suggestions on how to practice laser talks

LASER TALKS 2015
SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO PRACTICE LASER TALKS:
PAIR AND SHARE: practice the laser talks with a partner over coffee.
MIRROR WORK: Rehearse them in front of a mirror
PICK AND CHOOSE: Practice the laser talks that interest you the most – you don’t have to learn all of them. If you are
new to Citizens Climate Lobby – keep it simple and be sure to learn the first five. Caveat: the laser talks are not meant
for people to present a monologue on the various aspects of carbon pricing and climate change. The real purpose of the
laser talks is to facilitate a discussion on climate change with representatives, the media and the general public. Note the
laser talks directed at MPs from the various political parties are talking points to work with to help you appreciate your
MP! You can find other talking points that help you appreciate your MP too.
Contents
Citizens’ Climate Lobby ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
The Five Chief Ways to Price Carbon ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Carbon Fee and Dividend ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Why we want 100% revenue neutrality.................................................................................................................................. 4
The way forward is a market based carbon price not Job Killing Regulation ......................................................................... 4
Women and Climate Change .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Canada’s recently announced GHG targets are hot air .......................................................................................................... 7
Be prepared for the rebuttal (to be used with cap and trade champions)............................................................................ 8
Rural Voters Benefit from Fee and Dividend .......................................................................................................................... 9
What’s Happening Worldwide with Carbon Taxes and other Greenhouse Gas Initiatives? ................................................ 10
REMI study and BC carbon tax data support revenue neutral carbon tax ........................................................................... 11
Border Tax Adjustments ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
NAFTA and Carbon Fee and Dividend ................................................................................................................................... 12
The Effect of Pricing Carbon on Farmers .............................................................................................................................. 13
Natural Gas as a 'Transition' Fuel? ........................................................................................................................................ 14
We Can Switch to Renewables in 20 Years ........................................................................................................................... 15
Cutting carbon is cheaper than we realize ........................................................................................................................... 15
Canada’s most pressing health issue is climate change ....................................................................................................... 16
Does the private sector support a carbon price? ................................................................................................................. 17
For MPs in the Liberal Party of Canada – April 2014 - we will update together at the meeting ........................................ 18
For MPs in the New Democratic Party of Canada – April 2014 - we will update together at the meeting .......................... 19
Laser Talk Talking to Conservatives (from April 2014) - we will update together at the meeting ....................................... 20
Compilation of quotes........................................................................................................................................................... 21
Discours de motivation sur le prélèvement et le dividende ................................................................................................. 22
Pourquoi souhaitons-nous une totale neutralité fiscale?..................................................................................................... 22
Science fondamentale........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Une taxe de Pigou? Pourquoi pas? ....................................................................................................................................... 24
La différence entre la science et les chercheurs ................................................................................................................... 25
Les effets du prix du carbone sur les producteurs agricoles ................................................................................................ 26
Cinq méthodes pour établir le prix du carbone. ................................................................................................................... 26
Une diminution des émissions de carbone coûterait moins cher qu'on peut le supposer .................................................. 27
2
Citizens’ Climate Lobby
Citizens’ Climate Lobby is an international, non-partisan organization that empowers citizens to lobby their representatives for
a revenue neutral price on carbon pollution. Currently we have over 200 chapters in North America and over 14,000 CCL
members. In Canada we cover 61 ridings. It was founded in the USA in 2007 by Marshall Saunders and is modeled after the
international poverty reduction organization called RESULTS. RESULTS is also our sister organization.
Since September 2010, Canadian Citizens Climate Lobbyists have, through teleconference calls, monthly actions, and
conferences, educated ourselves about the various aspects of climate change from the economics and science to the
sociology, communication and its myriad connections to almost everything.
After three years of building a small and effective army of concerned citizens in Canada from over 40 ridings, we descended on
Parliament Hill, Monday, November 18, 2013, to lobby our MPs for a price on carbon pollution. We lobbied 26 MPs, one
senator and the aides of Justin Trudeau and Elizabeth May for carbon fee and dividend.
In June 2014, 26 Canadians joined approximately 600 of our US colleagues and lobbied the offices almost 500 members of the
US Congress in Washington DC for a carbon tax. We also lobbied the World Bank, and the Canadian Embassy in Washington.
This was Canadian CCL's fourth year lobbying in Washington, DC.
In November 2014 68 citizens attended our three day national conference and lobbying event in Ottawa. We advanced our
understanding of how carbon pricing will create prosperity for Canadians and then we lobbied 42 parliamentarians for carbon
fee and dividend.
The Five Chief Ways to Price Carbon
There are five ways to price carbon. They are listed here from least transparent to most transparent:
1. The Status Quo: external costs of climate change are not internalized and the taxpayer is forced to pay for climate
and health-related damages.
2. Regulation: sector by sector regulation of all the sectors in the economy that produce carbon pollution.
3. Cap and Trade: put a mandatory limit (or "cap") on some portion of national emissions, and allow firms to buy and
sell rights to emit within the cap as well. This can be with or without offsets. A carbon offset is a reduction in
emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for an emission made elsewhere.
4. Carbon Tax: a tax based on greenhouse gas emissions generated from burning fuels. The tax may or may not be
revenue neutral. A revenue neutral tax is one that does not have a net increase in overall federal tax revenues.
5. Carbon Fee and Dividend: An incrementally increasing fee is placed on carbon pollution and 100% of the money is
returned to households. The term fee is used deliberately to indicate clearly that it is a revenue neutral pricing
system. Carbon fee and dividend, as proposed by Citizens Climate Lobby, is an upstream fee and is levied at point of
production of fossil fuels (at the well head, mine or point of entry). A downstream tax, on the other hand, would be
levied at the point of consumption of fossil fuels and/or products dependent on fossil fuels.
Carbon Fee and Dividend
Carbon fee and dividend is a revenue-neutral price on carbon that functions as follows:





A fee is placed on carbon-based fuels at the source (well, mine or port of entry)
This fee increases steadily each year so that clean energy is cheaper than fossil fuels within a decade
All of the money collected is returned to Canadians on an equitable basis.
Under this plan 66% percent of Canadian households would break even or receive more in their dividend check than
they would pay for the increased cost of energy, thereby protecting the poor and middle class.
A predictably increasing carbon price will send a clear market signal which will unleash entrepreneurs and investors in
the new clean-energy economy.
3
Why we want 100% revenue neutrality
1. A 100 percent rebate ensures that two-thirds of Canadian households will come out equal or ahead regarding the
increase in energy costs. This calculation takes into account not just direct energy costs, but the pass-through
businesses will add to the cost of their products.
2. Members of Parliament who feel pressured to not increase taxes can still vote the right way.
3. If while steadily raising the price of carbon-based fuels we eliminate all energy subsidies, we allow the market to go
to work without the government picking winners and losers. Venture capitalists, banks, and entrepreneurs seeing a
predictable price signal will create breakthroughs in innovation that in some cases are unimaginable at this point. A
carbon fee is the most efficient and direct way to send a meaningful price signal to the markets, better than
subsidies but also better than alternatives such as government regulations or cap and trade.
4. Asking citizens to voluntarily curtail their use of fossil fuels when others may not choose to do so can be
demoralizing and ineffective. To maintain public support of the price we will ultimately need to stabilize CO2
emissions, citizens will need to receive a significant dividend.
The way forward is a market based carbon price not Job Killing Regulation
Canada's Ecofiscal Commission released a report in April 2015 report “The way forward”. The Ecofiscal study used an
economic model that analyzed where Canada would be in 2020 if regulation or carbon pricing were used to manage
carbon pollution. The carbon pricing model they used was revenue-neutral.
In this model, Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 is 3.7% better under carbon pricing than it is under a
regulatory approach.
The "gain" breaks down as follows: 0.4% from provinces linking their carbon pricing systems; 0.9% from recycling
revenue into income tax deductions; and 2.4% from carbon pricing alone.
The study was agnostic towards which carbon pricing mechanism was used. However it did stipulate that the carbon tax
or cap and trade had to be "well-designed".
4
Women and Climate Change
Women are and will continue to be disproportionately impacted by climate change. Yet, women are only 12% of those
that lead the global climate policy negotiations (Harris, R. 2012). Here are just some of the impacts of climate change on
women:

Water stress and shortages will lead to an increase in women’s labour in many contexts as they have the primary
responsibility of collecting water in many parts of the world (Mearns & Norton, 2010).

About 2/3 of the female labour force in developing countries and 90% in many African countries are engaged in
agricultural work. In the context of climate change, traditional food sources become more unpredictable and scarce.
As well, women face loss of income as well as harvests. Related increases in food prices make food more
inaccessible to poor people, in particular to women and girls whose health has been found to decline more than
male health in times of food shortages. Furthermore, women are often excluded from decision-making on access to
and the use of land and resources critical to their livelihoods (United Nations Women Watch).

Women are less mobile due to their roles as primary care givers (Araujo et al. 2007, p. 2) making it difficult for them
to move as an adaptive response to a rapidly changing climate. Additionally, climate change disproportionally affects
women due to a lack of power and increased social exclusion in some parts of the world (Mearns & Norton, 2010).

