMPLE
THAT IS TO SAY
NAMELY
to WIT
SUCH AS
e.g. (exempli gratia : par exemple)
i.e. (id est : c'est-à-dire)
ex. : certains étudiants avaient plus de
facilité pour parler anglais : ceux issus de
milieu aisé, les enfants
de diplomates
for a number of students, namely those from
upper classes or diplomats’ sons, it was
easier to speak…
DEUX POINTS introduisant une
conclusion ou un résumé
tiret (familier)
POINT VIRGULE (plus littéraire)
ex. : he changed tactics - it was inevitable
ex. : il changea de tactique : c’était
inévitable
TIRET introduit souvent le discours direct
GUILLEMETS (simples en GB, doubles
aux US, en hauteur).
N.B. : la virgule peut aussi introduire le
discours direct
POINTS de SUSPENSION qui signalent
la suppression d’une partie du texte (…)
POINTS de SUSPENSION (même usage)
POINTS de SUSPENSION qui signalent
une énumération non terminée
SUCH AS
ex. : tant de bonnes choses chez Ladurée :
macarons, mille-feuilles,…
ex. : so many good things at Ladurée’s,
such as macarons or mille-feuilles
POINTS de SUSPENSION
POINTS de SUSPENSION
TIRET
ex. : c’était si inattendu… tout le monde se
tut
ex. : it was so unexpected - everyone kept
silent
45 / 60
(SE) RAPPELER / SE SOUVENIR
Remind
Remind and remember are not the same. If you remind somebody about something, you
make them remember it. Thus, REMIND is a transitive verb (i.e. it always has an object which
may be followed by to + infinitive or a that-clause). Compare the following:
Remind me to send Denny an email about the change of dates.
I reminded them that the dress rehearsal had been brought forward to Wednesday.
I shouldn't need to remind you to wash your hands before you sit down to eat.
When you say that somebody or something reminds you of something, you associate it with
a memory from your past:
She reminds me of The Princess Royal. They are so alike in looks and appearance.
Doesn't this countryside remind you of Cornwall? It does me.
I think I know which one it is, but remind me of your house number.
Remember
If you remember something, you recall people or events to your mind.Remember can be
used transitively with an object orintransitively without an object. It is often used with to
+ infinitive and with when- where- or that-clauses. Compare the following:
Do you remember the first time we sat under the stars, listening to Beethoven's Ninth?
Do you remember when we first ate wild mushrooms? ~ Yes, I remember.
I can't remember where I've put the spare set of car keys. Have you seen them?
Will you remember to collect your suit from the dry-cleaners or shall I do it?
She remembered that she was going clubbing that evening and cheered up.
Remember + infinitive or remember + verb-ing?
A lot of readers ask about verbs that are followed by verb-ing forms or to + infinitive. Some,
like want, decide, agree, are always followed by to + infinitive. Some, like look forward
to, enjoy, finish, are always followed by verb-ing forms.
I decided to turn off the computer and go home. I would finish writing the report tomorrow.
Some verbs can be followed by either verb-ing forms or to + infinitive, sometimes with
some difference in meaning. REMEMBER and FORGET are two such verbs. REMEMBER and
FORGET with an infinitive always refer forward in time. REMEMBER and FORGET + verb-ing
forms always refer back in time. Compare the following:
I don't remember talking to you about Terry's divorce. I don't even remember you asking me
about that.
I shall always remember flying to America on Concorde.
Remember to close all the windows and lock all the doors before you leave the house.
I forgot to warn him about the dangerous dog and he was bitten.
I shall never forget sharing a bottle of iced water with you beside the Pyramids in Egypt.
46 / 60
Recall
When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it:
The Prime Minister recalled his visits to France and the six meetings he had had with the
French President.
We often say: as far as I can recall or as I recall or I seem to recall to refer back to something
that you have been talking about:
I seem to recall that you were against the idea of Henry joining the Board of Directors.
As far as I can recall, you were warned three times that you would lose your job if you persisted
