Behandlung polytoxikomaner opoid abhängiger Schwangerer

PPT
Übersicht
Behandlung polytoxikomaner opoid­
abhängiger Schwangerer
Imke Hoell, Ursula Havemann-Reinecke, Ahmad Amanzada und Detlef Degner,
Göttingen­
Literatur
1.Adde-Michel C, Hennebert O, Laudenbach V,
Marret S, et al. Effect of acamprosate on neonatal excitotoxic cortical lesions in in utero
alcohol-exposed hamsters. Neurosci Lett
2005;374:109–12.
2.Arshad M, El-Kamary SS, Jhaveri R. Hepatitis C virus infection during pregnancy and the
newborn period – are they opportunities for
treatment? J Viral Hepat 2011;18:229–36.
3.AWMF-Leitlinien für Sedativa/Benzodiazepine: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/
ll/076-009.html.
4.AWMF-Leitlinien für Tabakbedingte Störungen. Leitlinie Tabakentwöhnung. [Artikel] //
http://www.sucht.de/tl_files/pdf/11_05_03.
pdf.
5. Batra A. [Tobacco dependence – evidencebased treatment strategies] Z Arztl Fortbild
Qualitatssich 2002;96:281–6.
6.Berle JO, Solberg DK, Spigset O. [Treatment
of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and in
the postpartum period] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2011;131:126–9.
7.Bleich S, Havemann-Reinecke U, Kornhuber
J. Fagerström-Test für Nikotin­abhängigkeit.
Göttingen: Beltz Test GmbH, 2002.
8.Bodén R, Lundgren M, Brandt L, Reutfors J, et al. Risks of adverse pregnancy
and birth outcomes in women treated or not
­treated with mood stabilisers for bipolar disorder: population based cohort study. BMJ
2012;345:e7085. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7085.
9.Bohus M, editor. Borderline-Störung. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie, 2002.
10.Bonnet U, Scherbaum N. Evidenzbasierte Behandlung der Cannabisabhängigkeit. Dt Ärzteblatt 2005;102:A3334–41.
11. Brzozka MM, Falkai P, Havemann-Reinecke U. Für Schizophrenie braucht man Drei.
Suchtmed 2009;11:98–103.
12.Brünen S, Vincent PD, Baumann P, Hiemke
C, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
for drugs used in the treatment of substance
related disorders. Literature review using a
TDM appropriateness rating scale. Ther Drug
Monit 2011;33:561–72.
13.Budney AJ, Hughes JR, Moore BA, Vandrey
R. Review of the validity­ and significance of
cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1967–77.
14.Burns L, Conroy E, Mattick RP. Infant mortality among women on a methadone program during pregnancy. Drug Alcohol Rev
2010;29:551–6.
15.Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, et al. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med
2006;354:579–87.
16.Chasnoff IJ, Burns WJ, Schnoll SH, Burns
KA. Cocaine use in pregnancy. N Engl J Med
1985;313:666–9.
17.Chung KC, Kowalski CP, Kim HM, Buchman SR. Maternal cigarette smoking during
pregnancy and the risk of having a child with
cleft lip/palate. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:
485–91.
18.Clark SM, Nakad R. Pharmacotherapeutic management of nicotine dependence in
pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am
2011;38:297–311.
19.Cleary B, Reynolds K, Eogan M, O’Connell
M, et al. Methadone dosing and prescribed
medication use in a prospective cohort of opioid-dependent pregnant women. Addiction
2012; doi: 10.1111/add.12 078 [Epub ahead of
print].
20.Cohen LS, Friedman JM, Jefferson JW,
Johnson EM, et al. A reevaluation of risk
of in utero exposure to lithium. JAMA
1994;271:146–50.
21.Cole JA, Modell JG, Haight BR, Cosmatos IS, et al. Bupropion in pregnancy and
the prevalence of congenital malformations. Pharmacoepi­demiol Drug Saf 2007;16:
474–84.
22.Coleman T, Chamberlain C, Cooper S, Leonardi-Bee J. Efficacy and safety of nicotine
replacement therapy for smoking cessation in
pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2011;06:52–61.
23.Coles CD, Platzman KA. Behavioral development in children prenatally exposed
to drugs and alcohol. Int J Addict 1993;28:
1393–433.
24.Coyle MG, Salisbury AL, Lester BM, Jones
HE, et al. Neonatal neurobehavior effects following buprenorphine vs. methadone exposure. Addiction 2012;107(Suppl 1):63–73.
