Factsheet von Taming Aviation

It is high
time to tame
aviation!
Es ist höchste
Zeit, die
Luftfahrt zu
zähmen!
L’heure est
venue de
dompter
l’aviation!
È arrivato il
momento di
addomesticare
l’aviazione!
¡Ya es hora de
poner coto a la
navegación
aérea!
Hoog tijd om
de luchtvaart
te temmen!
140 CITIZENS’ INITIATIVES REQUEST:
1. to impose an absolute and unconditional ban on night flights (landing
and take-off) at all European airports for an uninterrupted eight-hour
interval as a minimum standard of protection for human health;
2. to impose Energy Tax on aviation fuel within the shortest possible time,
in the interim to lift the suspension of EU-ETS for aviation;
3. to abolish any form of VAT zero-rating and VAT exemptions of airline
tickets and to include aviation into the VAT tax system of the European
Union at standard rates;
4. to prohibit any form of incentive at European airports, such as subsidies,
kick-backs and rebates.
Night flights and health costs
Sleep is a fundamental need of all human beings.
According to the World Health Organisation, a fixed
interval of 8 hours is a minimal choice to protect
50% of the population; a period of 10 hours would
protect 80%.1 There is sufficient evidence that night
noise leads to
•
increased heart rate, sleep stage changes and
awakening;1
•
sleep disturbance and increase of medicine
use;1
•
increase of heart attacks by up to 50%;2
•
cognitive deficits in children, in particular weak
reading skills.3
•
•
in the aviation sector, only 15% of the
allowances will be auctioned, the remaining
85% will be allocated to the airlines for free
over the period until 2020;9
although airlines are included in the ETS since
2012, the EU temporarily suspended until
2016 its application to non-EU aviation to
facilitate negotiations with the ICAO. This
exempted 75% of aviation emissions from the
scheme10.
Aviation must be fully covered by an effective
market based mechanism such as a reformed EUETS would be.
Tax Privileges
EU law and various multi- and bilateral agreements
between EU and other countries exempt aviation
from Fuel Tax and VAT (allowing airlines to deduct
input VAT). While this might have been justified in
the era immediately after World War II when civil
aviation was a new industry, there is no justification
for these privileges nowadays.
HACAN, UK
The often-quoted Chicago Convention precludes
states only from taxing fuel that arrives on board of
an international aircraft to avoid double taxation,
but not from taxation of aircraft fuel in general.
Health costs have so far been ignored. A very recent
calculation of disease-related social and economic
costs due to night-time aircraft noise in the vicinity
of Frankfurt/Main airport was performed for the
calendar years 2012-2021. Total estimated costs
amount to more than €1,5 bn with an excess of
23.400 cases of diseases treated in hospitals and
3.400 subsequent deaths.4
EU-ETS
Aviation
•
is the most climate intensive form of transport
and accounts for 4,9% of total worldwide
emissions contributing to climate change5;
•
is the fastest growing source of greenhouse
gas emissions6 and will account for up to 20%
of total allowed emissions by 20507.
Taming Aviation, based on Austrian Airlines ticketing
If aviation were subject to these two basic taxes
European governments would receive revenues of
almost €40bn11:
Exemption from Fuel Tax
The EU-ETS is a market based mechanism that aims
at reducing emissions of greenhouse gas and
“internalizing external costs” by trading greenhouse
gas emission allowances. In theory, it could be very
effective, but in reality, it is not:
•
due to oversupply of allowances, prices have
collapsed;8
•
•
In 2011, EU energy consumption for civil
aviation was 50,5 mtoe (mega tons of oil
equivalent), equivalent to an estimate of
61,196,818 m³ of aircraft fuel;
Applying the existing EU minimum kerosene
tax of €330 per m³ this would trigger a tax
revenue of €20bn a year;
•
Applying the EU average petrol/diesel tax of
€530 per m³, the revenue for governments
would increase to even €32bn a year.
•
•
•
•
HACAN, UK
Exemption from VAT
•
•
•
•
According to IATA, the global revenue of
airlines for passenger transport is €412bn per
year;
The total annual turnover of airline revenues
for leisure travels (which would be subject to
non-deductible VAT) in Europe is estimated to
be €62bn;
Assuming an average VAT of 20% on plane
tickets, the yearly tax revenue would be
€12,4bn;
Even taking into consideration that some EU
member states would probably abolish or
reduce other aviation taxes (such as airline
ticket taxes), the remaining revenue would still
be €7,1bn.
