Untitled

Integrated disease management in protected vegetable crops in Morocco:
problems and management strategies
Besri M.
in
Choukr-Allah R. (ed.).
Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region
Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II
Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31
1999
pages 457-465
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Besri M. In tegrated disease man agemen t in protected vegetable crops in Morocco: problems
an d man agemen t strategies. In : Choukr-Allah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean
region . Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II, 1999. p. 457-465 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31)
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CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
Hassan
et
the
of vegetable
in greenhouses is follswing
methods. snly
ago, a yield of 60 Tha of tomato was
Now, yieldsof 200 Tha
be attained.
has ha
in the
technology:
type?
ida,
opthal conditions for thedevelopmentofmany
imprtanm intensivencontinued.
of
were
simple in
The
gemhouse
typa
of
dis
is not
s u w í ù l because of the lack of ventilation.
the
h o w , the development of
cubeWh, Selerotinìaspp., Boíytìs
Altema solanì
which continua
growers2may ause oxygen
deficiencies
in the r
the risks of
alde
the water is
efficiency. many
vegetables
,the
is
This
susceptibility of vegetable a s p s to many disases
Fmarim and Vemdlim wilts.
bemme susceptible when
has a high a l t content. The
the
panaceas k still
amongmany vegetable
the same pesticides
many
thsusceptible
fien
to
not &dve2
.
addition,
many w&
act
be
instance by Leveillulatazaica and Vertkillìum clahliae.
management, elimination of
sowing and planting time, choice
of the
a
d
o
p
e
td
vegetable
manytestshave
thattomato
meloncouldbe
infected
michiganenseand Fusarium oxusponanJsp.melonis.
nursery
of the
such
S&.
Chibacter
To avoid
(IDM) based
was
implementedby m e
the suitabletechnicsandmethodsin
a
compatible
to maintain the
pest populations at levels belowthe
has known
of many diseases.
in
years, but they
intensive cultivation continued.
To
based
local
The
methods ina compatible waysto maintain the pest populations
at
We will develop inthis
in
vol. 36
457
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
Greenhouse construction
The
type
is the single plastic tunnel (9 ‘B 56 m) or the
canariantype
(wood fiame, 0.5 to 1 ha). The
of these
is
limited ventilation
of
diseases is not always
successful because of the lack of ventilation
Greenhouse clintate
from
is
Bobytik
solani, ).
to
humidity.
is
techniques involve h o w
to
to
risks of disease and nematode attack.
is not
humidity and the
with efficiency.
efficiency.
also used
is
and water salinity
Soil
Fusarium and Verticillium
salt content.
of
to many diseases
is applied in the
A
to
a
mainly as
to 30
has developedinmany
applications of soil fumigants cause pesticide poisoning.
.
diseases
to
The small
to only two
susceptible to the same
be
of diseases
hosts to
addition, many weedsact
all belonging
to
often
and should,
as
vol. 31
458
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
All vegetable seeds
and
certified seeds.
tests have shown that tomato
seeds
Clmibacter michiganenseand Fusarizan
Jsp. melonis. This seed
of soil fumigaton
of some pathogens such Fusarizlm in
soil.
infected seeds
disease incidenceis higher in fumigatedsoils than in
ones.
on
all the
used
to some
used at the moment
to
plant pathogens.
to nematodes.
W
of
tomto
2.
vegetable crops
Table 1:
used
Botrytis cìnerea
heillula tawìka
Adides
injkstans
solaraì
Sclerotinìasclerotiom
Powdrym i l d m
bornediseases
The use of
seeds is
disease fiee. The use
of
2
Soi
diseases of vegetables
pathogens
is
Specialid
soil fùngi
Soil
of themain
Soil
that such seeds
is
seeds is very common. Themain seed
success
used for soil
is
will bestoppedin
Cahiers
in
3).
an
2010,
one
apply
to the
VOL31
459
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
advantages of soil
technique is
in such a way
is
needs furtherinvestigations.
is
soil
than 3
shown that
such
the
of
been
Verticillium and
seed borne diseasesof vegetables
Table 2.
Crop
Tomafo
Alternaria
solani
Di@mella lycopersici
stem
FuSarum Oxysprum Esp. lycopersici
F d m wilt
Clmibacter michìganense
syringae p.v. tomato
and Cucumber
Furrarizrm oxysprum €
Fuswizmr oxysporum f.
speck
F d u m wilt of melon
Fusarium wilt of “umbed
Cucumis
virus
gringue pv.lacrymam
“V
-
Alternaria cucumerina
blight
Alternaria solani
pepper
oxysprum
Xanthomonascantpestris pv vesicatoria
T a b 3. Pesticides used
Fusarium wilt
soil treatment protected vegetable crop
Alternaria
Sclerotinia, Stemphyllium
EthoProp
Vértièillium
sodium
diseases is
of
is
of tomato stakes
the hot months. This technique is applied with
greenhouses in the
conditions
to limit disease development in
for some
in
success by many
such
DidjcweZZu
during
applied. The intensive and continuoususe
1)
soil
on the safeand proper use of
is
is
of
contaminationetc.
