Comparison of SweSum results on Swedish and French text
Transcription
Comparison of SweSum results on Swedish and French text
Språkteknologi Comparison of SweSum results in 3 languages Åke Wallebom 811003-0015 Joachim Gagnaire 810730-A197 [email protected] [email protected] ➢Introduction What is SweSum? SweSum is an abbreviation for ”Swedish Summarizer”. It is developed at NADA, KTH by H. Dalianis and M. Hassel. Currently, it works with many languages. For Swedish, English, Danish and Norwegian, it is considered to be state-of-art and for French, German and Spanish it is in a prototype state. SweSum is available at this address: http://swesum.nada.kth.se/ You can use SweSum on a HTML file or on plain text that you enter in a textbox. You can also give SweSum some keywords from the text if you want to help it determine what the important concepts in the text are. You select the source of the original document (newspaper or academic) and the language used. After that you select the size of the summary to be generated (percent of the original text, number of words or number of characters). Let’s summarize! Our work Our aim is not to test SweSum as a summarizer, there are already few reports about that. Our goal is to compare the result of summarizing text in different languages, those we master: Swedish, French and English. To do this, we decided to test the summarizer on news articles, which are easier to find, and seems to work best. It’s also easier to judge if the summary is good when it is a news article. To compare fairly these 3 summaries, we need to have the same text in the 3 languages. So when it's possible we will try to find articles very similar. Texts are from several press agencies and the last one was found on the French embassy website. Comparison Now it’s time to see if SweSum can do a good job! As parameters, we only give the language, set the type to “news article”, and we ask for a size of 30% - other parameters are default. The sentences in bold letters are those which are included in the summary by SweSum. To have a representative view we are going to test SweSum with 3 articles. ➢Article 1 English article Iranian lawyer Shirin Ebadi has won the Nobel Peace Prize for her work defending human rights in an award aimed at inspiring democratic reform across the Muslim world. The Norwegian Nobel Committee praised Ebadi, one of Iran's first woman judges before the Islamic revolution forced her to step down, for work focused on the rights of women and children. Ebadi won from a record field of 165 candidates including Pope John Paul and former Czech President Vaclav Havel. "I'm very glad and proud," she told Norway's NRK public television by phone from Paris on Friday. "It's very good for me, very good for human rights in Iran, good for democracy in Iran and especially children's rights in Iran." "She sees no contradiction between Islam and fundamental human rights," head of the five-member Nobel committee Ole Danbold Mjoes said. "We hope that the prize will be an inspiration for all those who struggle for human rights and democracy in her country, in the Muslim world, and in all countries where the fight for human rights needs inspiration and support," he said. The Nobel prize is worth 10 million Swedish crowns (786,000 pounds) and will be handed out in Oslo on December 10. Ebadi, only the 11th woman to win since the prize was set up in 1901, said she would come to Oslo to receive the prize. She said it was a surprise and she had had no time to consider what to do with the cash. Ebadi won a separate human rights prize in Norway in 2001, the Rafto Prize. STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY "In my country, Iran, there is still a continued struggle for democracy and human rights," she wrote this year. "Iranian people want to reform their political and legal system," she said. "They are protesting against the few people who have power." Nobel watchers say that the committee, which includes three women, probably chose Ebadi as a way of promoting change, rather than rewarding the ailing pope or to Havel for a lifetime of peace work. They say the committee has been seeking to promote moderates in the Muslim world since the September 11 attacks on the United States to avoid stoking conflicts between religions after U.S.