Les relations dans le thésaurus

LES RELATIONS DANS LE THÉSAURUS
Relations
d’équivale
nce
Relations
de
synonymie
s
AFNOR Z47-100 - déc 1981
4.1 – p°7
Les relations d’équivalences ou de
substitution renvoient, des divers
synonymes ou quasi-synonymes
d’un concept en langage naturel,
vers le descripteur unique
correspondant utilisé dans le
langage documentaire.
Ce sont les relations Employer et
Employé pour
ISO 2788, 1986
ANSI/NISO Z 39.19 - 2005
8.2/8.2.1 – p°13
8.2 – p°44
C’est la relation entre descripteurs et When the same concept can be expressed
non-descripteurs, quand il existe
by two or more terms, one of these is
plusieurs termes que l’on peut
selected as a preferred term.
considérer comme représentant la
The relationship between preferred and
même notion, pour les besoins de
non-preferred terms is a equivalence
l’indexation. Cette relation est
relationship, in which each terms is
réciproque : formalisé en EM EP. Elle regarded as referring as the same concept.
s’applique aux synonymes et aux quasi-The equivalent relationship is expressed by
synonymes.
U or USE /UF or USED FOR
4.1.1 – p°8
Ce sont les termes qui ont le même
sens ou presque et qui sont donc
quasiment interchangeable :
Évaluation et estimation ou
Congrès et colloque et symposium.
8.2.2 – p°13
Les synonymes sont des termes dont
on peut considérer la signification
comme identique dans un certain
nombre de contexte, de sorte qu’ils
ont virtuellement interchangeables.
1/Indication d’une orthographe
préférée : clé ou clef ; fantasme ou
phantasme
2/Développement d’une
abréviation : ADN ou Acide
désoxyribonucléique.
3/Rapprochement des différentes
valeurs d’une même variable :
sympathie et antipathie ; fluidité et
viscosité
4/Choix des noms latins ou d’une
racine latine
5/Choix entre le nom scientifique et
le nom commun
6/Choix du terme le moins
polysémique
7/Choix d’une post-coordination
1/Termes d’origine linguistique
différente : polyglotte - multilingue
2/Nom populaire et scientifique :
aspirine - acide acétylsalicylique
3/Nom commun et marque : bouteille
isolante - bouteille thermos
4/Variantes pour des nvs notions :
hovercraft - véhicules à coussin d’air
5/Termes actuels et termes périmés :
Radio et TSF
6/Variantes orthographiques y
compris les variantes de racine et les
pluriels irréguliers : clé et clef /
Goose et Geese
7/Termes provenant de différentes
cultures dans la même langue : salle
de séjour - vivoir / Lifts et Elévators
8/Abréviations et noms complets :
PVC et chlorure de polyvinyle
9/Forme séparée et entière d’un
terme composé : charbon+extraction
et extraction du charbon
Odile Contat
8.2.1 – p°44
Synonyms are terms whose meanings are
regarded as the same or nearly the same
in a wide range of context. Although the
terms are interchangeable in many
circumstances, usage can vary in a result
of such factors as formality, professional
vs, law context, or pejorative vs, neutral vs
, complementary connotation.
1/Synonyms of different linguistic origin :
freedom/liberty, cats/felines
2/Popular and scientific name synonyms:
salt/sodium chloride
3/Generic and trade name synonym:
tissues/Kleenex
4/Variant names for emergent concepts:
hovercraft/air cushion vehicles
5/Current or favored terms replacing
outdated or depreciated terms:
poliomyelitis/infantile paralysis
6/Slang or jargon synonyms:
psychiatrists/shrinks
7/Dialectical variants: elevators/lifts.
In these, and other case, preferred terms
SHOULD be selected to serve the needs of
the majority of users
BRITISH STANDARD BS 8723 Part 2
8.2.1 - p°20/21
This is the relationship between a
descriptor and its corresponding nondescriptor(s). For indexing and
searching purposes, the two or more
terms are regarded as referring to the
same concept. Reciprocity is expressed
by the following conventions: USE, UF
(use for). Ex: greenhouses UF
glasshouses / glasshouses USE
greenhouses.
