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NanotechAndEnergy.indd 1
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July 25, 2012 19:6
PSP Book - 9in x 6in
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Nanotechnology and Energy: Science, Promises, and Limits
c 2013 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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ISBN 978-981-4310-81-9 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-981-4364-06-5 (eBook)
Printed in the USA
00-Lambauer–prelims
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Contents
Notes on the Contributors
Foreword
1. Challenges in the Energy Sector and Future Role of
Nanotechnology
Jochen Lambauer, Dr. Ulrich Fahl, and Prof. Dr. Alfred Voß
1.1 The Energy Sector in Germany and Its Future
Challenges
1.1.1 Demographic and Economic Development
1.1.2 Development of Prices for Fossil Energy
Sources
1.1.3 Primary Energy Consumption
1.1.4 Electricity Generation
1.1.5 Final Energy Consumption
1.1.6 Energy Productivity and Energy Intensity
1.1.7 Emissions
1.2 Nanotechnology and Energy
2. Principles of Nanotechnology
2.1 Definition and Classification
Jochen Lambauer, Dr. Ulrich Fahl, and
Prof. Dr. Alfred Voß
2.2 Scientific and Technical Background
2.2.1 Nanomaterials
2.2.1.1 Point-shaped structures
2.2.1.2 Line-shaped structures
2.2.1.3 Layer structures
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vi Contents
2.2.1.4 Pore structures
2.2.1.5 Complex structures
2.2.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategy
2.2.3 Tools and Production Processes
2.2.3.1 Vapour deposition
2.2.3.2 Manufacturing from liquid or
dissolved raw materials
2.2.3.3 Manufacturing from solid raw
materials
2.2.3.4 Lithography
2.2.3.5 Self-organisation
2.2.3.6 Nanoanalytics
2.3 Innovation and Economic Potential
Dr. Wolfgang Luther
2.3.1 Nanotechnology as a Cross-Cutting
Innovation Field
2.3.2 Economic Relevance of Nanotechnology
2.3.3 Nanotechnology Companies in the
Value-Added Chain
2.4 Risk and Safety Issues
Niels Boeing
2.4.1 The Image of Nanotechnology: Three Phases
2.4.1.1 Pre-2000: the futuristic phase
2.4.1.2 2000–2006: the nanomarkets phase
2.4.1.3 Since 2006: the sceptical phase
2.4.2 A Systematic Approach to Nanotechnology
Risks
2.4.2.1 Primary nanorisks: impacts on
health and the environment
2.4.2.2 Secondary nanorisks: impacts on
society and the economy
2.4.3 Conclusion
2.5 Public Perception of Nanotechnologies: Challenges
and Recommendations for Communication
Strategies and Dialogue Concepts
Dr. Antje Grobe and Nico Kreinberger
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Psychological, Social, and Cultural Factors of
Risk Perception
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Contents
2.5.3 Public Perception of Nanotechnologies: an
International Comparison
2.5.4 Consumer’s Perception of Nanotechnologies
in German Language Areas
2.5.5 Attitudes Towards Nanotechnologies in the
Energy Sector
2.5.6 Requirements for Consumer Communication
2.5.7 Conclusions: Recommendations for
Communication Strategies and Dialogue
Concepts
3. Examples for Nanotechnological Applications in
the Energy Sector
3.1 Aerogels: Porous Sol-Gel-Derived Solids for
Applications in Energy Technologies
Dr. Gudrun Reichenauer
3.1.1 Aerogels–Synthesis and Properties
3.1.1.1 Synthesis
3.1.1.2 Structural properties
3.1.2 Properties Meeting Applications
3.1.2.1 Thermal insulation
3.1.2.2 Components for energy storage
3.1.2.3 Catalysts supports
3.1.2.4 Other energy-related fields of
application
3.1.3 Problems to be Solved for a Broad
Introduction of Aerogels in Energy-Related
Applications
3.1.4 Conclusions
3.2 Energy Sources and Conversion
3.2.1 Dye Solar Cells
Dr. Claus Lang-Koetz, Dr. Andreas Hinsch,
and Dr. Severin Beucker
3.2.1.1 DSC technology and its application
3.2.1.2 Characteristics of DSC modules
3.2.1.3 Manufacturing steps for DSC
modules
3.2.1.4 Industrial production for DSC
modules
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viii Contents
3.2.1.5 Application scenarios for future DSC
products
3.2.1.6 Environmental impact
3.2.1.7 Conclusions and outlook
3.2.2 Nanoscale Thermoelectrics – a Concept for
Higher Energy Efficiency?