-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Many researchers say that the pope's opposition to birth control, premarital sex, homosexuality and female priests seemed intolerant and outmoded to many in liberal Norway -- especially women. Iran was one of three nations once branded part of an "axis of evil" by U.S. President George W. Bush along with pre-war Iraq and North Korea. Summary information Lexicon: English Words before 473 Words after 135 Summary length: 28% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: right human prize nobel committee democracy muslim country norway reform Commentary The keywords found by SweSum are relevant. The article is about something related to Nobel, a prize for human rights and democracy in muslim countries. The summary is also quite good – It really does sum up the article. French article Le prix Nobel de la Paix décerné à l'Iranienne Shirin Ebadi (Par Alistair Doyle) Pour la onzième fois seulement en plus d'un siècle d'existence, le prix Nobel de la Paix a été décerné à Oslo à une femme, l'avocate iranienne Shirin Ebadi, distinguée pour son action en faveur des droits de l'Homme et de la démocratie. Le Comité norvégien Nobel a tenu à saluer le parcours d'Ebadi, première Iranienne à être devenue juge avant la Révolution islamique de 1979, qui l'a forcée à quitter son poste. En tant que magistrate, elle s'était attachée à défendre les droits des femmes et des enfants. Ebadi l'a emporté parmi un nombre record de 165 candidats "nominés", dont des personnalités telles que le pape Jean Paul II et l'ancien président tchèque Vaclav Havel. "Je suis très heureuse et très fière", a-t-elle déclaré à la chaîne de télévision publique norvégienne NRK, qui l'a contactée au téléphone à Paris. "C'est très bien pour moi, c'est très bien pour les droits de l'Homme en Iran, c'est très bien pour la démocratie en Iran et tout particulièrement pour les droits des enfants en Iran." "Elle ne voit aucune contradiction entre l'islam et les droits fondamentaux de l'Homme", a déclaré le président du comité Nobel, Ole Danbold Mjoes. "Nous espérons que ce prix inspirera tous ceux qui luttent pour les droits de l'Homme et la démocratie dans son pays et dans le monde musulman ainsi que dans tous les pays où le combat pour les droits de l'Homme a besoin d'inspiration et de soutien", a-t-il ajouté. Le Nobel de la Paix, attribué l'an dernier à l'ancien président américain Jimmy Carter, comporte une bourse de dix millions de couronnes suédoises (1,32 million de dollars) et sera remis à Oslo le 10 décembre. Ebadi a fait savoir qu'elle se rendrait dans la capitale norvégienne pour recevoir son prix en personne. Elle s'est déclarée surprise, avouant ne pas avoir encore réfléchi à la façon dont elle utiliserait cette somme. Ebadi avait déjà remporté en 2001 en Norvège un prix récompensant son action dans le domaine des droits de l'Homme, le prix Rafto. UN ENCOURAGEMENT AUX FORCES PROGRESSISTES D'IRAN "Dans mon pays, l'Iran, on lutte toujours pour la démocratie et les droits de l'Homme", écrivait-elle cette année. "Le peuple iranien veut réformer son système politique et juridique", a-t-elle ajouté. "Il proteste contre la minorité qui détient le pouvoir." Les analystes estiment que le comité Nobel, composé de cinq membres dont trois femmes, a voulu en distinguant Ebadi encourager le changement et la réforme plutôt que récompenser l'oeuvre d'une vie, comme cela aurait été le cas avec le pape - dont beaucoup craignent, en raison de l'aggravation de son état de santé, qu'il touche à la fin de son pontificat - ou Havel. Ils soulignent, en outre, la volonté clairement affichée par le comité Nobel, après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre les Etats-Unis, de promouvoir les courants modérés dans le monde musulman pour éviter tout "choc des civilisations" qui pourrait résulter des interventions militaires américaines en Afghanistan et en Irak. De nombreux chercheurs estiment en outre que les prises de position du souverain pontife sur le contrôle des naissances, les relations sexuelles prémaritales, l'homosexualité et l'ordination de femmes prêtres pouvaient paraître démodées et intolérantes à la société norvégienne, surtout sa composante féminine - majoritaire au sein du comité. Le comité souhaiterait ainsi également soutenir le mouvement démocratique en Iran, un pays placé par le président américain George Bush sur un "axe du Mal" comprenant également l'Irak de Saddam Hussein et la Corée du Nord, accusés de chercher à acquérir des armes de destruction massive. Summary information Lexicon: French Words before 620 Words after 162 Summary length: 26% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: droit comité femme président norvégien iranien américain déclaré démocratie également Commentary The summary generated is quite good, the main idea is preserved except for the last sentence about ”Iranian people wanting to reform their political and legal system”. This part is not relevant at all, it’s better to leave it out if the other explanations about Iran are not kept. The keywords are