Gender differences in death rates attributable to natural disasters have been linked directly to women’s economic
and social rights (Neumayer and Plümper 2007). Women are more vulnerable to death in extreme weather events;
women typically outnumber men by 14 to 1 among those dying from natural disasters (Araujo et al. 2007, p. 1). For
example, social prejudices keeps women and girls from learning to swim, and as a result, they are more vulnerable
to flooding disasters (Oxfam, 2005).

Climate change is and will lead to more competition over resources which in turn leads to conflict and
violence. Conflict amplifies existing gender inequalities. Women suffer the consequences of conflict such as rape,
violence, anxiety, and depression (Osei-Agyemang, 2007).
In an April 2015 poll of Canadian women, 74% of women believe that protecting the climate is more important than
building the Energy East pipeline and further developing the oil sands (Climate Action Network Canada, 2015). This is
good news for our sisters in the global south, because Canada could help women around the world by pricing carbon
pollution at the national level, spurring other nations to do the same and thus mitigating the impacts of climate change
on women.
5
References
Araujo, A. Quesada-Aguilar, A., Aguilar, L. Pearl, R. (2007). Gender Equality and Adaptation. Women’s Environment and
Development Organization and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
http://www.genderandenvironment.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Factsheet%20Adaptation.pdf
Barnet, J. Adger W.N. (2007) Climate change, human security and violent conflict. Political Geography
Climate Action Network Canada poll (April 2015) National poll shows Canadians want leadership on climate protection
http://climateactionnetwork.ca/2015/04/07/61-of-canadians-say-protecting-the-climate-more-important-than-pipelinesand-tarsands/
Harris, R. (2010). Women’s Environmental & Development Organization Women Making the Case for U.S. Action on Climate Change.
Retrieved from: http://www.wedo.org/themes/sustainable-development-themes/climatechange/women-making-the-casefor-u-s-action-on-climate-change
Mearns, R. & Norton, A. (2010). Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. The World Bank. http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/12/09/000333037_20091209223238/Rendered/PD
F/520970PUB0EPI11C010disclosed0Dec091.pdf
Neumayer, Eric, & Plümper, Thomas (2007). The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the
Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97 (3): 551–66.
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_(LSERO).pdf
Osei-Agyemang, M. (2007). Temperatures Rising: Understanding the Relationship between Climate Change, Conflict and Women.
Women & Environments, 74/75. Sourced here: http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pubpdf/climateconnections_1_overview.pdf
Oxfam. (2005). The tsunami’s impact on women. http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/bn050326_tsunami_women/download
Sumati, N., Kirbat, P. & Sexton, S. (2004). A Decade after Cairo: Women’s Health in a Free Market Economy.Corner House Briefing 3.
www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=62140.
United Nations Women Watch
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/factsheet.html#4
6
Canada’s recently announced GHG targets are hot air
In mid-May 2015, Canada’s federal government revealed the contribution that Canada intends to make towards a new global
climate deal – 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 which is 220 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent. Canada’s national plans include: fuel
efficiency regulations, regulating hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs; less than 1% of Canadian emissions), limiting fugitive methane
emissions from the oil and gas sector and addressing non-CO2 emissions from natural gas-fired power plants. All of these are
important steps.
Canada’s submission also specifies a new method of accounting for emissions from forestry and land use, which decreases the
reduction Canada needs to make. This was last estimated to result in 19 million tonnes worth of credits in 2020. Meanwhile the new
approach is estimated to yield a much higher credit, around 63 million tonnes, without any change in climate policy.
Further, a secret internal briefing memo prepared for the federal cabinet estimates that the current oil price slump and the
associated slowdown in economic activity in some sectors, especially oil and gas, will result in a 30-million-tonne reduction in 2030
emissions, again without any actual federal climate policy.
In the previously-mentioned cabinet memo, the envisioned volume of offset purchases in 2030 is pegged at 33 million tonnes of
CO2-equivalent – again without any changes in Canada’s domestic emissions profile. It is important to remember that offset projects
can represent such crucial international cooperation but most of this cooperation must be realized in addition to, and not instead of,
stringent domestic mitigation.
The current Canadian government has elected to pursue a sector-by-sector regulatory approach to climate policy, rather than, for
example, a market-based economy-wide one. In practice, however, the only sectors regulated so far are vehicle fuel efficiency and
coal-fired power generation, with a standard that will not be fully implemented until 2062. At the same time, the Province of Ontario
has already completely phased out coal fired generation, from a share of 27% of electricity generation in the early 2000s,
highlighting a disconnection between federal and provincial policy approaches to climate change.
Canada’s Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable
Development, concluded that there is strong evidence that Canada will
fail to meet its 2020 target because of the federal government’s failure
so far to “have an overall plan that maps out how Canada will achieve
this target … or to provide the necessary coordination so that all levels
of government … can achieve the national target”. The Canadian
federal government is not coordinating this effort but instead heavily
leaning on the provincial governments to implement effective climate
policies. In fact, federal bureaucrats estimated that as much as 89
million tonnes of the total 220-million-tonne Canadian reduction
target could come from provincial efforts.
In total, of the 220 million tonnes of CO2-equivalent of emission reductions implied by the 30% target, up to 126 million tonnes of
CO2-equivalent can therefore already be achieved without any actual changes to national domestic climate policy.
Oil sands emissions are expected to increase fourfold between 2005 and 2030 (by
about 102 million tonnes), but there are no plans to regulate the sector. As the
fastest growing source of emissions, the oil sands represent an important test of
the sincerity of the government’s intentions with regards to climate policy. In
fact, in recent years emissions growth in the oil and gas sector more than
cancelled out any emissions reductions undertaken in other sectors of the
economy. This included Ontario’s coal phase-out which is routinely characterized
as “the single largest greenhouse gas reduction initiative in North America”.
Referenced quite liberally from Christian Holtz, May 2015
https://theconversation.com/canadas-climate-target-is-a-smokescreen-and-fullof-loopholes-42167
7
Be prepared for the rebuttal
(to be used with cap and trade champions)
MP _____________. Thank you so much for acknowledging that pricing carbon is a more efficient way to
curtail carbon emissions compared to regulation. There are a number of important questions to ask about
your cap and trade policy. These questions will be important to have as rebuttals as you prepare for election
2015.
1) How hard and increasingly stringent will the caps be?
2) What sorts of carbon offsets will be allowed?
3) What financial penalties will taxpayers pay if Canadians want out of the proposed cap and trade
system?
4) How many free allocations (exemptions) will be awarded to industry?
5) What criteria will the governments use when redistributing the money collected and when awarding
free allocations?
6) How much will it cost governments and industry to monitor, report and verify emissions? (It would be
cheaper with a simple carbon fee.)
7) How are people on fixed incomes supposed to pay for the price increases with cap and trade?
8) Who will be held legally accountable if the federal cap and trade system is scammed and what sort of
penalties will be enforced?
9) How exactly will cap and trade be able to curtail the exploitation of the oil sands without global caps
on carbon emissions in combination with the allowing for offsets via carbon sinks and trading with
poorer nations?
10) Do you think cap and trade has what it takes to generate long term political will past the next election
cycle?
8
Rural Voters Benefit from Fee and Dividend
Rural residents have a larger carbon footprint than urban dwellers, but suburban dwellers use more than both. [1] That’s
because your carbon footprint is strongly related to how much money you make. Wealthy suburbanites tend to have the
largest homes, fly further on vacation flights, and buy more stuff. Data from B.C. shows they even drive more than rural
residents. [2]
The difference becomes more apparent when you realize that only about 35% of Canadian household emissions come
directly from burning fossil fuels (i.e. heating your home and driving).[3] Another 13% of our greenhouse gas emissions
arise indirectly from the electricity we use, and the remainder is due to the goods and services we buy. In other words,
half of the time we’re making a climate-relevant decision, we don’t even know it! This helps explains why wealth is so
closely tied to your carbon footprint: wealthier Canadians can afford to buy more stuff.
Approximately 50% of Canadians produce average or less than average CO2 emissions. However, when returning 100%
of the revenue raised from an upstream fee as a monthly dividend to all Canadians, almost all Canadians would end up
ahead. This is because Canada extracts much more carbon from the ground than we need to satisfy our own
consumption. [4] And that extraction process itself emits greenhouse gases. Alberta’s carbon emissions are higher than
Ontario’s even though it only has a third of its population, and much of the difference is in the extraction of oil and gas
for export. [5] CCL proposes carbon fees to be applied at the wellhead, when fossil fuels first come out of the ground.
Since we are such a large exporter of carbon, this would collect more than enough money to cover our increased cost of
living, in Alberta and Ontario alike.
Putting a fee on carbon will raise the cost of living for everyone, but mostly for the suburban rich. This is because the
poor are inherently more “carbon-virtuous” than the rich, since they have smaller homes, drive less, fly less, and buy
fewer carbon-intensive products and services. The increase in prices encourages everyone, but especially wealthy
individuals, to adjust their decision-making to reduce their carbon costs. Their dividend doesn’t change when they make
those personal consumption choices, so although most will come out ahead no matter what, those who change their
habits come out even further ahead.