•
In the EU, over €3 billion of state aid is flowing
to the aviation industry each year;
There are 440 commercial aviation airports in
the EU, 60% of them serve less than 1 million
passengers a year, and some of them are less
than 90km apart;14
63% of EU citizens live within a two-hours’
drive from at least two airports;15
Low cost carriers account for 45% of all intraEU flights, benefitting mainly from state aids to
otherwise unprofitable “budget” airports such
as Paris-Beauvais, Bruxelles-Charleroi or
Frankfurt-Hahn.
No causal relationship could be found
between the “connectivity” provided by
regional airports and economic growth.16
These revenues are missing in the governments’
treasuries and must be compensated by increasing
taxes e.g. on income, although the European
Commission explicitly stressed that taxes should be
shifted away from labour in order to create
growth12: Shifting €1bn in taxes from labour to
energy taxes would create 11.000 jobs.13
© Patty Vicknair
State Aid - Subsidies
The aviation industry benefits from extensive
subsidies, which are only justified for a few small
airports in remote areas such as Greek islands or
northern Scandinavia:
1
WHO, Night Noise Guidelines for Europe (2009).
Huss, Spoerri, Egger, Röösli, Aircraft Noise, Air Pollution, and
Mortality From Myocardial Infarction, Epidemiology, 2010.
3 Clark, Martin, van Kempen, Alfred, Head, Davies, Haines, Lopez
Barrio, Matheson, Stansfeld, Exposure-effect relations between
aircraft and road traffic noise exposure at school and reading
comprehension: the RANCH project. American Journal of
Epidemiology, 2005, 163: 27-37.
4
Greiser, Glaeske, Soziale und ökonomische Folgen nächtlichen
Fluglärms im Umfeld des Flughafens Frankfurt/Main, Das
Gesundheitswesen, 2013, 75(03): 127 –-133.
5
Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century Lee,
Fahey et al (2009).
6 Green growth and aviation OECD (2012).
7
UK Committee on Climate Change (2009).
8 The Economist, 20 April 2013.
2
9 European Commission,
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/cap/auctioning/index_e
n.htm.
10
Decision No 377/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of
the Council.
11
Korteland, Faber, Estimated revenues of VAT and fuel tax on
aviation, CE Delft, Delft, 2013.
12 European Commission, COM (2011) 11.
13Bach, Stefan et al., Die ökologische Steuerreform in
Deutschland. Eine modellgestützte Analyse ihrer Wirkungen auf
Wirtschaft und Umwelt. Heidelberg: Physica Verlag, 2001
14 European Commission, New State aid rules for a competitive
aviation industry, Competition Policy Brief, Issue 2 (February
2014).
15 Note 1.
16
Smit, Koopman, Faber, The Economics of Airport Expansion,
CE Delft, Delft, 2013.
DEUTSCHLAND / GERMANY
Flughafen Frankfurt am Main
Flughafen München „Franz Josef Strauß“
Flughafen Berlin-Brandenburg = Schönefeld „Willy
Brandt“
Flughafen Berlin-Tegel „Otto Lilienthal“
Köln Bonn Airport
Hamburg Airport
Leipzig/Halle Airport
Münster Osnabrück International Airport
CITIZENS‘ INITIATIVE
stop-fluglaerm.de e.V.
BI Initiative gegen Fluglärm Mainz e.V.
BI Mainz Laubenheim
BI Schwanheim-Goldstein
Interessengemeinschaft zur Bekämpfung des Fluglärms (IBF) e.V.
BI Mühlheim gegen Fluglärm
Stoppt Fluglärm in Kelkheim
Bund – Ortsverband Bad Soden
Initiative gegen Fluglärm im Vodertaunus / Bad Soden
Initiative stoppt Fluglärm in Liderbach
Bayerischer Untermain “Ein Himmel ohne Höllenlärm”
BI-Obertshausen gegen Fluglärm
BI-Mainz e.V. – Arbeitskreis Weisenau
AK Fluglärm und Umwelt
AK Fluglärm Mainz-Hechtsheim
BI Flörsheim-Hochheim
BI gegen Fluglärm in Rheinhessen e. V.
Verein Für ein lebenswertes Mainz u. Rheinhessen - Gegen Fluglärm und den
Ausbau des Frankfurter Flughafens - e.V.
