GIE-6105 : Doing Business in the United States

Transcription

GIE-6105 : Doing Business in the United States
Faculté des sciences de l'administration
Département de management
PLAN DE COURS
GIE-6105 : Doing Business in the United States
NRC 91596 | Automne 2016
Mode d'enseignement : Présentiel
Temps consacré : 3-0-6
Crédit(s) : 3
With more than 300 million inhabitants and a gross domestic product per capita among the highest in the world, the United
States is a major market that cannot be avoided by foreign and Canadian business owners and decision-makers. This
course’s main objective is to help students develop skills to establish a penetration strategy of one or more of the large
regional markets in the US. These skills are based on knowledge of the following subjects : general characteristics of the
country, business connections, market orientation and specific approaches. Students who have followed course GIE-4105
cannot enrol in this course.
This course is the English version of GIE-6034 Faire des affaires aux États-Unis. Students that have previously taken this
course can’t subscribe to this one. Only one of those two courses will be accepted.
Plage horaire
Cours en classe
mardi
12h30 à 15h20
PAP-2327
Du 6 sept. 2016 au 16 déc. 2016
Il se peut que l'horaire du cours ait été modifié depuis la dernière synchronisation avec Capsule. Vérifier l'horaire dans Capsule
Site de cours
https://sitescours.monportail.ulaval.ca/ena/site/accueil?idSite=71579
Office Numbers and Schedules
Margaret Schomaker, Ph.D.
Professeure agrégée
0533, Pavillon Palasis-Prince
http://www4.fsa.ulaval.ca/enseignants/margaret-schomaker/
[email protected]
Tél. : 418-656-2131 poste 7675
Téléc. : 418-656-2624
Margaret Schomaker
Enseignante
[email protected]
Disponibilités
Office hours: Mondays and Tuesdays, from 9 to
10:30am, and by appointment.
© Université Laval
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Soutien technique
Comptoir d'aide APTI (FSA)
Palasis Prince, Local 2215-B
http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/techno
[email protected]
418-656-2131 poste 6258
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Sommaire
Course Description ............................................................................................................. 4
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
General Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Detailed Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Program Goals and Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Instructional Approach .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Course Content ................................................................................................................... 6
Evaluations & Grading ........................................................................................................ 7
Graded Assignments ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
Informations détaillées sur les évaluations sommatives ....................................................................................................... 8
Attendance ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Analysis I: Clinton - Trump .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Analysis IIa: U.S. Entry -- Management .......................................................................................................................... 8
Analysis IIb: U.S. Entry -- Company and Industry ........................................................................................................... 9
Film .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Individual Member Contribution to the Team ................................................................................................................ 10
Grading Scale ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Course Language Policy ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Plagiarism ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Disciplinary Regulations ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Students with disabilities, learning difficulties or mental health problems .......................................................................... 11
Deadlines and Overdue Work ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Laptop and Software Requirements ................................................................................................................................... 12
Course Evaluation .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Teaching Materials ........................................................................................................... 12
Required Materials .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Supplemental Materials ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
References and Appendices ............................................................................................. 14
Appendices ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
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Course Description
Introduction
This course (GIE-6105) is targeted to students in the International Management MBA and Global Business MBA programs,
as well as to the MBA-level foreign exchange students. It is also open to other MBA students and to students from other
internationally-focused programs outside the business school. The course is offered in English both to enhance the usefulness and value of the course (as English is the primary language
of the United States) and because it is required for the MBA in Global Business.
This is a seminar-style course, covering a wide array of topics related to doing business in the United States. We will be
welcoming several guest speakers who have agreed to share their expertise in various domains. Students must be prepared
for each class session, in terms of having done all assigned readings and tasks, as well as spending some time to consider
the topics addressed by each speaker in advance of their talks.
General Objectives
The primary objective of this course is to foster skills that will enable students to establish a business strategy for the United
States market. These skills will be based on knowledge of, among other things, the following broad topics: general
characteristics of the country (culture, institutions, etc.), trade relations, appropriate market approach, relevant immigration
and customs laws, etc. In the pursuit of this primary objective, students will also learn about working in the United States and
with Americans.
