conflicts and the peace process in the middle east

Faculté des sciences sociales | Faculty of Social Sciences
École supérieure d’affaires | Graduate School of Public
publiques et internationales
and International Affairs
CONFLICTS AND THE PEACE PROCESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
ECH4350
BRAHIM SAIDY
Winter 2012
Class hours: Wednesday, 16h00-19h00,
Classroom: CBY – E016
Professor’s office hours: Wednesday, 14h-15h50, or by appointment.
Office: DMS 11109
Phone number: 613-562-5800 #4561
Email: [email protected]
OFFICIAL COURSE DESCRIPTION
History of conflicts in the modern Middle East, from the late nineteenth century up to
the present day. Examination of the causes and consequences of each of the major
wars and place them in their local, regional and international contexts; Study of the
ideologies that have shaped these conflicts: such Zionism and the nationalisms.
COURSE CONTENT
The aim of the course is to provide an analytical understanding of the regional and
international dynamics of conflicts and peace process in the Middle East. It is intended
to explore with a number of academic disciplines (interdisciplinary approach) a
nuanced understanding of the main historical, legal, religious, economic, and political
dimensions of some long-term and contemporary conflicts in this region. Particular
attention will be devoted to the Arab-Israel conflict, Gulf wars, Western Sahara
conflict, Libyan civil war and the current situation in Syria. Furthermore, this course
will be organized to study the ideologies that have shaped these conflicts: Zionism,
Arab nationalism and Islamism. Topics covered in the course also include the role
played by geography and access to natural resources, particularly the fight for oil and
water. Finally, this course seeks to examine the political effects of popular uprising
that began in Tunisia in December 2010 and have spread across the Arab world.
TEACHING METHODS
The course will consist of lecture format, followed by a class discussion. It will supply
students with the pertinent theoretical concepts necessary to make critical and
analytical arguments about the Middle East. The theoretical concepts are those drawn
from theories of international relations. This course involves a substantial reading
load. Students are urged to keep on top of this, and to read all relevant articles before
each lecture for maximum benefit. Active class participation is crucial. Students are
encouraged to raise important issues in class, because the main aim of this course is to
create an open environment in which students can further and challenge our
knowledge through discussion. Students will also be expected to become familiar with
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the periodical literature on the Middle East and to follow the news from the region.
The Internet sources on the Middle East should also be utilized as much as possible.
Some starting sites are listed below. We will sometimes delve into current events and
their significance.
Textbook: Students must purchase a course pack for the course, composed of a
selection of chapters from various texts. It will be available at docUcentre (Tel: 613562-5800 ext 3711). Others readings can be found either online or on the electronic
database (http://www.biblio.uottawa.ca/).
EVALUATION
Participation: 10%
Review: 10%
Take home: 20%
Research paper: 30%
Final exam: 30%
Participation: The interventions of each student will be accounted for the
participation grade. For this reason, the attendance is mandatory. Please do not
simply skip class.
Review: Students are required to write an article review (1000 words) of the
compulsory readings. The paper will be due on Wednesday, 1st February 2012.
Take home: It will be in multiple-choice format, and will test all material covered in
compulsory reading and in class up to the day of study break (Feb. 19 to 25). It will
include key terms and short essays. The exam will distribute in class on Wednesday,
15th February, and will be due at the beginning of class after the study break.
Research paper: Students are required to write a research paper (3000 words, due in
class on April 4) on a topic of their choice. The topic must demonstrate a sophisticated
understanding of political conflicts in the Middle East. More details about this
assignment will be provided during the first course.
The final exam (university-scheduled): The final exam will consist of longer essays,
and will cover all course material, emphasizing the major themes developed in the
course.
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CLASS SCHEDULE
Week 1. Introduction to the Middle East and overview of the course
Scope of the course. Procedure and orientation. Regional maps. What is the Middle
East? What are the important features of Middle East politics (geographically, socially,
economically, politically, culturally)? What are the most significant challenges to
studying conflicts and the peace process in the Middle East?
