consulter le lien - Grenoble à bout de souffle

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2005 - 2010
Plan de protection de
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Texte législatif
Premier protocole
soufre
Helsinki
8 juillet 1985
Protocole relatif
aux NOx
Sofia
1er novembre 1988
Protocole relatif
aux COV (hors
source biotiques)
Genève
18 novembre 1991
Second protocole
soufré
Oslo
14 juin 1994
Protocole relatif
aux Polluants
Organiques
Persistants (POP)
et aux métaux
lourds
Aarhus
24 juin 1998
Protocole
"multipolluants /
multi-effets"
Göteborg
1er décembre 1999
Protocole de Kyoto
11 décembre 1997
Nations Unies
SO2
Réduire les émissions
de SO2
30%, soit 1285 kt
Emissions
Année de référence,
échéance ou 2002
(kt)
1093
Nations Unies
NOx
de NOx
1994 : 1838 kt
1998 : 1417 kt
1742
1586
1987
1980
1994
1998
Nations Unies
COV
de COV
Objectifs atteints en 2001
30%, soit 1914 kt
1806
1988
1999
Nations Unies
SO2
de SO2
Atteindre :
868 kt en 2000,
770 kt en 2005
737 kt en 2010
15,8 t de Cd
25,3 t de Hg
4 264 t de Pb
1 741 gITEQ de PCDD/F
293 t de HAP
1 655 kg de HCB
627
537 (2002)
537 (2002)
9,6 (2002)
11,7 (2002)
217 (2002)
380 (2002)
251 (2002)
1745 (2002)
Territoire
concerné
Polluants
considéré
Objectifs généraux
Nations Unies
Cd
Hg
Pb
PCDD/F
HAP
HCB
Limiter les émissions
des POP et des métaux
lourds à un niveau
inférieur à celui de 1990
Nations Unies
SO2
NOx
COVNM
NH3
Réduction de
l'acidification, de
l'eutrophisation et de
l'ozone troposphérique
CO2
N2O
CH4
HFC
PFC
SF6
Lutte contre les
changements
climatiques
Nations Unies
La directive GIC
2001/80/CE
23 octobre 2001
Union
Européenne
SO2
NOx
La directive NEC
2001/81/CE
23 octobre 2001
Union
Européenne
SO2
NOx
COVNM
NH3
Directive Auto Oil
13 octobre 1998
Union
Européenne
Polluants
liés au
trafic
routier
Objectif(s) pour la France
Atteindre :
400 kt pour le SO2,
860 kt pour les NOx,
1100 kt pour les COVNM
780 kt pour le NH3.
Atteindre :
362 Tg : CO2
265 Gg : N2O
3044 Gg : CH4
613 Mg (HFC
436 Mg : PFC
84 Mg : SF6
Année de
référence
Echéance
1980
1993
1980
2000
2005
2010
1990
1990
537 (2002)
1352 (2002)
1542 (2002)
778 (2002)
2010
1990
402 Tg (2002)
233 Gg (2002)
2942 Gg (2002)
5691 Mg (2002)
225 Mg (2002)
65 Mg (2002)
L'Union Européenne
(UE) dont la France
s'est engagée à réduire
ses émissions de 8% les
émissions de gaz à effet
de serre
Réduction des
SO2 :
émissions des Grandes 1 146 kt (échéance 1993)
415 (1993)
Installations de
382 (1998)
764 kt (échéance 1998 )
Combustion
211 (2002)
573 kt (échéance 2003)
NOx :
106 (1993)
140 (1998)
Définition de plafonds
536 kt (2002)
375 kt : SO2
810 kt : NOx
d’émission nationaux
1349 kt (2002)
1050 kt (hors sources biotiques) :
1543 kt (2002)
COVNM
Chaque état membre
778 kt (2002)
780 kt : NH3
doit élaborer un
programme de réduction
progressive des
émissions nationales
Réduction des
Véhicules particuliers
émissions des sources
- Directive 91/441 ou EURO I
mobiles inhérentes au
- Directive 94/12 ou EURO II
trafic
- Directive 98/69 fixe deux étapes
EURO III (2000) et EURO IV (2005)
Véhicules utilitaires légers
- Directive 88/76
- Directive 93/59 ou EURO I
- Directive 96/69 ou EURO II
EURO III (2000) et EURO IV (2005)
Poids lourds
- Directive 88/77
- Directive 91/542 ou “camion propre”
EURO III (2002), EURO IV (2007) et
EURO V (2009)
Deux roues
- Directive 97/24
2008 à
2012
1980
1993
à
2003
2010
Horizon
2010
Surligné vert =
Objectifs non atteints
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( ) Cycle d'essai: cycle ECE R 40 avec mesure des émissions dans les six modes (début de l'échantillonnage à T = 0).