Detailed Objectives
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
• Understand the breadth and complexity of issues that individuals and organizations face when exporting to, operating
in, or working in the United States (U.S.);
• Be aware of the particularities of the legal, economic, political, cultural, and business-specific characteristics of the U.S.
context;
• Appreciate the institutional and cultural differences within the United States at the state and regional level;
• Recognize the distinction between the cultural artifacts and values of the U.S.;
• Understand the business-specific implications of these artifacts and values;
• Analyze a specific company-industry-country situation in order to provide specific recommendations for operations or
marketing in the U.S.;
• Prepare a plan of entry into or expansion within the U.S.
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Program Goals and Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Program Goal
Program Objective
Be capable of critical thinking
Demonstrate critical-thinking skills in studying and
analyzing problems in the field of business
Possess the skills and underlying knowledge to make complex
business decisions (MBA)
Demonstrate knowledge and skills in different
areas of business administration in identifying,
analyzing and solving problems and making
complex decisions
Be an expert in the field of study (Professional M. Sc.)
Demonstrate the knowledge, skills, attitudes and
behaviours required to work in the field of study
Have a global business mindset
Demonstrate the ability to interact effectively in
business with people from other cultures
Be an effective communicator
a) Written
Produce a professional text using appropriate
business style and vocabulary
b) Oral
Deliver a professional oral presentation using an
appropriate business style and vocabulary
Integrate the principles of responsible
development and ethical conduct into strategic
reflection and problem solving
Have an ethical and socially responsible attitude
Have self-awareness as a manager and leader,
with knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses
Be prepared to use a variety of management and leadership skills
(MBA)
Course’s Level of Contribution to the Achievement of Program Objectives :
Shortened Program
Objectives
Level of contribution
Evaluation Activity(ies)
How does the course contribute to the achievement of
objectives?
Name of evaluation activities
that measure the
achievement of objectives
Not at all
1.
Critical-thinking
skills
Very little
Moderately
To a Great
Extent
XX
Political Analysis
Market Entry Analyses
Film
2.
Knowledge and
skills in solving
problems and
making complex
decisions (MBA)
XX
Knowledge, skills,
XX
© Université Laval
Market Entry Analyses
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attitudes and
behaviours required
to work in the field
of study (Professional M.
Sc.)
Political Analysis
Market Entry Analyses
3.
Ability to interact
effectively with
people from other
cultures
XX
4.
a) Professional text
production
XX
Film
Political Analysis
Market Entry Analyses
5.
6.
b) Professional oral
presentation
XX
Integration of
principles of
responsible
development and
ethical conduct
XX
Strengths and
weaknesses as a
manager and
leader (MBA)
Film
Political Analysis
Market Entry Analyses
Film
XX
Political Analysis
Market Entry Analyses
Film
Instructional Approach
This course uses a teaching method appropriate for management education. As such, the class format and and teaching
materials are intended to stimulate learning though collaboration, communication and individual work. The goal is to assist
you in managing their time in a manner that is flexible yet structured and therefore enhance the learning process.
The course will combine several teaching methods: presentations of foundational material made by professor and guest
speakers; interactive discussions on focal topics; analyses of cultural phenomena and current events; team work time;
individual development of internationalization plans; and team-produced films.
In this course you will be asked to read material grounded in both theory and practice. You will be expected to conduct
independent and collaborative research into companies, industries, and various aspects of the United States as a business
context. All work will be judged on the integrity of the argument made (the quality of the analysis and recommendation), the
structure and presentation of your reasoning, the clear use and demonstration of links between theory and practical
evidence, and on the thoughtfulness and creativity displayed.
Course Content
Le tableau ci-dessous présente les semaines d'activités prévues dans le cadre du cours.
Titre
Date
ATTENTION: Please check this content at least once a week.
I am constantly updating my slides and adding new news articles and other pertinent materials. Also,
because this course is seminar-style, with a number of different subjects not necessarily following a
particular order, the order will change as our guest speakers settle on their chosen dates.
© Université Laval
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Titre
Date
Week 1: Introduction and Team Formation
6 sept. 2016
Week 2: U.S. Institutions
13 sept.