BIMS. Bürgerinitiative Mainspitze gegen Flughafenausbau Hessen, Deutschland
Eintracht gegen Fluglärm
BI-OK für Ruhe von oben
BIL-Offenbach
Bürgerinitiative Frankfurt-Nord gegen Fluglärm
FrBI-Attaching – Menschen sind wichtiger als Flugzeuge
Lichterzeichen
Aktionsbündnis AufgeMUCkt gegen die 3. Startbahn am Münchner Flughafen
BI Fraunberg
BI Pfaffenhofen und Umgebung gegen die 3. Startbahn
Flugabwehr Kranzberg (FLAK)
Vierkirchen gegen 3. Startbahn MUC
BI Dachau
BI Röhrmoos
BI gegen die 3. Startbahn am Flughafen München –Neufraunhofen, Velden,
Wurmsham
VCD Kreisverband Landshut/Dingolfing-Landau e.V.
BI Freising
Bund Naturschutz in Bayern e.U. Kreisgruppe Freising
AufgeMUCkt Markt Indersdorf
Naturfreunde Freising
BIM /Bürgerinitiative Berlin Müggelheim
ProblemBER-Kampagne
Kleinmachnow gegen Flugrouten e.V.
BVBB e.V., Bürgerverein Brandenburg Berlin
Teltow gegen Fluglärm e.V. in Brandenburg
leises ragow
BI Unser Großbeeren e.V.
ABB Aktionsbündnis Berlin Brandenburg
Friedrichshagener Bürgerinitiative FBI
BI Schulzendorf – gegen - Fluglärm
BI Fluglärm - Tegel i.G.
BI gegen das Luftkreuz auf Stadtflughäfen
Tegel endlich schliessen
Ärzteinitiative für ungestörten Schlaf/ Rhein-Sieg-Kreis
Verein Lebenswertes Sülztal e.V.
Lärmschutzgemeinschaft Flughafen Köln/Bonn e.V.
IG Flugschneise Nord e.V.
BIG – Fluglärm Hamburg e.V. Dachverband der Bürgerinitiativen gegen Fluglärm
e.V.
NIG. Norderstedter Interessengemeinschaft für Fluglärmschutz e.V.
IG Nachtflugverbot Leipzig/Halle e.V.
Bürgerinitiative GEGENLÄRM Schkeuditz
Gegen Flug und Bodenlärm
Gegen die neue Flugroute
FLUG e.V. Förderverein für Lärm,- Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz
Fluglärmschutzgemeinschaft Nürnberg und Umgebung
Flugplatz Jesenwang
Bürgervereinigung Fluglärm e.V.
Flughafen Stuttgart
BI-Fluglaerm-Stuttgart
Düsseldorf Airport
BÜRGER GEGEN FLUGLÄRM E.V.
Dortmund Airport 21
Schutzgemeinschaft Fluglärm Dortmund-Kreis Unna e.V. (SGF)
Paris-Orly
Paris Beauvais Tillé
Grand Ouest/Nantes Atlantique
ASSOCIATION DE SAUVEGARDE DU CIEL DE PAU
ITALIA / ITALY
Aeroporto di Roma-Fiumicino „Leonardo da Vinci“
Aeroporto di Roma-Ciampino “Giovan Battista
Pastine”
Comitato FuoriPISTA
Comitato per la riduzione dell’impatto ambientale dell’aeroporto di Roma
Ciampino
Aeroporto di Bergamo-Orio al Serio
Aeroporto di Treviso “Antonio Canova”
Aeroporto di Venezia-Tessera
“Marco Polo”
LUXEMBOURG
Aéroport de Luxembourg
Luchthaven Eelde
Vereniging Omwonenden Luchthaven Eelde
Enschede Airport Twente
Eindhoven Airport
VOLT-Twente
De 10 geboden voor Eindhoven Airport
Vereniging Belangenbehartiging Omwonenden Welschap
GEENVLUCHTENNAELVEN
Lelystad
Luchthaven Schiphol
Dorpsbelangen Biddinghuizen
Groep «Schipholwatchers»
Platform Vlieghinder Regio Castricum
Stichting Bescherming Leefomgeving Regio Schiphol
Vereniging Dorpsraad Lijnden
Platform Vlieghinder Gooi, Vechtstreek en Eemland
Dorpsraad Badhoevedorp
Stichting SWAB
Werkgroep Toekomst Luchtvaart
Rotterdam - The Hague Airport
Vereniging Bewonersgroep tegen Vliegtuigoverlast
ÖSTERREICH / AUSTRIA
Generally (all airports)
Flughafen Wien Schwechat
Österreich-Plattform Fluglärm
BI gegen Fluglärm in Wien West und Wienerwaldgemeinden
Lärmschutz Laaerberg
AFLG
BILEF, Bürgerinitiative für ein lebenswertes Enzersdorf an der Fischa
BI Biedermannsdorf
ZiB – Zwölfaxings initiative Bürgerinnen und Bürger
Viel zu laut!!!