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(*) Les modifications concernant l'annexe I et les appendices 1 et 4 de l'annexe I I du chapitre 5 de la présente directive sont adoptées au plus tard le 1er octobre 2002 dans le respect de la procédure du comité pour
l'adaptation au progrès technique de la législation visant à l'élimination des entraves techniques aux échanges dans le secteur des véhicules à moteur, conformément à l'article 13 de la directive 70/156/CEE du Conseil
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limite
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horaire
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2004
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380
19/07/2001
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journalières 4 sur l’année
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01/01/2005
19/07/2001
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19/07/2001
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2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
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200
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01/01/2010
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
40
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52
50
48
46
44
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19/07/2001
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concernant le dioxyde d’azote (NO2)
du CSHPF
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Type de seuil
-3
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(en μg.m )
(en μg.m )
Objectif
Moyenne
Moyenne annuelle
50
40
annuelle
de qualité
Seuil
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Moyenne horaire
250
200
d’information
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400
d’alerte
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Valeurs réglementaires pour l’ozone (O 3)
Type de seuil
Période et
statistique
Valeur à respecter
-3
(en μg.m )
Objectif de qualité
Objectif
3
de qualité
Objectif
de qualité
Seuil de recommandation et
110
pour le calcul
Maximum
journalier de la
moyenne
Moyenne sur 8 h
moyenne
glissante sur 8
2
heures
200
Moyenne
horaire
65
Moyenne
journalière
180
Moyenne
horaire
240
(sur 3 heures
consécutives)
Moyenne
horaire
Année civile
er
4
Année civile
Conditions de
déclenchement
selon arrêté
5
préfectoral
Conditions de
déclenchement
selon arrêté
préfectoral
d’information
1 seuil d’alerte
Date
1
d’application
19/07/2001
19/07/2001
19/07/2001
09/09/2003
6
seuil d’alerte
300
(sur 3 heures
consécutives)
Moyenne
horaire
Conditions de
déclenchement
selon arrêté
préfectoral
09/09/2003
ème
seuil d’alerte
360
Moyenne
horaire
Conditions de
déclenchement
selon arrêté
préfectoral
09/09/2003
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RECOMMANDATIONS
pour la santé humaine
concernant l’ozone (O3)
Type de seuil
du CSHPF
-3
(en μg.m )
Objectif
de qualité
110
Moyenne
sur 8 h
de l’OMS
-3
(en μg.m )
120
400 (cultures)
20 000 (forêts)
Objectif
3
de qualité
μg.m-3.h
Objectif
à long terme
DIRECTIVE EUROPEENNE 2002/3/CE
concernant l’ozone (O3)
Moyenne
sur 8 h
AOT40
4
Valeur
-3
(en μg.m )
Période
Mise en
1
application
120
Moyenne
sur 8 h 2
2010
AOT40
2010
6 000
AOT40
2020
180
Moyenne
horaire
Avant le
03/09/2003
Moyenne
horaire
Avant le
03/09/2003
18 000
μg.m-3.h
μg.m-3.h
Seuil
d’information
180
Moyenne
horaire
Seuil
d’alerte
360
Moyenne
horaire
240
(sur 3h
consécutives)
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Objectif
de qualité
Valeurs réglementaires pour les particules en suspension (PM10)
1
Période et
Valeur à respecter
Date
-3
statistique
-3
(en μg.m )
(en μg.m )
d’application
pour le calcul
2003
2004
30
Moyenne
annuelle
50
Moyenne
journalière
Centile 90,4 des
4
moyennes journalières
01/01/2005
60
55
40
Moyenne
annuelle
Année civile
01/01/2005
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41
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3
limites
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19/07/2001
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pour la santé humaine
concernant les particules (PM10)
Type de
seuil
Objectif
de qualité
Seuil
d’information
Seuil
d’alerte
Valeur à
respecter
-3
(en μg.m )
30
concernant les particules (PM10)
Type de
seuil
Moyenne
sur 8 h
80
Moyenne
mobile
sur 24h
125
Moyenne
mobile
sur 24h
Objectifs
de
valeurs
5
limites
Valeur à respecter
en 2010
-3
(en μg.m )
50
Moyenne
journalière
20
Moyenne
annuelle
entre 2005 et 2010
-3
(en μg.m )
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
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autorisés par an (centile 98,1)
contre 35 jours en 2005 (centile 90,4)
40
36
32
28
24
6
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Valeur à respecter
Période et statistique de dépassements
-3
(en μg.m )
autorisés
Type de seuil
Valeur
limite
Maximum journalier de la
moyenne glissante sur 8 heures
calculée sur l’année civile
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8h
10 000
Date
1
d’application
2
19/02/2002
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Type de seuil
Période
2003
2004
2005
Valeur
limite
Maximum journalier
de la moyenne sur 8 h
14 000
12 000
10 000
concernant le monoxyde de carbone (CO)
Type de seuil
Valeurs
limites
du CSHPF
-3
(en μg.m )
de l’OMS
-3
(en μg.m )
10 000
Moyenne
sur 8 h
10 000
Moyenne
sur 8 h
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horaire
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Moyenne
horaire
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sur 30 min
100 000
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sur 15 min
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Valeurs réglementaires pour le benzène (C6H6)
1
Valeur à
Période et
Date
-3
respecter
statistique
(en μg.m )
d’application
-3
(en μg.m )
pour le calcul
Type de
seuil
Objectif
de qualité
Valeur
limite
2
Moyenne
annuelle
Année civile
19/07/2001
5
Moyenne
annuelle
Année civile
01/01/2010
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
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du CSHPF
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Objectif
de qualité
Valeurs
limites
2
Moyenne
annuelle
10
Moyenne
annuelle
25
Moyenne
journalière
de l’OMS
-3
(en μg.m )
Risque, pour une exposition
à des teneurs moyennes de
