¯ – /

(
/) : : DOI: 10.4197 / Islec. 24-2.3
" ! – [email protected]
.
"" ! " # ! ( &' % $ #
'$ / # ! )
., *+
"#. . - "# ! ) "'$ : ./ $ !% " # ! / $ ! $ ! '! )
($ '
$ ! &%
$ -
, " % $ + * ./ .% (epistemological posture)
: (cognitive process) 1% 0
.%:
5 3 "# &'2 9 8& " 7 ! 60
&'2 ,%: = '% < %& $% ; ! 0 "#
! # $
=/. $?"? < % 1? .(() = > ,/
.(() 8
=@ $& $%&
@! & $ =/. +% = 6%+
.(() $"# $
A ;- * /- ! :1% * $-
! 8&. , ! # > C&'2 1% ,? B
! 1/
&'2 B
! ,
: # $>
=/. 1"
, %% % $/ 0 .>
1 " $ &'2 E & $ ' $0 D !/
1 (Neoclassical-Keynesian Controversy) "C!0 00"0!
> $ $% = 1/ :$&'2 1 & ;
+ $
+
&'" -9 > &'2 10 1/ :$% $.% , 9
,23 ... '% ' & 1 (()% & , !0 = 0 (
1 $> B! 4 $!- 6 &'2 < # > &'2
9 0 5 &'2 F
. ! G F.! %0 1- 10
.(retroactions) 1. $
G $ "#
! &'2 A' $ $-
$ % % :> ,G& &'2 "#
$"# '" + &'2 ≈ "# &'2
($' #3 7 # &'2
= !/ &'2 =% &# ."D " < % #
% $ > $0 "0! ,G & > &'2 # 1
(8
= @ ($ & $% & (
! 1 ? $ 8# # =/ .
9 (() % 0 1? # .# +% $
+
&'2 , %: = ' '% < (Paul Samuelson) % 1 & 1% * $ $ 1 !/ .()> ,/
:$ $G&
$"# '" + 0"0! C&'2 B! ≈ "# &'2
' "7 " $1 ,2 1 ) #3 4. 51 6 * ()
. 1 #3 $ /
Paul Samuelson (1947) Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press.()
.%' 9' 8 6 '
! & %
:"# &'" E
: 8 10 93 +% @
! ; % - ! !# % <
'% H # "
! + 1? '% 9; =@ 1 $% 2 : 3 (Lionel Robbins) !
1! E
0
E
## .()"
.()&'2
&'2 0% E
% 1" < A F
" "# &'2 ;+! 0"0!
+ E"2 , = ((Hassan, 1992, p. 244) %% $"#
(alternative use) "$% 2" # >" .(maximize falah) "9; =@" (G #
$&'2 #1 $
I
$
>#4 $
3/ F
.
1 % % ? # . /
J $" # $ > E % "
= !% # K .$
10 10 # 3
& '&'2
B! 8# @# % 1 = ($: $0 & B '%
1: - 1 $%: $&'2 /@ 4 1 + 0"0!
(Rist, % C
'&'2 1 .
KD $> E% ?0
'% (> &'2 &" :"$
J : L
:$!" ,0 1996, p. 175)
“Islamic economics is the subject that studies human behavior in relation to
()
multiplicity of wants and scarcity of resources with alternative uses so as to maximize
falah that is the well-being in the present world and the hereafter” (p. 21).
"Economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between
ends and scarce means which have alternative uses", Lionel Robbins (1945) An
Essay on the Nature & Significance of Economic Science, London: Macmillan,
second edition revised and extended, p. 16.
()
... 1 @" # 1 1" % ( = <
M 5
;+% $%' J # ($& $ 1? ($
2 % N& &'2 ! %# .()"$! 1 $+! $
,- C&'2 @# $-
# $% 4# (!0
9 %:
9 0 0 " $-
+% 3 A (,! # 3
G 6J
0#
.(Guerrien, 2004, p. 109) -
9 G A' 9 $'O $
"& 0
'
'
( ! < $0"0! $
A % "# &'2 ) 1': "
C&'2 % & P5 '% # /. 10 $-! ; - ?0 0 0"0! A ) 3 A
$&'2 /@ $+ A 6! $%% ># - ;
.(Guerrien, 2007)
+% A ' I 1 0 " # &'2 $ % % B ! !#- . !# # @! = 0 =/ .