25.De Sousa A. A one-year pragmatic trial of
naltrexone vs. disulfiram in the treatment
of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol
2004;39:528–31.
26.Dempsey DA, Benowitz NL. Risks and benefits of nicotine to aid smoking cessation in
pregnancy. Drug Saf 2001;24:277–322.
27.Deutsch-Österreichische
Leitlinien
zur
HIV-Therapie bei Schwangeren und Neugeborenen. http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/
InfAZ/H/HIVAIDS/Therapie/Leitlinien/
PDF__D__A__schwanger.html (Zugriff am
24.10.2011).
28.Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Ornoy S, et al.
Safety of haloperidol and penfluridol in pregnancy: a multicenter, prospective, controlled
study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:317–22.
29.Djulus J, Koren G, Einarson TR, et al. Exposure to mirtazapine during pregnancy: a prospective, comparative study of birth outcomes.
J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1280–4.
30.Driessen M, Schulte S, Luedecke C, et al.
Trauma and PTSD in patients with alcohol, drug, or dual dependence: a multi-center
study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:481–8.
31.Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2011, http://www.
drogenbeauftragte.de/fileadmin/dateien-dba/
Service/Publikationen/Drogen_und_Suchtbericht_2011_110517_Drogenbeauftragte.pdf
(Zugriff am 24.10.2011).
32.Dusick AM, Covert RF, Schreiber MD, et al.
Risk of intracranial hemorrhage and other adverse outcomes after cocaine exposure in a
cohort of 323 very low birth weight infants. J
Pediatr 1993;122:438–45.
33.Eiden RD, Schuetze P, Colder CR, Veira Y.
Maternal cocaine use and mother-toddler
aggression. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011;33:
360–9.
34.Einarson A, Choi J, Einarson TR, Koren G.
Incidence of major malformations in infants
following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort
study. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54:242–6.
35.Empfehlung der ständigen Impfkommission des Robert-Koch-Institut Stand April
2011 http://www.rki.de/cln_160/nn_199630/
SharedDocs/FAQ/Impfen/AllgFr__AllgemeineFragen/FAQ08.html (Zugriff am
24.10.2011).
36.Ericson A, Kallen B, Wiholm B. Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants
in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
1999;55:503–8.
Prof. Dr. Ursula Havemann-Reinecke, Dr. Imke
Hoell, Dr. med. Detlef Degner, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin
Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 5, 37075 Göttingen, E‑Mail: [email protected], [email protected].
de
Dr. med. Ahmad Amanzada, Klinik für Innere
Medizin, Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen,
Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen
Psychopharmakotherapie 20. Jahrgang · Heft 1 · 2013
*1
Übersicht
37.Ferger B, Havemann-Reinecke U, Kuschinsky K. Dopamin und Suchterkrankungen. Med
Monatsschr Pharm 1997;20:300–9.
38.Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P,
et al. Methods for quantification of exposure
to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:14–30.
39.Fried PA, Watkinson B. 36- and 48-month
neurobehavioral follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990;11:49–58.
40.Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. Differential effects on cognitive functioning in 13to 16-year-olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicol Teratol
2003;25:427–36.
41.Galbally M, Roberts M, Buist A. Mood stabilizers in pregnancy: a systematic review. Aust
N Z J Psychiatry 2010;44:967–77.
42.Gentile S. Drug treatment for mood disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Psychiatry
2011;24:34–40.
43.Gentile S. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and
the risk of birth defects. Acta Psychiatr Scand
2011;123:266–75.
44.Gerardin M, Victorri-Vigneau C, Louvigne C,
Rivoal M, et al. Management of cannabis use
during pregnancy: an assessment of healthcare professionals’ practices. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011;20:464–73. doi: 10.1002/
pds.2095.
45.Glaeske B. Psychotrope und andere Arzneimittel mit Missbrauchs- und Abhängigkeitspotenzial. In: Deutsche Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen e. V. (Hrsg.). Jahrbuch Sucht 2009.
Geesthacht: Neuland, 2009: 93–4.
46.Gold LH. Treatment of depression during
pregnancy. J Womens Health Gend Based
Med 1999;8:601–7.
47.Gouin K, Murphy K, Shah PS. Effects of
cocaine use during pregnancy on low birthweight and preterm birth: systematic review and metaanalyses. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2011;204:340–12.
48.Günthert A. Substanzkonsum in der Schwangerschaft. In: Mann K, Havemann-Reinecke U, Gassmann R (Hrsg.). Jugendliche und
Sucht­mittelkonsum. Band 2, überarbeitete Auflage. Freiburg i. Br.: Lambertus, 2009:
126–39.