in being late. I distinctly recall warning you about this.
If a company recalls a product, it asks for it to be returned because it has found to be
defective:
The pharmaceutical company is going to recall one of its drugs because of possibly
dangerous side effects.
If a player is recalled to a team, s/he is included in the team again after being left out:
Many people in Ireland still hope that Roy Keane might berecalled to the Irish squad in time
for the World Cup.
Recollect
If you recollect something, you remember it and usually talk about it. There is little
difference between recollect and recall in this context. We could also use remember here as
the most common of the three verbs, although remember would not imply that the
experience was talked about.
She recollected / recalled that she had been living in Paris when Picasso and Matisse were
both working there.
Exercice
Fill in the blank with REMIND, REMEMBER, RECOLLECT or RECALL as appropriate.
1. I can't ___________________________ how the street looked before this skyscraper was built.
2. Can you _______________________ me to feed the birds?
3. Some people _____________________________ (negative) so many things from their childhood.
4. These paintings ____________________________ me of my old house.
5. I'm terribly embarrassed but I'm afraid I don't ___________________________ your name.
6. The president would like _______________________ to the facts to all those present.
7. Don't you ________________________________ falling down that hole?
8. No, but you just _____________________________ me of it.
9. I would like to ________________________ you of our agreement.
10. I would like to ___________________________ our agreement.
47 / 60
RESTER
rester⇒ vi
rester vi
rester vi
rester vi
rester vi
rester vi
rester vi
rester vi
rester vi
Principal Translations/Principales traductions
(subsister)
be remaining vi + adj
be left vi + adj
Il reste le seul élève du collège en compétition.
He is the only remaining pupil from the school in the competition.
(ne pas changer de place)
remain, stay vi
be left v aux + v pp
La casserole est restée sur le feu.
The saucepan was left on the heat.
(se maintenir)
remain, stay vi
Je suis restée debout pendant toute la cérémonie.
I remained standing throughout the ceremony.
(s'attarder à faire qch)
stay vi
formal
remain (behind) vi
Je reste étudier avec toi cet après-midi.
I'll stay and study with you this afternoon.
(continuer de ressentir un effet)
remain, stay vi
continue vi
still have, still feel adv + vtr
Je reste sur un mauvais pressentiment.
* Her cruel words stayed with me.
* He continued to experience negative emotions long after the accident.
I still have a bad feeling.
(continuer à séjourner)
stay vi
go on living in v expr
Je reste en France pour être auprès de mon ami.
I'm staying in France to be near my boyfriend.
Additional Translations/Traductions supplémentaires
(ne pas tomber dans l'oubli)
stay, remain vi
Cette magnifique actrice restera dans nos mémoires.
This amazing actress will remain in our memories.
(être encore à faire)
remain vi
be still vtr + adv
Dans ce domaine, tout reste encore à faire.
In this field, everything is still to do.
familier (habiter)
live vi
temporary
stay vi
Il reste dans le même village que moi.
He lives in the same village as me.
48 / 60
rester vi
rester vtr
(ne pas disparaître en parlant d'une
remain, stay vi
marque)
not go adv + vi
Je lave le pull mais la tâche reste.
I wash the jumper, but the stain won't go.
(maths : subsister)
remainder n
remaining, left over adj
10 divisé par 3 égal 3 et il reste 1.
Ten divided by three gives 3 with remainder 1.
Ten divided by three gives 3 with 1 left over.
Compound Forms/Formes composées
familier (coll stand there flabbergasted, stand there
en rester baba vi
oquial)
dumbfounded, stand there astounded
en rester comme deux familier (coll stand there flabbergasted, stand there
ronds de flan vi
oquial)
en rester là vi
(colloquial)
call it quits, leave it
en rester le cul par
stand there flabbergasted, stand there
(colloquial)
terre⇒ vi
pour rester poli
to put it mildly, to put it politely expr
Ce film est ennuyeux, pour rester poli.