#) Q! 1:. ((agent) 1:. ;# (
. 15 0"0!
# (satisfaction degree) $
! 1M 5 '% % #/# ($0
1# = !# - ("# &'2 .(utility function) $.!
HD &! " 1 $.@ ! %# (1 C B ;% ##
$ : $ $ & ! C &'2 # $ %& -
,>- &'2 D& : R,!: .! " $.!
.$:2 $!!# #3 1?
%1 * .2 $ # 9' !# / ' *: ()
:
. Dudley Seers (1963), The limitations of the Special Case, Bulletin of the Oxford
University Institute of Economics & Statistics, 25: 77–98.
%
' )( @# ,! (0 1% ># !
9 0 =J
= # # ( % &'2 F , D , ! E 0 &' # # &' – CO ,! < $!/
A#1 &'2
9
:# $ 1: $?"? 0"0! B! ! &
1' 0 1 #F ! 1& 0"0! ; & :"#
.(Légé, 2007) $
! $# &!
( . # - @! F G ($0 "0! $ & : !?
B! +% +
* (10 * $0
S $! 0
9 &'2 = 4 = !: H 6& $' +%G A'
= ! 7
" =: " $ " & 1S .(Guerrien, 2010) ,! ,& 6 1& # -
=:+
F
%& & $> $% " I#4 ! $& :??
.(d’Iribarne, 2009) $0"0! $
% A I#4 % *
#3 > S &'2 0"0! &'2 =:
#3 7 $0 B! =& ,!0 , $% $:2
D = ($ ' # 3 && !/ $ '
. .$ '
$ :! #3 & : (() (Prigogine, 1996) G
! (Newton) ! !: !0 (determinism) $ $ $% K! .$%+ $.& $+ $@! O! $# @!
9 (Einstein)
. *2 #.' #&! #&3 (&) (Ilya Prigogine) '< ; (%)
(Rumford Medal) =. * &' *
.(Royal Society) , . ' $ # %
... 7. > (deterministic equations) $ 2 1
((probabilities) 2 + (statistical calculations) $>&D !0D F !ٕ (certainties) ! 1P?5 $ ! & '
.(possibilities)
3
J C&'2 %
9 + +% 1@ B!# "2 1? %+& >'
F
,!0 * "&
9 +
9
9 !P J# 8
$0
F
.5 N>& +% 1 !/ + .=@!
5
= ;>: & ,-ٕ ,D # #3 3
J &'2 P5 # =% 0. 4 = &'2 3 0 " $ +% # .=% 0.
.(Beaud, 1998) ' = C
% $%: )! < "# &'2 (& $% %& # $0 $! ?0 1? 3 /O (1
6 ! %#ٕ .> $ !!' /. % 1'
$" # E
& # ( % $:
$ '
>/ "# &'2 && = (=U
5 1% ?0 P5 1 >
9 CV 5 " '% -
A'
1; 1 %G
."D 7+J $-
$ $! $ <
0
P 5
, +(
$:
- $-
!> . 0 " $
/ $) &
-
%? . +% ! %# .$@! 79 1P?5 !
'"+! $
0. .% $& $! $>' $@! & >! . +% $ @! & .$ $. %.
'
= $% .23 < $ #F3 %
()
$>! $%: &'2 $@! . +% A' # $) +% $ & H# >' =/. & $ =/. 1 E- "#ٕ "#
.H# = 0. 105 1&
$-
$@! ! & $ " CO $ 8#; +% ! &
– $0
$!% /
## " % $! 0 1' # - S
9
$% % .8#; % ,
'% & &! &
. , = '% (methodological individualism) '; Q! !
$ =": . 4 0% N> & 1" $ : # 1
& @! $" # $ ! A F
$ ! +% # .( 10 )
. , %: ; ! , + , +. :
!>0
9 ,. & !#
9
; $:2 ,'": !# .!- (0"0! B!