Compulsory:
- Don Peretz, The Middle East Today, New York: Praeger Publishers, Fourth
Edition, 1988. Chapter 1: What Is the Middle East?, pp. 1-22.
- Tareq Y. Ismael and Jacqueline S. Ismael, Government and Politics of the
Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change, London: Routledge, 2011.
Introduction, pp. 1-11.
- Jonathan Fox, “Are Middle East Conflicts More Religious?”, Middle East
Quarterly, Fall 2001, pp. 31-40, http://www.meforum.org/135/are-middleeast-conflicts-more-religious
Recommended
- Deborah J. Gerner, Chapter 1, “Introduction,” in Deborah J. Gerner and Jillian
Schwedler, eds., Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, Boulder: Lynne
Rienner, 2004.
- Ian R. Manners and Barbara McKean Parmenter, Chapter 2, “The Middle East: A
Geographic Preface,” in Deborah J. Gerner and Jillian Schwedler, eds.,
Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004.
- Richard N. Haass, “The New Middle East”, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec., 2006,
Vol. 85 (6).
- Zachary Lockman, Contending visions of the Middle East: the history and
politics of Orientalism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- James L. Gelvin, The modern Middle East: A history, New York: Oxford
University Press, Introduction, 2005.
Week 2. The modern Middle East: State formation and the changing
borders
Origins of Islam in Arabia and the Prophet Muhammad. Arab Conquests, Caliphate, and
the Formation of Empire. The changing borders in the region, beginning with the
Ottoman Empire through the World Wars and then the 1948 creation of the state of
Israel. Understand how the political borders of the Middle East have evolved through
de time.
Compulsory:
Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World
War, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005.
- Chapter 1: From Islam to the Great War, pp. 9-34.
- Chapter 2: From Territories to Independent States, pp. 35-66.
Recommended
3
-
Jillian Schwedler, “Religion and Politics in the Middle East,” in Schwedler and
Gerner, (eds.), Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, op.cit.
Don Peretz, The Middle East Today, op.cit., Chapter 2: Islam: Past and
present, pp. 23-49.
Tareq Y. Ismael and Jacqueline S. Ismael, Government and Politics of the
Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change, op.cit., Chapter 2: The
burden of history: From empire to nation states, pp. 17-42.
Week 3. The effects of colonialism: Arab nationalism
What does nationalism mean? Political manifestation of Arab nationalism. The
emergence and main features of Arab nationalism: Palestinian nationalism; Egyptian
nationalism under Nasser; Ba’athim, and Maghrebi nationalism, especially as
manifested in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and, to a lesser extent, Libya. Have the
secular ideologies really failed in the Middle East?
Compulsory:
- Adeed Dawisha, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to
Despair, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003. Chapter 1: Defining
Arab nationalism, pp. 1-13.
- Don Peretz, The Middle East Today, op.cit., Chapter 6: Arab nationalism, pp.
135-159.
- Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First
World War, op.cit, 83-106.
Recommended:
- Michael C. Hudson, Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy, New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1977.
- Paul Salem, Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World, Syracuse,
N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994.
- Samir Amin, The Arab nation : nationalism and class struggles, London :Zed,
2001.
Week 4. History of the Arab-Israeli conflict: From the rise of zionism to
the formation of Israel
What Is the Arab-Israeli Conflict? Who are the actors? How to study the conflict? The
Zionist movement and concept. Zionist settlement in Palestine. The British mandate in
Palestine and the reaction of the Palestinian. The Arab revolt of 1936-39 and the Peel
Commission. The UN Partition resolution 181.
Compulsory:
Don Peretz, The Middle East Today, op.cit.:
- Chapter 10: Zionism, pp. 273-297;
- Chapter 11: The state of Israel, pp. 299-236.
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Week 5. The Arab-Israeli conflict: From war to war
The implications of the 1948 War (the Palestinian refugees, the Arab states, and the
early years of Israel). The road to the Sinai War of 1956 and its implications. The
formation of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) and the rise of Palestinian
resistance. The origins and implications of the Six Day War of 1967. The origins and
implications of the October War of 1973. The South Lebanon conflict (1982-2000). The
First Intifada (1987-1993). The Second Intifada in 2000. The Israel-Lebanon/Hezbollah
war in 2006. Gaza war between Hamas and Isreal (2008-2009). The next war?