rather bad, the main information of the text, that is the nobel prize, is not in it! Their translation could give: right, comity, women, president, norvegian, iranian, american, announced, democracy, too. Note about the French article: we found it on the Reuters’ website and it was signed by the same person as the english one (Alistair Doyle) but the comparison showed that the content wasn’t organized in the same way. So we decided to rearrange the paragraphs’ order to obtain a text very closed to the english article. Another thing is that even if the structure and the ideas are similar, the french text is more developed and that’s why there are more words in it. Swedish article Den iranska juristen Ebadi får Nobels fredspris (Translation of the Alistair Doyle’s article by Åke Wallebom) Den iranska juristen Shirin Ebadi har fått Nobels fredspris för hennes arbete med att försvara mänskliga rättigheter i ett pris riktat till att uppmuntra demokratisk reform i den muslimska världen. Den Norska Nobelkommittéen hyllade Ebadi, en av Irans första kvinnliga domare innan den muslimska revolutionen tvingade henne att avgå, för arbete fokuserat på kvinnor och barns rättigheter. Ebadi vann i ett rekordstort fält på 165 kandidater inklusive påven Johannes Paulus II och Tjeckiens forne president Vaclav Havel. "Jag är mycket glad och stolt," meddelande hon Norges television NRK per telefon från Paris på Fredagen. "Det är mycket bra för mig, mycket bra för de mänskliga rättigheterna i Iran, bra för demokratin i Iran, och särskilt för barnens rättigheter i Iran." "Hon ser ingen motsättning mellan islam och de grundläggande mänskliga rättigheterna," sa Ole Danbold Mjoes, ordföranden för Nobelkommitén. "Vi hoppas att priset blir en inspiration för alla de som kämpar för mänskliga rättigheter och demokrati i hennes land, i den muslimska världen, och i alla länder där kampen för mänskliga rättigheter behöver inspiration och stöd," sa han. Nobelpriset är värt 10 miljoner Svenska kronor (786,000 pund) och kommer att delas ut i Oslo den 10 december. Ebadi, bara den elfte kvinnan att vinna sedan priset grundades 1901, sa att hon skulle komma till Oslo för att motta priset. Hon sa att det var en överraskning och att hon inte hade haft tid att fundera över vad hon skulle göra med pengarna. Ebadi vann ett annat pris för mänskliga rättigheter i Norge år 2001, Raftopriset.1 KAMP FÖR DEMOKRATI "I mitt land, Iran, finns det fortfarande en fortsatt kamp för demokrati och mänskliga rättigheter," skrev hon i år. "Iranier vill reformera sitt politiska och juridiska system," sa hon. "De protesterar mot de få människor som har makt." Nobelanalytiker säger att kommittéen, vilken även har tre kvinnor, antagligen valde Ebadi som ett sätt att uppmuntra förändring, istället för att belöna den plågade påven eller till Havel för en livstid av fredsarbete. De säger att kommittéen har velat framhålla moderater i den muslimska världen sedan attackerna den 11 september mot Förenta Staterna för att undvika ökande konflikter mellan religioner efter amerikanskledda krig i Afganistan och Irak. Många forskare säger att påvens motstånd mot preventivmedel, sex innan äktenskapet, homosexualitet och kvinnliga präster verkade intolerant och omodernt för många i liberala Norge - särskilt för kvinnor. 1 Denna mening valdes endast då storleken var 32%, vid 30% fick denna mening inte plats. Iran var en av de tre nationer en gång märkta som del av en "ondskans axelmakter" av amerikanske presidenten George W. Bush tillsammans med Irak och Nordkorea. Summary information Lexikon: Svenska Ord före 477 Ord efter 146 Sammanfattningsgrad: 30% Typ av text: tidningstext Nyckelord: rättighet mänsklig muslimsk demokrati mycken kvinna kvinnlig fredspris inspiration sedan Commentary In the Swedish summary, the summarizer selects almost the same keywords as the English article. Right/rättighet, human/mänsklig, democracy/demokrati and so on. The summary in Swedish is also quite good and readable. Article 1 - Comparison of the three summaries There is not much difference between the three summaries. The sentences chosen by SweSum are exactly the same, except for the French version, which selects a quote about the Iranians wanting to reform their political system. In fact, the English and the Swedish summaries are exactly the same, but it's normal for a text and its translation. If it would have been different, it would have been a surprise. On the other hand it shows that these both versions of the summarizer work well. But the French summary is more open to criticism even if the selected sentences are globally good. The keywords are different from the English keywords and can't give the meaning of the text only by reading them. Other remarks : Changing the size parameter between 30-32 percent for the Swedish summary showed that the next sentence to be chosen was the same that had been chosen in the English version – it was only because the sentence did not fit, that it wasn’t included in the summary. ➢Article 2 English article 2 At least six dead in suicide bombing outside Baghdad hotel Sunday October 12, 08:17 PM BAGHDAD (AFP) At least six people were killed in a two-car suicide bombing outside a central Baghdad hotel used by members of Iraq's US-installed Governing Council and American contractors. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of Iraqi Shiites took part in a pilgrimage which was virtually banned under Saddam Hussein. And Kurdish leader and Governing Council member Massoud Barzani asked the Arab League to oppose moves by Turkey to send troops to Iraq. US military spokesman George Krivo said at least six people were killed and 10 seriously wounded in what he described as an attack by two cars outside the central Baghdad Hotel, although it was not clear if both vehicles were laden with explosives. It was also unclear if the suicide attacker or attackers were among the six counted as dead. A US army officer at the scene and a Governing Council member who was in the hotel at the time both put the death toll at seven. Doctors at nearby hospitals reported at least 38 people wounded in the blast. "There were seven casualties, including the suicide bomber," said Colonel Peter Mansoor of the US army's First Armored Division. A US soldier was among those wounded, but he was treated on the spot and released. Governing Council member Muwaffak al-Rubai who was in the hotel at the time also sustained light injuries as a result of the blast, which occurred at a police checkpoint outside. A coalition spokesman denied the Baghdad Hotel was the headquarters for the Central Intelligence Agency in Iraq's capital. "It is one of the accommodation facilities which the CPA (Coalition Provisional Authority) rents for CPA members and other contractors. It is absolutely not true to say it is a CIA facility," said Charles Heatly. But a US officer at the scene who asked not to be identified said that American security personnel, US contractors and Governing Council members lived in the hotel. "A car tried to negotiate its way in but had no proper credentials. When it didn't stop they (Iraqi police) opened fire to prevent it from penetrating," said Mansoor. "The driver ignited the bomb and there was an explosion 20 meters (yards) inside the checkpoint and 100 meters (yards) from the hotel," he said. At least one Iraqi police officer was among those killed, according to police. Paul Bremer, the top US official in Iraq, denounced the bombing, the latest in what have become daily strikes against US-led coalition forces and Iraqis working with them. "The terrorists will not succeed," Bremer said in a statement. "Neither the coalition nor the people will be intimidated from our path to a democratic Iraq." But in Washington, US President George W. Bush came under renewed fire from lawmakers who demanded a clearer plan for securing Iraq and winning international support for rebuilding the country. "We need to go to the United Nations more humbly, more directly, more honestly, solicit help in a way that brings the United Nations into this effort, or you are going to continue to see bomb after bomb after bomb," said Senator John Kerry, a senior Democrat. "We're going to continue to see the mounting opposition to what is essentially an American occupation," he told ABC television. Senator Frank Lautenberg, a Democrat from New Jersey, said on CNN that the car bombing was "a continuation of the violence that we've seen for now ever since the combat was supposed to be over." Body parts and a bloodied football could be seen near a burning white car at the scene of the latest Baghdad explosion, as ambulances rushed off and US armored vehicles sealed off the area. The blast came three days after a car bomb killed nine people, including the suicide bomber, in an attack on a police station in a teeming Shiite neighborhood of Baghdad. Elsewhere in the country, a man blew himself up Sunday in the northern oil city of Kirkuk, wounding a policeman and a civilian in an attempted grenade attack against a police checkpoint, police said. Tensions have risen further following a series of recent incidents involving US forces and members of the Shiite majority. Stepping up the pressure, militant Shiite cleric Moqtada Sadr announced he has formed a Muslim-led government, in a clear challenge to the 25member Governing Council. He said the government includes a ministry