References
1. Kevin Ummel. 2014. “Who Pollutes? A Household-Level Database of America’s Greenhouse Gas Footprint.” CGD Working Paper 381. Washington, DC: Center for
Global Development. http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/who-pollutes-database-greenhouse-gas-footprint.pdf
2. Chelsea Peet and Kathryn Harrison, “Diverse Regional Reactions to British Columbia’s Carbon tax” BC Studies, no. 173, spring 2012, pp 97-122.
http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/2431/182554
3. Alison Clark Milito and Gabriel Gagnon, “Greenhouse gas emissions–a focus on Canadian households”. Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics
Division. EnviroStats 16-002-X, December 9, 2008. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-x/2008004/article/10749-eng.htm
4. Statistics Canada CANSIM table 128-0016. In 2013, Canada’s primary energy production was 17,912,421 TJ, while our total primary and secondary energy use for
final (domestic) demand was 8,288,703 TJ. Hydro and nuclear electricity contribute 1,730,000 TJ to these numbers, but production was evenly matched with final
domestic demand. The remainder was fossil fuels. http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/home-accueil?lang=eng
5. “National Inventory Report, Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada”. Environment Canada.
https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/application/zip/can-2015-nir-17apr.zip
Further reading:
A.
Nicholas Rivers, “The Distribution of Costs of a Carbon Tax Among Canadian Households”. Canadian Tax Journal (2012) 60:4 pp 899-915.
B.
Kevin A. Hassett, Aparna Mathur, and Gilbert E. Metcalf, “The Incidence of a U.S. Carbon Tax: A Lifetime and Regional Analysis”. 2009. The Energy Journal,
Vol. 30, No. 2. URL:https://www.aeaweb.org/assa/2009/retrieve.php?pdfid=346
C.
Dallas Burtraw, Richard Sweeney, and Margaret Walls, “The Incidence of U.S. Climate Policy: Alternative Uses of Revenues from a Cap-and-Trade Auction”
April, 2009. Resources for the Future. URL: http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-DP-09-17.pdf
9
What’s Happening Worldwide with Carbon Taxes and other Greenhouse Gas
Initiatives?
We are often asked what China is doing to reduce emissions and it is assumed that the answer is nothing. However,
information gathered from three World Bank reports [1, 2, 3] indicate that governments around the world are taking
action, China included:
In 2014, about 40 national and over 20 sub-national jurisdictions have already implemented or scheduled emissions
trading schemes or carbon taxes. Together, these jurisdictions account for more than 22 percent of global emissions.
Many more countries and jurisdictions are advancing preparation for pricing carbon. Together, these represent almost
half of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions [4]. See the map below to find out where [5].
Here’s the breakdown of what these countries are doing:
• 14 countries and one sub-national jurisdiction (BC, Canada) are implementing or have passed legislation for a direct
carbon tax.
• 18 countries are taking steps to be in a state of “carbon pricing readiness” by 2016-2020.
• 35 countries (incl. 28 in the EU) and 21* subnational jurisdictions have adopted emissions trading (ETS) programs.
Looking at it slightly differently, only two out of the ten of the largest economies in the world do NOT have a carbon
price: including our biggest trading partner the United States as well as Russia [6]. *Note this includes California, which
has an Emissions Trading Scheme, accurately as the world’s 10th largest economy instead of India [7].
Of special note in July 2014 India doubled its tax on coal to fund green energy projects [8]. As well, at the federal level
Canada does not have a climate or energy plan [9]
This laser talk and the data tables it draws from can be downloaded here
*Ontario very recently announced it was joining the Western Climate Initiative with Quebec and California
References:
(1) “Putting a Price on Carbon with a Tax”. The World Bank. June 3, 2014.
http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SDN/background-note_carbon-tax.pdf
10
(2) World Bank Background Note “Carbon Pricing Readiness: Looking Ahead”. The World Bank. June 3, 2014
http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SDN/background-note_carbon-pricing-readiness.pdf
(3) “Putting a Price on Carbon with an ETS”. The World Bank. June 3, 2014.
http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SDN/background-note_ets.pdf
(4) “Statement: Putting a Price on Carbon”. The World Bank. June 3, 2014. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/pricing-carbon#1
(5) “State & Trends Report Charts Global Growth of Carbon Pricing”. The World Bank. May 28, 2014.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/05/28/state-trends-report-tracks-global-growth-carbon-pricing
(6) “GDP (current US$)”. World Development Indicators. World Bank. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
(7) “Widespread But Slower Growth in 2013″. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Labor. June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2014/pdf/gsp0614.pdf
(8) "India Doubles Tax on Coal to Fund Clean Energy, Environmental Projects" July 20, 2014 retrieved July 31, 2014
(9)
http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/20/india-doubles-tax-coal-fund-clean-energy-environmental-projects/
Experts call for Moratorium on Oilsands Development Until Climate, Environmental Impacts Assessed. Nature Commentary. Wendy Palen et
al, June 25, 2014, retrieved July 31, 2014
http://www.nature.com/news/energy-consider-the-global-impacts-of-oil-pipelines-1.15434
REMI study and BC carbon tax data support revenue neutral carbon tax
MP ______, thank you for running for office. What you’re doing is very difficult, but we need people like you doing this
in order to have a healthy democracy. Have you heard about a policy called ‘carbon fee and dividend’? Though the conventional thinking has long been that
addressing climate change requires the economy to suffer, Citizens' Climate Lobby commissioned a study that showed
quite the opposite. CCL hired Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI) to do the study. This group has done studies for
the American Gas Association, the Nuclear Energy Institute, the National Federation of Independent Business, and Price
Waterhouse Cooper.
This highly-respected economic modeling firm ran a 20-year analysis that examined a steadily-rising fee on carbon
pollution that returns 100% of revenues back to households as a monthly dividend. The REMI study found such a fee
would add 2.8 million jobs to the economy, $1.38 trillion to GDP, and save 227,000 American lives while cutting CO2
emissions to 50% of 1990 levels.
The big winners were labour-intensive industries like retail, services, and healthcare, because people had more money in
their pockets. For the same reason, construction, auto manufacturing, and real estate also do better with the policy than
without. While this study is from the United States, it is no doubt of great interest to Canadians as well.
British Columbia already has a carbon tax that recycles the revenue back to citizens. A recently released five year
study on BC's carbon tax found BC's per capita fossil fuel use has decreased while BC's GDP growth slightly outpaced the
rest of the country.
The message is clear: a revenue neutral carbon tax can stimulate the economy while reducing carbon emissions. Is this a
policy you might consider supporting?
References
Nystrom, Scott, and Patrick Luckow. The Economic, Climate, Fiscal, Power, and Demographic Impact of a National Fee-and-Dividend Carbon Tax. Washington, DC:
Regional Economic Models, Inc. and Synapse Energy Economics, Inc., 2014. Web. 30 Oct 2014. http://citizensclimatelobby.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/REMI-carbon-tax-report-62141.pdf
Beaty, Ross, Richard Lipsey, and Stewart Elgie. "The Shocking Truth about B.C.’s Carbon Tax: It Works." The Globe and Mail 9 July 2014. Phillip Crawley. Web. 30 Oct.
2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/the-insidious-truth-about-bcs-carbon-tax-it-works/article19512237/.
11
Border Tax Adjustments
In order for a fee on carbon to work on a domestic and on an international scale, an effective border tax adjustment will
be necessary. Applied to imports from countries that don’t have equivalent carbon pricing, the purpose of the border tax
adjustment would be to protect Canadian businesses from unfair foreign competition.
In international legal circles, Joost Pauwelyn is considered the world’s top World Trade Organization (WTO)
expert. From Geneva, Mr. Pauwelyn assured us that a border tax adjustment is viable. He assigned a group of graduate
students the task of researching how international carbon pricing mechanisms could be harmonized with a domestic fee
on carbon while complying with WTO law. While it will probably be more complicated than we would like, top legal
scholars say that a border tax adjustment will pass WTO scrutiny.
Having a border tax adjustment will ensure that if countries like India and China want to keep using dirty manufacturing
processes, they’ll have to pay the Canadian government for the privilege.
On January 1, 1994, the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. Under NAFTA, Canada, USA and
Mexico have an obligation to protect the environment.
NAFTA and Carbon Fee and Dividend
The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation was negotiated and implemented in parallel to NAFTA. It
requires that each Party ensures its laws provide for high levels of environmental protection without lowering standards
to attract investment. Each Party agreed to effectively enforce its environmental laws through the use of inspectors,
monitoring compliance and pursuing the necessary legal means to seek appropriate remedies for violations. Each Party
must also provide a report on the state of its environment, develop environmental emergency preparedness measures,
promote environmental education, research and development, assess environmental impacts and promote the use of
economic instruments.
As well, under NAFTA Article 604: Export Taxes, parties are allowed to maintain duties, taxes or other charge on the
export of any energy or basic petrochemical good to the territory of another Party if the duty, tax or other charge
applies to the exports of any such good to the territory of all other Parties and any such good when destined for
domestic consumption.