8/2.2 - p°21/22
Synonyms occur more frequently in a
controlled vocabulary, where meanings
are deliberately restricted, than in
natural language. Various types of
synonym are encountered in practice
1/terms of different linguistic origin.
2/popular names and scientific names.
3/common nouns and trade names.
4/variant names for emergent concepts.
5/current or favoured terms versus
outdated or deprecated terms.
6/variant spellings, including stem
variants, inverted word order and
irregular plurals.
7/terms originating from different
cultures sharing a common language.
8/abbreviations or acronyms and full
names.
9/common nouns and slang or jargon
terms.
In these and similar cases, preferred
terms should be selected to serve the
needs of the majority of users. For the
sake of predictability, these criteria
should be applied consistently
throughout the thesaurus
1
Lexical
variants
Variantes
lexicales
4.1.3 – p°8
 Indication d’une orthographe
préférée : clé ou clef ; fantasme
ou phantasme
 Développement d’une
abréviation : ADN ou
8.2.2 – p°14
 Variantes orthographiques y
compris les variantes de racine et
les pluriels irréguliers : clé et clef /
Goose et Geese (en anglais)
 Abréviations et noms complets :
PVC et chlorure de polyvinyle
Les quasisynonyme
s
4.1.2 – p°8
Ce sont des termes dont la
signification est généralement
différente dans l’usage courant
mais que l’on peut considérer
comme synonymes pour les
besoins particuliers de l’indexation
qui nécessitent un langage plus
pauvre. Par exemple pour
renvoyer, des termes spécifiques
jugés trop fins ou utilisés à une
fréquence trop faible, à leurs
génériques.
8.2.3 – p°14
Des termes dont la signification est
différente dans l’usage courant mais
qui sont traités comme des
synonymes pour ce qui est de
l’indexation. Ces termes représentent
fréquemment des valeurs différentes
d’une même variable.
Exemple : Humidité et Siccité
 Secrétariat d’État et ministère
 Législation et Lois et arrêté et
décrets
Cas d’une
polyéquivalenc
e
Utilisé les quasi-synonymes dans
des domaines marginaux et pas pour
diminuer le nombre de descripteurs.
8.2.2 – p°45
Lexical variants differ from synonyms in that
synonyms are different terms for the same
concept while lexical variants are different
words forms for the same expression
 Lexical variants: online/on line;
pediatrics/paediatrics
 Full name and abbreviation variants:
PVC/polyvinyl chloride
8.2.3 – p°45 46
Near-synonyms are terms whose meanings
are generally regarded as different, but
which are treated as equivalents for the
purposes of a controlled vocabulary. The
extent of near-synonyms depends in large
measure upon the domain. Near-synonyms
may include antonyms or points on a
continuum.
Example: Near-synonyms
 sea water / salt water [variant terms]
 meteors / meteorites / meteoroids
[points on a continuum]
 smoothness / roughness [antonyms]
8.2.2 - p°23
 Variant spellings, including stem
variants, inverted word order and
irregular plurals: paediatrics;
pediatrics
 Abbreviations or acronyms and full
names: FAO, Food and Agriculture
Organization.
8.2.3 - p°22
Quasi-synonyms frequently represent
points on a continuum, and can even be
antonyms. Ex: consistency,
inconsistency - wetness, dryness
Arbitrarily, one of the terms is chosen as
the descriptor and the other as the nondescriptor. In other cases, the concepts
are just so closely related that a
discussion of the one is likely to interest
a user seeking the other. Ex: bushes,
shrubs - mallets, hammers. The extent
to which terms are treated as quasisynonyms depends to a large extent
upon the subject field covered by the
thesaurus. In a thesaurus specializing in
clothing manufacture, the terms “gloves”
and “mittens” might both be established
as descriptors; whereas a more general
thesaurus for the food industry might
treat the two terms as quasi-synonyms.
4.1.4 – p°8 9
Une relation, pas nécessairement
réciproque, qui permet à partir d’un
non-descripteur, d’offrir le choix de
descripteurs à utiliser suivant les
cas. Un terme polysémique :
indiquer les descripteurs choisis
pour représenter ses différents
sens.
