070926-link words-ex..

LINK WORDS
Link words (or linking words) are the words and expressions any language has created in order to organize
oral as well as written production : the are a set of tools you use clarify your say.
The use of such link words helps reveal a structured thought and helps write easier to understand pieces of
written work.
●
Read the following text.
●
Underline the linking words used in the text.
●
Classify them in the grid according to what they express.
●
Use them in your own examples, it will be easier for you to remind them.
A woman's life at the turn of the century.
01
05
07
08
10
14
15
18
19
20
23
My great-grandmother was born in 1910. She likes remembering her childhood even though
not all memories are happy ones. Since her parents were farmers, she lived far away from
the village. It was a two-mile walk to the school, therefore she had to get up early in the
morning in order to be on time. She ran all the way to school for fear that the teacher should
punish her but sometimes she was late. Whenever the pupils did something wrong he would
hit them with his cane. She hated the winter frost biting her naked hands whereas she
enjoyed the two-mile walk as she could hear the birds singing.
She was a good pupil, however her father never allowed her to carry on her studies. Who
would have helped him if she had gone to boarding-school ? Her mother was a submissive
wife, as a consequence she couldn't expect any support from her. My great-grandmother had
worked on the farm since the age of 8 because she had to help her parents. Although she
hated farmwork, she had to feed the poultry, milk the cows and make butter. Her father
wanted her to stay with him until she had found a husband. She wondered whether she
would ever leave the farm.
As soon as she got married she decided (that) her life would change. That's why, she
promised her husband, who was a carpenter, (that) she would be a good wife provided he let
her study. She got up verty early so that all the housework could be done and at night, while
the family was asleep, she would spend two or three hours reading and learning accountancy.
My great-grandmother was determined and self-reliant otherwise she would never have been
able to fulfil her dreams. Unlike most of the women in those times, she dared to rebel.
Indeed women had no say in their future unless they were strong-willed and they had to fight
so as to have a little freedom in their lives. And yet, my great-grand mother managed to take
her future in hands thanks to studies.
Dans le tableau suivant :
● σ (sigma minuscule) symbolise le sens
● Σ (sigma majuscule) symbolise l'énoncé, la phrase.
1
Line Link expression
σ (meaning)
In French :
01
Even though
Restriction / concession
Même si / quand bien même...
02
Since
Reason / cause
Puisque / dans la mesure où...
03
therefore
Logical conclusion
De ce fait ... / Ce qui fait que...
04
In order to + V
Goal, purpose
Afin de + infinitif / Dans le but de + infinitif
04
For fear that + should Restriction
De peur que + subjonctif
05
but
Opposition / contrast
Mais...
05
whenever
Fréquence dans le temps
Toutes les fois que / à chaque fois que...
06
whereas
comparison
Alors que...
07
as
Cause / reason
Dans la mesure où / puisque...
08
however
Conclusion / interruption
Quoi qu'il en soit...
09
if
condition
Si (+ condition)...
10
As a consequence
consequence
En conséquence de quoi... / par conséquent...
11
since
Origine dans le temps
Depuis (que)
11
because
Cause
Parce que...
11
although
concession
Bien que / quoique ... + subjonctif
12
and
Addition / cumul
et
13
until
Limite dans le temps
Jusqu'à ce que...
13
Whether (or)
alternative
Si (proposition 1) [ou (proposition 2)]
15
As soon as
Concomittance (temps)
Aussitôt que / dès que... [!!! règle !!!]
15
That
Que conjonctif
Que + PSC cod du V de la PP (omettable)
15
That's why
Raison / cause
C'est pourquoi / c'est la raison pour laquelle...
16
who
Pronom relatif
Qui (antécédent humain)
16
provided
Condition restrictive
À condition que / pourvu que... + subjonctif
17
So that
but
De telle sorte que ... / afin que + subjonctif
17
while
Concomittance (temps)
Pendant que / alors que
18
or
Choix / alternative
Ou (bien)
19
otherwise
Opposition / restriction
Autrement... / sinon ...
20
unlike
Opposition / contraste
Contrairement à / à l'inverse de ...
21
indeed
Correction / renforcement En fait... / en effet...
21
unless
Condition négative
À moins que... / si + condition négative
22
So as to
but
De telle manière que + subjonctif
/ de manière à + infinitf
22
Yet (en tête de Σ )
Restriction / concession
Cependant... / et pourtant...
23
Thanks to
Incidence positive
Grâce à ... / du fait de...
 attention aux 2 'si' !!! :
● If you read carefully, you'll understand that difference; however, I wonder whether you will read that
carefully (or not) ? > si tu lis attentivement, tu comprendras cette différence; cependant, je me
demande (bien) si tu liras avec l'attention nécessaire (ou pas) ???
2