Thus, we are confident that Carbon Fee and Dividend would be acceptable under NAFTA rules.
References
(1)
(2)
Briefing. "NAFTA at 20: Ready to Take off Again?" The Economist 4 Jan. 2014. The Economist Group. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21592631-two-decades-ago-north-american-free-trade-agreement-got-flying-start-then-it>.
"NAFTA - Chapter 6." Foreign Trade Information System. 17 Dec. 1992. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/nafta/chap-06.asp>.
12
The Effect of Pricing Carbon on Farmers
Agriculture in Canada is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for running machinery and producing fertilizers, and a price on
carbon would, by design, increase the price of fossil fuels.
For farmers, however, the impact associated with a price on carbon is not nearly as great – or as volatile – as other factors,
especially if the fee starts low and increases predictably over time. For example, in Canada the price of farm machinery fuel
increased by 25% in 2011 from 2010. As well, during that same time period fertilizer prices rose 29%.(1) Commodity prices,
which determine the income farmers receive at any given time, are also extremely volatile.(2)
In addition, the impact of a price on carbon will be miniscule compared to the impact climate change will have on future farm
productivity over the long-term if CO2 emissions are left unmitigated. A March 2013 report by Canada 2020 concluded that
"climate uncertainty and climate extremes are givens for the future of Canadian agriculture and while there may be some
initial benefits from rising temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide levels such benefits are unlikely to last. There is a growing
body of evidence pointing to temperature and C02 thresholds, beyond which yields will level off or decline. These risks need to
be addressed and policies put in place to reduce them."(3)
Also, bear in mind that a price on carbon will be an economic opportunity for many farmers and ranchers as demand for
carbon-free energy increases. Wind developers are leasing land from farmers to erect turbines. Solar farms can also replace
cropland that doesn’t generate enough income from traditional farming.
Of note, British Columbia’s carbon tax does not appear to have had a measurable impact on international agricultural trade,
despite concerns it would greatly reduce the BC industry’s competitiveness, according to new analysis commissioned by the
Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (PICS). (4)
Bottom line: The additional cost of a price on carbon is negligible compared to the increased volatility that comes with a
changing climate. In fact, a gradually and predictably increasing price on carbon creates an opportunity for farmers to balance
that volatility with steady cash flow from renewables that share land with their crops.
References
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Canadian Farm Fuel and Fertilizers: Prices and Expenses (Agriculture Canada)
http://www.agr.gc.ca/pol/mad-dam/index_e.php?s1=pubs&s2=rmar&s3=php&page=rmar_04_01_2012-03-00
Overview of Agriculture and the Agri-food system (Agriculture Canada)
http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-product-sector/crops/crops-market-information-canadianindustry/market-outlook-report/canadian-farm-fuel-and-fertilizerprices-and-expenses-march-2012/?id=1378845446435
Canada 2020 - Analytical Commentary on Agriculture and Climate Change (Canada 2020) http://canada2020.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Canada-2020Analytical-Commentary-No.-2-Agriculture-and-Climate-Change-14-March-2013.pdf
The effect of British Columbia’s Carbon Tax on Agricultural Trade.
http://pics.uvic.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/Carbon%20Tax%20on%20Agricultural%20Trade.pdf
13
Natural Gas as a 'Transition' Fuel?
Cornell University professor Robert Howarth, concluded in his May 15, 2014 paper in Energy Science and Engineering:
“Using these new, best available data and a 20-year time period for comparing the warming potential of methane to
carbon dioxide, the conclusion stands that both shale gas and conventional natural gas have a larger GHG than do coal
or oil, for any possible use of natural gas.”[1]
Burning natural gas produces less CO2 than coal or oil for the same amount of energy produced.[2] However, if only
3.2% of natural gas escapes into the atmosphere anywhere from the ground where it is extracted to the power plant,
stove, or home where it is burned, then natural gas is just as bad for the climate as coal.[3] Previous studies suggest that
more than 3.2% leaks, partly due to the fact that long distance pipeline infrastructure used to transport is an average of
50 years old.[4] However, if the leakage problem can be solved natural gas could serve as a transition fuel while we
convert to renewable energy.
Society needs to wean itself from the addiction to fossil fuels as quickly as possible. But to replace some fossil fuels (coal,
oil) with another (natural gas) will not suffice as an approach to take on global warming. Rather, we should embrace the
technologies of the 21st Century, and convert our energy systems to ones that rely on wind, solar, and water power
Germany has shifted from getting 6% of its electricity from renewables in 2000 to 25% today.[5] On one day in April, 16,
2014 7 GWh of its electricity came from solar, equivalent to 8 Japanese nuclear reactors running full tilt for 24 hours.[6]
Interestingly, Germany shares a few degrees of latitude with Alaska, and is further north than any other US state except
the northernmost tip of Maine.[6] Portugal also increased the percentage of its electricity sourced from renewables
from 17% in 2005 [7] to 70% in the first quarter of 2013.[8]
Refernces
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas. Energy Science and Engineering, May 15. 2014. Robert W. Howarth
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/ese3.35
US Energy Information Administration. “Frequently Asked Questions”. US EIA. Last updated: March 4, 2013. Last accessed: 5-16-13. URL:
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=73&t=11
Ramón A. Alvarez, Stephen W. Pacala, James J. Winebrake, William L. Chameides, and Steven P. Hamburg. “Greater focus needed on methane leakage from
natural gas infrastructure”. 2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109 (17). pps 6435-6440.
Robert W. Howarth & Renee Santoro & Anthony Ingraffea. “Venting and leaking of methane from shale gas development: response to Cathles et al.”. 2012.
Climatic Change. DOI 10.1007/s10584-012-0401-0. URL for pdf download:https://www.google.com/urlq=http://my-pages.net/alerteschiste/fichiers/H…
Tara Lohan. “While Germany Is Headed for 80% Renewable Energy, We’re Getting Left in the Dust”. Nov. 21, 2012. AlterNet.org. Last accessed: 5-19-13. URL:
http://www.alternet.org/environment/while-germany-headed-80-renewable-energy-were-getting-left-dust
Thomas. “Solar Power Record In Germany — 22.68 GW — Infographic”. April 16, 2013. Clean Technica. Last accessed: 5-19-13. URL:
http://cleantechnica.com/2013/04/16/solar-power-record-in-germany-22-68-gw-infographic/
Google Earth.
Elisabeth Rosenthal. “Portugal gives itself a clean-energy makeover.” August 9, 2010. The New York Times. Last accessed: 5-19-13. URL:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/science/earth/10portugal.html?_r=0
Ryan Koronowski. “Is 70 Percent Renewable Power Possible? Portugal Just Did It For 3 Months”. April 14, 2013. Think Progress. Last accessed: 5-19-13.
URL: http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/04/14/1858811/is-70-renewable-power-possible-portugal-just-did-it-for-3-months/?mobile=n
14
We Can Switch to Renewables in 20 Years
In 2009, Mark Jacobson (Stanford University) and Mark Delucci (University of California, Davis) wrote a plan for how to
provide electricity for the entire world by 2030 using only wind, water, and solar technology already available at that
time.
When they created this plan to meet the world’s energy demand in 20 years, they took into account that the world adds
approximately 1 billion people every 12 years and that emerging economies are looking to have our lifestyle, which
requires greater energy needs.
Their report shows we can meet the entire world's energy needs with renewables in 20 years, that we can do it without
nuclear, and that we can do it for the same money that we'd be spending on fossil fuel power.
References
Jacobson, Mark Z. and Mark A. Delucchi. "A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables: Wind, water and solar technologies can provide 100 percent of
the world's energy, eliminating all fossil fuels. Here's how."Scientific American, November 2009.http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-path-tosustainable-e...
Cutting carbon is cheaper than we realize
The conventional wisdom has always been that taking the necessary steps to reduce the threat of climate change will
play havoc with the economy. In other words, we can cut carbon and stabilize our climate, or we can grow the global
economy and thereby lift more people out of poverty and continue to enjoy our comfortable lifestyles. But we cannot
do both at the same time.
That myth is now exploded.
According to a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, drastic action must be taken to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, but the cost of that action is much smaller than anyone thinks.
While economic growth is between 1.6 percent and 3 percent a year, the report states that mitigation would slow that
rate of growth only 0.06 percent a year.
The report does not factor in the positive impacts of mitigation, such as improved health from the reduction of air
pollution. Nor does it factor in minimizing economic losses from the damage climate change causes. If these factors are
taken into account, the cost of mitigating climate change is far cheaper than doing nothing.
The latest IPCC report shows that economic impact can no longer be used as an excuse to delay action that will cut
greenhouse gases.
(1)
http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf
15
Canada’s most pressing health issue is climate change
There is growing concern among Canadian public health officials about the effect of climate change on the health of
Canadians. The consequences of climate change include decreased air quality, more severe weather events, and the
spread of vector-borne disease, all of which are seriously detrimental to human health.
Burning fossil fuels is an obvious cause of decreased air quality, but climate change reduces air quality directly as well.