 Limitation Voir prévention ou
contrôle ou restriction
Note d’application : selon le cas on
utilisera…
Odile Contat
2
Renvoi au
générique
Les termes
composés
4.1.3 – p°8
 Choix d’une post-coordination
Équivalenc
e
Historique
Odile Contat
8.2.4 – p°14
8.2.4 – p°46
8.2.4 - p°22 23
Le nom d’une classe et les noms des Generic posting is a technique in which the
Sometimes it is helpful to treat the name
membres de cette classe sont traités name of a class and the names of its
of a class and also the names of its
comme un ensemble d’équivalences, members are treated as equivalents, with
members as an equivalence set, the
le terme générique fonctionnant
the broader class name functioning as the
broader term then functioning as the
comme terme préférentiel.
preferred term.
preferred descriptor. Ex: rock UF basalt,
ROCHES
EP
ardoisse, basalte, granit
waxes UF plant
plant waxes USE granite, slate - basalt USE rock, granite
waxes
waxes
USE rock, slate USE rock. This
Utilisé les quasi-synonymes dans
furniture
beds USE furnituretechnique is sometimes used to reduce
des domaines marginaux et pas pour
UF beds / UF chairs
chairs USE furniturethe number of descriptors in a
diminuer le nombre de descripteurs.
thesaurus. It limits the specificity of
indexing and searching that can be
If employed, this technique should be
limited to the peripheral areas of a subject achieved. The presence of the nondescriptors provides extra entry points
field… and should be used with
for people searching for what little
discretion.
information is available.
8.2.2 – p°14
8.2.5 – p°46 47
8.2.5 - p°23
 Forme séparée et entière d’un
Cross-references to Elements of
Where it is thought a compound term is
terme composé :
Compound Terms
unsuitable as a descriptor, but might be
charbon+extraction et extraction
A USE....AND (or USE+) reference may be sought by some users, then an entry of
du charbon
made from a compound term to its
the following type may be admitted in
components and both components must
the thesaurus. Ex: coal mining USE coal
be used in indexing or searching.
+ mining. Again, reciprocals should be
Example 99:
provided, of the following form: coal UF+
 coal mining USE coal AND mining
coal mining – mining UF+ coal mining.
 ferromagnetic films USE ferromagnetic
The three-way relationship appears
materials AND films
complex, but note that the tags “USE”
Example 100:
and “+” are differentiated only for ease
 coal UF+ coal mining
of legibility. In functional terms, the
 mining UF+ coal mining
relationship between coal and coal
mining is identical to that between
mining and coal mining, in both
directions. It is sometimes necessary to
show compound relationships linked
with Boolean OR rather than AND.
8.2.2 – p°14
8.2.1 – p°44-45
8.2.2 - p°23
 Termes actuels et termes
 Current or favored terms replacing
Current or favoured terms versus
périmés : Radio et TSF / PVD et
outdated or depreciated terms:
outdated or deprecated terms. Ex:
pays sous développés
poliomyelitis/infantile paralysis
developing countries; underdeveloped
countries
3
Relatio
ns
hiérarc
hiques
La
relation
génériq
ue
AFNOR Z47-100 - déc 1981
4.2 – p°9
Les relations hiérarchiques
expriment les relations de
supériorité et de subordination
entre les notions. Dans l’échelle
hiérarchique, la notion la plus
large représente une catégorie ou
un tout dont la notion plus étroite
est un cas particulier ou une
partie.
Deux types de relations :
générique ou partitive.
ISO 2788, 1986
8.3.1 et 8.3.2 – p°15
Relations qui se fondent sur des degrés
ou des niveaux de supériorité et de
subordination dans lesquels le terme
supérieur représente une classe ou un
tout et les termes subordonnés des
éléments ou des parties
TG terme générique
TS terme spécifique
4.2.1 – p°9
La relation générique identifie le
lien entre une classe ou une
catégorie de notions et chacun de
ses cas particuliers. On peut
établir des relations génériques
entre des notions de même type.