-3
1 μg.m sur toute une vie
(24h/24), d’induire un décès
supplémentaire (par cancer,
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leucémie,…) : 6.10
(6 cas sur 1 000 000 de
personnes)
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Valeur guide
(1)
Seuil d’évaluation (1)
Proposition de directive du 16/07/2003
COM2003-423 final
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(en ng.m )
OMS
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pour une exposition de 1 ng/m3
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entière
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Valeurs réglementaires
-3
Période et
Valeurs à respecter (en μg.m )
statistique de
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autorisés
Objectif
de
qualité
0,25
Moyenne
annuelle
Année civile
Valeur
limite
0,5
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CSHPF
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Valeur guide
0,5
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0,5
Moyenne annuelle
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2
Moyenne annuelle
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Type de seuil
COM2003-423 final
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Valeur guide (1)
20
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entière
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Valeur guide (1)
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Valeur guide (1)
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Valeur guide
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LYON
M A RSEILLE
P A RIS
STRA SB OURG
B REST
GRENOB LE
M A RSEILLE
P A RIS (fo nd)
P A RIS (trafic)
STRA SB OURG
TOULOUSE
TOULOUSE
C6 H6, Concentrations annuelles (2003) en μg/m3 dans les agglomérations
7
6
5
4
6.4
3
6.3
2
3.1
2.4
1
2.1
1.7
0
0
LYON
M A RSEILLE
0
B ORDEA UX
GRENOB LE
B REST
LILLE
P A RIS (statio ns
de fo nd)
P A RIS (statio n de STRA SB OURG
trafic)
TOULOUSE
3
Pb, Concentrations annuelles (2003) en μg/m dans les agglomérations
0.030
0.027
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.008
0.005
0.005
0.000
0.000
B ORDEA UX
B REST
GRENOB LE
LILLE
LYON
M A RSEILLE
P A RIS
STRA SB OURG
TOULOUSE *
O3, Concentrations annuelles (2003) en μg/m3 dans les agglomérations
O3, NOMBRE MOYEN DE JOURS AVEC AU MOINS UNE VALEUR HORAIRE DEPASSANT
180 μg/m3
70
25
60
20
50
40
30
15
54
60
62
60
21
10
49
48
44
40
20
46
16
17
16
10
5
10
7
5
1
B ORDEA UX
1
0
0
B REST
GRENOB LE
LILLE
LYON
M A RSEILLE
P A RIS
STRA SB OURG
TOULOUSE
B ORDEA UX
B REST
GRENOB LE
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M A RSEILLE
P A RIS
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TOULOUSE
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Avant épisode
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Episode
Après épisode
(3 jours après)
Type anticyclonique
Type méridien
Type zonal
80 %
10 %
10 %
78 %
19 %
3%
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14 %
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Avant épisode
(3 jours avant)
Episode
Après épisode
(3 jours après)
Type anticyclonique
Type méridien
Type perturbé (zonal)
68 %
22 %
10 %
70 %
22 %
8%
43 %
37 %
20 %
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Polluants
Dioxyde de
soufre (SO2)
Effets sur la santé
Gaz irritant qui altère la fonction pulmonaire pouvant Effets surtout chez
augmenter les symptômes respiratoires : gène respiratoire, l’asthmatique :
accès de toux ou crises d'asthme.
exacerbe et
favorise la
survenue de crise
d’asthme, peut
déclencher un
spasme bronchique
Composés
Organiques
Volatils (COV) :
le benzène
(C6H6)
Effets très différents selon le composé. Ils peuvent générer
une certaine gêne olfactive, des effets mutagènes et
cancérogènes, en passant par des irritations et une
diminution de la capacité respiratoire.
Le benzène, reconnu cancérigène, provoque une
dépression de l’immunité cellulaire, des atteintes du
système nerveux et des leucémies.
Particules en
suspension
(PM)
Les plus grosses particules (diamètre supérieur à 10
microns) sont arrêtées par les voies aériennes supérieures
de l’homme où elles peuvent provoquer des irritations. Elles
sont mises en cause dans l’augmentation des réactions de
stress.
Les particules fines pénètrent jusqu’au poumon profond où
elles diminuent les performances ventilatoires et accroissent
les symptômes respiratoires (toux). Elles augmentent la
sensibilité aux allergènes.
Certaines particules en suspension contiennent des
hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) aux
propriétés mutagènes et cancérogènes.
Oxydes d’azote Le NO2 est un gaz toxique (40 fois plus que CO, 4 fois plus
(NO et NO2)
que NO). Gaz irritant qui pénètre dans les plus fines
ramifications des voies respiratoires.
Le NO2 entraîne une altération de la fonction respiratoire et
une hyper réactivité bronchique.
Le NO est un gaz irritant pour les bronches, il réduit le
pouvoir oxygénateur du sang.
Monoxyde de
carbone (CO)
Métaux lourds :
plomb (Pb),
mercure (Hg),
arsenic (As),
cadmium (Cd),
nickel (Ni), etc.
Risques accrus
chez les
personnes
sensibles
Enfants : irritation
bronchique
Asthmatiques :
crise d’asthme
Enfants :
augmentation de la
sensibilité des
bronches aux
infections
microbiennes
Asthmatiques :
augmente la
fréquence et la
gravité des crises
d’asthme
A fortes doses : toxique cardio-respiratoire souvent mortel ; Nocivité
A faibles doses : diminue la capacité d’oxygénation du particulièrement
cerveau, du cœur et des muscles.
importante chez les
insuffisants
coronariens et les
fœtus.
Ils s'accumulent dans l'organisme et provoquent des effets
toxiques à court et/ou à long terme. Ils peuvent être
absorbés directement par le biais de la chaîne alimentaire
entraînant alors des effets chroniques ou aigus. Ils peuvent
affecter le système nerveux, les fonctions rénales,
hépatiques, respiratoires, ou autres.
L'exposition
prolongée au
plomb peut altérer
le quotient
intellectuel des
enfants.
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Ozone (O3)
Gaz agressif, fortement irritant pour les muqueuses
oculaires et respiratoires. Il pénètre aisément jusqu'aux
voies respiratoires les plus fines. Il altère la fonction
pulmonaire, provoque des essoufflements et des toux.
Pollens :
urticacées,
graminées,
châtaignier,
armoise, etc.