Scientists predict that warmer temperatures caused by climate change will increase the amount of ground-level ozone, a
harmful pollutant and an element of smog. In 2008, the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) projected that the
cumulative cost of air pollution from 2008 to 2031 would be $250 billion. They also estimated that in that period of time
ninety thousand people would die from the acute effects of air pollution, with an addition seven hundred thousand
dying of long-term exposure to pollution. Air pollution is a serious concern that is aggravated further by climate change.
The increase in severe weather events that is a symptom of climate change also has obvious and severe consequences
for human health. Extreme weather events like heat waves and floods cause injury, disease, and death. Canada is
projected to experience a higher rate of warming in this century than most of the globe, with all the accompanying risks.
The changing climate may also facilitate the spread of certain diseases. For instance, diseases transmitted by animals
are limited by the animal’s geographic range. Lyme Disease, carried by ticks, is likely to be seen further and further
north as temperatures rise.
Recently the Globe and Mail spoke to several prominent public health officers about the linkages between climate
change and health. Dr. Eilish Cleary, Chief Medical Officer of Health for New Brunswick, expressed the necessity of
considering human health when making decisions about emissions. She said, “There hasn’t been adequate recognition
by all levels of policy-makers and decision-makers that it is really a problem that we have to do something about.” Nova
Scotia’s Chief Public Health Officer Dr. Robert Strang concurred, adding that the discourse has been too focused on
adaptation to the exclusion of mitigation planning.
In May 2009, a joint report by University College London (UCL) and the Lancet declared climate change to be the
“biggest global-health threat of the 21st century.” On June 25th of 2014, the British Medical Association passed a motion
inspired by the Lancet Commission to “transfer their investments from energy companies whose primary business relies
upon fossil fuels to those providing renewable energy sources.” The BMA is the first health organization in the world to
divest.
Public health officials know: if you are concerned about public health you should also be concerned about climate
change. If we want to prevent the health consequences of climate change, we need to work to decrease our fossil fuel
emissions. That’s why Citizens’ Climate Lobby supports a revenue-neutral carbon tax as proposed by MP Bruce Hyer in
the House of Commons. The return of 100% of the proceeds from the tax is the spoonful of sugar that helps the
medicine of divestment go down smoothly. It’s time to take action.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/health.html
http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/CMA/Content_Images/Inside_cma/Office_Public_Health/ICAP/CMA_ICAP_sum_e.pdf
http://policybase.cma.ca/dbtw-wpd/Policypdf/PD10-07.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/health.html
http://bma.org.uk/working-for-change/arm-2014-info/agenda/finances-of-the-association
http://treealerts.org/region/europe/2014/06/british-medical-association-votes-to-divest-from-fossil-fuels/
16
Does the private sector support a carbon price?
Yes, an increasing number of companies and investors around the world are promoting the idea of a carbon price.
Corporate leaders explain that a carbon price enables companies to factor the costs of GHG emissions into their
decisionsi. A transparent carbon price creates an incentive for companies to reduce GHG emissions, invest in low-carbon
options and plan long term. ii,iii Both traditional companies (e.g. energy) and new industries (e.g. the internet) are among
the supporters of a carbon price.
Here are just a few of the many examples of corporate leadership in promoting a carbon price:




The 2012 Carbon Price Communique that proclaims that “putting a clear, transparent and unambiguous price
on carbon emissions must be a core policy objective” iv has been signed by 164 companies including global
industry leaders such as BP, Shell, Statoil, and Unilever. v
In the US, industry leaders such as Exxon Mobil, Walmart, Microsoft, ConocoPhillips, Chevron and Google are
already factoring a carbon price into their financial planning.vi
The 2014 Global Investor Statement on Climate Change, signed by over 360 investors with more than $24
trillion in assetsvii, calls upon governments to “provide stable, reliable and economically meaningful carbon
pricing that helps redirect investment commensurate with the scale of the climate change challenge”.viii
In Canada, the Clean50, a group of corporate leaders, addressed the country’s leadership and all Canadians with
a 2014 open letter calling for a “framework that includes setting a price on carbon at some specific date in the
future, that would reduce other taxes, and provide an incentive for businesses and individuals to take steps to
reduce their use of carbon”.ix
References:
i) Anthony Earley. “Energy CEO: California Shows How Carbon Pricing Can Reduce Emissions Efficiently & Cost
Effectively”. September 17, 2014. The World Bank. Last accessed: 3-05-15. URL:
https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/energy-ceo-california-shows-how-carbon-pricing-can-reduceemissions-efficiently-cost-effectively
ii) PwC. “Why putting a price on carbon is becoming a business and economic reality”. September 26, 2014. PwC.
Last accessed: 5-03-15. URL: http://pwc.blogs.com/sustainability/2014/09/why-putting-a-price-on-carbon-isbecoming-a-business-and-economic-reality.html
iii) BP. “Sustainability Review 2013”. 2013. BP p.l.c. Last accessed: 5-03-15. URL:
http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/sustainability/group-reports/BP_Sustainability_Review_2013.pdf
iv) Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership. “The Carbon Price Communique“. 2012. Last accessed: 3-0515. URL:
http://www.climatecommuniques.com/~/media/Files/Communique/Previous%20Communiques/The_Carbon_Pri
ce_Communique_.pdf
v) Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership. “Carbon Price Communiqué?” 2015. Last accessed: 3-05-15.
URL: http://www.climatecommuniques.com/Carbon-Price.aspx
vi) Coral Davenport. “Large Companies Prepared to Pay Price on Carbon”. December 5, 2013. The New York Times.
Last accessed: 3-05-15. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/business/energy-environment/largecompanies-prepared-to-pay-price-on-carbon.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
vii) International Investors Group on Climate Change. “2014 Global Investor Statement on Climate Change Summary”.
2014. Last accessed: 3-05-15. URL: http://www.iigcc.org/publications/publication/2014-global-investorstatement-on-climate-change
viii) International Investors Group on Climate Change. “Global Investor Statement on Climate Change”. September
2014. Last accessed: 3-05-15. URL: http://www.iigcc.org/files/publication-files/GISCC13Jan2015.pdf
ix) Clean 50. “Advocacy Statement”. November 29, 2014. Last accessed: 3-05-15. URL: http://clean50.com/advocacystatement/
17
For MPs in the Liberal Party of Canada – April 2014
- we will update together at the meeting
Citizen Climate Lobbyists (CCL) have read the Liberal Party's top 2014 Policy Resolutions with great interest, and thank
the Liberal Party for welcoming consultations from citizens and groups such as CCL (1).
CCL thanks the Liberal Party for recognizing the need to eliminate subsidies to fossil fuel companies, which clearly do not
need handouts that cost every Canadian about $800 annually, according to a 2013 IMF report (2,3). We are also very
encouraged to see the Liberal Party articulate the need for a compelling (4) National Energy Strategy that will transition
our energy system to one that is low-carbon. As stated in the policy resolution, such a transition must be designed to
increase overall employment, utilize market mechanisms to reduce pollution and enhance competition for innovation in
low-carbon technologies, and eliminate subsidies hindering the low-carbon transition, to name a few.
We believe that you will be very interested in Analytica Advisor's 2014 Canadian Clean Technology Industry Report (5).
The clean tech industry has the potential to completely transform Canadian industrial practices while increasing
employment from 41,000 Canadians currently to 100,000 in just eight years. Given the urgent need to reduce
greenhouse gases in Canada and around the world – the more these clean-tech jobs created the better.
The Conservatives are missing out on an opportunity to use a market-based mechanism to tackle our greenhouse house
gas emissions while at the same time strengthen Canada's economy. Liberals can differentiate themselves with a focus
on jobs and economic diversification that will move Canada more quickly to a low carbon future (6).
Today, clean technology is an $11 billion industry made up of 700 small to medium sized enterprises, which invests $1
billion a year in research and development with minimal support from the federal government. It has the potential to
grow into a $50 billion industry by 2022 with the right policies, investment and industry engagement.
The Liberal Party is right to identify market mechanisms as an effective means to grow this industry. Many economists
advise that a rising fee on carbon at the wellhead with revenue given to Canadian households will send a market signal
to industry to improve efficiencies and competitiveness, while helping Canadians shoulder rising costs associated with
the rising carbon fee. BC's clean technology sector grew by 48 percent in just two years after the province legislated its
carbon tax (6).
If a private members bill for carbon fee and dividend was introduced in the House of Commons would you consider
supporting it?
References:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
https://convention.liberal.ca/2014-policy-resolutions/
http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/012813.pdf
http://ecoopportunity.net/2013/04/fossil-fuel-subsidies-nearly-800-per-canadian-says-the-imf/
http://www.sciencerecorder.com/news/emerging-economies-enforce-climate-laws/
http://citizensclimatelobby.ca/sites/default/files/files/ANALYTICA2014%20Canadian%20Clean%20Technology%20In dustry%20Report_Exec%20Summary.pdf
http://www.vancouversun.com/life/environment/Opinion+personal+awakening+clean+energy/9017899/story.html
18
For MPs in the New Democratic Party of Canada – April 2014
- we will update together at the meeting
Citizens’ Climate Lobby thanks New Democrats for recognizing the need to eliminate $1 billion dollars annually in
subsidies to fossil fuel companies. These companies clearly do not need handouts that cost every Canadian about $1000
annually, according to a 2013 IMF report (1).