La notion spécifique est toujours
un cas particulier d’une notion
générique.
Béton
Béton armé
8.3.4 – p°15
Cette relation identifie le lien entre une
classe ou une catégorie et ses éléments
Exemple : Quelques éléments de la
classe oiseaux sont des perroquets et
tous les perroquets sont des oiseaux
TGG – terme générique (générique)
TSG – terme spécifique (générique)
Odile Contat
Trois types de relations : générique,
partitive ou d’instance.
Chaque terme subordonné doit se
référer au même type de notions que
son terme supérieur. Le générique et le
spécifique doivent représenter soit un
objet, soit une action, soit une propriété
ANSI/NISO Z 39.19 - 2005
8.3 – p°47
The use of hierarchical relationships is the
primary feature that distinguishes a
taxonomy or thesaurus from other, simple
forms of controlled vocabularies such as
lists and synonym rings.
Hierarchical relationships are based on
degrees or levels of superordination and
subordination, where the superordinate
term represents a class or a whole, and
subordinate terms refer to its members or
parts. Reciprocity should be expressed by
the following relationship indicators :
• BT (Broader Term), for the superordinate
(parent) term
• NT (Narrower Term), for the subordinate
(child) term
mammals BT vertebrates
vertebrates NT mammals
Hierarchical relationships cover three
logically different and mutually exclusive
situations:
8.3.1 – p°47 48
This relationship identifies the link between
a class and its members or species. This
type of relationship is often called “IsA." A
simple way to apply the test for validity
described above is to formulate the
statement “[narrower term] is a [broader
term].” This relationship is also amenable to
a logical "all-and-some"…
Some members of the class succulent
plants are known as cacti and that all
cacti, by definition and regardless of
context, are succulent plants.
While some members of the class desert
plants are known as cacti, some, but not
all, cacti are desert plants.
These terms should therefore be assigned
BRITISH STANDARD BS 8723 Part 2
8.3.1 - p°23
This relationship should be established
between a pair of terms when the scope
of one of them falls completely within the
scope of the other. It is based on
degrees or levels of superordination and
subordination, where the superordinate
term represents a class or whole, and
subordinate terms refer to its members
or parts. The following tags are used,
reciprocally: BT (i.e. broader term), NT
(i.e. narrower term). Ex: animals NT
mammals – mammals BT animals. Each
of these leads to hierarchies which are
amenable to a logical test through
reference to the basic types of concept
represented by the terms. Every
subordinate term should refer to the
same basic kind of concept as its
superordinate term; that is, both the
broader and narrower term should
represent a thing, or an action, or a
property, etc. The main function of
hierarchical relationships is to help users
choose the right level of specificity.
8.3.2 - p°24
This relationship identifies the link
between a class or category and its
members or species. This relationship is
also amenable to a logical “all-andsome” test. Some members of the class
“birds” are known as “parrots”, and all
“parrots”, by definition are regarded as
“birds”. This test would usually ensure
that a term such as “parrots” is not
subordinated to a class such as “pets”,
since not all parrots are pets. Some
members of the class “pets” are
“parrots”, and only some parrots are
regarded as pets. These terms should
therefore not be given a BT/NT linkage.
Note that the above argument might not
4
to different hierarchies in the controlled
vocabulary, and both terms should be
assigned to the same content object when
indexing a work on "cacti as desert
plants..."
The generic nature of a relationship may be
identified by the BT/NT coding
• BTG = Broader term (generic)
• NTG = Narrower term (generic)
La
relation
partitiv
e ou
toutpartie
4.2.2 – p°9 et 10
La relation partitive couvre un
nombre limité de classes de
termes pour lesquelles la notion
partie implique la notion tout en
dehors de tout contexte.
Systèmes ou organes vivants
Localisation dans l’espace ou le
temps
Domaine de la connaissance
Hiérarchie sociale ou
administrative
Chimie
Chimie organique
Chimie minérale
8.3.5 – p°16
Cette relation recouvre des situations
dans lesquelles le nom d’une partie
implique le nom de son tout, quel que
soit le contexte. Les termes peuvent
alors être organisés hiérarchiquement,
le nom du tout servant de terme
supérieur et le nom de la partie de terme
subordonné.