Dr. Harald Böttner and Jan König
3.2.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2.2 Initial concepts of nanoscale
thermoelectrics
3.2.2.3 Current concepts of nanoscale
thermoelectrics
3.2.2.4 Nanocomposite bulk materials
3.2.2.5 Summary and outlook
3.2.3 Nanostructured Ceramic Membranes for
Carbon Capture and Storage
Dr. Martin Bram, Dr. Tim van Gestel,
Dr. Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
and Prof. Dr. Detlev Stöver
3.2.3.1 Requirements of membranes for gas
separation in post- and
pre-combustion power plants
3.2.3.2 Gas separation with microporous
ceramic membranes
3.2.3.3 Membrane materials
3.2.3.4 Performance of microporous
ceramic membranes
3.2.3.5 Summary and conclusion
3.3 Energy Storage and Distribution
3.3.1 Materials for Energy Storage
Dr. Wiebke Lohstroh
3.3.1.1 Materials for hydrogen storage
3.3.1.2 Physiorption materials
3.3.1.3 Chemisorption materials
3.3.1.4 Materials for energy storage in
batteries
3.3.1.5 ‘New’ battery materials
3.3.1.6 Conclusions
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Contents
3.4 Energy Use
3.4.1 Nanotechnology in Construction
Dr. Wenzhong Zhu
3.4.1.1 General development
3.4.1.2 Application areas
3.4.1.3 Future prospect
3.4.2 Active Windows for Daylight-Guiding
Applications
Andreas Jäkel, Qingdang Li,
Jörg Clobes, Volker Viereck,
and Prof. Dr. Hartmut Hillmer
3.4.2.1 Introduction and basics
3.4.2.2 Complete active window
3.4.2.3 Regulation concepts for active
windows
3.4.2.4 Production of micromirror arrays
3.4.3 Energy Efficiency Potential of
Nanotechnology in Production Processes
Dr. Karl-Heinz Haas
3.4.3.1 Introduction
3.4.3.2 Types and properties of nanoscaled
materials
3.4.3.3 Production processes of
nanomaterials
3.4.3.4 Nanotechnologies in production
processes
3.4.3.5 The vision of molecular
manufacturing
3.4.3.6 Conclusion, summary, and outlook
4. Potential Analysis and Assessment of the Impact of
Nanotechnology on the Energy Sector Until 2030
4.1 Methodological Approach
4.2 Environmental Impact and Energy Demand of
Nanotechnology
Michael Steinfeldt
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x Contents
4.2.1 Environmental Reliefs Potentials of
Nanotechnology
4.2.2 Evaluation of Specific Application Contexts:
Life Cycle Assessment
4.2.3 Evaluation of Specific Manufactured
Nanoparticles
4.3 Potentials of Nanotechnology for Improvements in
Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction
4.3.1 Energy Sources and Conversion
4.3.1.1 Solar heat and photovoltaics
4.3.1.2 Fuel cells
4.3.1.3 Fuel additives
4.3.1.4 Nanostructured membranes
4.3.1.5 Thermoelectric generators
4.3.2 Energy Storage and Distribution
4.3.3 Energy Use
4.3.3.1 LED and OLED in illumination
4.3.3.2 New display technologies
4.3.3.3 Ultra-high-performance concrete
4.3.3.4 Insulation with vacuum-insulation
panels
4.3.3.5 Polycarbonates for automotive glazing
4.3.3.6 Nano-lacquers
4.3.3.7 Nanocatalysts
4.3.3.8 Nanoparticles in synthetic production
4.3.3.9 Nanpoarticles in tyre compounds
4.3.3.10 Nano-based coatings to reduce friction
4.3.4 Theoretical Potentials of
Nanotechnology
4.4 Scenario and Sensitivity Analyses for Impacts of
Nanotechnological Applications
4.4.1 Energy Sources and Conversion
4.4.1.1 Solar heat and photovoltaics
4.4.1.2 Fuel cells
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Contents
4.4.1.3 Fuel additives
4.4.1.4 Nano-based membranes for carbon
capture and storage
4.4.1.5 Thermoelectric generators
4.4.2 Energy Storage and Distribution
4.4.3 Energy Use
4.4.3.1 LED and OLED in illumination
4.4.3.2 New display technologies
4.4.3.3 Ultra-high-performance concrete
4.4.3.4 Insulation with vacuum-insulation
panels
4.4.3.5 Polycarbonates for automotive glazing
4.4.3.6 Nano-lacquers
4.4.3.7 Nanocatalysts for styrene
manufacturing
4.4.3.8 Nanoparticles in synthetic production
4.4.3.9 Nanoparticles in tyre compounds
4.4.3.10 Nano-based coatings to reduce friction
4.5 Comprehensive Subsumption of Nanotechnology in
the Energy Sector
Index
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Severin Beucker is co-founder of and senior researcher at the
Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Berlin. His
research focuses on innovation and technology analyses for new
technologies. In the project ColorSol, he was responsible for the
analysis of market potentials and the development of application
scenarios for dye solar cells.