CCL is also encouraged to hear New Democrats articulate their support for Canada’s clean tech industry, which has the
potential to completely transform and “green” Canadian industrial practices while increasing employment from the
41,000 Canadians currently to 100,000 in just eight years. We believe that you will be very interested in Analytica
Advisor's 2014 Canadian Clean Technology Industry Report (2). This report highlights Canada’s clean technology which
today is an $11 billion industry made up of 700 small to medium sized enterprises and which invests $1 billion a year in
research and development with minimal support from the federal government. With the right government policies,
investment and industry engagement it has the potential to grow into a $50 billion industry by 2022.
Citizens’ Climate Lobby and New Democrats agree on the urgent need to act on climate change. New Democrats
recognize the need to price carbon, and believe – like CCL - that a market-based solution is better than regulation. We
understand that your preferred carbon pricing mechanism is cap and trade, which is CCL’s “second favourite” carbon
pricing mechanism*. You may be interested in a new Stanford study that found that the burden of carbon regulation is
heaviest on the poor but that the effect of pricing carbon on lower income groups can be addressed through transfer
payments, such as a dividend or lowering taxes such as payroll or income (3).
Many economists advise that a rising fee on carbon at the wellhead with revenue given to Canadian households will send
a market signal to industry to improve efficiencies and competitiveness, while helping Canadians shoulder rising costs
associated with the rising carbon fee. BC's clean technology sector grew by 48 percent in just two years after the
province introduced its carbon tax (4).
It is interesting to note that Australia introduced a carbon pricing mechanism in 2012 that blended both a carbon tax and
a cap and trade system. It starts with a fixed price on carbon for three years, then transitions from 2015 to 2018 to a capand-trade program, with a price cap and price floor (5).
Until the New Democrats have the opportunity to introduce their own climate legislation, given the scientific consensus
on the urgent need to act on climate change and curb carbon emissions, and the need for our Parliament need to be
more responsive to the crisis, if there was a Private Members Bill for Carbon fee and dividend, would you consider
supporting it in the House of Commons?
* We are not opposed to any mechanisms that reduce GHGs and prefer market-based mechanisms over regulation.
References:
(1) http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/012813.pdf
(2) http://citizensclimatelobby.ca/sites/default/files/files/ANALYTICA2014%20Canadian%20Clean%20Techn
ology%20Industry%20Report_Exec%20Summary.pdf
(3) http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/february/kolstad-carbon-tax-022814.html
(4) http://www.kpmg.com/Ca/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Cleantech%20Report%20Card%20for%20BC.p
df
(5) http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Australia_Pricing_Mechanism.pdf
19
Laser Talk Talking to Conservatives (from April 2014)
- we will update together at the meeting
Citizens’ Climate Lobby appreciates the current federal government’s commitment to a strong stable economy that is
supported by a healthy environment, to provide Canadians with a high and enduring quality of life. In particular, CCL
appreciates the Conservative government’s joining the Climate & Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants,
which is using an international treaty to reduce black carbon .
We recognize under your government’s watch Canada’s carbon emissions have fallen (1).
Citizens’ Climate Lobby also recognizes individual steps this government has taken towards a healthier environment, including
past initiatives like the EcoEnergy Retrofit program, and other ongoing programs such as:







Regulating Greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector (2)
Investment in the green energy sector through Sustainable Development Technology Canada (3)
Establishment of the Pulp and Paper Green Transformation Program (4)
Investment in the Green Infrastructure Fund (5)
Creating the Clean Energy Fund to support projects such as carbon capture & storage (6)
Expanding eligibility for the accelerated capital cost allowance for clean energy generation equipment (7)
Establishing a $1.5 Billion trust fund to help provinces & territories invest in clean air projects (8)
The federal government’s commitment to a strong economy that is harmonized to that of the United States is well recognized,
and CCL acknowledges the work that is being done with the U.S. on the Clean Energy Dialogue to collaborate on clean energy
R & D and deployment, and building a more efficient electricity grid.
We believe that you will be very interested in Analytica Advisor's 2014 Canadian Clean Technology Industry Report (9). Today,
clean technology is an $11 billion industry made up of 700 small to medium sized enterprises, which invests $1 billion a year in
research and development with minimal government support. It has the potential to grow into a $50 billion industry by 2022
with the right policies, investment and industry engagement.
Currently the destabilizing climate effects of global warming emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, are placing our strong
economy in jeopardy, along with Canada’s pristine environment and the health and safety of Canadians. Strong statements
from the IMF, the OECD, the World Bank, and the IEA regarding the urgent need for governments around the world, including
Canada, to do more to radically reduce carbon emissions bolster the case for urgent and effective action (10).
The good news is that there is a growing consensus among economists, including conservative ones, that the solution to the
challenges of global warming, and an alternative to costly and risky government intervention in the market place through
sector by sector regulation, is a consumer-friendly price on carbon. They agree that it should be enacted in the following way:






Start small and increase predictably. Businesses need predictable energy prices and the economy needs a smooth
transition.
Revenue Neutral. All the revenue is returned to citizens to mitigate the economic impact.
Easy to administer at home and to emulate abroad. The fee is collected only once, as far upstream as practical.
Protects business from unfair domestic & international competition using border taxes and credits.
Doesn’t play favourites. Lets markets and localities pick the winning technologies.
Doesn’t grow government. A straightforward carbon fee takes no time to set up and requires no additional
bureaucracy. It's easy to understand and to monitor.
20
Citizens Climate Lobby invites the Conservative government to support carbon fee and dividend legislation, for the good of
our country and to preserve a livable world for future generations.
References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Canada’s National Inventory Report Part 1, PDF page 19, Figures S-4 and S-5
http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=4FE85A4C-1
http://www.sdtc.ca/index.php?page=about-our-funds&hl=en_CA
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/federal-programs/13141
http://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/prog/gif-fiv-eng.html
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/funding/current-funding-programs/cef/4949
http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/initiative/tax-support-clean-energy-generation
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/ecoaction/
http://citizensclimatelobby.ca/sites/default/files/files/ANALYTICA2014%20Canadian%20Clean%20Technology%20Industry%20Report_Exec%20Summary.pdf
Link to compilation of quotes
Compilation of quotes
International Energy Agency (IEA): “If current trends continue, and we go on building high-carbon energy generation, then by 2017,
there will be no room for manoeuvre at all – the whole of the carbon budget will be spoken for.”
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate- change?newsfeed=true
World Bank: Produced a report in November 2012 entitled: Turn Down the Heat: Why A 4 Degree Warmer World … Must Be
Avoided .. “We’re on track for a 4°C warmer world marked by extreme heat-waves, declining global food stocks, loss of ecosystems
and biodiversity, and life-threatening sea level rise.” World Bank, “Turn Down The Heat”
“If there is no action soon [on greenhouse gas reductions], the future will become bleak.” Jim Yong Ki, President, World Bank
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/make-climate-change-a- priority/2013/01/24/6c5c2b66-65b1-11e2-9e1b07db1d2ccd5b_story.html .\
International Monetary Fund: “Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will require a radical transformation of
the global energy system over coming decades.” - (factsheet: Climate, Environment, and the IMF Published March 18, 2014) “Even
more important is the issue of climate change, which, in my view, is by far the greatest economic challenge of the 21st century. The
science is sobering — the global temperature in 2012 was among the hottest since records began in 1880. Make no mistake: without
concerted action, the very future of our planet is in peril.” - IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde, January 2013
World Economic Forum: “Greening economic growth is the only way in which sustainable, inclusive development can be achieved
that will satisfy the basic needs of 9 billion people and provide them with equal rights to material prosperity. A key challenge is the
urgent need to reduce carbon emissions to avoid the catastrophic impacts of global warming.” - Climate Change and Green
Growth,WEF http://www.weforum.org/issues/climate-change-and- green-growth
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): “Any new fossil resources brought to market - conventional or
unconventional - risk taking us further away from the trajectory we need to be on.” OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/09/fossil-fuel-emissions-oecd_n_4069672.html
“Unlike the financial crisis, we do not have a 'climate bailout option' up our sleeves...And despite all the attention given to climate
change deniers, our understanding of the scale of the risk is much better developed than our understanding of the financial risks, precrisis.” OECD Sec-General Gurria http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-2445043
21
Communiqu'éclairs
Discours de motivation sur le prélèvement et le dividende
Une taxe sur les émissions carboniques sans incidence sur les recettes fonctionne ainsi:






une taxe est imposée sur les combustibles à base de carbone, à la source (puits, mine, port de débarquement);
cette taxe augmente chaque année de façon constante, de sorte que l’énergie propre se révèlera plus
économique que les combustibles fossiles dans dix ans;
tous les fonds amassés sont redistribués équitablement aux citoyens canadiens;
aux termes de ce plan, 66 % de tous les foyers entreront dans leurs frais ou recevront un chèque-dividende plus
généreux que s’ils avaient défrayé le coût de plus en plus élevé de l’énergie, solution qui protège les citoyens
pauvres et ceux de classe moyenne[1];
une hausse prévisible du prix du carbone enverra un signal clair au marché, qui mobilisera les entrepreneurs et
les investisseurs autour de la nouvelle économie de l’énergie propre;
selon les estimations, la mise en œuvre de ces lois entraînera la création de plus de quatre millions d’emplois
[2].