The film is dull, to put it mildly.
rester à disposition vi
(formal)
remain at [someone's] disposal vi
rester à distance vi
stay away, keep your distance vi
rester à l'écart v
keep your distance
rester à l'écoute vi
stay in tune (with) v
rester à sa place vi
stay in your place vi
Je n'aime pas du tout les commentaires de cette fille : je
préférerais qu'elle reste à sa place !
rester amis vi
stay friends vi
rester assis v
remain seated
rester assis à ne rien
sit around doing nothing
faire v
rester au lit vi
stay in bed vi
rester bouche bée vi
stand there gaping vi
rester calme v
keep calm
rester calme v
keep cool
rester calme v
keep quiet
rester chez soi vi
stay at home vi
rester couché v
lie in
rester dans la course vi
stay in the race vi
rester dans les annalesvi
go down in history vi
rester dans les cartonsvi
never see the light of day vi
49 / 60
rester dans les clous vi
rester dans son coin vi
rester de glace
rester de marbre
rester digne vi
rester dîner⇒ vi
rester égal à soi-mêmevi
rester en arrière v
keep within the framework vi
keep to yourself vi
remain unmoved v
remain impassive v
remain dignified, retain your dignity vi
stay for dinner vi
remain true to form vi
(rester
en
hang back
arrière)
(se retenir)
hold back
(se retenir)
holding back
(be)
be stranded vi
stay in touch vi
hold the line, stay on the line vi
stay in one place vi
familier
be left stranded, be stuck vi
stay in the background vi
remain unanswered/unresolved vi
rester en carafe vi
rester en contact vi
rester en ligne vi
rester en place vi
rester en rade vi
rester en retrait vi
rester en suspens vi
rester en travers de la
figuré
stick in your throat vi
gorge vi
Ses propos méprisants me sont restés en travers de la gorge.
rester en vie v
stay alive
rester enfermé dans sa
stay shut up in your bedroom vi
chambre⇒ vi
rester fidèle à soistay true to yourself vi
même vi
rester gravé dans les
remain
etched/engraved
in
people's
mémoires vi
memories vi
rester gravé dans sa
remain etched/engraved in your memory vi
mémoire⇒ vi
rester incognito vi
remain incognito vi
(rester
rester là à ne rien fairev
stand idly by
debout)
rester les bras croisés
cross your arms and wait v
stand idly by v
rester lettre morte vi
go unheeded, be/remain a dead letter vi
rester maître de la
be the final decision-maker, have the final
décision vi
say vi
rester maître de soi vi
remain in control of yourself vi
rester manger⇒ vi
stay for something to eat vi
rester planté comme un
familier
stand rooted to the spot vi
piquet vi
50 / 60
rester poli vi
rester prostré vi
rester prudent vi
rester sans réponse vi
rester sans suite vi
rester sans voix vi
rester simple vi
rester soi-même vi
rester sur la touche vi
rester sur le carreau vi
rester sur le qui-vive vi
rester sur sa faim
rester sur ses gardes v
rester
sur
ses
positionsvi
rester sur un échec vi
rester sur une bonne
impression vi
rester tranquille vi
rester vivant vi
y rester
Mais allez, ne reste pas planté là comme un piquet, viens
m'aider !
not be rude, stay courteous, mind your
manners
Monsieur, vous êtes une personne méprisable et malhonnête ! Et
encore, je reste poli.
remain motionless, remain fixed to the spot vi
remain cautious vi
remain unanswered vi
not be pursued, not be followed up vi
be discontinued v
be speechless vi
keep [sth] simple vi
remain yourself vi
stay on the sidelines vi
fall by the wayside vi
be on the alert, be on the lookout vi
figuré
leave a bit disappointed, dissatisfied v
figurative
leave a bit hungry for more v
keep alert
keep posted
keep still
(figurative)
stand your ground, stick to your guns vi
dwell on a failure vi
be left with a good impression vi
keep quiet, keep still vi
stay alive vi
(slang)
kick the bucket, buy it, check out v
When the plane crashed we almost bought it.
http://www.wordreference.com/fren/rester
51 / 60
Exercice
Translate selecting the appropriate form of RESTER in English.
1)
Catherine restera chez sa grand-mère cet été.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2)
Restons vigilants lors de la traversée.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3)
Je suis restée fidèle à moi-même en n’assistant pas au pot de départ de Jérôme.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4)