Niels Boeing graduated in physics and science theory at Technische
Universität Berlin. Since 2002 he has been working as a freelance
science writer for major German publications, including Die Zeit
and MIT Technology Review (German edition). In 2004 he published
the popular-science introduction to nanotechnology Nano?! Die
Technik des 21. Jahrhunderts (Rowohlt, Berlin). He lives in Hamburg,
Germany.
Harald Böttner is head of the Thermoelectric and Integrated
Sensor Systems department of the Fraunhofer Institute for Physical
Measurement Techniques, Freiburg, Germany. He graduated with
a diploma in chemistry from the University of Münster, Germany,
in 1974 and received his Ph.D. in 1977 at the same university for
his thesis on diffusion and solid state reaction in the quaternary
semiconductor II–VI/IV–VI materials system. In 1978 he joined the
Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung, Würzburg, Germany, and
in 1980 he changed to the present appointment at the Fraunhofer
Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques, Freiburg, Germany.
From 1980 to 1995 he developed IV–VI infrared semiconductor
lasers, while being active in thin film thermoelectrics based on PbTe.
He was one of the main inventors of the worldwide first waferscale
technology for vertical thermoelectric known under “Micropelt.” He
is a board member of the International Thermoelectric Society, of
July 25, 2012 19:6
xiv
the European Thermoelectric Society, and co-founder of the German
Thermoelectric Society.
Martin Bram graduated as a materials scientist from the Friedrich
Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg in 1995 and received
his Ph.D. from the University of Saarbrücken in 1999. After joining
Forschungszentrum Jülich in 1999, the main topic of his research
has been materials in energy systems. He is currently head of
a research group Powder Metallurgy and Composite Materials.
Dr. Bram is continuously looking for new solutions if metals or
ceramics or even composites are required with defined functional
porosity. His expertise in materials science and technology enables
him to fruitfully combine materials synthesis, phase composition,
heat treatment, grain growth, and chemical interaction during
processing, as well as during operation.
Ulrich Fahl studied economics at the University of Freiburg from
1978 to 1983 and received his Ph.D. in 1990 from the University
of Stuttgart on a decision support system for energy economy and
energy policy. Since 1990 he heads the Energy Economics and
Systems Analysis department at the Institute of Energy Economics
and the Rational Use of Energy (IER) (staff of 20 researchers). He is
responsible for national and international research activities in the
field of energy and electricity demand and supply analysis, energy
and electricity modelling, energy and environmental management
in industry and commerce, sustainable development of energy
systems, energy and transport issues, and energy and climate.
Regine Geerk-Hedderich is a physicist. She studied solid state
physics at the Central Institute for Solid State Physics and Material
Research of the TU Dresden (Dr. rer. nat.) and at the FriedrichSchiller-Universität Jena (Dr. sc.). Between 1980 and 1989 she
worked as visiting scientist for several months at the Kapitza
Institute at the Academy of Science in Moscow and the High
Field Magnet Laboratory in Wroclaw. During 1990–91 Dr. GeerkHedderich held a research position at the high field magnet
laboratory in Grenoble. Since 1991 she is employed at the Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe). From 1992
to 1993 she held a guest scientist position at the international
July 25, 2012 19:6
superconducting laboratory in Tokyo. Since 1998 she is director
the network NanoMat (supra-regional network for nanomaterials,
www.nanomat.de), which has 29 partners from industry and
academia.