H $ <
M 0
5 F>
- "# ,%: < ; ! '% A
.(Caillé, 2005) > C&'2 =@!%
.
() .?: * > *. &:* &. ()
... ! ( !
- 2 ($ 1 F => 1 % 1 ) &
B! /
&! $.% &'2 <
$.0 N&
&'2 ? 1' ! & (Clerc, 2006) 0"0!
@! & # $ / +% 1 ? " #
. ; /
P 5 $-
@ $!/
. "# &'2 <
" = $
+ &
# - # F 1 D A 0 "0! B ! < 0
$ $) * $% K! %0 (Hanif, 2010) $"# '"
1' N&! H9" 4 (,
N! - * .$
G +! 0 1! J 1 "
()
3 CC # $
+% "# &'" 3
& K 1
$ $"# $ ,
!: " $
0. ,:!'
.$! L $%+ $
$O +% "# &'2 ,00
$J& & 1& 1@ ("# &'2 <
$
+ &
:2 ) $!
$
($"# $&'2 $
@!% $!&
( O &'2 ($ !0 ($0 "0!) $ .% 2 N & B
8 %@ *$ / %61 6 $8 (')
$; 5<) 63 0 ,- ) ! " : %1 + 5 # A
4 2 ! ! 6;
@.2 C2 < 3 9, ""B
D
1 + 1 " :(') "9' 7" (/)
* 3 : * *E ' 2
G
4 ! "@ 4 . H
, ,- ) ! !2 =ٕ !
G
."H + H @ "H 5* ,- J' I * "A@ $ . 3 H
+ K: , $2 :, / * 8 3 * .( 6 " ": ) K:
($.) "# &'2 N& 1 1.G "# ((E&
$! J9 IM A K! K (E& ($
($0
($-
S ($%%
S
. ! . 2 $ .0 @ ! H ! =/ $ ! =
'
@! 6% ,! AG 0 (1? 1 (O &'2 & !2
. 1 1' 0 " ,%: (, $& $O $! % 10 ) J9
6%- ($O 0
$
.$O N>& @! FG H
& $-! $>' 0
%:. >93 & @!
; >93 +% C
- =? ( . $+! A4
- $ +( &
" ; $! &
$ ! = ' 1 F # # .
+ * % -
=0
$% +% $ ."# &'2 , $! +2
93 >% A4 E% - : $!P $%:
Q !
ٕ ($ / ' $ .% $ ! $ /
$! $%:. $? : 0 1 (10 1 *
! 6J 1@ # .-
Q! $ 10 7 +
F
G
?0 %: 6%G "# &'2 * = (&
!
* $%&O $! F +% - ## .H! .1- $
+ ,! "# &'2 .2 K!
, ;. !!W- ($-
,
& A E% 1" 605 < E+ $! "# C&'2 =@! #
& .(N () @# 8 ;+5 # (? !
... 4 (= 7 , O '% C&'2 =@! $+ 7
D
.3; ,' , =@! % ,%. # $% . )
? =
" &'2 ;+ 6J &
+ 7 & - % 1" "# 0" G3# $
7! 9 = K . +% 0O5 # !P.5 Q>! B
- $0
3
+ ,"&D >% K! @# P 5 $0 $
@!
.93 >% A4 A ;!
+ $
? ($! $-
$2 3% 1@ (microeconomic)
(
)
> $ 2 "# &'2
+ C
@! 1% 3; N. 7! (mesoeconomic)
()
!
.A! 7.! +
- :2 ) C
&'2 B! ! $0
6 = ;
. " !/
S
$+ >93 &! @# <0 " > &&
(vision)
# 1 .! <% 1' J # 10
@! $ !: F $:2 $-? $>
. (rationality) ()$#
. ! + @) /.8 J *@ ()
.# ! * 9
!2 78
*@ ()
"8 "rationality" . ' 51 # ! ) #3 @ L -, ()
""reason" # 8 "":" . M # 5 5; H
."discernment" ""maturity"
1 " #3 + $! & & ( 1 (chaos) K . (fluctuations) % (instability) 2 # 1
1 @# 1- G & 1&% $
(disorder) 6
+2
$ / ) !/ . 0# . 1 % 8 & = @ $ , 0 /
(systemic approach) && $ 9
&'2 92 G% (>!? &!" 2 ":.%
" 1 - $ + * 92 1 % 6 + B ! 1 & # 0 1 0 A# 1 :
.(Donnadieu et al., 2003)
/
:
*1; K: "
(/) .&
, :. " $2;
: ! "
Aslam, Hanif Mohammed (2010) Teaching Economics at the International Islamic
University Malaysia, Wednesday Seminar No. 8, Jeddah: Islamic Economics
Institute, December, 29.