Les parties du corps
Les lieux géométriques
Les disciplines de la science
Les relations sociales
Système circulatoire
Système vasculaire
TGP – terme générique (partitif)
TSP – terme spécifique (partitif)
Odile Contat
8.3.3 – p°49 50
This relationship covers situations in which
one concept is inherently included in
another, regardless of context, so that the
terms can be organized into logical
hierarchies, with the whole treated as a
broader term. This relationship can be
applied to several types of term
 Systems and organs of the body
nervous system - central nervous
system - brain
 Geographic locations – Canada Ontario - Ottawa
 Hierarchical organizational, corporate,
social, or political structures
armies - military divisions battalions
Code for the hierarchical whole-part
relationship:
• BTP = Broader term (partitive)
• NTP = Narrower term (partitive)
When a whole-part relationship is not
exclusive to a pair of terms, the part can
belong to multiple wholes, the name of the
whole and its part(s) should not have a
hierarchical relationship. Rather, they
should be linked associatively rather than
hierarchically in the controlled vocabulary.
Carburetors, for example, are parts of
machines other than cars. Therefore, the
appropriate relationship in this instance is
cars RT carburetors.
apply in the context of a specialist
thesaurus devoted to domestic animals.
In such a case, “parrots” could be
subordinated to “pets” in the same
hierarchy. Such approximations should
be applied with caution. When
interoperability is required, the
relationships established should be
universally acceptable. BTG: Broader
term (generic), NTG: Narrower term
(generic).
8.3.3 - p°25 26
This relationship covers a limited range
of situations where the name of a part
implies the name of its possessing
whole in any context. The terms should
then be organized as a hierarchy, the
name of the whole serving as the
superordinate term, and the name of the
part as the subordinate term. This
applies to four main classes of terms:
systems and organs of the body,
geographical locations, disciplines or
fields of discourse, hierarchical social
structures. Most other cases of the
whole-part relationship are not eligible
for a hierarchical linkage, because the
part could belong to more than one
whole. Ex: between bicycles and
wheels, because a wheel may be part of
a motor car or a wheel-barrow or
countless other artefacts. BTP = broader
term (partitive), NTP = narrower term
(partitive).
5
La
relation
d’instan
ce
8.3.6 – p°16
Cette relation identifie un lien entre une
catégorie générale de choses ou
d’évènements, exprimés par un nom
commun, et un spécimen individuel de
cette catégorie. Le spécimen forme une
classe d’un seul élément et est
représenté par un nom propre.
Régions montagneuses
Alpes, Himalaya
Relatio
ns
polyhié
rarchiq
ues
4.2.3 – p°10
Une notion donnée peut être
subordonnée à plusieurs autres
notions en même temps. Elle
possède des relations de
polyhiérachies
Ou une notion est subordonnée à
plusieurs notions par des relations
hiérarchiques de même type :
Guyane est France et Amérique
du Sud (2 relations partitives)
Ou une notion est subordonnée à
plusieurs notions par des relations
hiérarchiques de différents type :
Vertèbre est Os et Colonne
vertébral (relation générique et
partitive)
Odile Contat
8.3.7 – p°17
Certaines notions pour des raisons
logiques peuvent appartenir en même
temps à plusieurs catégories. On dira
alors qu’elles possèdent des relations
polyhiérarchiques
« Orgues » est à la fois Instruments à
vents et- Instruments à clavier
8.3.2 – p°48 49
This relationship identifies the link between
a general category of things or events,
expressed by a common noun, and an
individual instance of that category, often a
proper name. This type of relationship is
also known as an “IsA” relationship.
Mountain regions…Alps…Himalayas
The Alps and the Himalayas are assigned
to subordinate positions in a hierarchy, yet
they are neither kinds nor parts of
mountain regions, but represent specific
examples or instances.
Codes for the Instance Relationship
• BTI = Broader term (instance)
• NTI = Narrower term (instance)
8.3.4 – p°50 51
Some concepts belong, on logical grounds,
to more than one category. They are then
said to possess polyhierarchical
relationships.
