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FRENCH ORGAN MUSIC IN THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information FRENCH ORGAN MUSIC IN THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV Presenting a fresh approach to French organ music, David Ponsford analyses the repertory from the reign of Louis XIV by genre. The colourful French organ was so consistent in design that the very titles of pieces which were constituent parts of organ masses, Magnificats and suites prescribed the registrations: plein jeu, fugue, duo, récit, trio, fond d’orgue and grand jeu. Particular examples from published livres d’orgue and important manuscript collections are analysed chronologically, so that influences from Italian as well as French sacred and secular music can be traced. This analysis reveals the dynamic development of compositional styles in which each composer developed, modified or reacted against the exemplars of his predecessors. Composers discussed include Louis Couperin, François Couperin, Raison, Clérambault and Marchand. The reader will gain an enhanced understanding of performance practices such as notes inégales, fingering and ornamentation, and the influence of French composers on J. S. Bach. david ponsford is a renowned organist and harpsichordist who has been engaged in academic research and performances of French Baroque music throughout his career. He teaches at Bristol University and is Associate Lecturer at Cardiff University, where he directs courses in performance practice and conducts the University Choir and Chamber Orchestra. He has made a number of solo organ and harpsichord recordings, including Parthenia, J. S. Bach’s Clavierübung III and J. S. Bach’s complete violin sonatas with Jacqueline Ross. His edition of Biber’s Mystery Sonatas was published in 2007. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information MUSICAL PERFORMANCE AND RECEPTION General editors John Butt and Laurence Dreyfus This series continues the aim of Cambridge Musical Texts and Monographs to publish books centred on the history of musical instruments and the history of performance, but broadens the focus to include musical reception in relation to performance and as a reflection of period expectations and practices. Published titles John Butt Playing with History: The Historical Approach to Musical Performance James Garratt Palestrina and the German Romantic Imagination: Interpreting Historicism in Nineteenth-Century Music John Haines Eight Centuries of Troubadours and Trouvères: The Changing Identity of Medieval Music Christopher Hogwood (ed.) The Keyboard in Baroque Europe Daniel Leech-Wilkinson The Modern Invention of Medieval Music: Scholarship, Ideology, Performance Michael Musgrave and Bernard Sherman (eds.) Performing Brahms: Early Evidence of Performance Style Stewart Pollens Stradivari Tilman Skowroneck Beethoven the Pianist David Ponsford French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information FRENCH ORGAN MUSIC IN THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV DAVID PONSFORD © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, c a m São b r i Paulo, d g e uDelhi, n i v e rTokyo, s i t y pMexico r e s s City Singapore, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Cambridge University Press Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Cambridge cb2University 8ru, UK Press, New York Published in the United States of Building, America by Cambridge Published in the United States ofwww.cambridge.org America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521887700 www.cambridge.org Information on this©title: www.cambridge.org/9780521887700 David Ponsford 2011 © copyright. David Ponsford 2011 This publication is in Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, This publicationof is any in copyright. to without statutorythe exception no reproduction part may Subject take place written and to the permission provisions of collective licensing of relevant Cambridge University Press.agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission First of Cambridge Press. publishedUniversity 2011 First published 2011 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge the United at is theavailable University Cambridge A Printed catalogueinrecord for thisKingdom publication fromPress, the British Library A catalogue record for this978-0-521-88770-0 publication is available from the British Library isbn Hardback isbn Press 978-0-521-88770-0 Hardback Cambridge University has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to Cambridge University Press responsibility for the persistence in this publication, and doeshas notnoguarantee that any content on suchor accuracy ofwebsites URLs for or third-party Internet websites referred to is,external or will remain, accurate or appropriate. in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information To my mother and to the memory of my father © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgements Abbreviations and glossary page viii x xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Genre 8 3 The conventions of notes inégales 25 4 Ornaments 57 5 Fingering 90 6 114 The influence of Italian music 7 Plein jeu 124 8 Fugue 154 9 188 Duo 10 Récit de dessus 211 11 Récit en taille 229 12 Récit de basse 239 13 Trio 252 14 Fond d’orgue 272 15 Grand jeu 276 Epilogue 313 315 325 Bibliography Index vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information Illustrations 1. St Etienne-du-Mont, Paris. Photograph by the author. page 2 2. St Gervais, Paris. Photograph by the author. 10 3. Nicolas de Grigny, Dialogue à 2 tailles de cromorne et 2 dessus de cornet pour la Communion. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Nicolas de Grigny: Premier livre d’orgue’ (1699), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 2001), www.annefuzeau.com. 24 4. André Raison, Demonstration des cadences, et agrèmens. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘André Raison: Livre d’orgue contenant cinq messes’ (1688), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1993), www.annefuzeau.com. 58 5. Jean-Henri d’Anglebert, Marques des agrements et leur signification. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘D’Anglebert: Pièces de clavecin’ (1689), with kind permission of Editions Minkoff. 59 6. Louis Marchand, Plein jeu. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Louis Marchand: Pièces choisies pour l’orgue’ (after 1732), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1996), www.annefuzeau.com. 151 7. Pierre Du Mage, Plein jeu. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Pierre Du Mage: Premier livre d’orgue’ (1708), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1995), www.annefuzeau.com. 152 8. Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, Fugue (Suite du premier ton). Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Louis-Nicolas Clérambault: Premier livre d’orgue’ (c. 1710), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1992), www.annefuzeau.com. 179 9. Jean-Henri d’Anglebert, Quatuor sur le Kyrie. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘D’Anglebert: Pièces de clavecin’ (1689), with kind permission of Editions Minkoff. 182 10. François Couperin (1668–1733). With kind permission of Anne Fuzeau Productions, www.annefuzeau.com. 204 11. Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers, Récit de cromhorne (6th tone). Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers: Livre d’orgue’ (1665), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1987), www.annefuzeau.com. 213 viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information List of illustrations 12. Nicolas de Grigny, Récit du chant de l’hymne précédent (Pange lingua). Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Nicolas de Grigny: Premier livre d’orgue’ (1699), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 2001), www.annefuzeau.com. 13. Louis Marchand, Basse de trompette. Extract from the facsimile edition ‘Louis Marchand: Pièces choisies pour l’orgue’ (after 1732), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1996), www. annefuzeau.com. 14. François Couperin, Offertoire sur les grands jeux (Messe pour les paroisses). Extract from the facsimile edition ‘François Couperin: Pièces d’orgue I ’ (1690), Anne Fuzeau Productions (Courlay, 1991), www.annefuzeau.com. 15. Louis Marchand (1669–1732). With kind permission of Anne Fuzeau Productions, www.annefuzeau.com. © in this web service Cambridge University Press ix 237 250 297 301 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements This book is the result of my fascination for and study and performances of French Baroque organ music, together with a curiosity about its performance practices, which have occupied me over many years. It would not have been completed without the assistance and encouragement of many friends and colleagues during that time. First, I should like to thank the School of Music, Cardiff University, for the Research Studentship that enabled me to complete my initial study in the form of a doctoral dissertation, and the Leverhulme Trust for a Research Fellowship that enabled me to write this book. I am grateful to many individuals whose particular help has been invaluable: Rachel Brown, John Byrt, Helen Crown, Alan Davis, Pierre Dubois, David Humphreys, Lucy Robinson, Shirley Thompson; and to Rebecca Taylor, Vicki Cooper, Christina Sarigiannidou and my copy-editor Silas Wollston at Cambridge University Press. The influence of two of my teachers has been inspirational. Kenneth Gilbert has made many helpful suggestions and has been extremely generous in many ways. Peter Williams’s influence, his ideas, knowledge and critical perception as a scholar, PhD supervisor and friend, has been enormous; his thorough reading of the typescript raised many constructive suggestions, although the faults therein are mine alone. I am also very grateful to my family. My father Howard would have loved to see the publication of this book. Simon and Catherine have been encouraging throughout, and I would like to thank especially my wife Vicki for her support and for practical help. x © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information Abbreviations and glossary ABBREVIATIONS Textual abbreviations B b.+ ds. cf. c.f. MS Ped T bass basse et dessus compare cantus firmus manuscript Pedal tenor Bibliographic abbreviations DTÖ EM JAMS JM JRMA MB ML MT New Grove (1980) New Grove (2001) PRMA Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich Early Music Journal of the American Musicological Society Journal of Musicology Journal of the Royal Musical Association Musica Britannica Music & Letters Musical Times Stanley Sadie (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980). Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (eds.), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 2001). Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association GLOSSARY Figura A ‘figure’, ‘motif’ or particular note-pattern in a distinctive melodic and/or rhythmic shape. Although catalogued in xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88770-0 - French Organ Music in the Reign of Louis XIV David Ponsford Frontmatter More information xii Figura corta Style brisé Superjectio Suspirans Abbreviations and glossary German sources such as J. G. Walther’s Praecepta der musicalischen Composition (1708) and Musicalisches Lexicon (1732), some of the same figurae were used as generative motifs in French organ music. Some were almost genrespecific, although not exclusively so; for example, the figura corta in the basse de trompette, and the suspirans to open many a plein jeu. A rhythmic figure described by Walther as having two forms: dactyl (long-short-short) and anapest (short-shortlong). Literally the ‘broken style’, derived from lute idioms and subsequently becoming an idiomatic harpsichord technique, consisting of broken chords in continuous quavers or semiquavers, such as is found in the Prelude in C major from J. S. Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier, vol. i. A figure in which the principal note is followed by an upper, dissonant, auxiliary which then leaps (rather than passes) to a lower principal note in a descending melodic context. A four-note figure beginning with a rest (hence a ‘sigh’ or ‘breathing in’) and leading to the next beat in continuous quavers or semiquavers (normally conjunct). The French suspirans is notated à ÖÖμ ± (normally with a ë on the second note) and played inégal. PITCH NOTATION Specific pitches are identified according to the Helmholtz system, in which middle C is c 0 ; the octave above is c00 ; the octaves below are c and C, descending BB, AA, etc. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
