ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Electric Vehicle Program of the Renault-Nissan Alliance
Jérôme Perrin
DREAM - Direction de la Recherche, des Etudes Avancées, et des Matériaux
Department of Research, Advanced Engineering, and Materials
Director « CO2 & Environnement » Advanced Projects
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
3 BRANDS, 1 ALLIANCE, 1 PARTNER, 1 NEW PARTNER
ƒ THE BRANDS
DACIA
RENAULT
ƒ A STRATEGIC PARTNER
RENAULT SAMSUNG
MOTORS
ƒ THE ALLIANCE
ƒ A NEW PARTNER
DAIMLER
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
AVTOVAZ (LADA)
THE BREAKTHROUGH
100% electric vehicle, accessible to all …
FLUENCE ZE
2011
TWIZY
2011
KANGOO ZE
2011
ZOE
2012
LEAF 2010
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
3
Partnering to ensure mass availability
Fleets
Governments
Standards
Utilities
Network
IT
Technologies
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
A RENAULT-NISSAN ALLIANCE AMBITION
> 40 partnerships already signed worldwide
4 billion € entry ticket
5 Li-ion battery plants announced : Japan, USA, UK, France, Portugal
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
5
ELECTRIC VEHICLES - HOW MANY, HOW FAST
5 levers
ƒ
Oil price
ƒ
CO2 reduction pressure
ƒ
Cost of battery and EV technologies
ƒ
Availibility of Infrastructure
ƒ
Changing consumer habits
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
Potential annual
market volume
2016
3M cars
2020
6M cars
6
BUSINESS MODEL
Economical Benefit for the Customer
compensates the
overcost of EV
without battery
depends on battery
cost, lifetime,
additional services
and residual value
BONUS
FROM
GOVERNMENT
COST SAVING
ICE
VEHICLE
=
ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
PURCHASE COST
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
ICE
VEHICLE
CONSUMPTION
ELECTRICITY
BATTERY
RENTAL
COST OF USE
7
BUSINESS MODEL
New Interfaces for Customers
OEM
Electricity
Infrastructure
Home
Work Place
Car Parks,
Supermarkets
Street
Battery
Option 2
Battery Leasing
By Operator
OPERATOR
- Purchase Electricity
- Invoicing
- Mobility Services
- Battery Management (option 2)
New EV
Services
Car
Option 1
Battery Leasing by OEM
Financing Company
Car Services
FINAL PACKAGING BY DEALER
FINAL CUSTOMER
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
8
RECHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE
1
Standard charge
- At Home
- At Work
- On Curside
3
Quick Drop
- A new battery in 3 min
2
Fast charge :
« Full charge in 30 min. »
4
Smart Navigation
- Locate & Reserve charge spots
Optimize Trips
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
9
« WELL TO WHEEL» CO2 EMISSIONS
Comparison of Renault C - segment cars on the standard European cycle NEDC
Megane 3
gasoline 1.6 16v
184
Megane 3
diesel 1.5 dCi
136
Fluence-ZE
electricity EU mix
62
Fluence-ZE
electricity FR mix
12
Fluence-ZE
electricity coal EU
128
Fluence-ZE
electricity wind 0
0
20
40
Well to Tank
60
80
100
Tank to Wheel
120
140
160
180
200
CO2 emission (g/km)
Source : Efficiency of fuel and electricity production calculated according to the methodology of the JRC-EUCARCONCAWE study « Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains In the European
Context »,, v3 Nov. 2008 : http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/WTW
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
10
Domains of technical innovation for EV’s
Batteries
Electric Powertrain
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Motor concept
Inverter / Charger
Mechatronics integration
E/E Architecture
Connection to Infrastructure
On-board
energy management
•
•
•
•
Consumption of auxiliaries
AC / heating
Breaking energy recovery
Human-machine interface
Specific energy
Safety
Lifetime
Battery Management (BMS)
Re-use & Recycling
•
•
•
•
•
Battery exchange
Fast charging
Contact-less charging
Data exchange / communication
Connection to grid / home : V2G/V2H
Range Extension
• ICE + charger
• Hydrogen fuel cell
NORMS ET STANDARDS
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
Towards new generations of Electric Vehicles
1st Generation
2nd Generation
< 2011
2011-2012
FLUENCE Z.E.
3rd Generation
2015 - 2020
ZOE Z.E.
?
KANGOO Z.E.
TWIZY Z.E.
FLUENCE
2011
Electrified versions
of ICE models
Specific EV’s with
2008 technologies
EV’s adapted to the demand
of sustainable mobility
with low-cost rupture
technologies to compensate
vanishing government
incentives
5000 € (FR) ….. government incentive
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
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12
Requirements for Electric Powertrains and Batteries
Cost
Materials
Investment,
Manufacturing
Recycling
Availability, Cost,
Environmental Impact
Lifetime
Environment
Cyclability and Aging
Life Cycle, Recycling
Performances
Energy and Power
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
Safety & Security
LITHIUM BATTERY MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY
Materials
Electrodes
Cell
160 Wh/kg
LiMn2O4 / Graphite
Battery System
24 kWh
250kg,
150 liters
Module
Junction
Box
Sensors
Electronic
control
(BMS)
Box
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Service plug
Jérôme PERRIN
Module Assembly
Pack
BATTERY TCO REDUCTION STRATEGY
„ Reduce battery manufacturing cost < 300€/kWh
9 Materials sourcing and process optimization
9 Increase plant production yield by reducing cell performance
dispersion and active balancing (BMS)
„ Increase battery performance and duration
9 Increase specific energy Æ cathode development
9 Increase robustness vs degradation (temperature and/or fast
charging) Æ anode development
9 Increase effective usage of capacity range Æ BMS
9 Decrease warranty cost
„ Increase battery value in secondary markets
9 The “4-R” business model for used Li-on battery :
“Reuse, Resell, Refabricate, Recycle”
9 Value the service of battery on-board the vehicle as distributed
storage for smart grid operation
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN ARCHITECTURE
Battery
E-Motor
Inverter
Vehicle
+
Driver
transitor
control
low level
control
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
torque
…
high level
control
pedal press
speed
…
ELECTRIC MOTORS : THREE ALLIANCE TECHNOLOGIES
9 Permanent Magnet Synchronous : NISSAN Æ 80 kW
9 Wound Rotor Synchronous : RENAULT Æ 63 kW max
9 Switched Reluctance : RENAULT (R&D) Æ 30 kW
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
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INTEGRATED CHARGER
9Integrated : uses components of the powertrain inverter
9Functional and low cost : allows AC charging from single
phase slow charge (220V, 3 kW) up to three-phase quick
charge (400V, 43kW).
