Scientific Honesty - OVG Graduate School

Transcription

Scientific Honesty:
How do we value the „giants“ that
prepared our path?
09.07.2014: DocDay: Standing on the shoulders of giants
Workshop Scientific Honesty
Barbara Witter
Outline
• What is Scientific Misconduct ?
• Your tasks
• What to do in case of a conflict
Barbara Witter
What is Scientific Misconduct ?
35
30
Have you already
25
20
been witness to
15
10
scientific
5
0
a c e g
i
k m o q s u w y
misconduct ?
Barbara Witter
1. Fabrication of data
2. Selective and undisclosed rejection of undesired
results,
Substitution of undesired results with fictitious data
3. Erroneous use of statistical methods with the aim of
drawing other conclusions than those warranted by
the available data
4. Plagiarism of the results or entire articles of other
researchers (“Causa Guttenberg”)
Barbara Witter
5. Distorted interpretation of results,
distorted representation of the results of others,
Omission of recognition of original observations made
by other scientists
6. Wrongful or inappropriate attribution of authorship /
Exclusion of persons from the group of authors
7. Exaggeration of the personal publication list
8. Presentation of results to the public by-passing a
critical professional forum in the form of journals or
scientific associations
Barbara Witter
„Scientists behaving badly“:
Results from a survey published in Nature 2005
Percentage of scientists who say that they engaged in the behaviour
listed within the previous three years (n=3247)
Fabrication of data
0.3 %
Using another‘s ideas without obtaining permission or giving due credit
(Plagiarism)
1.0 %
Dropping observations or data points from analyses based on a
‚gut feeling‘ that they were inaccurate
15.3 %
Withholding details of methodology or results
10.8 %
Failing to present data that contradict one‘s own previous research
6.0 %
Change the design, methodology or results of a study in response to
pressure from a funding source
15.5 %
Publishing the same data or results in two or more publications
Inappropriately assigning authorship credit
09.07.2014:
DocDay:record
Standing
on the shoulders
Inadequate
keeping
relatedoftogiants
researchWorkshop
projectsScientific Honesty
4.7 %
10.0 %
Barbara
27.5 Witter
%
Investigations in Germany and Austria
2010 & 2013
Aus: Jörg Neufeld: Wissenschaftliches Fehlverhalten - Selbstauskünfte des wissenschaftlichen Personals
in Österreich und Deutschland. iFQ Bericht Juni 2014
pressure from a
funding source
Wrongful use of
funding
Faked results
Using Ideas of others
Distorted
interpretation
Authorship
Mistakes in
Review Process
German
Austrian
Austrian
Professors
Professors
Scientists
2010
2013
2013 Honesty
09.07.2014: DocDay: Standing
on the shoulders of giants
Workshop Scientific
Barbara Witter
The tip of the iceberg?
 The most severe cases are rare
FFP = Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism
 But: focus must not be only on FFP:
A wider spectrum of misconduct can
damage the integrity of science
 99% of these cases will never be uncovered
© Uwe Kils
Barbara
Witter
Your task
 Documentation of
o lab work,
o equipment and parameters,
o raw data,
o modeling and calculations,
o results: annotated and indexed,
o hardware and software,
o failure investigation
 Everything retained for 10 years
Barbara Witter
What can be done?
Whistleblowing
 If you have any doubts about misconduct in your team,
try and talk with the respective person first,
and with your supervisor
 You may act anonymously
 It may help to ask a neutral third person to mediate
 Avoid to participate in disseminating any kind of rumors,
avoid revenge or defamation
 You are actively contributing to the integrity of science,
Whistleblowing is an important part of quality assurance in science
 If this does not help to clarify the situation:
Barbara Witter
Ombudspersons

At OVGU: Kommission für den Umgang mit wissenschaftlichem
Fehlverhalten,
Head: Prof. Rudolf Kruse, [email protected]
Representative: Prof. Jörg Frommer, [email protected]
http://www.ovgu.de/Universit%C3%A4t/Struktur/Senat/Kommissionen/Kommission+
f%C3%BCr+den+Umgang+mit+wissenschaftlichem+Fehlverhalten.html

Leitlinien – guidelines

DFG: http://www.ombudsman-fuer-die-wissenschaft.de
http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/rektorat/senat/lfwv.pdf
Barbara Witter
Supervisor conflicts
very difficult task - no easy solution
 Don‘t wait too long – talk with other people confidentially
o
o
o
Colleagues
Graduate School Coordinator
The Ombudsperson
 No tricks, no blackmail
avoid embarrassing situations for all sides
 You are in a weak position,
but you are also the expert for your project
 In general, think of misunderstandings, not abuse
Barbara Witter
Possible Sanctions
in cases of scientific misconduct
 Labour law consequences (dismissal, …)
 Academic consequences (withdrawal of the doctoral degree, …)
 Civil law consequences (restitutory claims, surrender of grants, …)
 Penal consequences
(according to the Penal Code – Strafgesetzbuch):
Damage to property
•
§ 303 StGB: damage to property
•
§ 303a StGB: alteration of data
Infringement of the private sphere or of personal secrets
•
§ 202a StGB: the spying out of data
•
§ 204 StGB: exploitation of secrets belonging to others
•
……
Barbara Witter
References
(1) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1998 / 2013): Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis / Proposals for
Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice.
http://www.dfg.de/foerderung/grundlagen_rahmenbedingungen/gwp/index.html
(2) Leitlinien der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg zum Umgang mit wissenschaftlichem Fehlverhalten.
http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/rektorat/senat/lfwv.pdf
(3) Leibnitz-Gesellschaft – Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz e.V. (19. 11. 1998) Empfehlungen
zu guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis. http://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/forschung/gute-wissenschaftliche-praxis/
(4) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (24. 10. 2000), Regeln zur Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis.
http://www.mpg.de/198043/Forschungsfreiheit, http://www.mpg.de/229644/Research_freedom
(5) Ombudsman für die Wissenschaft: http://www.ombudsman-fuer-die-wissenschaft.de/
(6) „Gute wissenschaftliche Praxis“ – Symposium der Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen.
http://www.dfg.de/foerderung/grundlagen_rahmenbedingungen/gwp/111129_symposium/index.jsp
(7) European Commission: Ethics for researchers.
http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/fp7/89888/ethics-for-researchers_en.pdf
(8) Martinson, Brian C.; Anderson, Melissa S.; Vries, Raymond de (2005): Scientists behaving badly. In: Nature 435
(7043), S. 737–738. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7043/pdf/435737a.pdf
(9) Jörg Neufeld: Wissenschaftliches Fehlverhalten - Selbstauskünfte des wissenschaftlichen Personals in Österreich
und Deutschland. iFQ Bericht Juni 2014
http://www.oeawi.at/downloads/FWF_%C3%96AWI_Fehlverhalten_Neufeld_2014-06-03_final.pdf
Barbara Witter

Scientific Honesty - OVG Graduate School

Transcription

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