La pollution peut agir sur les pollens en modifiant leur
structure biochimique extérieure et augmenter leur potentiel
allergène. Mais les polluants peuvent affecter les
muqueuses respiratoires de l’homme, modifiant sa
sensibilité immunologique aux grains de pollens.
Odeurs
Détectés par l’appareil olfactif à des niveaux très faibles par
rapport aux niveaux toxiques d’ordre irritatif le plus souvent,
la plupart des composés odorants ont peu d’effets sur la
santé.
Polluants
Organiques
Persistants
(POP) dont les
pesticides, les
PCB,
Les risques provoqués par les POP sont controversés.
Les symptômes observés dans les dossiers médicaux des
agriculteurs français sont, par ordre croissant de détection :
cutanés ; digestifs ; oculaires ; céphalées ; neurologiques ;
respiratoires. Dans 51% des cas d'intoxication, le patient
présentait plus d'un symptôme.
L’exposition à hautes doses provoquerait une baisse de la
les HAP dont
fertilité, des risques tératogènes (malformations), des
Benzo(a)pyrène cancers, des troubles neurologiques et comportementaux
(C20H12)
chroniques.
Les HAP comprenant 4 à 7 noyaux benzéniques, certains
les dioxines
sont classés comme pouvant provoquer des cancers du
(PCDD) et les poumons.
furanes (PCDF)
Biopolluants
Il n'existe qu'une voie de contamination connue de la
légionellose : l'aspiration de gouttelettes d'eau contaminées.
Ces gouttelettes se retrouvent au niveau des poumons et
attaquent le système immunitaire, avant d'endommager les
poumons.
Les aspergillus peuvent provoquer l'aspergillose, surtout
dangereuse
en
ambiance
hospitalière
(sujets
immunitairement déprimés). L'aspergillose est rare et reste
dangereuse. Elle découle généralement de soulèvements
de sols dus à des travaux.
Le cas le plus difficile est celui des particules inertes et des
biocontaminants intérieurs provoquant des allergies. C'est
particulièrement important pour la climatisation.
Gaz effet serre
(H20, CO2, CH4,
N20, HFC, PFC,
SF6)
En diminuant la couche d’ozone, ils augmentent notre
exposition aux UV-B.
Des expositions fréquentes au rayonnement UV peuvent, par
ailleurs, provoquer des dommages à long terme vieillissement de la peau, cancer de la peau ou cataracte.
Picotements,
sensations
d’irritation des yeux
et de gêne
respiratoire, toux.
Effets augmentés
par l’activité
physique.
Exacerbe les crises
chez les
asthmatiques
(surtout en cas
d’exercice intensif).
Les personnes les
plus fragiles, avec
au premier rang
d'entre elles, les
femmes enceintes
et les enfants, sont
les plus
concernées.
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Polluants
Dioxyde de soufre (SO2)
Composés Organiques Volatils
(COV) : le benzène (C6H6)
Particules en suspension (PM)
Recommandations OMS
Périodes considérées
Recommandations
10 minutes
1 heure
24 heures
1 an
500 μg/m
3
350 μg/m
3
125 μg/m
3
50 μg/m
Recommandations
Vie entière
Incrément de risque : 6x10
3
pour une exposition de 1 μg/m
Métaux lourds :
plomb (Pb), mercure (Hg),
arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd),
nickel (Ni), etc.
Ozone (O3)
Polluants Organiques
Persistants (POP) dont les
pesticides, les PCB,
- HAP dont Benzo(a)pyrène
(C20H12)
- Dioxines (PCDD) et furanes
(PCDF)
-6
L’OMS ne donne pas de valeur guide dans les recommandations
parues en 2000, car pour les particules, les experts n’ont pas mis
en évidence de seuil en deçà duquel il n’y aurait pas d’effet.
Recommandations
1h
1 an
200 μg/m
3
40 μg/m
Recommandations
15 minutes
30 minutes
1 heure
8 heures
100 mg/m
3
60 mg/m
3
30 mg/m
3
10 mg/m
Dioxydes d’azote (NO2)
Monoxyde de carbone (CO)
3
3
3
Recommandations
Plomb
Périodes
considérées
1an
Nickel
Vie entière
3
pour une exposition de 1 ng/m
Cadmium
1 an
5 ng/m
Arsenic
Vie entière
Chrome
Vie entière
Mercure
1 an
3
0,5 μg/m
-6
3
-6
3
-6
3
3
1 μg/m
Recommandations
8 heures
120 μg/m
3
Pas de valeur guide car l’ l’inhalation de ces composés constitue
une faible proportion par rapport à l’ingestion journalière par la
nourriture :
- 1 à 2 %) pour les PCB
- inférieure à 5 %pour les PCDD et les PCDF.
Dans le cas du B(a)P :
Vie entière
Recommandations
-6
3
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Polluants
Effets sur l’environnement et le patrimoine
Dioxyde de soufre
(SO2)
Au contact de l’humidité de l’air, le SO2 se transforme en H2SO4. Il intervient de
façon prépondérante dans les phénomènes des pluies acides et de
dépérissement des forêts. Il élimine les végétaux sensibles tels que les lichens ;
il provoque des nécroses caractéristiques aux feuilles. En association avec
d'autres éléments, il participe également à la dégradation des matériaux entrant
dans les constructions, dont les pierres calcaires.
Composés
Organiques Volatils
(COV), dont le
benzène (C6H6)
Ils interviennent, avec les oxydes d’azote et le monoxyde de carbone, dans le
processus de formation de l’ozone troposphérique. Les composés les plus
stables chimiquement participent à l’effet de serre et à l’appauvrissement de la
couche d’ozone stratosphérique (carbures halogénés notamment).