3-phase
grid/plug
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Junction Box
Jérôme PERRIN
Electric motor
Inverter
High Voltage
Battery
Power range and charging devices
0 7 1
1
22
43
Power kW
Quick
Charge
3Ψ
Speed
Single Ψ
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
QD
Standard charge (AC)
Æ 1ph: between 4 and 8 hours
3ph: between 1 and 2 hours
Quick charge (AC or DC)
Æ
less than 1 hour
Quick Drop
(Battery exchange)
Æ
in a few minutes !
Jérôme PERRIN
Quick Charge : AC or DC ?
„ How to insure compatibility with various quick charge systems?
Japanese standard
Renault
Integrated
Charger
3-ph. AC
400V/75A
Junction
Box
DC
DC Quick
Charger
DC 50kW
500V/100A
AC
IEC 62196-2 T2
43kW
3-ph. AC
400V/63A
Æ Waiting for universal standard recognized by OEM and Utilities, we propose
to manage different AC & DC definitions for quick charge within the vehicle
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
The Communicating Electric Vehicle
ECALL PSAP
TSP, Content Provider
TELCO
Global Data center (GDC)
RENAULT IT
Trip and Multimedia IT
Infrastructure
TSP, Content Provider
CPL
Energy Management
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
Customer
National projects of Electric Vehicle Demonstrators
„ VEGA – THOP
¾ Véhicule Electrique à Grande Autonomie : développement d’un
système de gestion THermique à efficacité OPtimisée du confort
habitacle et de la chaîne de traction
Optimized AC/Heating and thermal confort for EV
¾ Consortium : Valeo, Renault, St Gobain, Hutchinson, CNRS,
INSA-Lyon
„ VEL-ROUE
¾ Véhicule ELectrique bi-mode à moteurs ROUEs
moteur à essence AV, moteurs électriques roues AR
Dual-mode with gasoline powertrain on front axle
and in-wheel electric motors on rear axle
¾ Consortium : Renault, Michelin, IFP
„ VEL-CRI
¾ Véhicule ELectrique à Charge Rapide Intégrée
charge à plus de 43 kW
échange bidirectionnel d’électricité avec la maison
fast charging (> 43 kW) with integrated charger
bi-directional electricity exchange for V2H / V2G
¾ Consortium : Renault, Schneider-Electric, Apojée, Johnson
Controls-SAFT, Valeo, EDF, CEA, CNRS, ENSMA, Institut
Telecom, Eurecom
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
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22
European Projects on EV’s and Batteries
„ HELIOS
Safety
High Energy Li-iOn Storage solutions
¾ Long life energy batteries, low cost, safe, easiliy
Cost
rechargeable and recyclable
¾ Consortium : Renault, Peugeot-Citroën, Opel, Fiat, Volvo,
JC Saft, EDF + RTO’s (CEA) and universities
Lifetime
Energy
Power
„ ELVIRE
ELectric Vehicle communication to Infrastructure
Road services and Electricity supply
¾ EV use case scenarios and communication platform
¾ Consortium : Continental, Renault, Volkswagen,
SAP, Better Place, Endesa
„ ID4EV
Intelligent Dynamics For fully Electric Vehicles
functionality
¾ Recuperative electric braking system and functional
integration in EV
¾ Consortium : FKA, Continental, Renault, ZF
+ RTO’s (CEA) and universities
energy
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
security
23
Field Operational Tests of Electric Vehicles
„ SAVE
Seine Aval Véhicule Electrique
¾ 100 EVs in Ile de France ; charging spots,
private and public (including battery exchange
station)
¾ Consortium : Renault, EDF, Schneider-Electric,
Total, La Poste, Better Place, EPAMSA, CR IdF,
CG 78
„ VERT
Véh. Elec. pour une Réunion Technologique
¾ 50 EVs coupled to charging infrastructure
supplied by renewable electricity
¾ Consortium : EDF, Renault, Total, GBH, GE,
GERRI
„ JEJU island
Smart Grid demonstration
¾ 10 EVs in a smart grid charging infrastructure
¾ Consortium : SK-Energy et SK-Telecom, RenaultSamsung Motors
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
24
Electric Vehicles : Models & Availability
2010
2012
2011
LEAF
SOP
October
SOS
January
TWIZY
SOP
Spring
SOS
Summer
KANGOO
SOP
Spring
SOS
Summer
FLUENCE
SOP
Spring
SOS
Summer
ZOE
SOS
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN
IEEE VPPC-2010, 02/09/2010
Jérôme PERRIN