2016
Week 3: Cultural Theory and U.S. Culture
20 sept.
2016
Week 4: Differences within the U.S. / GUEST SPEAKER
Analysis I due
27 sept.
2016
Week 5: Product Management / GUEST SPEAKER
4 oct. 2016
Week 6: Legitimacy Management in the United States
11 oct. 2016
Week 7: FDI and the United States / GUEST SPEAKER
18 oct. 2016
Week 8: Human Resources Management and the U.S. / GUEST SPEAKER
25 oct. 2016
Reading Week - No Class
31 oct. 2016
Week 9: Consumer Behavior in the U.S.
Analysis IIa due
8 nov. 2016
Week 10: Marketing in the U.S.
15 nov.
2016
Week 11: Visas and Immigration to U.S. / GUEST SPEAKERS
22 nov.
2016
Week 12: Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the U.S. / GUEST SPEAKER
29 nov.
2016
Week 13: Exporting to the US / GUEST SPEAKER
Analysis IIb due
6 déc. 2016
Week 14: Film Presentations and Course Wrap-Up
Films duePeer evaluations of films due by the end of class period.PLEASE complete course evaluations
-- thank you!
13 déc.
2016
Team Member Contribution Evaluations Due
If you haven't done the course evaluations, PLEASE do so!
Note : Veuillez vous référer à la section Course Content de votre site de cours pour de plus amples détails.
Evaluations & Grading
Graded Assignments
Sommatives
Titre
Date
Mode de
travail
Pondération
Attendance
À déterminer
Individuel
10 %
Analysis I: Clinton - Trump
Dû le 27 sept. 2016 à
12h30
Individuel
15 %
Analysis II: U.S. Entry Analysis (Somme des évaluations de ce regroupement)
40 %
Analysis IIa: U.S. Entry -- Management
Dû le 8 nov. 2016 à
12h30
Individuel
15 %
Analysis IIb: U.S. Entry -- Company and Industry
Dû le 6 déc. 2016 à
Individuel
25 %
© Université Laval
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Titre
Date
Mode de
travail
Pondération
12h30
The (Not Necessarily) Awful Truth Film Project (Somme des évaluations de ce regroupement)
35 %
Film
Dû le 13 déc. 2016 à
15h30
En équipe
30 %
Individual Member Contribution to the Team
Dû le 16 déc. 2016 à
23h59
En équipe
5%
Informations détaillées sur les évaluations sommatives
Attendance
Date de remise :
À déterminer
Mode de travail :
Individuel
Pondération :
10 %
Directives de l'évaluation :
There will be 14 class sessions. The system will convert your score on a scale of 14 to the
10% scale.
Analysis I: Clinton - Trump
Date de remise :
27 sept. 2016 à 12h30
Mode de travail :
Individuel
Pondération :
15 %
Remise de l'évaluation :
Boîte de dépot
Directives de l'évaluation :
In this analysis, you will consider how the election of Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump will
affect doing business in the United States. You may talk about such issues as the effects on
business owners or employees, foreign multinationals or companies exporting to the U.S.,
etc. You will be graded on the following criteria:
• Giving equal consideration to both candidates.
• Relying on evidence and logical arguement, rather than opinion or emotion.
• The quality of the resources you cite as evidence. You must use in-text citations (in
the style Author, Date) with a list of the works cited at the end. • Respecting the 3-page length limit (1-1/2 spaced, 12 point font, 1" margins). The list
of works cited may extend to a fourth page, but the analysis may not.
No title page is necessary. Just put your name and page numbers in the header.
Fichiers à consulter :
 Formatting Checklist.docx (26,43 Ko, déposé le 15 sept. 2016)
Analysis IIa: U.S. Entry -- Management
Date de remise :
8 nov. 2016 à 12h30
Mode de travail :
Individuel
Pondération :
15 %
Remise de l'évaluation :
Boîte de dépot
© Université Laval
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Remise de l'évaluation :
Directives de l'évaluation :
Boîte de dépot
For Analysis II, parts a and b: Choose a company from some country other than the United
States and that does not currently have a physical presence in the US (no stores, no
subsidiary, and no manufacturing). Your analysis pertains to a hypothetical situation in
which the company will be setting up a subsidiary in the U.S. and will staff it with both home
country and U.S. employees.