Antje Grobe obtained her M.A. from the University of Stuttgart,
Germany, where she gives lectures on dialogue management and
leads several national and EU-funded research projects on risk
assessment and risk perception with an emphasis on nanotechnologies and climate change issues. Grobe is managing director
of DialogBasis, a science-based think-tank and dialogue platform.
Since more than 15 years, she has been facilitating stakeholder
dialogues and citizen participation exercises in Europe on behalf
of governmental bodies, academia, industry, and civil society
organizations. She serves as an expert on nanotechnologies for the
European Commission and the Swiss Confederation and was with
the German government’s NanoKommission from 2006 to 2011.
Karl-Heinz Haas studied chemistry and obtained his Ph.D. from the
University of Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1983. He joined Fraunhofer ISC
(sol-gel, materials, hybrid polymers) and worked for BASF in the
central polymer research lab from 1988 to 1995. In 1995 Dr. Haas
became head of the hybrid polymer department at ISC. Since 2004 he
is managing director of the Fraunhofer Alliance Nanotechnology and
is currently also head of the New Business Development department
at ISC.
Hartmut Hillmer received his Ph.D. in physics from Stuttgart
University in 1989, after which he joined the Research Center
German Telekom, Darmstadt. In 1991 he became a guest scientist at
NTT Optoelectronic Laboratories, Japan. Since 1999 he is professor
of technological electronics at the Institute of Nanostructure
Technologies and Analytics, University of Kassel, Germany. In 2006
he received the Grand Prix Europeen for Innovation Award for the
patent “Micro Mirror Array.” Dr. Hillmer’s research interests include
networked sensors and actuators for smart personal environments,
micromirror arrays in intelligent windows, non-invasive optical
biomarker detection in breath and tissue, semiconductor lasers, and
optical filters for telecommunication.
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xvi
Andreas Hinsch is a physicist who has been working as a researcher
for many years. He is responsible for the dye solar cell activities
of Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Freiburg,
Germany. For the project ColorSol, he was in charge of technology
research and development and the technology transfer to the
companies involved.
Andreas Jäkel studied physics at the University of Kassel, Germany,
from 2001 to 2008. In May 2008 he joined the Department of
Technological Electronics, University of Kassel, where he worked
on his Ph.D. in micro-optical and electromechanical systems with a
focus on micromirror applications. He is one of the project leaders
at the Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics and
responsible for the development of micromirror arrays for active
windows.
Jan D. König is group leader for the Thermoelectric Energy
Conversion branch in the Thermoelectric Systems department of
the Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques
(IPM), Freiburg, Germany. He is project manager in different
projects regarding thermoelectric materials research, measurement
systems, and thermoelectric generator development. Some of
his remarkable projects include the design and fabrication of
a fully automated material measurement setup, standardization
of thermoelectric metrology, and the development of a smallscale production of thermoelectric generator for high-temperature
application. König’s current activities cover nanoscale bulk and thinfilm research on Bi2 Te3 , PbTe, and silicide-based materials as well
as the development of a high-temperature generator for automotive
applications. Since 2009 he is executive board member of the
German Thermoelectric Society.
Nico Kreinberger has a B.A. from University of Stuttgart, Germany,
where he studied politics, sociology, and empirical social research.
In the EU-FP 7–funded NanoCode project he conducted an international survey and several conferences on the responsible research
of nanotechnologies. At the Switzerland-based Risk Dialogue Foundation he works in the fields of nanotechnologies, microsystem
technologies, and climate change in several stakeholder dialogues.
July 25, 2012 19:6
Jochen Lambauer has studied environmental engineering (Dipl.Ing., B.Sc.) at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, and the University
of Iceland (Háskolı́ Islands, Reykjavı́k), Iceland. Since 2005 he is a
research associate at the Institute for Energy Economics and the
Rational Use of Energy (IER) at the University of Stuttgart. Lambauer
is responsible for research activities in the fields of rational
use of energy, energy efficiency, virtual power plants, demand
response, and energy impacts of innovations (e.g., nanotechnology).
In addition, he is managing director and scientific coordinator of
the Graduate and Research School, Efficient Use of Energy, Stuttgart
(GREES).