49.Haustein KO. Cigarette smoking, nicotine and pregnancy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
1999;37:417–27.
50.Havemann-Reinecke U. Die Bedeutung zentraler dopaminerger Neurone für die Entwicklung von Abhängigkeit am Beispiel der Opioide. Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2002.
51.Hayatbakhsh MR, Flenady VJ, Gibbons KS,
Kingsbury AM, et al. Birth outcomes associated with cannabis use before and during
pregnancy. Pediatr Res 2012;71:215–9. doi:
10.1038/pr.2011.25. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
52.Heberlein A, Leggio L, Stichtenoth D, Hillemacher T. The treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence in pregnant women. Curr Opin
Psychiatry 2012;25:559–64.
53.Hernández-Díaz S, Smith CR, Shen A, Mittendorf R, et al.; North American AED Preg-
*2
nancy Registry; North American AED Pregnancy Registry. Comparative safety of
antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. Neurology 2012;78:1692–9.
54.Hiemke C, Baumann P, Bergemann N, Conca
A, et al. AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry. Update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011;44:195–
235.
55.Hoell I, Amanzada A, Degner D, HavemannReinecke U. Therapie von schwangeren Patientinnen mit Abhängigkeit von Opioiden und
begleitenden Suchtstoffen. Teil II: Therapie
der Komorbiditäten. Med Monatsschr Pharm
2011;34:418–25.
56.Hoell I, Havemann-Reinecke U. Therapie
von schwangeren Patientinnen mit Abhängigkeit von Opioiden und begleitenden Suchtstoffen. Teil I: Toxische Folgen und therapeutische Konsequenzen. Med Monatsschr
Pharm 2011;34:363–74.
57.Hoffmann C, Rockstroh JK (editors). HIV
2010. Hamburg: Medizin Fokus Verlag, 2010.
58.Holmes LB, Mittendorf R, Shen A, Smith
CR, et al. Fetal effects of anti­convulsant polytherapies: Different risks from different drug
combinations. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1275–81
(doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.133).
59.Huizink AC, Mulder EJ. Maternal smoking,
drinking or cannabis use during pregnancy
and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspring. Neurosci Biobehav
Rev 2006;30:24–41.
60.Inder D, Rehan HS, Yadav M, Manak S, et al.
IFN-alpha-2a (Interferon) and ribavirin induced suicidal attempt in a patient of chronic
HCV: A rare case report. Indian J Pharmacol
2011;43:210–211.
61.Jones HE, Heil SH, Baewert A, Arria AM,
et al. Buprenorphine treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women: a comprehensive
review. Addiction 2012;107(Suppl 1):5–27.
62.Jones HE, Kaltenbach K, Heil SH, et al. Neo­
natal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. N Engl J Med
2010;363:2320–31.
63.Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of the fetal
alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet
1973;302:999–1001.
64.Kaaja E, Kaaja R, Hiilesmaa V. Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy. Neurology 2003;60:575–9.
65.Kakko J, Heilig M, Sarman I. Buprenor­phine
and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal
growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series. Drug Alcohol Depend
2008;96:69–78.
66.Kandall SR, Doberczak TM, Jantunen M,
Stein J. The methadone-maintained pregnancy. Clin Perinatol 1999;26:173–83.
67.Kaneko S, Battino D, Andermann E, et al.
Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic
drugs. Epilepsy Res 1999;33:145–58.
68.Khare M, Taylor AH, Konje JC, Bell SC.
Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits cytotrophoblast cell proliferation and modulates gene transcription. Mol Hum Reprod
2006;12:321–33.
Psychopharmakotherapie 20. Jahrgang · Heft 1 · 2013
69.Klier CM, Mossaheb N, Saria A, Schloegelhofer M, et al. Pharmaco­kinetics and elimination of quetiapine, venlafaxine, and trazodone
during pregnancy and postpartum. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:720–2.
70.Koch L. SSRIs and congenital abnormalities.
Nature Rev Endocrinol 2011;7:499.
71.Lackmann GM, Salzberger U, Tollner U,
Chen M, et al. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific carcinogen in urine from newborns. J
Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:459–65.
72.Lacroix I, Berrebi A, Garipuy D, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone in pregnant opioid-dependent women: a prospective multicenter study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
2011;67:1053–9.
73.Leppee M, Culig J, Eric M, Sijanovic S. The
effects of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. Acta
Neurol Belg 2010;110:163–7.