Beaud, Michel (1998) Y a-t-il encore place pour la pensée dans l’univers des
économistes universitaires ?, in François Michon, L’économie, une science pour
l’homme et la société : mélanges en l’honneur d’Henri Bartoli, Publications de la
Sorbonne, Paris, :21-36.
Caillé, Alain (2005) Dé-penser l’économique. Contre le fatalisme, La Découverte /
M.A.U.S.S., Paris.
Clerc, Denis (2006) L’enseignement de l’économie en France, Nouvelles Fondations,
2006/2, :76-82, http://www.cairn.info/revue-nouvelles-fondations-2006-2-page76.htm
Donnadieu, Gérard, Durand Daniel, Neel Danièle, Nunez Emmanuel et Saint-Paul
Lionel (2003) L'Approche systémique: de quoi s'agit-il? Synthèse des Travaux
du Groupe AFSCET ‘Diffusion de la pensée systémique’, septembre,
http://www.afscet.asso.fr/SystemicApproach.pdf
Guerrien, Bernard (2004) Y-a-t-il une science économique?, L'économie politique,
2004/2, No. 22, :97-109, www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=LECO
_022_0097
... Guerrien, Bernard (2007) Que penser des outils de la théorie néoclassique?,
L'économie politique, avril, No.73.
Guerrien, Bernard (2010) Le rôle des mathématiques en économie, Contretemps,
http://www.contretemps.eu/interventions/sur-role-mathematiques-en-economie
Hassan, Zubair (1992) Profit maximization: secular versus Islamic, Sayyed Tahir,
Aidit Ghazaly and Syed Omar Syed Agil, Readings in Microeconomics: An
Islamic Perspective, Longman Malaysia, pp: 239-255.
Hassan, Zubair (2011) Curriculum Vitae, Kuala Lumpur: INCEIF, The Global
University of Islamic Finance, http://www.inceif.org/why-inceif/facultystrength/148
Hassan, Zubair (2011) Scarcity, Self-interest and Maximization from Islamic Angle,
IDB Prize Winners’ Lectures Program, Jeddah: Islamic Development Bank.
Iribarne, Philippe d’ (2009) Comment interroger les postulats fondateurs de
l’économie ?, Université d’été de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes pour la Science et
la Technologie, 7 septembre, http://www.ihest.fr/activites/universite-europeenned-ete/comment-interroger-les-postulats
Légé, Philippe (2007) Théorie néoclassique : les débuts d'une domination, Alternatives
Economiques, Hors Série No. 73, L’histoire de la pensée économique, avril, pp:
24-25.
Rist, Gilbert (1996) Le développement, histoire d’une croyance occidentale, Editions
Sciences Po, Paris.
Robbins, Lionel (1945) An Essay on the Nature & Significance of Economic Science,
London: Macmillan, second edition revised and extended.
Samuelson, Paul (1947) Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press.
Scarcity, Self-interest and Maximization from Islamic Angle
A Methodological Discussion of Zubair Hasan’s Paper
Abderrazak Said Belabes
Islamic Economics Institute
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
[email protected]
Abstract. In this open dialogue, we discuss the paper of professor
Zubair Hasan entitled “Scarcity, Self-interest and Maximization from
Islamic Angle”, which he presented at the Islamic Development Bank
on the occasion of his winning of the IDB Prize in Islamic economics
for the year 2009. The discussion is carried out through a
methodological reading between the lines.
Keywords: Methodology, Islamic economics, neoclassical model,
ethics.