Particules en
suspension (PM)
Les effets de salissure par les poussières sur les bâtiments sont les atteintes à
l’environnement la plus visible.
Sur les végétaux, les particules viennent se fixer dans les stomates, ce qui
perturbe la photosynthèse et provoque une destruction de ces tissus.
Oxydes d’azote
(NOx),
(NO,NO2,N2O)
Ils interviennent dans les phénomènes de pluies acides.
Ils participent à la formation de l'ozone troposphérique, dont ils sont l'un des
précurseurs, à la dégradation de la couche d'ozone stratosphérique et à l'effet
de serre.
Le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) est un puissant gaz à effet de serre.
Monoxyde de
carbone (CO)
Métaux lourds :
plomb (Pb),
mercure (Hg),
arsenic (As),
cadmium (Cd),
nickel (Ni), etc.
Ozone (O3)
Polluants
Organiques
Persistants (POP)
dont les pesticides,
les PCB,
les HAP dont
Benzo(a)pyrène
(C20H12)
les dioxines (PCDD)
et les furanes
(PCDF)
Gaz effet serre
(H20, CO2, CH4, N20,
HFC, PFC, SF6)
Il participe aux mécanismes chimiques de formation de l’ozone troposphérique.
Dans l'atmosphère, il se transforme en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et contribue à
l'effet de serre.
Le CO étant converti en CO2 par le catalyseur des pots catalytiques, la part de
CO2 rejetée par les transports augmente régulièrement et participe à
l’augmentation de l’effet de serre
Ils contaminent les sols et les aliments. Ils sont dangereux pour l’environnement
car ils ne sont pas dégradables. Ils s'accumulent dans les organismes vivants et
perturbent les équilibres et mécanismes biologiques.
L'ozone a des effets néfastes sur la végétation en perturbant la croissance de
certaines espèces, entraînant des baisses de rendements des cultures et
provoquant des nécroses foliaires. Les effets sont variables selon les plantes. Il
contribue aux pluies acides et à l’effet de serre.
Il dégrade certains matériaux comme, par exemple, le caoutchouc.
Les POP présentent des risques pour l’environnement suite à leur persistance,
leur accumulation dans les écosystèmes et leur transport à longue distance. Le
temps de demie vie du glyphosate (considérée comme une des matières
actives se dégradant le plus vite) est de 14 jours à 111 jours suivant le type de
sol.
La menace que représente les POP reste encore imprécise vu le manque de
connaissances.
Ils polluent l'eau, diminuent la fertilité du sol, polluent l'air et contaminent la
chaîne alimentaire en s’accumulant le plus souvent dans les tissus riches en
graisse.
La contamination du système «sol-plante» par voie aérienne prédominerait par
rapport à la contamination par les racines (INPL).
Les gaz à effet de serre sont principalement responsables du réchauffement
terrestre et de la diminution de la couche d’ozone.
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Polluants
Dioxyde de soufre
(SO2)
Oxydes d’azote (NO et
NO2)
Ozone (O3)
Recommandations OMS*
3
Entre 10 et 30 μg/m en moyenne annuelle, en fonction du type de
végétation.
3
30 μg/m en moyenne annuelle.
Entre 0,2 et 10 ppm par heure, moyenne entre 5 jours et 6 mois, en fonction
du type de végétation (AOT : expos ition cumulée au des s us d’ un s euil de
40 ppb).
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P ouvoirs de ré c hauffement global (P R G )
Des gaz a effet de s erre (G E S )
P ris en c ompte par le protocole de kyoto
Duré e de vie (an)
(Institute for E nergy and Environmental R esearch)
(C IT E P A , fé vrier 2004)
Dioxyde de carbone (CO2)
Méthane (CH4)
Oxyde nitreux (N2O)
Hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC)
CnF2n+2
Hydrofluorocarbones (HFC) CnHmFp
Hexafluorure de soufre (SF6)
1
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310
50 – 200*
12 +ou- 3 **
120 ans
6 500 à 9 200
Supérieur à 50.000 ans
140 à 11 700
23 900
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Industrie manufacturiè re, traitement des
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Ré sidentiel, tertiaire, commercial, institutionnel
Agriculture, sylviculture et aquaculture
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Modes de transports autres que routier
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Emetteurs non inclus dans le total France
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Gaz de cokerie
Gaz de pétrole liquéfié
Gaz de haut-fourneau
Gaz de raffinerie et de pétrochimie
Gaz industriels déchets
Biogaz, gaz de décharge,…
Autres combustibles gazeux (hydrogène, …)
Fioul lourd
Fioul domestique
Gazole
Essence et supercarburant
Kérosène, carburéacteur et essence aviation
SOUS-SECTEURS
Production d'électricité
Chauffage urbain
Raffinage du pétrole
Transformation des combustibles minéraux solides --- mines
Transformation des combustibles minéraux solides --- sidérurgie
Extraction des combustibles solides et distribution énergie
Extraction combustibles liquides et distribution énergie
Extraction des combustibles gazeux et distribution énergie
Extraction énergie et distribution autres (géothermie, …)
Transformation d'énergie autre (incinération de déchets avec
récupération d'énergie)
Chimie organique, non-organique et divers
construction
Matériels de transport, fonderie, industrie mécanique, électrique, etc.