Polyhierarchy based on generic
relationship
In the following example, the term pianos is
assigned to subordinate positions on the
basis of its generic relationship to two
broader terms—in other words, pianos
would be an NT to both stringed
instruments and percussion
instruments.
In other cases, polyhierarchical links may
be based upon whole-part relationships, as
shown in the example :
chemistry…biology…biochemistry
In some cases, polyhierarchical links can
be based on logically different relationships.
In the example above, the link between
bones and skull is based upon the generic
relationship (the skull is a kind of bone),
whereas the link between head and skull is
based on the hierarchical wholepart
relationship (the skull is part of the head).
May be represented using the BTG and
BTP notation.
8.3.4 - p°26
This relationship identifies the link
between a general class of things or
events, expressed by a common noun,
and an individual instance of that class,
often represented by a proper name. the
“Alps” and “Himalayas” are assigned to
subordinate positions in a hierarchy, yet
they are neither kinds nor parts of
“mountain regions”, but represent
individual instances. BTI = broader term
(instantial), NTI = narrower term
(instantial).
8.3.5 - p°26 27
Some concepts can belong, on logical
grounds, to more than one category at
the same time. They are then said to
possess polyhierarchical relationships.
The term “organs” is assigned to
subordinate positions on the basis of its
generic relationship to two broader
terms. In other cases, polyhierarchical
links may be based upon whole-part
relationships. In some cases,
polyhierarchical links can be based upon
logically different relationships. The link
between “bones” and “skull” is based
upon the generic relationship (the skull
is a kind of bone), whereas the link
between “head” and “skull” is based
upon the hierarchical whole-part
relationship (the skull is a part of the
head).
6
Relatio
ns
associa
tives
AFNOR Z47-100 - déc 1981
4.3 – p°10
Les relations associatives, encore
appelé relations de voisinage,
indiquent des analogies de
signification entre les termes, et sont
utilisées pour recouvrir les relations
entre les notions étroitement liées ;
mais évidemment en excluant les
relations hiérarchiques et
d’équivalence.
Il s’agit de terme mentalement associé
par les spécialistes du domaine :
Ordinateur et informatique
N’établir des relations associatives que
lorsqu’il est certain que ces relations
sont nécessaires à la recherche
documentaire
Odile Contat
ISO 2788, 1986
8.4 – p°17
Il s’agit d’une relation plus facile à
définir par des caractéristiques
négatives que positives. Elle couvre
des relations entre paires de termes
qui ne font pas partie d’un même
ensemble d’équivalences, qui ne font
pas partie de la même chaîne
hiérarchique, mais qui sont
mentalement associé d’une façon telle
que ce lien doit être rendu explicite par
le thésaurus. Ces liens peuvent révéler
d’autres termes susceptibles d’être
utilisés à l’indexation et à la recherche.
Cette relation est réciproque et on
l’indique par l’abréviation VA.
Exemple : Oiseaux
VA Ornithologie
Il faut maîtriser strictement le choix des
termes à associer. L’un des termes est
un composant nécessaire à toute
explication ou définition de l’autre
terme.
ANSI/NISO Z 39.19 - 2005
8.4 – p°51
This relationship covers associations
between terms that are neither
equivalent nor hierarchical, yet the
terms are semantically or conceptually
associated to such an extent that the
link between them should be made
explicit in the controlled vocabulary, on
the grounds that it may suggest
additional terms for use in indexing or
retrieval. The most common
associative relationship used in
thesauri is symmetrical and is
generally indicated by the abbreviation
RT (related term), but more
semantically refined associations may
also be developed to capture both
symmetric and asymmetric
associations.
Associative relationship notation
(RT) :
cells RT cytology – cytology RT
cells
The associative relationship is the
most difficult one to define, yet it is
important to make explicit the nature of
the relationship between terms linked
in this way and to avoid subjective
judgments as much as possible…
As a general guideline, whenever one
term is used, the other should always
be implied within the common frames
of reference shared by the users of the
controlled vocabulary. Moreover, one
of the terms is often a necessary
component in any explanation or
definition of the other; the term cells,
for example, forms a necessary part of
the definition of cytology.