of religious affairs and another responsible for the "promotion of virtue and prevention of vice." The young cleric, who made the announcement during a sermon at Friday prayers, gave few details, but one of his spokesmen told AFP on Sunday the "alternative cabinet" would be led by Muslims but open to all. Shiite Muslims also asserted their identity Sunday during a massive pilgrimage. The faithful flocked to the holy city of Karbala from all over the country, some walking more than 100 kilometers (60 miles) barefoot, to mark the birthday of the 9th century Imam Mehdi, whom they believe will one day return to save the world. Largescale public demonstrations of the Shiite faith were banned under the Sunni-dominated regime of Saddam, who was toppled by US-led troops six months ago. In the Egyptian capital, Massoud Barzani lobbied for the Cairo-based Arab League to support moves to keep Turkish troops out of Iraq. "We have rejected the deployment of troops by Turkey and other countries in the region, and we have asked for Arab League support for this position," Barzani told reporters after talks with Arab League chief Amr Mussa. Mussa said the Arab League would "support any position of the interim Governing Council about the deployment of Turkish troops or from other neighboring countries." Arab foreign ministers will hold a meeting Wednesday, on the sidelines of an Islamic summit in Malaysia, to discuss the issue, he said. Summary information Lexicon: English Words before 1039 Words after 303 Summary length: 29% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: governing member hotel council police league baghdad people suicide least Commentary The summary is good and the keywords also. This text can be a base to see if the other languages can give something interesting. We can note that SweSum takes preferably sentences in the beginning of the text and not at the end. This is very smart because the end is often about related subjects and can be removed. French article 2 Irak: au moins six morts dans un attentat à Bagdad Dimanche 12 octobre 2003, 19h59 BAGDAD (AFP) Au moins six personnes ont été tuées et des dizaines blessées, dont 10 grièvement, dimanche dans un attentat à la voiture piégée devant un hôtel du centre de Bagdad, alors que trois millions de pèlerins chiites étaient rassemblés à Kerbala, ville sainte du chiisme. La voiture piégée a explosé devant le Baghdad Hotel, un établissement où logent notamment des entrepreneurs américains et des membres du Conseil de gouvernement transitoire irakien. Un porteparole de la coalition a en revanche catégoriquement démenti la présence dans l'hôtel d'une antenne de l'agence des renseignements américains (CIA). Le lieutenant-colonel George Krivo a déclaré lors d'une conférence de presse qu'au moins six personnes avaient été tuées et 10 grièvement blessées dans l'attentat mais n'a pas précisé si le kamikaze figurait dans ce décompte. Plus tôt, un autre militaire américain et un membre du Conseil de gouvernement transitoire irakien, Mouaffak al-Roubaï, qui se trouvait dans l'hôtel au moment de l'attentat et qui a été légèrement blessé, avaient fait état d'un bilan de sept morts dont le kamikaze. Selon des sources médicales irakiennes, au moins 38 personnes ont été blessées dans l'attentat survenu peu avant 13H00 locales (10H00 GMT). "Nous travaillerons avec la police irakienne pour trouver les responsables et les déférer devant la justice. Avec le peuple irakien nous continuerons à construire un nouvel Irak, un Irak qui remplace le terrorisme par l'espoir" a déclaré l'administrateur civil américain en Irak, Paul Bremer. Le colonel Mansoor a précisé qu'une voiture avait forcé un check-point devant l'hôtel et que des policiers irakiens et des militaires américains avaient ouvert le feu. Le chauffeur a alors actionné sa bombe, à 100 mètres de l'entrée de l'hôtel. Dans la nuit de samedi à dimanche, Kerbala (centre) a vibré aux cris, aux chants, aux prières de centaines de milliers de pèlerins chiites venus honorer leurs imams Mehdi, le disparu, et Hussein, le petit-fils du prophète. Selon la coalition, les fidèles étaient plus de trois millions, selon les autorités religieuses plus de cinq, à avoir fait le pèlerinage. Des Iraniens étaient également présents. Des dirigeants irakiens ne cessent de réaffirmer leur rejet d'un déploiement de l'armée turque, voulu par Washington. Le chef kurde irakien Massoud Barzani, dont le Parti démocratique du Kurdistan (PDK) contrôle la moitié du Kurdistan irakien frontalière avec la Turquie, plaidait au Caire contre le déploiement de troupes turques en Irak. "Nous refusons le déploiement de troupes de la Turquie et d'autres pays (voisin) de la région et