74.Little BB, Snell LM, Klein VR, Gilstrap
LC, et al. Maternal and fetal effects of heroin addiction during pregnancy. J Reprod Med
1990;35:159–62.
75.Little BB, Wilson GN, Jackson G. Is there a
cocaine syndrome? Dysmorphic and anthropometric assessment of infants exposed to cocaine. Teratology 1996;54:145–9.
76.Lopez M, Coll O. Chronic viral infections
and invasive procedures: risk of vertical
transmission and current recommendations.
Fetal Diagn Ther 2010;28:1–8.
77.Malm H, Artama M, Gissler M, Ritvanen A.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and
risk for major congenital anomalies. Obstet
Gynecol 2011;118:111–20.
78.McCance-Katz EF. Drug interactions associated with methadone, buprenorphine, cocaine,
and HIV medications: Implications for pregnant women. Life Sci 2011;88:953–8.
79.McElhatton PR. The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 1994;8:461–75.
80.Mulder EJ, Ververs FF, de Heus R, Visser GH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors affect neurobehavioral development in
the human fetus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:1961–71. Epub 2011 Apr 27 (doi:
10.1038/npp.2011.67).
81.Naeye RL, Blanc W, Leblanc W, Khatamee
MA. Fetal complications of maternal heroin
addiction: abnormal growth, infections, and
episodes of stress. J Pediatr 1973;83:1055–
61.
82.Najavits LM. Seeking safety protocol for men
and women. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58:1376.
83.Norddeutscher
Suchtforschungsverbund:
www.nsfev.de .
84.Nordeng H, Lindemann R, Perminov KV,
Reikvam A. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Paediatr
2001;90:288–91.
85.Nulman I, Koren G, Rovet J, Barrera M, et al
Neurodevelopment of children following
prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. Am J Psychiatry
2012;169:1165–74.
86.O’Reardon JP, Cristancho MA, von Andreae
CV, Cristancho P, et al. Acute and mainte-
Hoell et al. · Behandlung polytoxikomaner opioidabhängiger Schwangerer
nance electroconvulsive therapy for treatment
of severe major depression during the second
and third trimesters of pregnancy with infant
follow-up to 18 months: case report and review of the literature. J ECT 2011;27:e23–6.
87.Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, Riggs
W, et al. Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using
population-based health data. Birth Defects
Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2008;83:68–76.
88.Oliveto A, Poling J, Mancino MJ, et al. Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial of disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine
dependence in methadone-stabilized patients.
Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;113:184–91.
89.Ornoy A, Segal J, Bar-Hamburger R, Greenbaum C. Developmental outcome of schoolage children born to mothers with heroin
dependency: importance of environmental
factors. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:668–
75.
90.Ozkan H, Cetinkaya M, Koksal N, Yapici S. Severe fetal valproate syndrome: combination of complex cardiac defect, multicystic dysplastic kidney, and
trigonocephaly. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
2011;24:521–4.
91.Palmsten K, Hernandez-Diaz S. Can nonrandomized studies on the safety on antidepressants during pregnancy convincingly beat
confounding, chance, and prior beliefs? Epidemiology 2012;23:686–8.
92.Pariante CM, Seneviratne G, Howard L.
Should we stop using tricyclic antidepressants
in pregnancy? Psychol Med 2011;41:15–7.
93.Parry BL, Curran ML, Stuenkel CA, et al.
Can critically timed sleep deprivation be useful in pregnancy and postpartum depressions?
J Affect Disord 2000;60:201–12.
94.Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Bech BH, Licht
RW, et al. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and behavioral problems in early childhood – a cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand
2012; doi: 10.1111/acps.12 032. [Epub ahead
of print]
95.Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Vestergaard M,
Olsen J, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ
2009;339:b3569.
96.Peters H, Theorell CJ. Fetal and neonatal effects of maternal cocaine use. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1991;20:121–6.
97.Pinho AP, Nunes ML. Epidemiological profile and strategies for diagnosing SIDS in
a developing country. J Pediatr (Rio J )
2011;87:115–22.
98.Puente D, Cabezas C, Rodriguez-Blanco T,
et al. The role of gender in a smoking cessation intervention: a cluster randomized clinical
trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:369.
99.Reis M, Källén B. Delivery outcome after
maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol
Med 2010;40:1723–33.
100. Robert-Koch-Institut zur Inzidenz von
Hepatitis A:
http://www.rki.de/cln_116/
nn_468098/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Ar
chiv/2008/44__08,templateId=raw,property
=publicationFile.pdf/44_08.pdf (Zugriff am
24.10.2011).