BRITISH STANDARD BS 8723 Part 2
8.4.1 - p°27
This relationship covers associations
between pairs of descriptors which are not
related hierarchically nor by equivalence,
yet the terms are semantically or
conceptually associated to such an extent
that the link between them should be made
explicit in the thesaurus, on the grounds
that it may suggest additional or alternative
terms for use in indexing or retrieval. The
relationship is indicated by the tag “RT”
(related term), and it is always used
reciprocally. It is hard to establish objective
rules for the admission of associative
relationships. As a general guideline,
whenever one term is used, the other
should always be implied within the
common frames of reference shared by the
users of the thesaurus. Moreover, one of
the terms is often a necessary component
in any explanation or definition of the other;
the term “birds”, for example, forms a
necessary part of the explanation of
“ornithology”.
It is particularly important to establish an
associative relationship between
descriptors whose meanings overlap.
7
Termes
apparte
nant à
des
hiérarc
hies
différen
tes
(catégo
ries
pour
ISO)
4.3 – p°11
 Un rapport instrumental : crayon et
écriture
 Une action et l’effet de l’action :
frottement et usure
 Une action et l’objet de l’action :
coiffure et cheveux
 Des notions en relations par leurs
propriétés : toxicité et poison
 Une chose et son antidote : insecte
et insecticide
 Une association de termes et les
termes qui la composent :
résistance à la rupture et rupture
 Une relation partitive : arbre et forêt
8.4.3 – p°18
 Une discipline ou une branche de
la connaissance et les objets ou
phénomènes étudiés : Sylviculture
et forêts
 Un procédé ou une opération et
son agent ou son instrument :
Traitement de l’information et
Ordinateur
 Une action et le produit de l’action :
Construction et Bâtiments
 Une action et la personne ou la
chose subissant l’action : Récolte
et Cultures
 Objets ou phénomènes et leurs
propriétés : Poisons et Toxicité
 Notion et ses origines : Hollandais
et Pays-Bas
 Notions liées par une relation
causale : Maladies et Substances
Pathogènes
 Un chose et son antidote :
Herbicides et Plantes
 Une notion et son unité de
mesure : Courants électriques et
Ampère
 Locutions syncatégorématiques et
leurs noms sous catégoriels :
Maquettes de Bateaux et Bateaux
Termes
apparte
nant à
la
même
hiérarc
4.3 – p°12
Il faut se garder d’associer
systématiquement les différents
termes d’une hiérarchie ayant un
générique commun, du moment que
leur signification ne se recouvre pas.
8.4.2 – p°17 18 et 19
Il s’agit de termes ayant le même
générique et dont les significations se
chevauchent, par exemple navire et
bateau. Chaque terme peut recevoir
une définition précise, de sorte qu’ils
Odile Contat
8.4.2 – p°53 56
 Process / Agent associative
relationships : temperature control
RT thermostats
 Process / Counteragent associative
relationships : fire RT flame
retardant
 Action / Property associative
relationships : environmental
cleanup RT pollution
 Action / Product associative
relationships : weaving RT cloth
 Action / Target associative
relationships : harvesting RT crops
 Cause / Effect associative
relationships : pathogens RT
infections
 Concept or Object / Property
associative relationships : poisons
RT toxicity
 Concept or Object / Origins
associative relationships : beluga
caviar RT Caspian Sea
 Concept or Object / Units or
Mechanisms of Measurement
associative relationships : electric
current RT amperes
 Raw Material / Product associative
relationship : wheat RT flour
 Discipline or Field / Object or
Practitioner associative
relationships : mathematics RT
mathematicians
 Noun is not a true broader term
associative relationships : fishes
RT fossil fishes
 Antonyms as associative
relationships : short RT tall
8.4.1 – p°52 53
Relationships are needed for terms
belonging to the same hierarchy in
various special situations, primarily to
guide the user in locating the desired
term.