For Analysis IIa -- Management : Provide an analysis of the cultural and institutional
differences between the home country and the United States that will affect the management
and/or the HR policies of these employees. Your analysis will be subject to the following
criteria:
• Your use of theoretical dimensions from cultural theory -- from sources such as the
Globe Study, Hall, or Hofstede -- and your ability to make distinctions between artifacts
and values. • The quality of your arguments as to whether and how local adaptation of your HR
and management practices will be necessary and why;
• Evidence of your research on the institutions of both countries (e.g., educational,
legal, political, religious, etc.).
• The quality of the resources you cite as evidence. You must use in-text citations (in
the style Author, Date) with a list of the works cited at the end. • Respecting the 3-page length limit (1-1/2 spaced, 12 point font, 1" margins). The list
of works cited may extend to a fourth page, but the analysis may not.
• No title page is necessary. Just put your name and page numbers in the header.
Fichiers à consulter :
 Formatting Checklist.docx (26,43 Ko, déposé le 15 sept. 2016)
Analysis IIb: U.S. Entry -- Company and Industry
Date de remise :
6 déc. 2016 à 12h30
Mode de travail :
Individuel
Pondération :
25 %
Remise de l'évaluation :
Boîte de dépot
Directives de l'évaluation :
Using the same company chosen for Analysis IIa, prepare a market entry plan. If your
company does not already sell to the U.S. via exporting, alliance, franchising or licensing,
you may propose one of these arm's length modes of entry. In the case where your
company is already doing business in the United States using one of these methods, your
internationalization plan must be via an entry mode with a physical presence. Your analysis
will be judged by the following criteria: • Your analysis of the key resources, abilities or characteristics of the firm itself and/or
its product/service that lend themselves to the creation of a competitive advantage.
• Your analysis of the attractiveness of the U.S. market for the company's industry.
Use a Porter’s Five Forces analysis to describe the industry in the U.S. market.
Conclude with a brief explanation of what kind of company would succeed in
that industry market.
• Your analysis of the practical aspects of expansion into the market:
• What mode of entry and why;
• Where in the U.S. and why;
• What local adaptation is necessary and why;
• Likely risks and challenges and how you plan for them.
• Your use of theory and evidence to create a persuasive, logical, and well supported
plan.
• Evidence of research and the quality of the resources -- theoretical and evidential -© Université Laval
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• Evidence of research and the quality of the resources -- theoretical and evidential -you use to support your plan.
• Your respecting of the 6-page length limit (1-1/2 spaced, 12 point font, 1" margins).
You may put figures and tables in appendices at the end of the report. Only the text
will count toward the 6 pages. • You must use in-text citations (in the style Author, Date) with a list of the works cited
at the end. • No title page is necessary. Just put your name and page numbers in the header.
Fichiers à consulter :
 Formatting Checklist.docx (26,43 Ko, déposé le 15 sept. 2016)
Film
Date de remise :
13 déc. 2016 à 15h30
Évaluation par les pairs :13 déc. 2016 à 15h30
Mode de travail :
En équipe
Pondération :
30 %
Répartition de la correction
et critères :
60 % Corrigé par l'enseignant
40 % Évaluation par les pairs
Critère
Remise de l'évaluation :
Notation
Usefulness of the information in the film
4
Interest of the business phenomenon in the film
3
Credibility of information presented in the film
4
Fairness (balance of possible sides) of the presentation of the information
3
Production quality of the film; use of technology, etc.
3
Overall impression of the film
3
Films will be shown in class. Bring them on a USB key so I can copy them and show them.
It is up to you to ensure that the films run correctly. You may use your own laptop for the
in-class viewing, but you must have given me a copy of the film prior to the showing of the
film.