nous avons demandé un appui de la Ligue arabe à cette position", a déclaré M. Barzani à l'issue d'un entretien avec le secrétaire général de la Ligue arabe Amr Moussa. Pour sa part, le chef du principal mouvement chiite, le Conseil suprême de la révolution islamique en Irak (CSRII), a affirmé qu'"il n'y a aucun besoin de faire venir une quelconque force de l'extérieur". Le président de la Commission européenne Romano Prodi a estimé dimanche au Caire que la situation se dégradait en Irak. "Elle se dégrade et il est difficile de trouver une solution si le peuple irakien n'est pas impliqué dans le processus (politique) et si l'Onu ne joue pas un rôle", a-t-il dit. Interrogé sur une éventuelle participation de l'UE à la reconstruction de l'Irak, M. Prodi a répondu : "Nous voulons une participation de l'UE, mais à deux conditions : un rôle véritable de l'Onu et (...) un accroissement du rôle du peuple irakien" dans la direction du pays, a-t-il dit. A Washington, le président de la commission des affaires étrangères du Sénat, le républicain Richard Lugar et le sénateur démocrate Joseph Biden ont réclamé dimanche à l'administration Bush un plan plus "clair" concernant l'après-guerre en Irak. Summary information Lexicon: French Words before 634 Words after 190 Summary length: 29% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: irakien américain blessé dimanche trouver personne déploiement conseil voiture peuple Commentary By reading the summary you have the main idea of the text (equivalent to the title) but once more SweSum gives no relevant sentences. For example, it lets the passage about the car that tried to force the checkpoint but not the sentence saying that the driver ignited the bomb, so the first part is useless! Like in the first text, keywords don't allow you to guess the meaning of the text, their translation could give: Iraqi, American, wounded, Sunday, find, nobody, deployment, council, car, people. Swedish article 2 Många offer i dubbelbombning av USA-hotell i Bagdad Söndag 12 oktober 2003, 20.24 (TT-Reuters) (Bagdad) Minst sju dödsoffer krävdes när två bilbomber på söndagen detonerades vid hotell Bagdad, ett hotell som användes av amerikaner i den irakiska huvudstaden. Kroppsdelar och en blodig fotboll låg utspridda nära en brinnande vit bil. Ambulanser körde i skytteltrafik och amerikanska militärfordon stängde av området strax efter explosionen. Det var två bilar som försökte ta sig in på hotellområdet, och skottlossning förekom. "Det sköts när polisen försökte hålla bilarna borta, sade den irakiske journalisten Saad Mahmud." Men i alla fall en av bilarna tog sig nära hotellet, och samtidigt som dess sprängladdning detonerade utlöstes en laddning i en parkerad bil precis bredvid. Självmordsbombaren i den framkörda bilen och ytterligare sex personer dödades, och elva skadades, sade den amerikanske översten Peter Mansoor. Hotellet ligger i centrala Bagdad och har varit populärt bland amerikansk personal och irakiska politiker. Enligt vissa uppgifter på söndagen har den amerikanska underrättelsetjänsten CIA haft sitt irakiska högkvarter där. Den tillfällige planeringsministern Mahdi al-Hafiz fördömde bilbombningen, och beklagade den dåliga säkerheten i Bagdad som bara "tjänar Iraks fiender". "Snabba åtgärder borde vidtas för att få slut på sådana handlingar som går på tvärs mot irakisk tradition och är främmande för dess folk, sade al-Hafiz och tillade att det är de USA-ledda ockupationsstyrkorna som "bär huvudansvaret för säkerheten i Irak"." Samtidigt meddelade polis i Kirkuk i norra Irak att en man som tyckts vara på väg att angripa en polispostering sprängdes till döds på söndagen. Den 32-årige mannen var uppenbarligen på väg att slänga en granat mot polisposteringen men granaten exploderade i hans händer, sade en lokal polischef. En polisman och en civilperson skadades. Två stora oljeledningsbränder som utlöstes av en bomb utanför Kirkuk i fredags har släckts, meddelade talesmän för oljebolaget North Oil. Bränderna på oljeledningarna som kommer från oljefälten i norr rasade i 20 timmar. En annan bomb skadade på söndagen tre amerikanska soldater, varav en allvarligt, i Saddam Husseins hemstad Tikrit, sade en USA-talesman. Summary information Lexicon: Swedish Words before 348 Words after 134 Summary length: 38% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: amerikansk irakisk hotell söndag skada försöka säkerhet detonera polis meddela Commentary We had the choice between a length of 25% or 38%. The latter is more interesting for our comparison. The summary is good, but the keywords miss one important word: bomb. This is probably because the word bomb is present mostly in composed words: “dubbelbombning”, “bilbomber”, “sjävmordsbombaren”, and “bilbombningen”. Analysis of composed words would probably make SweSum even better. Even though this is not done, the summary is quite good and readable. Article 2 - Comparison of the three summaries Once more both English and Swedish summarizing are good but the French one is not satisfactory. Its keywords are not similar to those from the other languages. The Swedish summary and keywords is the best, while not perfect. Composed words probably need to be analyzed to get even better results. However, this may affect performance giving a slower summarizer. Speed may be more important than quality for summarizing large quantities of text. ➢Article 3 French article 3 Décès de Mme Anna Lindh – Déclaration du porte parole du ministère des affaires étrangères Paris, le 11 septembre 2003 (www.ambafrance.se) C’est avec une profonde émotion et une très grande tristesse que les autorités françaises viennent d’apprendre le décès de Mme Anna Lindh, ministre des affaires étrangères du Royaume de Suède à la suite de l’agression dont elle a été victime. La France rend hommage à l’engagement européen qui a été celui de Mme Lindh ainsi qu’à son action déterminée à la tête de la diplomatie suédoise. En cette douloureuse circonstance, les autorités françaises adressent leurs plus sincères condoléances à Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède ainsi qu’au gouvernement suédois. Elles expriment à la famille de Mme Lindh toute leur sympathie dans le deuil qui les frappe et transmettent au peuple suédois leur sentiment de pleine solidarité dans cette épreuve. Summary information Lexicon: French Words before 145 Words after 49 Summary length: 40% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: autorité affaire suède français Commentary When we asked a summary with 30%, SweSum gave us only the title of the article. With a length of 40% it added the first sentence. Obviously, with a such article in which the title is enough to understand, the summary is relevant. The keywords don't give particular informations, their translation could give: authority, affair, sweden, france. Swedish article 3 Anna Lindhs bortgång – Uttalande från franska utrikesdepartementets talesman Paris, 11 september 2003 (www.ambafrance.se) Det är med stark sinnesrörelse och mycket djup sorg som de franska myndigheterna blivit underrättade om Sveriges utrikesminister Anna Lindhs död till följd av attacken mot henne igår eftermiddag. Frankrike hyllar Anna Lindhs engagemang för Europa och hennes beslutsamma arbete i ledningen för svensk diplomati. I denna svåra stund framför de franska myndigheterna sitt djupa deltagande med Hans Majestät Konungen och med den svenska regeringen. Frankrike uttrycker sin medkänsla med Anna Lindhs familj i den sorg som drabbat dem och sin solidaritet med det svenska folket i denna prövning. Summary information Lexicon: Swedish Words before 108 Words after 30 Summary length: 27% Type of text: tidningstext Keywords: fransk svensk myndig Commentary In this case, SweSum preserved the title and a sentence in the middle of the text. This is not a very good summary. The first sentence is a far better representation of the whole article. But, the reason that the first sentence is not chosen, is because it is too long to fit into the 30% limit we set. If you set the summary size to 50%, the first sentence is selected. This limitation is because SweSum only selects complete sentences, and doesn’t reconstruct them in any way. Article 3 - Comparison of the two summaries First we can note that it's not useful to summarize a so short text, that's why the result is not very interesting - the text is too short to draw any deep conclusion about how good the summarizer is. But these two texts with the same content (one is the translation of the other) show another time that SweSum doesn't create the exact same results in French and in Swedish because it didn't keep the similar sentences. ➢Conclusion The Swedish and English version of SweSum is quite good at in its current state. The limitations mostly have to do with the way it tries to construct the summary only by selecting some key sentences in the text. This makes creating a very short summary almost impossible. For summarizing longer texts (e.g. Article 1), the results are better. The Swedish and English versions seem to give equivalent results every time. The French version of SweSum is not as good as the others and need some improvements to be at the same level. The keywords it finds are not relevant, and it sometimes selects strange sentences. Note: The function called ‘Pronomenresolution’ was not used since it produced strange results in the Swedish summary.