The International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic
Transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic
The International Phonetic Alphabet P.1 The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all spoken languages. Although it might look a little technical at first it is very useful because once one has learnt the notation one becomes independent in finding out what the words sound like by looking in any good dictionary that contains IPA. History: The IPA was created in 1886 by a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy. Together, they formed what would come to be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association. To find out more about it: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet A good example of pronunciation: www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3essYTjZ-M The International Phonetic French Alphabet >>>> >>> >>>> >>> a: b: c: [a] [be] [se] ma, la, la table, un plat un bébé cette, cerise d: e: f: [de] [əә] [ɛf] une danse, un dentiste je, le, de, me, premier = (the) un feu, une flamme g: h: i: [ʒe] [aʃ ] [i] rouge huit, un hibou il, dix j: k: l: [ʒi] [ka] [ɛl] je joue, un jouet kaki la, elle, une balle m: n: o: [ɛm] maman, comme [ɛn] non, une personne [o] l’eau, chaud, un pot p: q: r: [pe] un point, un pot [ky] qui, quel [ɛR] rare, rentrer s: t: >>> u : v: [ɛs] [te] [y] [ve] son, sur, ton, tout, la tour tu, sur, une, j’ai vu la vie, vert, un virus w: x: [dubləәve] wagon [vagɔ̃] [iks] la boxe y: z: [igRɛk] [zɛd] j’y vais le zèbre You may use track 9 of ‘Salade verte’ or track 5 of ‘Salade rouge’ to help you learn this alphabet, enabling you to spell words and to practise the sound of vowels. International phonetic: French/ English vowels P.2 The pairing of some vowels on the same line indicates approximate equivalence. There are 16 specific French vowel sounds and 20 specific English vowel sounds, and only two sounds: [ ɛ ] and [ əә ] are exactly the same in both languages. French il, dix, y English i et, marcher, vous marchez, j’ai marché sept, il fait, la mère, l’air, merci ma, la, la table, un plat le bas, la pâte e deux, bleu je, le, de, me, premier le beurre, la fleur, la soeur un homme, une pomme l’eau, chaud, un pot ø ou, où, vous, rouge, tous tu, sur, une, j’ai vu iː I see, bead sit, pity æ ʌ set, less, air, tent apple, bat after, car, calm fun, come, cousin, cut əәː ɒ the, above, father work, fern, sir wash, pot ɔː ʊ uː born, cork foot spoon, soon, suit ɛ a ɑ əә œ ɔ o u y Semi-vowels j fille, famille, les yeux, le piano moi, noir, le bois, oui, l’ouest huit, lui, la nuit w yes, yeast, you what, wet, twin ɥ French nasal vowels English Diphthongs [ ɛ̃ ] le vin, le matin [ œ̃ ] brun, un Very similar I use [ɛ̃] for both [ ɑ̃ ] le vent, dans, enfant, en [ ɔ̃ ] on, non, le pont [Iəә] beer, tear [ɛəә] fair, there, to tear [ɛI] day, date, place [aI] buy, life, cry [au] now, owl, out [əәu] low, no [ɔI] boy, oil, boil [uəә] poor, tour Basic French vowels + the sound ‘ou’ [a] [əә] [i] [o] [y] [u] a e i o u ou la le le lit, je lis l’eau [lo] j’ai lu je loue un rat ta te il rit / le riz un rot une rue une roue tôt tu tout ma me la mie le mot la mue, il mue mou © Veronique Gordon P.3 International phonetic: French/English. Consonants French un bébé une tente, un thé un coq, qui, kaki une danse, un dentiste un garçon, une bague, un gigot une saucisse, ce, si, une nation zéro, rose, une television une vache, un cheval rouge, je joue un feu, une phrase English b t k d g s z ʃ tʃ ʒ dʒ f θ ð la, elle, une balle rare, un rat, rentrer l baby tent, tea cork, kiss, chord dance, dentist gag, guess sausage, rice, kiss zero, rose she, sugar church pleasure, beige, television judge, general far, raffle thin, math the, that, other little, ball R r m n p t v ɲ ŋ h x rare, rat maman, comme mummy, comb non, une personne no, to run un point, un pot point, pot ton, tout, la tour turn, tower vivre very Avignon, un oignon onion singing, bank hat, reheat loch un hotel, un hôpital (not pronounced) en haut, un Hollandais [‘] There are two kinds of “h”. They are both not pronounced An aspirated “h” puts a barrier between the two words: no liaison en haut = [ ɛ̃‘o] , des Hollandais = [ de‘olɑ̃dɛ ] There is a liaison between a mute “h “ like :hotel, hôpital and the last letter of the preceding word etc: des hotels: [ dezotɛl ] , un hôpital: [ ɛ̃nopital ] © Veronique Gordon P.4 Pronunciation (some tips) = (…) means ‘sounds like’ (in English or French). […] is the international phonetic transcription. No 1 About 90% of the time, one doesn’t pronounce consonants at the end of words, especially …s …t …d No 2 … a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y ) + s + a vowel…= [z] ex: une rose [Roz] vous êtes = [vuzɛt] (between 2 words, it is called: une liaison). No 3 … e + r… in the middle of a word = (air) [ɛR] not = (her) [əәR] ex: serviette, servir , je sers, merci, mercredi No 4 ‘e’ after (c, d, j , l, m, n, r, s, t) = [əә] = (the) not = [e] = (et) ex: ce, se, de, je, le, me, ne, te, re… que = [ kəә ], ge… = [ ʒəә ] = (je) No 5 i+n // i+m // a+i+n // a+i+m = [ ɛ̃ ] ex:, impossible, américain , la faim = (la fin) e+n // e+m // a+n // a+m = [ ɑ̃ ] ex: un enfant, le temps, la jambe o+n // o+m = [ ɔ̃ ] ex: le pont, l’ombre No 6 1. t + h =[t] 2. … tion =… ssion = [ siɔ̃ ] not [ ʃəәn ] 3. … sion = [ ziɔ̃ ] not [ ʒəәn ] 4. … ille = [ ij ] … eil /…eille… = [ ɛj ] … ail /…aille… = [ aj ] … euil /…euille = [ œj ] … ouil /…ouille = [ uj ] 5. … oi = [ wa ] … oin = [ wɛ̃ ] ex: le théatre, le thé ex: la natation, une profession ex: la télévision ex: la fille, la famille ex: le soleil, une merveille ex: l’ail, le travail, je travaille ex: le fauteuil, la feuille ex: le fenouil, la grenouille ex: trois, je bois ex : loin, le point © Veronique Gordon