Claus Lang-Koetz is an environmental engineer. He obtained his
doctorate degree from the University of Stuttgart. He was the
manager of the group “Innovative Technologies” at the Fraunhofer
Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO, Stuttgart, Germany, and
coordinator of the research project ColorSol. He is now working
in the machine and plant manufacturing industry as an innovation
manager.
Qingdang Li studied electronics engineering at the Wuhan University of Technology, China, from 1993 to 1997, economics at
the Harbin Institute of Technology, China, from 2000 to 2002, and
mechanical engineering at the University of Paderborn from 2003
to 2005. In August 2006 Li joined the Department of Technological
Electronics, University of Kassel, Germany, where he worked on his
Ph.D. in micro-optical and electromechanical systems with a focus
on micromirror applications.
Wiebke Lohstroh received her doctorate in physics in 1999
at the Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany. During her
stay as postdoctoral fellow at Oxford University (UK) and at
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (the Netherlands), she investigated
structural and optical properties of thin films during hydrogen
uptake. From 2005 to 2011 she worked at the Institute of
Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.
In 2011, she joined the Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz MaierLeibnitz (FRM II), TU München, Germany. Her work focuses on
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xviii Notes on the Contributors
materials development for energy storage, i.e., solid state hydrogen
storage systems and electrode materials for secondary batteries.
Wolfgang Luther works as a consultant and project manager at
the VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH in Duesseldorf, Germany, since
1999. He holds a degree in chemistry, a degree in economics,
and a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry. Dr. Luther’s specific field
of competence is the socioeconomic assessment of emerging
technologies, in particular nanotechnology. His current main field of
activity is the coordination of innovation accompanying measures
for nanotechnology within the funding programme of the Federal
Ministry of Research and Education.
Gudrun Reichenauer works in the field of materials science and
physics, with a particular focus on the synthesis and characterization of aerogels and xerogels since more than 20 years. During
1999–2000 she was a research assistant in the group of Prof.
G. W. Scherer at Princeton University and the Princeton Materials
Institute, NJ, USA. On her return to Germany she became the head of
the Nanomaterials group of the Bavarian Center for Applied Energy
Research (Division: Functional Materials for Energy Technology).
Her current research is focussed on the synthesis and characterization of nanoporous materials in general, with special emphasis
on sol-gel-derived materials and nanofibres synthesized by chemical
vapour deposition. Application-directed activities concern, in particular, thermal insulations, electrodes in electrochemical devices, IR
opacifiers, and materials for gas separation and gas storage.
Michael Steinfeldt, a diploma’d engineer, is senior scientist at the
Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany,
since 2005. His main focus of research is environmental valuation
and methods of technology assessment and life cycle assessment.
Current research themes are green and sustainable nanotechnology.
After some years as a process engineer in an industrial enterprise
he worked as senior researcher and project manager at the Institute
for Ecological Economy Research (IÖW) gGmbH, Berlin, in the field
corporate environmental management (1992–2004).
Volker Viereck studied physics at the Humboldt University, Berlin,
and at the University of Kassel, Germany, from 1997 to 2004. He
July 25, 2012 19:6
worked out his diploma thesis at the Volkswagen Konzernforschung,
Wolfsburg, on nanoparticle measurement in 2003. In June 2004 he
joined the Department of Technological Electronics, University of
Kassel, where he worked on his Ph.D. in micro-optical and electromechanical systems with a focus on micromirror applications. He is
now leader of the Optical MEMS Technologies group there.
Alfred Voß received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in energy engineering
from the Technical University of Aachen in 1970 and a Ph.D.
(Dr.-Ing.) in 1973. In 1990 the University of Stuttgart appointed
him director of the Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational
Use of Energy. His areas of expertise are new energy technologies,
including renewable energy; energy systems and energy modeling;
rational use of energy; and energy and sustainability.
Wenzhong Zhu is lecturer at and manager of the Scottish Centre
of Nanotechnology in Construction Materials, School of Engineering,
University of the West of Scotland. His main interests and expertise
are in technology and properties of self-compacting concrete and
special concretes, nanotechnology in construction, and particularly
nano- and micromechanical characterization of materials.
xix
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July 25, 2012 19:6
Foreword
Heat, light, and mobility are essential for our modern lifestyle.