Références
1. Tax Shifts. 21 mars 2011. The Carbon Tax Center. Dernière consultation : 23 mais 2013.
2. Building a Green Economy 2010. Robertson, Joseph. Citizens Climate Lobby
Pourquoi souhaitons-nous une totale neutralité fiscale?
1. Un remboursement de 100 % fera en sorte que les deux tiers des ménages canadiens ne subiront pas d’effets ou
seront avantagés par une augmentation des coûts de l’énergie.
2. Les membres du Parlement qui subissent des pressions pour ne pas augmenter les taxes peuvent tout de même
appuyer une telle mesure.
3. Si, tout en augmentant régulièrement le prix de combustibles à base de carbone, nous éliminons aussi les
subventions pour le secteur énergétique, nous permettons au marché de se mettre au travail sans que le
gouvernement ait à choisir des gagnants et des perdants. Les investisseurs en capital de risque, les banques et les
entrepreneurs, en percevant des signaux prévisibles quant aux prix, seront à l’origine d’innovations jamais vues,
inimaginables dans certains cas. Un prix pour le carbone constitue la manière la plus efficace et la plus directe
d’envoyer un signal clair en matière de prix, mieux que le feraient des subventions ou des mesures de rechange telles
qu’une réglementation gouvernementale ou un système de plafonnement et d’échange.
4. Demander aux citoyens de limiter volontairement leur utilisation de combustibles fossiles quand d’autres ne
choisiront peut-être pas de le faire peut être aussi démoralisant qu’inefficace. Pour maintenir l’appui du public pour
un tel prix, nous devrons stabiliser nos émissions de CO2 et les citoyens devront en échange recevoir des dividendes
appréciables.22
22
Science fondamentale
1. le CO2 emprisonne la chaleur;
2. la concentration de CO2 est en hausse;
3. nous avons consommé deux fois plus de combustibles fossiles que ce qui est nécessaire pour causer l’élévation
observée (le reste s’est retrouvé dans l’océan et en provoque l’acidification).
Nous connaissons la véracité du premier fait depuis plus de 150 ans (depuis 1859), grâce aux travaux du scientifique
irlandais John Tyndall qui a bloqué du CO2 dans un tube, y a fait pénétrer de la lumière et a découvert que la température
était plus élevée en présence de CO2[1, 2]. Le deuxième fait est avéré par des évaluations directes effectuées à l’aide de
la courbe de Keeling, qui enregistrent actuellement 400 ppm de CO2 dans l’atmosphère, une hausse par rapport aux 317
ppm enregistrées en 1958, au début des évaluations[3, 4]. Nous sommes au courant du troisième fait par le truchement
des comptables des sociétés pétrolières, gazières et charbonnières. Ces sociétés consignent leurs ventes et, en supposant
que tout le combustible vendu est consommé (une bonne hypothèse), vous aboutissez à une quantité suffisante de CO2
fossile dans l’atmosphère pour obtenir le double de la hausse observée[5, 6]. Ces trois faits sont d’une telle évidence qu’ils
étaient manifestes dès 1895, année où le chimiste Svante Arrhenius a commencé à prédire une élévation de la
température entraînée par les ajouts de CO2 dans l’atmosphère occasionnés par les activités anthropiques[7].
Références
1. « John Tyndall (1820-1893) ». NASA Earth Observatory. Dernière consultation : 10 janvier 2011. URL : www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Tyndall/
2. James Rodger Fleming (2005). Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. Oxford University Press. p. 69–70. Disponible en ligne
3. R. F. Keeling, S. C. Piper, A. F. Bollenbacher et S. J. Walker, « Scripps CO2 Program ». Dernière consultation : 24 mai 2013. URL : http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu.
4. Lisa Welp et Ralph Keeling. « Now What? ». 20 mai 2013. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. Dernière consultation : 24 mai 2013. URL :
http://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/now-what/
5. Boden, T.A., G. Marland et R.J. Andres. 2009. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. DOI 10.3334/CDIAC/00001. Disponible en ligne, à :
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2006.html.
6. Sabine CL, Feely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL, Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, Wallace DWR, Tilbrook B, Millero FJ, Peng TH, Kozyr A, Ono T, Rios AF. 2004. «
The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2 ». Science, vol. 305. p 367-371
7. « Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) ». NASA Earth Observetory. Dernière consultation : 24 mai 2013. URL :
www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Arrhenius/arrhenius_2.php
23
Une taxe de Pigou? Pourquoi pas?
Le 2 avril 2013, Lord Nicholas Stern, la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire international ont convenu d’une chose :
les changements climatiques constituent la plus grande menace économique du 21e siècle1. L’idée d’une taxe et de
dividendes sur le carbone fait de plus en plus de chemin. De plus en plus d’experts politiques, y compris dans les cercles
conservateurs, estiment qu’il s’agit là d’une mesure efficace pour corriger les distorsions dans le marché qui font des
combustibles fossiles notre source d’énergie dominante.
Plusieurs économistes affirment que le libre marché constitue un arbitre équitable pour déterminer quels biens et quels
services sont bénéfiques pour la société. Ce système cesse toutefois de fonctionner lorsque le prix d’un produit ne
reflète pas son coût réel pour la société. C’est le cas notamment des combustibles fossiles, puisque leur usage implique
des coûts considérables en matière de santé et de sécurité, sans compter les effets néfastes qu’ils provoquent sur
l’environnement naturel et leur contribution aux phénomènes météorologiques destructeurs aggravés par le
réchauffement planétaire.
Corriger une telle distorsion du marché exige un procédé que les économistes appellent une « taxe de Pigou ». Elle
permettrait de stimuler l’efficacité énergétique et de favoriser l’émergence de sources d’énergie propres, en plus de
réduire l’utilisation de combustibles à base de carbone.
Selon le Canadien David Frum, ancien rédacteur de discours pour le président George W. Bush : « De nouveaux emplois
et de la croissance; une réduction des déficits, sans augmenter l’impôt sur le revenu; des taxes moins élevées pour les
familles de la classe moyenne… un instrument peut y parvenir. Comment ne pas aimer l’idée d’une taxe sur le
carbone2? »
Diana Carney, de Canada 2020, fait partie d’un nombre grandissant de Canadiens progressistes qui présentent des
arguments irréfutables justifiant la création d’une taxe sur le carbone. En novembre 2013, à Ottawa, Canada 2020 a
tenu sa deuxième conférence sur les changements climatiques, sous le thème The Politics of Climate Change and
Climate of Politics3 (La politique des changements climatiques et le climat politique).
La bonne nouvelle : nous pouvons mettre fin à cette défaillance du marché des combustibles fossiles sans préjudice pour
notre économie.
Comment? En redonnant aux Canadiens un mécanisme de taxe et de dividendes sur le carbone.
Références
1
Howard Schneider, World Bank chief says global warming threatens the planet and the poorest, The Washington Post,
2 avril 2013 au www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/world-bank-chief-says-global-warming-threatens-theplanet-and-the-poorest/2013/04/02/caa73842-9ba7-11e2-9a79-eb5280c81c63_story.html (consulté le 8 mars 2014).
2 David Frum, “A tax we could learn to love,” CNN, 3 décembre 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/03/opinion/frumtax-energy/ (consulté le 8 mars 2014).
3 Canada 2020, “The politics of climate, and the climate of politics,” Canada 2020, http://canada2020.ca/event/thepolitics-of-climate-and-the-climate-of-politics-in-canada/ (consulté le 8 mars 2014).
24
La différence entre la science et les chercheurs
Le processus d’évaluation par les pairs à l’aide duquel les résultats scientifiques sont évalués a fait ses preuves à
maintes reprises. La crédibilité des nouvelles découvertes scientifiques est établie à la suite de processus d’examen
rigoureux, d’abord par des experts du secteur, puis par les citoyens, alors que ceux-ci commencent à appliquer ces
conclusions dans la vie de tous les jours. On ne compte plus les exemples où cette façon de faire a été utilisée. Ainsi,
lorsque mes enfants étaient jeunes, nous avons souvent dû acheter des antibiotiques pour traiter des otites et jamais
nous n’avions de doute sur leur efficacité. De même, nous faisons tous confiance à la science chaque fois que nous
prenons l’avion : nous avons que l’appareil volera. Il est donc impensable que le secteur des sciences traitant des
changements climatiques ait été corrompu et s’inscrive hors du processus scientifique que l’on observe dans tous
aspects de nos vies.
Un seul scientifique, par contre, peut défendre des conclusions qui sont incompatibles avec le consensus scientifique.