8.4.3 - p°28 29 30 et 31
 a discipline or field of study and the
objects or phenomena studied
 an operation or process and its agent or
instrument
 an action and the product of the action.
 an action and its patient or target.
 objects or materials and their defining
properties.
 an artefact and its parts, if they do not
qualify for the hierarchical whole-part
relationship.
 concepts linked by causal dependence.
8/an object or process and its counter
agent.
 a concept and its unit of measurement.
 a compound term and the noun which is
its focus, if the two do not have a true
hierarchical relationship.
 an organism or substance bred or
derived from another
8.4.2 - p°28
It often happens that a pair of terms can be
used interchangeably in some contexts but
not in others. Thus the terms ships and
boats may both be established as
descriptors, because while they have much
8
hie
(catégo
rie pour
ISO)
Quand il s’agit de termes dont la
signification se recouvre partiellement,
mais pas au point de les utiliser l’un
pour l’autre (relation d’équivalence),
une relation associative est
nécessaire.
Exemple : Accident et Collision ou
Radar et Sonar.
Cette relation a pour but de porter à la
connaissance de l’utilisateur
l’existence de deux concepts qui
pourrait se chevaucher dans son
esprit.
Cette relation peut être établie entre
deux antonymes non couverts par la
relation d’équivalence : Homogénéité
et Hétérogénéité.
Relais
Virtuels
Odile Contat
ne sont pas équivalents.
Bateaux
TG Véhicules
VA Navires
Il n’est pas nécessaire de relier entre
eux tous les termes frères si les
significations ne se chevauchent pas :
Chevaux et Ânes
Les notions liées par une relation du
type familial ou du type dérivé peuvent
aussi être considérées comme
appartenant à ce groupe : Bardots et
Mulets
8.4.4 – p°19
De manière à rassembler des notions
proches dans la présentation
systématique d’un thésaurus, les
termes associés sont quelque fois
imprimés ensemble. Mais comme ils
ne constituent pas une partie logique
Relationships Between Overlapping
Sibling Terms
Related Term (RT) references are
required for sibling terms with
overlapping meanings, such as ships
and boats, where each of the terms
can be precisely defined (so they do
not form an equivalence set), yet they
are sometimes used loosely and
almost interchangeably. The user
interested in one should be reminded
of the other. The relationship should
be indicated explicitly…
boats
boats SEE ALSO ships
BT vehicles
RT ships
It is not necessary to interrelate all
sibling terms.There is no need to
associate terms such as roses and
daffodils, which share the broader
term flowers, because the meaning of
the terms does not overlap, i.e., they
are mutually exclusive.
Concepts linked by a familial or
derivational relationship (i.e., one of
the concepts is derived from the other)
also require Related Term (RT)
references.
In the example, donkeys, horses, and
mules are all subclasses of equines.
In the alphabetic example, Related
Terms are provided between mules
and donkeys as well as mules and
horses. Horses and donkeys are not
linked by Related Terms because they
do not share a derivational
relationship.
8.4.3 – p°56
Node Labels for Related Terms
In order to bring closely related
concepts together in the alphabetical
array under a given term, related terms
may be divided into categories that do
not form part of a logical hierarchy.
in common, neither of them adequately
covers the scope of the other. An
associative relationships between the two is
essential, to remind people seeking
information that they may have to try both
descriptors to be sure of finding all the
relevant material. The pair of descriptors
with overlapping meanings may often be
siblings, that is to say, they share a
common broader term. However, it is not
necessary to interrelate all sibling terms in
this way. For example, there is no need to
associate such terms as “horses” and
“donkeys” on the grounds that they share a
common broader term, i.e. “equines”, since
the meanings of the terms do not overlap in
this case.
9
Odile Contat
de la hiérarchie, on doit les identifier à
l’aide d’un relais virtuel.
Livres
opérations
Impression
Reliure
These related terms should then be
identified by a node label.
books RT
[operations]
binding
printing
Voir aussi 8.3.3 p°15
8.3.5 – p°51
Node Labels in Hierarchies
As noted in section 7.7, node labels
may be inserted into the display to
show the principles of division among
a set of sibling terms (terms that share
a broader term). Node labels may also
be used in Web navigation systems to
display the hierarchical relationships.
10