However, some of these resources, such as oil and therefore gas
and diesel, are not indefinitely available. Experts on energy expect
a further increase in the worldwide energy demand in the next few
years. For instance, we can expect the actual numbers to double
by 2050. At the same time it seems as if global oil production
has already reached its maximum capacity. In order to counter the
growing energy shortage, research on energy is being fostered the
world over. Nanomaterials play an important role in that matter, as
many of the macroscopic properties of energy materials derive from
the nanoscale.
Compared with the big technological revolutions in the past,
it is the small but creative ideas that nowadays spur important
innovations. Knowledge gained in and through the world of
nanotechnology allows us to ameliorate many existing technologies
and to make them more reliable, efficient, and resource friendly.
Nanotechnology will break into many different sectors, and the
energy industry will see new materials with better properties come
up or notice a decrease in the need of materials: high-efficiency
accumulators, photovoltaics, compact fuel cells, surface coating.
In the car industry we will find light-weight construction, tires
with optimal adherence, self-healing varnishes, LEDs, and electromobility. The construction industry and process technology are two
sectors that will also profit from the benefits of nanotechnology.
This book provides an interdisciplinary approach to the presentation of research results in various energy applications of
nanomaterials. We look at individual technologies in their global
context and deal with the resulting scientific and technological
questions, commercial implementation, and ecological, ethical, and
July 25, 2012 19:6
xxii
Foreword
social aspects. Not only are physical-chemical basics examined, but
subjects and questions concerning communication risks, protection
of the environment, health, regulation or science requirements, as
well as economic and social implementing are also addressed.
Storing electricity in huge quantities is one of the future
challenges we will face, especially with the massive expansion of
renewable energies.
To get a more precise idea of these quantities, we take a
hypothetical look at the year 2030. Supposing that until then, 30%
of Germany’s entire electricity will be provided by wind, a storage
or buffer capacity of about 3000 GWh will be necessary to make up
for the energy lost during an almost wind-free week. This is more
than 70 times the capacity of our actual pump storage capacity of
40 GWh. A similar problem arises in the face of a temporary energy
excess. Along with pump storage plants and air pressure storages,
developments in stationary storing solutions are necessary in order
to store energy intelligently and to be able to feed the network
when needed. Electro-chemical storage options are described in the
chapter 3.3.1, “Materials for Energy Storage.”
Chapter 3.4.1, “Nanotechnology in Construction,” provides an
overview on nanotechnology applications within the construction
sector.
All over the world, scientists look for new processes in order
to enhance energy and ecological assets in the cement production.
CO2 emissions in cement production are three to four times higher
than, for instance, the entire air traffic’s discharges. Scientists
at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) fabricated a new
adhesive agent with Celitement, which is comparable to the
adhesive in Portland cement (OPC), based on the still unidentified
hydraulically active calcium hydro-silicates. Compared with the
standard fabrication of Portland cement, 50% of energy and CO2
emissions can be saved during its production.
How to use lost heat efficiently with the help of the thermoelectric effect and adequate materials is the subject dealt with in chapter
3.2.2, “Nanoscale Thermoelectrics”. Nanoscalic thermoelectric materials with high Seebeck coefficients show excellent characteristics
for technical use — for instance, in the car industry.
July 25, 2012 19:6
Foreword xxiii
Light is an elemental aspect of work quality and influences our
well-being. Approximately 10% of power requirements are used
for lighting appliances, half of which are employed by trade and
craft businesses while 25% are used by the industry and another
25% by private households. Energy-saving lighting facilities not only
aim to reduce electricity costs but set important ecological accents,
a subject that is described in detail in the chapter 3.4.2, “Active
Windows for Daylight Guiding Applications.”
The further development of coal power plants is focused on
the elimination of CO2 by storage below the ground or below
the sea level. Chapter 3.2.3, dealing with nanostructured ceramic
membranes for carbon capture and storage (CCS), describes an
option for technological enhancement of CO2 elimination in power
plants.
Chapter 4, on the potential analysis and assessment of the
impacts of nanotechnology on the energy sector until 2030, does
not only cover very interesting subjects, but completes the other
chapters.
All subjects treated in this book are very important for us today,
as the prevailing ecological and societal problems concern all of us.
With help of new technologies and common efforts, we can create
more awareness and encourage our future generations.
Dr. Regine Geerk-Hedderich
Managing Director, NanoMat
July 25, 2012 19:6

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