Tommy & Jason restèrent seuls sur le banc à attendre un taxi.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5)
Mon grand-père restera à jamais dans ma mémoire.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6)
Pour rester poli, je lui ai demandé de partir immédiatement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7)
Les anglais sont réputés pour rester calmes en toute situation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8)
Nos cousins sont finalement restés manger hier soir.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9)
Après l’entretien de Nicole, le comité est resté sur une bonne impression.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10) Il ne restait que trois olives sur le buffet quand Philippe est arrivé.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
52 / 60
IRREGULAR VERBS
Base verbale
(to...)
Participe passé (I
have...)
Prétérit
Traduction
arise
arose
arisen
survenir
awake
awoke
awoken
se réveiller
be
was, were
been
être
bear
bore
borne/born
porter / supporter/ naître
beat
beat
beaten
battre
become
became
become
devenir
begin
began
begun
commencer
bend
bent
bent
plier / se courber
beseech
besought
beseeched
/
besought
beseeched
/
supplier / demander
bet
bet
bet
bid
bade / bid
bidden / bid
bind
bound
bound
engager, lier
bite
bit
bitten
mordre
bleed
bled
bled
saigner.
blow
blew
blown
souffler, gonfler
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
diffuser, émettre
break
broke
broken
casser
bring
brought
brought
apporter
build
built
built
construire
burn
burnt / burned
burnt / burned
brûler
burst
burst
burst
éclater
buy
bought
bought
acheter
can
could
could
pouvoir
cast
cast
cast
jeter / distribuer (rôles)
catch
caught
caught
attraper
choose
chose
chosen
choisir
cling
clung
clung
s'accrocher
come
came
come
venir
cost
cost
cost
coûter
creep
crept
crept
ramper
crow
crew / crowed
crowed
chanter (coq)
parier
offrir / faire une enchère /
demander
53 / 60
cut
cut
cut
couper
deal
dealt
dealt
distribuer
dig
dug
dug
creuser
do
did
done
faire
draw
drew
drawn
dessiner / tirer
dreamed / dreamt
rêver
dream
dreamed
dreamt
/
drink
drank
drunk
boire
drive
drove
driven
conduire
dwell
dwelt
dwelled / dwelt
habiter
eat
ate
eaten
manger
fall
fell
fallen
tomber
feed
fed
fed
nourrir
feel
felt
felt
se sentir / ressentir
fight
fought
fought
se battre
find
found
found
trouver
flee
fled
fled
s'enfuir
fling
flung
flung
lancer
fly
flew
flown
voler (avion ..)
forbid
forbade
forbidden
interdire
forget
forgot
forgot / forgotten
oublier
forgive
forgave
forgiven
pardonner
forsake
forsook
forsaken
abandonner
freeze
froze
frozen
geler
get
got
got / gotten
obtenir
give
gave
given
donner
go
went
gone
aller
grind
ground
ground
moudre / opprimer
grow
grew
grown
pousser / grandir
hang
hung
hung
tenir / pendre
have
had
had
avoir
hear
heard
heard
entendre
hide
hid
hidden
cacher
hit
hit
hit
taper / appuyer
hold
held
held
tenir
hurt
hurt
hurt
blesser
54 / 60
keep
kept
kneel
kneeled
knelt
/
knit
knit
knitted
/
kept
garder
kneeled / knelt
s'agenouiller
knit / knitted
tricoter
know
knew
known
connaître / savoir
lay
laid
laid
poser (à plat-étendre)
lead
led
led
mener/guider
lean
leant
leaned
/
leant / leaned
s'incliner / se pencher
leap
leapt
leaped
/
leapt / leaped
sauter / bondir
learn
learnt
learnt
apprendre
leave
left
left
Laisser / partir / quitter
lend
lent
lent
prêter
let
let
let
permettre, louer
lie
lay
lain
s'allonger
light
lit
lit
allumer
lose
lost
lost
perdre
make
made
made
fabriquer
mean
meant
meant
signifier
meet
met
met
rencontrer
melt
melted
melted
fondre
pay
paid
paid
payer
pleaded / pled
supplier / plaider
plead
pleaded
pled
/
prove
proved
proved / proven
prouver
put
put
put
mettre
quit
quit
quit
quitter
read
read
read
lire
rid
rid
rid
débarrasser
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
sonner / téléphoner
rise
rose
risen
lever
run
ran
run
courir
faire du cheval, voyager à
bicyclette
55 / 60
saw
sawed / saw
sawed / sawn
scier
say
said
said
dire
see
saw
seen
voir
seek
sought
sought
chercher
sell
sold
sold
vendre
send
sent
sent
envoyer
set
set
set
fixer
sew
sewed
sewn
coudre
shake
shook
shaken
secouer
shed
shed
shed
répandre
shine
shone
shone