The main
4.
voi--31
460
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
Table 4. llbgkidm
on protected vegetable crops
foliar treatments
(*)
Captafol,
blight
Late
Oxadixyl,
blights
Sclerotinia
al.
Thirame.
3.
+i-:
of tomato, cucurbits
pepper
.
i..
-
the same
on all
vegetables. These
pathogens. The major diseases in tomto,
pepper
and 7.
reported
to 'same
%ble%;5,6
.
.
diseases of tomato
#t'
..>..''
.,
Table 5.
i
9
'
Y..5
'
Alternaria
Botrytis cinerea
stem d
e
r
. I
Fma~im
ovsporum Csp. radick
Lycopersici
Fusariumoxyprum
Lmeìllula tuurìcu
Late blight
parasitica
fithiurn spp, Fusm*umspp,
off
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
stem
wilt
Verticillium abhlìae
Coryrtebacterìwn
michìganense
canker
pv. Tomato
speck
,
TMV
mosaïc
Cahiers
Tomato
vol. 31
461
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
diseases of pepper
Table 6.
Botrytis cinerea
Gray mold
Late blight
capsici
F‘ythium spp,
spp
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Verticillium dahliae
Leveillula taurica
off
spp
s
e
tm
mildew
wilt
syringae pv. Tomato
speck
Xantbmonas campestris vesicatoria
Cumk
Y
knot
spp
diseases of cucumber
Table 7.
Altemia cucumerik
Botyh3 cinerea
Furzaium oxysprum
Fusarium oxysponmz E sp.cunmìs
F u s d m solani
Grey mold
Fusariutn wilts
and
rot
o€€
spp.,
spp,
melon
sclerotiorum
Slerotinia
Vertcillim &hliae
Powdry mildew
cicbracearum
Sphaerotheca@iginea
mildew
syrìngae pv. Lacrymans
Angular leafspot
“v
CVYV
Vein yellowing of “umber
zYMv
Zuchini Yellow
CYMY
spp
by
growers influence disease development
should be implementedat the various steps of the
decisions
management.
-
management of the
Cahiers
choice of the field and
to be taken
vol. 31
reduce the pathogen
462
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
-
in the seed beds:
date, seeding densityy fumigation,
hgicide
-
to be
and plants; sowing
quality of the
....
in the
...
-
of
dates
A
(table 8).
Table 8. General
greenhouse
for vegetables
disease
disease managementprogram for protected vegetable crops
varietes,
Fusarium
Verticilliumwilt
solasization,
of
use of
treatment,
Fusarium wilt.
As
blight
Late
deleahg, chemicals, crop
Early
Chemicals
blight
Stemphyllium
blight
As for
blight.
weed
stem canker
mold
varieties, sanitation.
womd
seeds, tomato
deleafmg technique, lower plant densities, choice of
Good
the
use of
White rot
mildew
varieties,
to sunlight,
air
and
Bacterial d
e
r
Angular leafspot
ítee
of the
Viruses
eradiationof
Cahiers Optwns
(aphids, white fly),
hosts, sowing date.
VOL31
463
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
Besri
1977.
o~cyporumJ: sp. Zycopersici.
phase shinale du
à G.
Swiété fianpise
F. oxysporurn $sp- Zycopersici
Z, 93,148-163.
Besri
1W8.
semences de
Besri
1981. Qualite des sols et
tomate au
1981.
oxyspom$ sp. lycopersici,
Besri
19(n.
stem
Besri
la population deFusarium
des
20, 101-106.
1982.
Z. 105,l-10.
%ri
les
et
20,107-1 1l.
salinitk du sol
Besri
de Y: dahliae
Zycopersìcì dans
les
of
Zycopersici
7,939.
1983.
DidymeZlaZycopersici de
Z., 108,333-340.
Besri
Zrouri Et Beye. 1984.
isolats de VerticìZZium dahliue web.) obtenus à partir
au
Z., 109,289-294.
F.
tomate aux
B O W % cinerea
1984.
15,379-386,1985.
Besri
A.
1985.
de l'oïdium de la tomate
au
Besri
1989.
management
BeSri
1989.
mode de
Z, 112,348-354.
LmeilluZa taurica, agent
in
of some tomato
of the "89
caused by fungicide
of the "89
in
k
r
i
1990.
FAO, 27 pp.
1991.
Dzdjmzella
237-243.
sous
of soil
Soil
au
VerficiZliumwilt and
press. pp.
eds J.
Besri
of
in
bulletin, 187-191
31
464
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
la tomatecultivée
La
horticulturae,287,355-360
Cavallar0
C. Peterents, 1988.
Cavazlaro
1985.
on pest managementin field vegetables.
20-22
A.A.
in
24-26 April 1985, A.A.
Cavallam,
Pelerenls. 1989.
a
235 pp.
W.E. 1982.
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Van A l e k k F.A.N., J.C. Van
in the
pfastique au
1990.
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of the
302 pp.
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378 pp.
and
465