Le physicien Fred Singer4 constitue un bon exemple à ce titre. Il en sait plus sur le plan scientifique que je n’en saurai
jamais de toute ma vie. Toutefois, en plus d’affirmer devant le Congrès américain que les émissions de C02 n’étaient
pas la principale cause du réchauffement de la planète, il a aussi prétendu que fumer des cigarettes ne provoque pas
le cancer5. Les scientifiques, à titre individuel, peuvent bien prétendre ce qu’ils veulent, que ce soit vrai ou non; mais
ils ne trouveront jamais d’organismes scientifiques qui seront en accord avec leurs propos.
Jim Powell s’est engagé à démontrer que ceux qui nient l’existence des changements climatiques constituent des cas
isolés. M. Powell, un auteur scientifique qui a siégé pendant 12 ans au National Science Board après y avoir été
nommé par les présidents Ronald Reagan et George H.W. Bush, a analysé 13 950 articles revus par les pairs sur les
changements climatiques, publiés de 1991 à 2012. De ce nombre, 24 seulement écartaient clairement l’activité
humaine comme cause du réchauffement planétaire ou privilégiaient une cause autre que les émissions de CO2 pour
le réchauffement observé. Des 33 690 scientifiques qui ont écrit ces articles, 34 seulement ont participé à la rédaction
des 24 articles en question. Cela veut donc dire qu’un scientifique spécialiste du climat sur 1 000 publiés en 21 ans a
exclu l’activité humaine comme cause des changements climatiques.
Références
4
Fred Singer,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Singer (consulté le 3 mars 2014).
Fred Singer et Kent Jeffreys, The EPA and the Science of Environmental Tobacco Smoke, (ébauche : Alexis De
Tocqueville Institution, 1994), www.legacy.library.ucsf.edu (consulté le 3 mars 2014).
5
25
Les effets du prix du carbone sur les producteurs agricoles
L’agriculture au Canada est largement tributaire du prix des combustibles fossiles pour le fonctionnement de la machinerie et la
production des engrais. Une taxe sur le carbone augmenterait vraisemblablement le prix des combustibles fossiles.
Pour les agriculteurs, cependant, les répercussions d’une taxe sur le carbone ne sont pas aussi importantes, ni aussi volatiles que
d’autres facteurs, surtout si cette taxe est minime et augmente graduellement, de manière prévisible, avec le temps. Au Canada, par
exemple, on constate que le prix du carburant pour la machinerie agricole a augmenté de 25 % en 2011 par rapport à 2010. De plus,
au cours de la même période, le prix des engrais a augmenté de 29 %[1]. Les prix des marchandises, qui déterminent le revenu que
reçoivent les agriculteurs pour une période donnée, sont eux aussi très volatils[2].
Les effets d’une taxe sur le carbone seront minimes, si on le compare aux répercussions des changements climatiques sur l’activité
agricole future à long terme si les émissions de CO2 ne sont pas réduites.
En mars 2013, un rapport de Canada 2020 concluait que « [traduction] Les conditions climatiques incertaines et les conditions
météorologiques extrêmes sont des réalités incontestables pour l’avenir de l’agriculture au Canada, et même si des hausses de
température et des taux élevés de CO2 étaient bénéfiques au début, il est peu probable que ces effets positifs demeurent. De plus
en plus de preuves tendent vers des seuils de température et de CO2, au-delà desquels ces niveaux vont plafonner ou diminuer. Ces
risques doivent être pris en charge et des politiques doivent être adoptées pour les réduire[3]. »
Rappelons également qu’une taxe sur le carbone offrira aux agriculteurs et aux éleveurs de bétail une possibilité sur le plan
économique lorsque la demande en carburants sans carbone augmentera. Les responsables du développement de l’énergie
éolienne louent des terres aux agriculteurs afin d’ériger des turbines. Des parcs solaires pourront aussi remplacer les champs cultivés
qui ne tirent pas assez de revenus de l’agriculture traditionnelle.
En fin de compte, les coûts supplémentaires d’une taxe sur le carbone n’ont rien de comparable avec la volatilité associée aux
changements climatiques. Une hausse graduelle et prévisible de la taxe sur le carbone donnera la chance aux agriculteurs de faire
l’équilibre avec cette volatilité grâce à un apport financier régulier provenant de ressources renouvelables, que permet d’obtenir le
partage de leurs terres.
Références
[1]Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, Canada : achat de carburant et d’engrais dans les exploitations agricoles (mars 2012) Gouvernement du Canada,
www.agr.gc.ca/fra/industrie-marches-et-commerce/statistiques-et-informat... (consulté le 5 avril 2014)
[2]Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, Vue d’ensemble
d’un système agricole et agroalimentaire canadien 2009 » Gouvernement du Canada. www.agr.gc.ca/fra/a-propos-de-nous/publications/publications-economiques...
(consulté le 5 avril 2014)
[3]Sophie Oliver, What does a changing climate mean for Canadian agriculture? Canada 2020, http://canada2020.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Canada-2020-Analytical-C... (consulté le 8 mars 2014)
Cinq méthodes pour établir le prix du carbone.
Voici les cinq règlementations possibles pour encadrer le marché du carbone. Elles sont énumérées ici, dans l'ordre, allant de la plus
opaque à la plus transparente :
1.
2.
3.
Le Statu quo : Les coûts externes des changements climatiques ne sont pas intégrés et le contribuable doit rembourser les
dommages liés au climat et à la santé.
Par règlements : L'économie des entreprises qui dégagent une pollution carbonique est règlementée secteur par secteur. (1)
Système de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de GES : L'instauration d’une limite obligatoire (ou « plafond »)
des émissions au niveaunational pour les entreprises, et d'un marché d'achat et de vente de permis d'émission à l’intérieur d'un
plafond établi. Les émetteurs assujettis doivent compenser leurs émissions de GES par des droits d’émission. Ces crédits
compensatoires sont des droits d’émission de dioxyde de carbone ou de GES, afin de compenser une émission produite ailleurs.
(2)
26
4.
5.
Taxe sur le carbone : Une taxe basée sur les émissions de GES générées par la combustion de combustibles. Cette taxe sur le
carbone pourrait être sans incidence fiscale. Une taxe sans incidence fiscale n'a pas d'effet sur les revenus du gouvernement. (3)
Prélèvement et dividende carbone : Un tarif à croissance progressive est rattaché à la pollution carbonique et 100 % de l'argent
est redistribué équitablement aux ménages. Le terme prélèvement est utilisé sciemment pour rappeler que ce système de
tarification est sans incidence fiscale. Le prélèvement et dividende carbone, tel que proposé par le Lobby des citoyens pour le
climat (Citizens Climate Lobby), est un montant prélevé en amont, aux points de production des combustibles fossiles (puits de
pétrole, mines ou points d'entrée), à l’inverse d’une taxe en aval, collectée aux points de consommation de combustibles
fossiles ou des produits qui en dépendent.
Références
(1)
En ce moment, les gouvernements du Canada et des États-Unis imposent certains mécanismes réglementaires pour atténuer les émissions de gaz à effet de
serre. C'est le cas, par exemple, des normes d'émissions des voitures et des centrales au charbon. Au Canada, les secteurs pétrolier et gazier demeurent non
réglementés.
(2)
Les juridictions du Québec, de la Californie et de l'Union européenne appliquent maintenant un système de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de
GES afin de modérer leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
(3)
La Colombie-Britannique, la Norvège et la Suède ont présentement une taxe sur le carbone.
Une diminution des émissions de carbone coûterait moins cher qu'on peut le supposer
Une diminution des émissions de carbone coûterait moins cher qu'on peut le supposer. On entend souvent dire que les mesures à
prendre pour réduire la menace d'un changement climatique sont nuisibles pour l'économie. En d'autresmots, nous devrions choisir
entre une réduction des émissions de carbone pour stabiliser le climat ou la création d'une économie globale pour sortir plus de
gens de la pauvreté tout en maintenant notre mode de vie confortable. Il serait impossible de choisir les deux choses à la fois.
Mais ce mythe est maintenant dépassé!
Selon le cinquième rapport du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC), des actions drastiques
doivent être mises en place pour diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Le coût de ces actions est toutefois beaucoup plus
bas qu'on le pense.
Alors que la croissance économique est comprise entre 1,6% et 3% par année, le rapport indique que les mesures d'atténuation
proposées ralentirait le niveau de croissance économique de seulement 0,06% par année.
Ce rapport ne tient pas compte des effets positifs des mesures d'atténuation, comme l'amélioration de la santé due à la réduction
de la pollution de l'air. Le rapport n'aborde pas non plus les gains financiers à prévoir en évitant les pertes économiques causées par
les dommages attribués aux changements climatiques. En prenant ces facteurs en compte, le coût réel des mesures d'atténuation du
changement climatique est beaucoup moins élevé que l'inaction dans ce dossier.
Le rapport du GIEC de 2014 démontre clairement que l'impact économique ne peut plus être utilisé comme une excuse pour
retarder l'action qui permettra de réduire l'effet de serre.
(1) http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf
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