briller
shoe
shod
shod
chausser
shoot
shot
shot
tirer / fusilier
show
showed
shown
montrer
shut
shut
shut
fermer
sing
sang
sung
chanter
sink
sank / sunk
sunk / sunken
couler
sit
sat
sat
s'asseoir
sleep
slept
slept
dormir
slide
slid
slid
glisser
slit
slit
slit
fendre
smell
smelt
smelt
sentir
sow
sowed
sowed/ sown
semer
speak
spoke
spoken
parler
speed
sped
sped
aller vite
spell
spelt
spelt
épeler
spend
spent
spent
dépenser
temps
spill
spilled / spilt
spilled / spilt
renverser
spin
spun
spun
tourner / faire tourner
spit
spat / spit
spat / spit
crâcher
split
split
split
fendre
spoil
spoiled / spoilt
spoiled / spoilt
gâcher / gâter
spread
spread
spread
répandre
spring
sprang
sprung
surgir / jaillir / bondir
/
passer
du
56 / 60
stand
stood
stood
être debout
steal
stole
stolen
voler / dérober
stick
stuck
stuck
coller
stink
stank
stunk
puer
strike
struck
stricken / struck
frapper
string
strung
strung
ficeler / enfiler des perles
swear
swore
sworn
jurer
sweat
sweat / sweated
sweat / sweated
suer
sweep
swept
swept
balayer
swell
swelled
swelled / swollen
gonfler / enfler
swim
swam
swum
nager
take
took
taken
prendre
teach
taught
taught
enseigner
tell
told
told
dire / raconter
think
thought
thought
penser
throw
threw
thrown
jeter
undergo
underwent
undergone
subir
understand
understood
understood
comprendre
undertake
undertook
undertaken
se
charger
entreprendre
wake
waked / woke
waked / woken
veiller ; être éveillé
wear
wore
worn
porter (avoir sur soi)
weep
wept
wept
pleurer
wet
wet / wetted
wet / wetted
mouiller
win
won
won
gagner
wind
wound
wound
enrouler/remonter
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
se retirer
withstand
withstood
withstood
résister à
write
wrote
written
écrire
de
/
57 / 60
PHONETICS
58 / 60
RESSOURCES
(liste non exhaustive  )
L'institut Média-Langues
https://bu.univ-lorraine.fr/saulcy/sinformer/institut-media-langues
Ouverture du lundi au vendredi de 10h à 17h
03.87.54.75.06
Bibliothèque du Saulcy (mezzanine gauche)
Le service de relations internationales de l'Université de Lorraine
http://www.univ-lorraine.fr/content/partir-etudier-letranger
http://www.univ-lorraine.fr/content/direction-des-relations-internationales-et-européennes
Maison Alfred Grosser - Ile du Saulcy
Tél 00 33 3 87 54 77 77
En français
Anglais 3ème, Bordas, les basiques. (3,80€)
English Academy, les 50 fautes d'usage les plus fréquentes en anglais, Ellipses, Bloc Notes, F.
Gusdorf
En anglais
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-and-vocabulary
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/
English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, R. Murphy
http://www.myenglishpages.com/
http://www.usingenglish.com/
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/
http://www.eslcafe.com/students/
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/grammar-exercises.html
Divers
http://clichesite.com/search.asp
permet de trouver le sens de beaucoup d’expressions idiomatiques anglaises et américaines
http://www.ted.com/talks/browse
http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/human-history-in-essence-is-the-history-of-ideas--66634.kjsp?
RH=CDL_ANG030200&RF=CDL_ANG100000
https://www.couchsurfing.org/
http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/index_en.htm (Erasmus)
59 / 60
Dictionaries
http://www.etymonline.com/
dictionnaire étymologique de la langue anglaise
http://dictionary.reference.com/
permet la consultation de multiples dictionnaires (étymologie, prononciation… )
http://www.wordreference.com/
http://dictionnaire.reverso.net/
News
http://www.theguardian.com/
http://www.nytimes.com/
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com
60 / 60

brochure grammaire – anglais – masters

Transcription

Documents pareils

Course Code FREN 33032 Course Title Applied Linguistics

fall 2016 - University of Waterloo

winter 2017 - University of Waterloo

French Intensive Level 1 Part 2

Alliance Française of New Haven - Alliance Française de New Haven

Alliance Française of New Haven - Alliance Française de New Haven

FRENO1201 Intermed French I

Grammar notes English translation Not done in class (to be done later)

4 heures section inter

present tense verbs + infinitives