Compulsory:
- Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First
World War, op.cit, Chapter 4: The Arab-Israeli Wars, pp. 107-137.
- Gawdat Bahgat, “The Gaza War and the Changing Strategic Landscape in the
Middle East An Assessment”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Volume 20, Number 3,
Summer 2009, pp. 63-76.
- Dov Waxman, “Between Victory and Defeat: Israel after the War with
Hizballah”, The Washington Quarterly, Volume 30, Number 1, Winter 2006-07,
pp. 27-43.
- Brahim Saidy, « La doctrine de supériorité militaire israélienne : un
changement dans la continuité », Sécurité mondiale, Programme paix et
sécurité internationales, Université Laval, n°46, septembre/octobre 2010.
http://www.psi.ulaval.ca/fileadmin/psi/documents/Documents/Securite_mondial
e/Securitemondiale46.pdf
Week 6. The Arab-Israeli peace process and the future of the Palestine
state
Concepts of peaceful settlement and conflict resolution. The Madrid Process. The Oslo
Accords and Israeli-Arab negotiations. The collapse of the Oslo Process. Why did Yasser
Arafat refuse the peace offer made at Camp David in 2000. The Saudi Peace Initiative
2002. The Geneva Accord 2003. The conduct of negotiations intended to achieve
peaceful settlement. Substantive issues: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, borders
and water problem. What does the Arab Spring hold for Israel and the Palestinians?
Establishment of Palestine state: obstacle and opportunity.
Compulsory:
- James Ron, « Palestine, the UN and the One-State Solution”, Middle East
Policy, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, Winter 2011, pp. 59-67.
- Shibley Telhami, Scott Lasensky, Hussein Ibish and Graeme Bannerman, “Arab
and Israeli Peace Initiatives: A Last Chance for Negotiations?”, Middle East
Policy, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, Winter 2011, pp. 1–24.
- Berthelot Pierre , « Israël face aux révoltes arabes : raidissement ou ouvertures
? » , Confluences Méditerranée, 2011/2 N° 77, p. 139-151
- Abdel-Moneim Said, “Israel's Arab Spring dilemma”, Al-Ahram, May 2011,
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1047/op5.htm
- Jean-François Legrain, « Palestine : un État ? Quel État ? », Note de l’IFRI,
janvier 2010, 52 p. www.ifri.org/downloads/notemomjflegrain.pdf
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Week 7. Islamist movements: From the Muslim Brothers to Al-Qa'ida
Religion and Politics. What is Islamic fundamentalism? Why is the term controversial?
What are the causes of the rise of political Islam? The ideologies and the behavior of
these movements. Jihadism: The Case of al-Qaida. Shiite Islamism: From Khomeini to
Hizbullah. The Arab spring: voting Islamism. Political Islam and its supposed dangers.
Compulsory:
- Ehrenfeld, Rachel, “The Muslim Brotherhood Evolution: An Overview”,
American Foreign Policy Interests, 33: 2, 2011, p. 69 — 85
- Anthony N. Celso, “Al Qaeda in the Maghreb: The “Newest” Front in the War on
Terror”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Volume 19, Number 1, Winter 2008, pp. 8096.
- Hamid Shadi “The rise of the Islamists: how Islamists will change politics, and
vice versa”, Foreign Affairs, May 2011, http://www.ihavenet.com/WorldMiddle-East-The-Rise-of-the-Islamists-Foreign-Affairs.html
- Byman Daniel, “Terrorism after the revolutions: how secular uprisings could
help (or hurt) jihadists”, Foreign Affairs, May 2011,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/53574611/Terrorism-After-the-Revolutions
Recommended:
- Antoine Basbous, L’islamisme, une révolution avortée ? Paris : Hachette, 2000,
273 p.