Agro-alimentaire
Métallurgie des métaux ferreux
Métallurgie des métaux non-ferreux
Minéraux non-métalliques et matériaux de construction
Papier, carton
Traitement des déchets (hors récupération d'énergie)
Autres secteurs de l'industrie et non spécifié
Résidentiel
Tertiaire, commercial, institutionnel
Culture
Elevage
Sylviculture
Autres sources de l'agriculture (tracteurs, …)
Voitures particulières à moteur diesel et non catalysées
Voitures particulières à moteur diesel et catalysées
Voitures particulières à moteur essence et non catalysées
Voitures particulières à moteur essence et catalysées
Voitures particulières à moteur essence et GPL
Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur diesel et catalysés
Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur diesel et non catalysés
Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur essence et catalysés
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Trafic maritime international (soutes internationales)
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Huiles et solvants uses
Autres produits pétroliers
Liqueur noire
Autres combustibles liquides
Charbon, agglomères et coke
Lignite
Coke de pétrole
Ordures ménagères
Déchets industriels solides
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Autres produits de la biomasse (agricoles, …)
Autres combustibles solides
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ADEME
AEPI
Aérosol
AFEDA
Aldéhyde
Anthropique
APHEA
As
AOT40
AS.CO.P.A.R.G.
AURG
Biotique
CAREPS
CCI
Cd
CMG
CFC
CH4
CIRE
CITEPA
CO
CO2
COV
COVNM
DDE
Définition et mode de
calcul des centiles
Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie
http://ww.ademe.fr/
Agence d’Etudes et de Promotion de l’Isère
http://www.grenoble-isere.com/
Particules en suspension dans l’air constituées de substances solides
et/ou liquides présentant une vitesse de chute négligeable. Minérales
ou organiques, composées de matière vivante (pollens…) ou non,
grosses ou fines, les particules en suspension constituent un ensemble
extrêmement hétérogène de polluants dont la taille varie de l'ordre du
dixièmes de nanomètres à une centaine de micromètres
Association Française d'Etudes des Ambroisies
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/afeda/
R-CO-H (R=CnH2n+1)
Qui est du à l’activité humaine
Air Pollution and HEAlth ; étude conduite dans 15 villes européennes
Arsenic
Accumulated dose Over a Threshold of 40 ppb : signifie la somme des
différences entre les concentrations horaires supérieures à 80 μg/m³ (=
40 parties par milliard) et 80 μg/m³ durant une période donnée en
utilisant uniquement les valeurs sur 1 heure mesurées quotidiennement
entre 8 heures et 20 heures (heure de l'Europe centrale)
ASsociation pour le COntrôle et la Préservation de l’Air dans la Région
Grenobloise
http://www.atmo-rhonealpes.org/
l'Agence d'Urbanisme de la Région Grenobloise
http://www.aurg.org/
Désigne un milieu qui permet le développement de la vie
Centre Rhône-Alpes d’Epidémiologie et de Prévention Sanitaire
http://www.careps.org
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Grenoble
http://www.grenoble.cci.fr/
Cadmium
Chambre des Métiers de Grenoble
http://www.cm-grenoble.fr/
Composés organo chlorés de type : CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CCl4, CH3Cl, …
Méthane
Cellule InterRégionale d’Epidémiologie
http://www.invs.sante.fr/regions/cire_rhonesalpes.htm
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d’Etudes de la Pollution
Atmosphérique
http://www.citepa.org/
Monoxyde de carbone
Gaz carbonique ou dioxyde de carbone
Composés Organiques Volatils
Composés Organiques Volatils Non Méthaniques
Direction Départementale de l’Equipement
http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/
Il faut comprendre au sens de « ne pas dépasser une valeur d’un
percentile 98 », que 98 % des jours (ou des heures dans le cas d’un
percentile horaire) qui ont fait l’objet de mesures doivent présenter des
valeurs journalières (ou horaires) inférieures à cette valeur limite. Ainsi,
dans le cas d’une année complète de mesure, on ne devra pas
dépasser cette valeur limite plus de 7 jours (ou 175 heures dans le cas
d’un percentile horaire).
Le centile est calculé à partir des valeurs effectivement mesurées,
arrondies au micro gramme par mètre cube le plus proche. Pour
chaque site, toutes les valeurs sont portées dans une liste établie par
ordre croissant. Le centile C est la valeur de l'élément de rang k pour
lequel k est calculé au moyen de la formule suivante :
k = C/100 * N, N étant le nombre de valeurs portées dans la liste cidessus. k est arrondi au nombre entier le plus proche.
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Définition et mode de
calcul des Moyennes
annuelles ou horaires :
DIREN
DRIRE
Effet de foehn
EGPN
EIS
Emission
EPFL
ERPURS
ERU
Eutrophisation
Gaz à effet de serre
H20
H2SO4
HAP
HCFC
HFC
Hg
ICPE
IFEN
IGN
Une moyenne (annuelle ou horaire) exprime l’exposition moyenne de la
population concernée, alors que le percentile 98 exprime l’occurrence
des épisodes de pollution les plus aigus.
DIRections Régionales de l'Environnement. Sous l'autorité du préfet de
région, elles oeuvrent à la prise en compte de l'environnement dans les
divers programmes d'aménagement, dans les contrats de plan et dans
les programmes européens.
http://www.environnement.gouv.fr/rhone-alpes/
Direction Régionale de l’Industrie et de l’Environnement
http://www.drire.gouv.fr/
Ce phénomène météorologique agit avec plusieurs degrés
d’importance (le petit effet de fœhn et le grand effet de fœhn. Il a lieu
principalement dans les hautes montagnes mais peut intervenir à partir
d’altitudes comprises entre 500 et 600 mètres. Dans sa configuration la
plus forte, il se caractérise par de fortes précipitations sur le versant de
la montagne situé au vent et par un vent chaud et sec (le fœhn en
espagnol) sur l'autre versant de la montagne. C’est l’ascendance de la
masse d’air au flanc au vent des reliefs qui entraîne une condensation
matérialisée par des nuages. Au cours de l’ascendance, l’eau
condensée peu précipiter au vent, alors que la masse d’air, en
redescendant sous le vent deviendra plus sèche.