Directives de l'évaluation :
Much of what non-Americans know of the U.S. is based on what their -- and the U.S.' -news media and films trumpet about America and Americans. This assignment is about
moving past what is broadcast and getting at the truth. Working together in groups of 4-5
people, you are to produce a Michael Moore-style film of about 15 minutes. Choose a
phenomenon tied to American business, whether it be an industry, a company, a pervasive
business practice, or an aspect of American business culture. You are by no means required
to take a neoliberal view, as Moore's documentaries do. Nor are you to ambush American
businesspeople outside their homes or places of work. What makes the assignment Michael
Moore in style is the idea of digging down past what is broadcast on the news and getting to
the truth -- awful or not.
Individual Member Contribution to the Team
Date de remise :
© Université Laval
16 déc. 2016 à 23h59
Contribution au travail d'équipe :16 sept. 2016 à 23h59
Page 10 de 15
NOT evaluating your team members carries a penalty of 2% from your final course grade.
Mode de travail :
En équipe
Pondération :
5%
Grading Scale
Cote
% minimum
% maximum
Cote
% minimum
% maximum
A+
95
100
C+
77
79,99
A
93
94,99
C
73
76,99
A-
90
92,99
E
0
72,99
B+
87
89,99
B
83
86,99
B-
80
82,99
Course Language Policy
Students have the possibility of handing in their papers and answering their exams in French with no consequences on their
grade. However, course materials, instructions and exams will not be translated and will be available in English only.
Plagiarism
FSA ULaval does not tolerate conduct that does not comply with its ethical standards. The Règlement disciplinaire à
l’intention des étudiants de l’Université Laval lists some 20 academic infractions that are subject to penalty. Everyone knows
the most common errors, but are you aware that copying a few sentences from a work on paper or a website without
inserting quotation marks or citing the source are two of the infractions? Or that summarizing an author’s original idea in your
own words without citing the source, and translating a text in part or entirely without stating its origin, are also prohibited? To
avoid exposing yourself to consequences ranging from failing a course to expulsion from the university, consult the following
website: http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/politiquereglement. You’ll find everything you need to avoid plagiarism.
Disciplinary Regulations
Any student who is found to have committed a violation of the Règlement disciplinaire à l’intention des étudiants de
l’Université Laval (Université Laval student disciplinary regulations) in this course, especially involving plagiarism, will be
subject to the penalties set out in the regulations. Students should familiarize themselves with sections 28 to 32 of the
disciplinary regulations.
These can be found (in French only) at the following web address:
http://www2.ulaval.ca/fileadmin/Secretaire_general/Reglements/Reglement_disciplinaire.pdf
Students with disabilities, learning difficulties or mental health problems
Students who have a letter of Attestation d’accommodations scolaires [English: certificate of academic accommodation]
issued by a counsellor from the Accueil et soutien aux étudiants en situation de handicap section [French acronym:
ACSESH; English: students with disabilities support services section] must inform their professor or instructor at the start of
the session so that accommodation measures in the classroom or during examinations can be put in place by their program
administration. Students with a functional impairment or disability who do not have this letter must contact the ACSESH at
656‑2880 as soon as possible.
ACSESH strongly recommends that you take advantage of all the services to which you are entitled in order to succeed in
your program, without discrimination or special privileges. For more information, please see the Procédure de mise en
application des mesures d’accommodations scolaires [English: application for accommodation measures] at:
© Université Laval
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application des mesures d’accommodations scolaires [English: application for accommodation measures] at:
https://www.aide.ulaval.ca/cms/Accueil/Situations_de_handicap.
Deadlines and Overdue Work
The learning schedule laid out in the calendar should be adhered to. Overdue work will be penalized at a rate of 2% a day for
every day late to a maximum of 14 days. After 14 days, the work will not be accepted and a mark of 0 will be given for that
evaluation. There are exceptional circumstances that may prevent a student from submitting an assignment on time. In such cases, it is
the student’s responsibility to inform the teacher as soon as possible to discuss an extension or plan an alternative.
Laptop and Software Requirements
Students are expected to have a laptop compatible with the FSA ULaval technological environment in order to participate in
course activities both inside and outside the classroom (e.g. management simulations, online quizzes, Securexam, etc.).