- Gilles Kepel, Jihad, expansion et déclin de l’islamisme, Paris : Gallimard, 2000,
452 p.
- Olivier Roy, L’échec de l’islam politique, Paris : Seuil, 1992.
- Khadija Mohsen-Finan et Malika Zeghal, « Opposition islamiste et pouvoir
monarchique au Maroc. Le cas du Parti de la Justice et du Développement au
Maroc », Revue française de science politique, vol. 56, n.1, 2006, p.79-119
- Malika Zeghal, Les islamistes marocains : le défi à la monarchie, Paris: La
Découverte, Collection Cahiers libres, 2005, 332 p.
- Noha Antar « Le succès des Frères Musulmans lors des élections législatives de
2005 en Égypte: raisons et implications » EuroMesco, n. 51, octobre 2006.
Week 8. The Gulf Wars and its aftermath
The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). The Second Gulf War (1990-1991). The Iraq War (2003):
invasion of Iraq by the United States and United Kingdom.
Compulsory:
- Mehran Kamrava, The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First
World War, op.cit, Chapter 6: The Gulf Wars and beyond, pp. 169-212.
- Basheer Nafi, “Iraq: Challenges following Official U.S. Military Withdrawal”,
Report, Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 30 November 2011, 7p.
- Bernard Reich, “Operation Iraqi Freedom and the New Middle East”,
Mediterranean Quarterly, Volume 14, Number 4, Fall 2003, pp. 116-138.
Recommended:
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-
Ahmed Hashim, “Military power and state formation in the modern Iraq”,
Middle East Policy, Vol. X, N.4, Winter 2003, 29-47.
Richard Haass, War of Necessity, War of Choice: A Memoir of Two Iraqi Wars,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009. 336p.
Andrew Arato, Constitution Making Under Occupation: The Politics of Imposed
Revolution in Iraq, New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. 376p.
Brendan O’Leary, How to Get Out of Iraq With Integrity, Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press. 2009, 263p.
Don Eberly, Liberate and Leave: Fatal Flaws in the Early Strategy for Postwar
Iraq, Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2009. 310p.
Week 9. The Western Sahara conflict: Territorial autonomy and the
concept of self-determination
A Brief History of the Conflict. International Treaties and Colonial Records.
Decolonization and the War of National Liberation. Morocco’s claims to the Western
Sahara and the 1975 rulings of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). the role of the
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) in promoting
conflict resolution. The question of self-determination. The emergence of territorial
autonomy as an alternative solution. The Moroccan Initiative for negotiating an
autonomy status for the Sahara region.
Compulsory:
- Abdeslam Maghraoui, « Ambiguities of Sovereignty: Morocco, The Hague
and the Western Sahara Dispute », Mediterranean Politics, 8: 1, 2003,
p. 113 — 126.
- Brahim Saidy, «American Interests in the Western Sahara Conflict»,
American Foreign Policy Interests, volume 33, number 2, 2011, p 86-92.
- Abdelkader El Kadiri « L’Avis consultatif de la Cour Internationale de
Justice dans l’affaire du Sahara occidental. Réflexions revisitées sur les
liens d’allégeance et de souveraineté », in Centre d’études
internationales (sous dir.), différend du Sahara devant l’Organisation
des Nations unies, Paris : Édition Kharthala, 2011.
- The Moroccan Initiative for negotiating an autonomy status for the
Sahara
region:
http://moroccanamericanpolicy.com/MoroccanCompromiseSolution0411
07.pdf
Recommended:
- John Damis: ‘King Hassan and the Western Sahara’ in The Maghreb
Review (Volume 25, 1-2, 2000)
- John Damis, ‘The Impact of the Saharan Dispute on Moroccan Foreign
and Domestic Policy’ in I. William Zartman (Editor), The Political
Economy of Morocco (Praeger, New York, 1987)
- John Damis: ‘The Western Sahara Dispute as a Source of Regional
Conflict in North Africa’ in Halim Barakat (Editor): Contemporary North
Africa: Issues of Development and Integration (Croom Helm, Kent,
1985)
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-
-
Jacob Mundy, ‘Neutrality or Complicity? The United States and the 1975
Moroccan Takeover of the Spanish Sahara’ The Journal of North African
Studies (Volume 11, Number 3, September 2006)
Andreu Solà-Martin, ‘Profile: The Western Sahara Cul-de-Sac’
Mediterranean Politics (Volume 12, Number 3, November 2007)
Khadija Mohsen Finan, Le Sahara occidental: le maintien du statu-quo,
CERI,
2004,
11p.