101. Rohde A, Schaefer C. Psychopharmakotherapie in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2006: 1.
102. Rupprecht R, Soyka M, Grohmann R,
Rüther E, et al. Zur Problematik der Kombination von Clozapin mit Benzodiazepinen.
Der Nervenarzt 2004;75:857–60.
103. Saatcioglu O, Tomruk NB. The use of electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy: a review. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2011;48:6–11.
104. Saber-Tehrani AS, Bruce RD, Altice FL.
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions and adverse consequeces between psychotropic
medications and pharmacotherapy for the
treatment of opioid dependence. Am J Drug
Alcohol Abuse 2011;37:1–11.
105. Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein
FL, et al. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related
neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology
1997;56:317–26.
106. Sarkola T, Eriksson CJ, Niemela O, Sillanaukee P, et al. Mean cell volume­ and
gamma-glutamyl transferase are superior to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin
and hemoglobin-acetaldehyde adducts in
the follow-up of pregnant women with alcohol abuse. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2000;79:359–66.
107. Sasadeusz JJ, Dore G, Kronborg I, Barton D,
et al. Clinical experience with the treatment
of hepatitis C infection in patients on opioid
pharmacotherapy. Addiction 2011;106:977–
84.
108. Sasco AJ, Vainio H. From in utero and childhood exposure to parental smoking to childhood cancer: a possible link and the need for
action. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999;18:192–201.
109. Schäfer I, Langeland W, Hissbach J, et al.
Childhood trauma and dissociation in patients with alcohol dependence, drug dependence, or both – A multi-center study. Drug
Alcohol Depend 2010;109:84–9.
110. Schäfer C, Spielmann H, Vetter L. Arzneimittelverordnung in Schwangerschaft und
Stillzeit. 7. Auflage. München: Elsevier/
Urban & Fischer, 2006.
111. Schmidt LG, Gastpar M, Falkai P, Gaebel
W (editors). Evidenzbasierte Suchtmedizin. Behandlungsleitlinie Substanzbezogene
Störungen. Köln: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag,
2006.
112. Schneider U, Altmann A, Baumann M, et al.
Comorbid anxiety and affective disorder in
alcohol-dependent patients seeking treatment: the first multicentre study in Germany. Alcohol Alcohol 2001;36:219–23.
113. Slone D, Siskind V, Heinonen OP, Monson
RR, et al. Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight,
and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 1977;128:486–8.
114. Spohr HL, Willms J, Steinhausen HC. Prenatal alcohol exposure and long-term
developmental
consequences.
Lancet
1993;341:907–10.
115. Stauber RE, Jauk B, Fickert P, Hausler M.
Increased carbohydrate-deficient transferrin
during pregnancy: relation to sex hormones.
Alcohol Alcohol 1996;31:389–92.
116. Stephansson O, Kieler H, Haglund B, Artama M, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk
of stillbirth and infant mortality. JAMA
2013;309:48–54.
117. Sutton LR, Hinderliter SA. Diazepam abuse
in pregnant women on methadone maintenance. Implications for the neonate. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1990;29:108–11.
118. Thomas DB. Cleft palate, mortality and
morbidity in infants of substance abusing mothers. J Paediatr Child Health
1995;31:457–60.
119. Udechuku A, Nguyen T, Hill R, Szego K.
Antidepressants in pregnancy: a systematic
review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010;44:978–
96.
120. Watts DH, Williams PL, Kacanek D, Griner
R, et al.; for the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort
Study. Combination antiretroviral use and
preterm birth. J Infect Dis 2012 [Epub ahead
of print Nov 29].
121. Wedekind D, Havemann-Reinecke U.
Sucht, psychiatrische Komorbidität und
das serotonerge System. Nervenheilkunde
2009;28:509–13.
122. Wedekind D, Jacobs S, Karg I, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and additional abuse
of drugs in maintenance treatment with land d,l-methadone. World J Biol Psychiatry
2008;9:1–10.
123. Wedekind D, Jacobs S, Poser W, Rüther
E, et al. Comorbidity in heroin and cocaine addiction. German Journal of Psychiatry
2009;12:1–8.
124. Weinshenker D. Cocaine sobers up. Nat
Med 2010;16:969–70.
125. Werler MM. Teratogen update: smoking
and reproductive outcomes. Teratology
1997;55:382–8.
126. Wong S, Ordean A, Kahan M. Substance
use in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can
2011;33:367–84.
Psychopharmakotherapie 20. Jahrgang · Heft 1 · 2013
*3