Ecologie et Gestion du Patrimoine Nature
Evaluation de l’Impact Sanitaire
Des substances polluantes sont rejetées par des sources fixes
(industrie, chauffage, incinération) ou mobiles (automobile) et gagnent
l’air ambiant.
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
http://www.epfl.ch
Evaluation des Risques de la Pollution URbaine Pour la Santé
Excès de Risque Unitaire ou incrément de risque : un incrément de
-6
-3
risque de 6.10 pour 1 μg.m correspond à la probabilité 1,000006 fois
plus grande de développer un cancer pour une personne exposée
-3
durant une vie entière à une concentration dans l’air de 1 μg.m , par
rapport à une personne non exposée. Dit autrement, 6 cas de cancer
pour un million de personnes sont susceptibles d’apparaître pour une
-3
exposition vie entière à 1 μg.m de la substance considérée.
Apport en excès de substances nutritives (nitrates et phosphates) dans
un milieu aquatique pouvant entraîner la prolifération des végétaux
aquatiques (fleur d'eau). Pour les décomposer, les bactéries aérobies
augmentent leur consommation en oxygène qui vient à manquer et les
bactéries anaérobies se développent en dégageant des substances
toxiques : méthane, ammoniac, hydrogène sulfuré, toxines, etc. Toutes
les mers, sauf les mers subarctiques, sont touchées par
l'eutrophisation. Les teneurs en nitrate ont doublé, voire triplé dans la
mer Noire et la mer d'Azov.
Par exemple : H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6
Eau
Acide sulfurique
Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques
n atomes de carbone, 2n+1 atomes d'hydrogène, 1 atome de fluor
Hydrofluorocarbones
Mercure
Industrie Classée Pour l’Environnement
Institut francais de l'environnement
http://www.ifen.fr/
Institut Géographique National
http://www.ign.fr/
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Immission
INERIS
INRA
INSEE
INSERM
InVS
LAURE
LEGI
MEDD
Métaux lourds
MetPhoMod
METRO
3
-3
μg/m ou μg.m
3
-3
Ng/m ou ng.m
Ni
NO
N2O
NO2
NOx (NO, NO2, N2O)
Objectifs qualité :
OH°
OMS
PAN
Pb
PCB
PCDD
PCDF
PDU
PFC
Le terme « immission » est employé pour caractériser la concentration
des polluants dans l’air ambiant. On distingue les polluants primaires
qui sont directement émis et se retrouvent de ce fait en grande quantité
près des sources qui les ont engendrés. Il s’agit alors d’une pollution de
proximité. Au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne des sources, ces
polluants primaires diminuent en concentration par effet de transport et
de transformation pour laisser place aux polluants secondaires, émis
indirectement mais créés après ces transformations.
Institut National de l‘Environnement et des Risques Industriels
http://www.ineris.fr/
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
http://www.inra.fr/
Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques
http://www.insee.fr/
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
http://www.inserm.fr/
Institut de Veille Sanitaire
http://www.invs.sante.fr/
Loi sur l’Air et l’Utilisation Rationnelle de l’Energie
Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels
http://www.legi.hmg.inpg.fr/
Ministère de l’Ecologie et du Développement Durable
http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/
Les principaux métaux surveillés sont l’arsenic (As), le Cadmium (Cd),
le Nickel (Ni) et le Plomb (Pb).
METeorology and atmospheric PHOtochemistry mesoscale MODel
Grenoble Alpes Métropole
http://www.la-metro.org/
Micro gramme par mètre cube
Nano gramme par mètre cube
Nickel
Monoxyde d’azote
Oxyde nitreux
Dioxyde d’azote
Oxydes d’azote (monoxyde d’azote, dioxyde d’azote et oxyde nitreux)
Niveau de concentration de substances polluantes dans l'atmosphère,
fixé sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, dans le but d'éviter,
de prévenir, ou de réduire les effets nocifs de ces substances pour la
santé humaine ou pour l'environnement. Il s'agit d'une valeur de
confort, ou d'un objectif de qualité de l'air à atteindre, si possible, dans
une période donnée.
Peroxyde d'hydrogène
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
http://www.who.int/fr/
peroxy acétyl nitrate
Plomb
Polychloro Biphényles
Polychloro dibenzo dioxines
Polychloro dibenzo furannes
Plan de Déplacements Urbains
Hydrocarbures perfluorés
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Phénomène des brises
de montagne (brise de
pente et de vallée)
PM
PM2.5, PM10
PMSI
POP
PPA
ppb
ppm
PRIMEQUAL
PRQA
PSAS-9
SECTEN
Seuils d'alerte
Seuils de
recommandation et
d'information
SF6
SNCF
SMTC
SO2
Sources fixes
Sources mobiles
Station d’observation
Station industrielle
Station périurbaine
Station rurale
Action thermique du relief : durant la journée toute pente exposée est
réchauffée par le rayonnement solaire. Ainsi, le sol devient plus chaud
que l’air libre pendant le jour. L'air en contact avec le sol remonte alors
la pente, c’est la brise montante. Après un certain temps, une
circulation fermée s'établit. L’épaisseur de ce phénomène est de 100 à
200 m.
La nuit, une circulation inverse s'organise en raison du refroidissement
du sol.