http://www.cerisciencespo.com/archive/mai04/artkm.pdf
Week 10. The Libyan Civil War: Challenges of the post-conflict
reconstruction (after Kadhafi)
Background. Uprising and civil war. The United Nations Security Council Resolution
1973 to create a Libyan no-fly zone. The responsibility to protect. Nato’s intevention
in Libya. New challenges after Kadhafi: Democracy-building; the militia factor;
reconciliation process; islamic extremism; economic reconstruction and the tribal
problem.
Compulsory:
- Brahim Saidy, Le dilemme sécuritaire de l’OTAN, Diplomatie, n°48, janvierfévrier, 2011, pp. 54-57.
- Brahim Saidy, «Le rôle de l’OTAN en Méditerranée et au Moyen-Orient», Revue
internationale et stratégique, n°73, printemps 2009, pp. 42-55. (en ligne,
www.cairn.info)
- Nato Defense College, Nato in Libya : the Alliance between emergency help
and nation building, Research Division Report, 29 march 2011, 4p.
http://www.ndc.nato.int/research/series.php?icode=3
- Bruce D. Jones, Libya and the Responsibilities of Power, Survival, 53:3, 2011,
p. 51-60.
- Saskia van Genugten, “Libya after Gadhafi”, Survival, 53:3, 2011, p. 61-74.
Week 11. Conflicts over water in the Middle East
Water-Related Conflict and the Expansion of Traditional Security. Why sovereignty
over an adequate and reliable supply of water is critical to the viability of all countries
in the Middle East? The question of the river basins: Jordan, Nile and Euphrates-Tigris.
Israeli strategy and its implications for peace. Water and the Peace Process. A
summary of principles for cooperative regional water management.
Compulsory:
- Harald D. Fredericksen, “Water: Israeli strategy, implications for peace and the
viability of Palestine”, Middle East Policy; Winter 2009; vol.10, N.4, winter
2003, pp. 69-86.
- Frédéric Lasserre et Annabelle Boutet, «Le droit international réglera-t-il les
litiges du partage de l’eau? Le basin du Nil et quelques autres cas», Études
internationales, volume xxxiii, n.3, septembre 2002, pp. 497-514.
- Pierre Blan, «Palestine : sortir de la fatalité hydraulique», Futuribles, n. 341,
mars 2008, pp. 62-74.
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Recommended :
- Frédéric Lasserre et Luc Descroix (dir.), Eaux et territoires : tensions,
coopérations et géopolitique de l'eau, Sainte-Foy : Presses de l'Université du
Québec, 2002, 271 p.
- Marwa Daoudy, Le partage des eaux entre la Syrie, l’Irak et la Turquie.
Négociation, sécurité et asymétrie des pouvoirs, Paris : CNRS éditions, 2005,
269 p.
- Yves Jeanclos, « La sécurité hydrique à l’orée du 21e siècle », Annuaire
français de relations internationales, Vol. 2, 2001, pp. 970-985.
- Pierre Blanc, « Les violences hydrauliques au Proche-Orient », Futuribles, n°
339, mars 2008, pp. 5-18.
Week 12. Oil, conflicts, and stability in the Middle East
Oil security and dependency on Middle East oil supplies. Oil export restrictions: The oil
weapon (Arab Israeli war in 1973). Sanctions against Iraq: The other oil weapon.
Closure of oil transit choke points. Oil and economic development in the Middle East:
What is a rentier state? What is the relationship between state-owned oil wealth and
democratic development? More oil, less democracy? The link between oil rents and
political institutions and civil liberties.