Minimum software requirements for compatibility with the FSA ULaval technological environment:
• Operating systems:
• Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7 or Vista
• Mac OS X 10.7 and later
• Students are encouraged to install Windows with the Boot Camp assistant (or with virtualization software)
on their Mac because some software used in course work only on Windows
• Office Suite:
• Microsoft Office 2016, 2013, 2010 or 2007:
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Browsers:
• Google Chrome
• Microsoft Edge
• Microsoft Internet Explorer 11
• Firefox
• Safari
* We support the latest version of theses browsers (which automatically updates whenever it detects that a new version
of the browser is available).
Course Evaluation
At the end of the course, the Faculty will conduct a summative evaluation, by soliciting your comments and suggestions, to
determine whether the teaching method achieved its goals and your degree of satisfaction. During the session, a link to the
course evaluation questionnaire will be uploaded to the course website home page. This evaluation is very important, as it
will allow us to improve the course. The course supervisors thank you in advance for your collaboration. Please note that this
evaluation is confidential.
Link to the course evaluation system.
Teaching Materials
Required Materials
American ways : a cultural guide to the United States ( 3rd édition )
Auteur : Gary Althen with Janet Bennett
Éditeur : Intercultural Press ( Boston , 2011 )
© Université Laval
Page 12 de 15
ISBN : 9780984247172
Exporting : the definitive guide to selling abroad profitably Auteur : Laurel J. Delaney
Éditeur : Apress ( Berkeley , 2013 )
ISBN : 9781430257912
This book is NOT mandatory. I have ordered a number of copies at the Coop Zone because it is a very
useful resource -- not only for your projects, but for other international courses. It is up to you whether or
not you wish to purchase the book.
Supplemental Materials
GIE 6105 Doing Business in the United States
Useful Readings List
• Hofstede, G(1983) “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories”
• House, et al. (2002) “Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project
GLOBE”
• Ghemawat, P (2001) "Distance still matters: The hard reality of global expansion"
• Zider, B. (1998, Nov). How venture capital works. Harvard Business Review, 76, 131-139.
• Root, F.R. (1982) Foreign Market Entry Strategies. AMACAOM: New York.
• Florida, R. (2004). America's Looming Creativity Crisis. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 122-136.
• Martin, L. (2011) Open minds, open border.The Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada). Feb. 8, 2011: p. A19.
• Burney, D.H. (2011) Time to be boldly bilateral.National Post. Mar. 28, 2011
• Cooper, H. (2011) A silver lining to America's waning influence. The New York Times. Nov. 1, 2011.
• © Université Laval
Page 13 de 15
• Gunderson, M. North American (2001) Economic Integration and Globalization. In P. Grady & A. Sharpe (eds.) The
State of Economics in Canada: Festschrift in Honour of David Slater, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, pages
355-377.
• Enloe, C. and Seager, J. (2011) The Real State of America Atlas : Mapping the Myths and Truths of the United States.
• Kelley, A. (2014) New College Rankings Remind Us Of What's Wrong With American Higher Education, Forbes,
on-line.
• Grabb, E. and Curtis, J. (2005) Regions Apart: The Four Societies of Canada and the United States. Oxford University
Press: Oxford.
• Kostova, T. and S. Zaheer, 1999. Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity:The case of the multinational
enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1):64-81.
• Root, F. 1994. Entry Strategies for International Markets. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
References and Appendices
Appendices
 Analyse PESTEL.docx (71,45 Ko, déposé le 25 juil. 2016)
 Sample_5ForcesAnalysis.pdf (1,02 Mo, déposé le 25 juil. 2016)
Université Laval Library -- Business Site
URL : http://www.bibl.ulaval.ca/web/administration
Site consulté par l'enseignant le 2 septembre 2013
Ghemawat's CAGE Comparator
URL : http://www.ghemawat.com/cage/
Site consulté par l'enseignant le 3 septembre 2014
CIA World Factbook for All Countries
URL : https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook
Site consulté par l'enseignant le 3 septembre 2014
US Learn the States Puzzle
URL : http://www.yourchildlearns.com/mappuzzle/us-puzzle.html
Site consulté par l'enseignant le 3 septembre 2014
© Université Laval
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Site consulté par l'enseignant le 3 septembre 2014
© Université Laval
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