BI Götzendorf-Pischelsdorf
Stop-Fluglaerm Wien-Südwest
VEG
BI Lärmschutz Großgemeinde Groß-Enzersdorf
Liesing gegen Fluglärm und die 3. Piste
SCHWARAU
Plattform gegen die 3. Piste des Flughafen Wien
BI Weingartenfeld
Bürgerinitiative gegen Abfluglärm Liesing
Flughafen Innsbruck
Salzburg Airport W. A. Mozart
Anrainerschutzgemeinschaft Innsbruck Airport AIA
Anrainerschutzverband Salzburg Airport
Deutscher Verband zum Schutz der Bevölkerung des Rupertiwinkels gegen die
Gefahren des Flugbetriebes Salzburg e.V.
Flugplatz Vöslau-Kottingbrunn
Gegen Fluglärm Bad Vöslau-Kottingbrunn
SVERIGE / SWEDEN
Stockholm Arlanda Airport
Föreningen Väsbybor mot Flygbuller
Stockholm-Bromma flygplats
Aktionsgruppen Stoppa Brommaflyget
SCHWEIZ / SUISSE / SWITZERLAND
EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg
ESPAÑA / SPAIN
Aeropuerto de Barcelona-El Prat
Aeropuerto de Madrid Barajas
Schutzverband der Bevölkerung um den Flughafen Basel/Mülhausen
Prou Soroll. Castelldefels (Barcelona)
ASOCIACION PARA LA COMUNICAION E INFORMACION MEDIOAMBIENTAL
(ACIMA)
UNITED KINGDOM
London Heathrow Airport
HACAN
London Luton Airport
Gatwick Airport
LADACAN
GATCAN
Gatwick Area Conservation Campaign
Bidborough Environmental Action Group (BEAG)
CAGNE – Communities Against Gatwick Noise and Emissions
East Midlands Airport
Manston, Kent's International Airport
PAIN – People Against Intrusive Noise
No Night Flights
ONASA (Opposition aux Nuisances Aérienne en Seine et Marne et Aisne)
ADVOCNAR
OYE 349
AVEVY
ADERA
ACNAT
ADECA
ACIPA
CEDPA
Opposition construction Aeroport Notre Dame des Landes
Aéroport de Pau-Pyrénées
Aeroporto di Firenze-Peretola “Amerigo Vespucci”
Aeroporto di Siena-Ampugnano
CITIZENS‘ INITIATIVE
BI gegen den Ausbau des Flughafens Münster/Osnabrück (FMO) e.V. Greven
Flughafen Nürnberg
FRANCE
Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle
AIRPORT
NEDERLAND / NETHERLANDS
Bruxelles Air Libre Brussel asbl/vzw
ACTIE NOORDRAND
DAEDALUS
BOREAS
NODO A NORD-OVEST
Associazione Ampugnano per la Salvaguardia del Territorio
Comitato contro l’ampliamento dell’aeroporto di Ampugnano - Siena
Comitato per la Salvaguardia della Montagnola Senese
Comitato Aeroporto Bergamo-Italia
Comitato per la riduzione dell'impatto ambientale dell'aeroporto di
Treviso
Comitato Cittadini di Tessera e di Campalto contro l'inquinamento acustico,
atmosferico ed ambientale da traffico aeroportuale
AEuropeanMovementofCitizens’Initiatives
AIRPORT
BELGIË / BELGIQUE / BELGIUM
Brussel Nationaal Luchthaven
For ongoing support we
express our gratitude to
Syndicat d'Initiatives et d'Intérêts Locaux Fetschenhof-Cents
UNION des SYNDICATS d’INTERETS LOCAUX de la VILLE de LUXEMBOURG - USILL
© and Imprint: Taming Aviation GesbR, Esslinggasse 17, A-1010 Vienna