Compulsory :
- Brahim Saidy, «Les problèmes politiques du Proche-Orient et le prix de baril du
pétrole»,
Actuelles
de
l’IFRI,
avril
2010,
12p.
http://www.ifri.org/?page=contribution-detail&id=5990&lang=uk
- Dag Harald Claes, “The United States and Iraq: Making sense of the oil factor”,
Middle East Policy, Vol. 12, No. 4, Winter 2005, pp. 48-57.
- Rolf Schwarz, “Does war make states? Rentierismand the formation of states in
the Middle East”, European Political Science Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, September
2011, pp. 1-25.
- Michael L. Ross, "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Politics, Vol. 53, No. 3,
Apr. 2001, pp. 325-361.
Recommended:
- Abdelkader Sid Ahmed, « Le paradigme rentier en question : l’expérience des
pays arabes producteurs de brut. analyse et éléments de stratégie », Revue
Tiers Monde, n.163, juillet-septembre 2000, p. 501-521.
- Luis Martinez, Algérie : les illusions de la richesse pétrolière,
http://www.diploweb.com/Algerie-les-illusions-de-la.html
- Albert Legault, Pétrole, gaz et les autres énergies : le petit traité, Paris :
TECHNIP, 2007, 336p.
- Antoine Ayoub, Pétrole: marchés et stratégies, Paris : Économica, 1987, 322p.
- Pierre Noël, « La doctrine Bush et la sécurité pétrolière », Politique étrangère,
n.2, 2006, p. 243-268.
- L’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) : http://www.iea.org
- L’Organisation des pays producteurs de pétrole (OPEP) : http://www.opec.org
- Arab petroleum research center (APRC) : http://www.arab-oil-gas.com
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Week 13. Weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East
Military spending and arms transfers in the Middle East. Israel and Nuclear
Proliferation. Arab pursuit of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Attempts at arms
control in the Middle East. WMD scenarios in the future Middle East. The Iranian
Nuclear Program. Why Does Iran Want Nuclear Power? The military option.
Compulsory:
- Brahim Saidy, «Le nucléaire civil dans les stratégies de sécurité énergétique au
Maghreb et au Proche-Orient», Études Raoul Dandurand, n°16, Chaire RaoulDandurand en études stratégiques et diplomatiques, avril 2009, 31p.
http://www.dandurand.uqam.ca/publications/etudes-raoul-dandurand/369-lenucleaire-civil-dans-les-strategies-de-securite-energetique-au-maghreb-et-auproche-orient.html
- Paul F. Power, “Middle East Nuclear Issues in Global Perspective”, Middle East
Policy, Vol. 4, 1995, pp. 188-209.
- James A. Russell, “Nuclear Strategy and the Modern Middle East”, Middle East
Policy, vol. 11, No. 3, Fall 2004, pp. 98-117.
- Merav Datan, “Nuclear futures for the Middle East: impact on the goal of a
WMD-free zone”, Disarmament Forum, No. 2, 2008; pp. 21-31.
http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2728.pdf
Recommended:
- Anthony H. Cordesman, Arms sales, arms control and regional security in the
Middle East, Disarmament Forum, No. 2, 2001; pp. 41-48.
- Mohamed Kadry Said, Missile proliferation in the Middle East: a regional
perspective, Disarmament Forum, No. 2, 2001, pp. 49-61.