Poussières ou Particules
Particules de diamètre inférieur à 2.5 ou 10 microns
Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information
Polluants Organiques Persistants
Plan de Protection de l’Atmosphère
-9
Unité : 1 partie par billion (10 ) . 1 ppb = 1 mg par tonne
-6
Unité : 1 partie par million (10 ). 1 ppm = 1 mg par kilogramme
Programme de Recherche Inter-organisme pour une Meilleure Qualité
de l’Air à l’Echelle Locale
Plan Régional de la Qualité de l’Air
Programme de Surveillance Air et Santé. Etude portant sur 9 villes de
France : Bordeaux, Le Havre, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Paris, Rouen,
Strasbourg, Toulouse.
SECTeurs économiques et ENergie
Niveau de concentration de substances polluantes dans l'atmosphère
au delà duquel une exposition de courte durée présente un risque pour
la santé humaine de toute la population (ou un risque de dégradation
de l'environnement) à partir duquel des mesures d'urgence et
d'information du public doivent être prises.
Niveau de concentration de substances polluantes dans l'atmosphère
au delà duquel une exposition de courte durée présente un risque pour
la santé humaine des groupes particulièrement sensibles, et à partir
duquel des informations actualisées doivent être diffusées à la
population.
Hexafluorure de soufre
Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer
http://www.sncf.com/
Syndicat Mixte des Transports en Commun
http://www.smtc-grenoble.org/
Dioxyde de soufre
Le terme « sources fixes » désigne des établissements industriels ou
assimilés qui, pour les polluants auxquels cette étude s’intéresse,
rejettent des fumées de combustion de fuels et de charbon, ou des
sous-produits de processus de fabrication.
Le terme « sources mobiles » désigne les émissions dues aux
transports de biens et de personnes, avec comme principal
responsable le trafic automobile. Contrairement aux sources fixes qui
rejettent le plus souvent en cheminées de type industrielle, hautes de
plusieurs dizaines de mètres, les rejets des sources mobiles se
produisent très près du sol, ce qui nuit à la bonne dispersion des
émissions.
Stations n’obéissant à aucun des critères des stations ci-avant
énumérées. Elles sont utilisées pour des besoins spécifiques tels que
l'aide à la prévision ou la modélisation.
Caractérise les niveaux de pollution induits par des phénomènes de
retombées de panache ou d'accumulation issus d’une source
industrielle.
Caractérise l’exposition des populations à la pollution par les
photooxydants.
Caractérise la pollution à l’échelle régionale et permettant notamment la
surveillance de l'exposition des écosystèmes.
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Station trafic
Station urbaine
TC
TGAP
Transformation
Transport
Typologie des stations
de mesures
UNEDIC
Valeurs limites pour la
protection de la santé
humaine
Vent synoptique
Vent thermique
ZNIEFF
Caractérise l’exposition maximale des populations résidant à proximité
d'une infrastructure routière. La topographie du site peut constituer un
facteur aggravant (cas des rues encaissées peu ventilées).
Caractérise l’exposition moyenne d’une fraction importante de la
population.
Transports collectifs
Taxe Générale sur les Activités Polluantes.
Elle fonctionne depuis le 1er janvier 1999.
Les agents soumis à la TGAP air sont :
• Les installations soumises à autorisation dont :
o la puissance thermique cumulée est supérieure à 20 MW et
o les émissions sont supérieures à :
150 t/an de composés soufrés (exprimés en SO2),
150 t/an de NOx,
150 t/an de HCl,
150 t/an de COV (non méthaniques).
• Les installations d'incinération d'ordures ménagères d'une capacité
supérieure ou égale à 3 tonnes par heure.
Le mélange de différents polluants dans l’atmosphère, l’exposition à
des conditions météorologiques particulières, conduisent à la
transformation chimique de certains polluants. Ainsi, la combinaison
d’oxydes d’azote et de composés organiques volatils en présence des
rayonnements ultraviolets conduit à la formation de photooxydants
puissants tels que l’ozone.
Les polluants vont subir différentes influences extérieures qui les
conduiront à se déplacer. Il s’agit soit de conditions dépendantes du
lieu de rejet (hauteur du rejet, topographie du site, climatologie
régionale) soit de paramètres plus globaux (grands courants de vents,
météorologie à grande échelle). Le temps de séjour du polluant dans
l’atmosphère dépend de la capacité du polluant à se déposer sous
forme sèche (sol, végétaux) ou humide (dissolution ou lessivage) ou à
se transformer chimiquement.
Les techniciens de la surveillance tentent de classifier les stations de
mesure, sur la base de critères fondamentaux. Compte tenu de la
variabilité dans le temps et dans l’espace de la concentration d’un
polluant donné, la surveillance de la qualité de l’air s’effectue en des
lieux aussi représentatifs que possible de situations caractéristiques
d’exposition (exposition moyenne – exposition maximale).
Union Nationale pour l'Emploi Dans l'Industrie et le Commerce
http://www.unedic.fr/
Niveau maximal de concentration de substances polluantes dans
l’atmosphère, fixé sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, dans le
but d’éviter, de prévenir ou de réduire les effets nocifs de ces
substances pour la santé humaine ou pour l’environnement.
Phénomène général provoqué par le passage des masses d'air
chaudes et froides (perturbations, anticyclones). Son orientation est
variable et celle-ci renforce ou limite l'action du vent thermique.
Plus communément brise thermique est un phénomène local, du aux
différences de températures entre l'eau et l'air. Cette différence
provoque des mouvements d'air qui crée la brise thermique.
la brise est aussi provoquée par un vent de vallée dû aux faces
montagneuses environnantes qui se réchauffent en cours de journée.
Dans ce cas, là aussi, un échange thermique se crée et provoque du
vent.
Zones Naturelles d'Intérêts Ecologique Faunistique et floristique

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