- Trevor Findlay, The Future of Nuclear Energy to 2030 and Its Implications for
Safety, Security and Nonproliferation: Overview, (2010);
http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/Nuclear%20Energy%20Futures%20Ov
erview.pdf
Week 14. Exam period
RESSOURCES
1) Think tank and specialist research centers
 Institut du Monde Arabe : www.imarabe.org
 Centre d'Etudes pour le Monde Arabe Moderne (CEMAM) :
http://www.cemam.usj.edu.lb/sipo/index.htm
 Gulf Research Center: http://www.grc.ae/
 The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI):
http://memri.org/index.html
 Institut Européen de Recherche sur la Coopération Méditerranéenne et
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Euro- Arabe: http://www.medea.be/
 Euromesco: http://www.euromesco.net
 La Fondation Méditerranéenne d'Études Stratégiques (FMES) :
http://www.fmes-france.net
 Institute of Middle East, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies (MECACS)
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/mecacs/projectsandevents.htm
 The Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law:
http://www.soas.ac.uk/Centres/IslamicLaw/Home.html
 The Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies: http://www.ibnkhaldun.org
 The Middle East Institute: http://www.mideasti.org
 The Middle East Forum: http://www.meforum.org
 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies: http://www.tau.ac.il
 Washington Institute for Near East, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org
 Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information, http://www.ipcri.org
 The Foundation for Middle East Peace, http://www.fmep.org
 Instituts et centres de recherche aux universités américaines:
http://mec.sas.upenn.edu/resources/MEClinks.html
2) Specialist journals
 Annuaire de l’Afrique du Nord.
 Cahiers d’Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien:
http://cemoti.revues.org/
 Cahiers de la Méditerranée : http://cdlm.revues.org/index.html
 Confluences Méditerranée: http://www.confluencesmediterranee.com
 Les Cahiers de l’Orient.
 European Journal of Turkish Studies: http://www.ejts.org
 Monde Arabe-Maghreb-Machrek: http://www.ladocfrancaise.gouv.fr/
 Maghreb-Machrek : http://www.choiseul-editions.com
 Mediterranean Quarterly.
 Middle Eastern Studies.
 Middle East Report.
 Middle East Policy.
 Middle East Review.
 Middle East Business and Economic Review.
 La Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée: http://remmm.revues.org/
 The Middle East review of International Affairs (MERIA): http://meria.idc.ac.il
 The Middle East Quartely: http://www.meforum.org/meq
 The Middle East Journal:
http://www.mideasti.org/programs/programs_journal.html
 The Journal of North African Studies.
 The Maghreb Review.
 Middle East Insurance Review
 Middle East Oil & Gas Review
 MERIA Journal
 Review of Middle East economics and finance
 The Middle East business and economic review
 Forum du désarmement
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3) Non Specialist Journals
 Foreign Affairs
 Foreign Policy
 International Affairs
 Survival
 Defense daily international
 International journal on world peace
 The International journal of humanities and peace
 International security
 International security
 Journal of conflict & security law
 The Journal of conflict resolution
 Peace magazine
 Peace review
 Security dialogue
4) News
 Aljazeera: http://english.aljazeera.net/English
 Afkar: http://www.afkaronline.org/index.html
 Arabies: http://www.arabies.com
 Al-Ahram Hebdo : http://hebdo.ahram.org.eg/index.htm
 BBC : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/default.stm
 Courrier International : http://www.courrierinternational.com
 Gulf Daily News : http://www.gulf-daily-news.com
 L’Orient le Jour : http://www.lorient-lejour.com.lb
 Le Reporter : http://www.lereporter.ma
 Le Matin du Sahara : http://www.lematin.ma
 Le Monde Diplomatique : http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/cahier/proche-orient
 Libération : http://www.liberation.fr/israel/index.html
 Middle East Times: http://www.metimes.com
 Tehran Times: http://www.tehrantimes.com
 The Jerusalem Post: http://www.jpost.com
 The Jordan Times : http://www.jordantimes.com/wed/index.htm
 Turkish Daily News : http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr
5) Reports
 Rapports du Programme des Nations Unis sur le Développement (PNUD),
Bureau régional des États arabes: http://www.rbas.undp.org
 L’état du monde, Annuaire économique et géopolitique mondial.
 Annuaire stratégique et militaire, la Fondation pour la
recherche stratégique, http://www.frstrategie.org
 The Military Balance, International institute for strategic studies (IISS), www.iiss.org
 Les Conflits dans le monde, Institut québécois des hautes études internationales,
http://www.iqhei.ulaval.ca
 RAMSES, Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI): www.ifri.org
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