Antoine de Saint Exupery and the quest for truth

University of Montana
ScholarWorks at University of Montana
Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers
Graduate School
1957
Antoine de Saint Exupery and the quest for truth
Owen Ardell Wollam
The University of Montana
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Wollam, Owen Ardell, "Antoine de Saint Exupery and the quest for truth" (1957). Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers. Paper 1570.
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ANTOINE DE SAINT EXÜPERY
AND
THE QUEST PW TRUTH
by
OWEN ARDELL WOLLAîî
B.
A,
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, I 9 AC
P r e s e n te d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g r e e o f
M aster o f A rts
MONTANA STATS UNIVERSITY
1957
Approved by:
r .im o n j Board o f Ex
A
Dean, Cïpaduato S ch o o l
Dato
UMI Number: EP35363
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pa-o
FORElfARD....................................................................................................
Iv
B o te s, V ÎÜ
Ghaptor
I*
BIOGRAPHICAL SICETCH....................................
1
M o tes, 5
II,
CODES IN CONFLICT..............................................................
6
La v i e douce e t p r o té r é o , 6
La v i e d * a c t io n , 9
The Q u e s tio n s , 12
N o t e s , 13
III.
A Î1EANI1IG FOR I^IAN.............................................................
14
The F r a g i l i t y o f Man, 14
S a lv a t io n tN rourh v.'or!:, 16
The l e a d e r , 17
S a lv a t io n th rou rh C r e a tio n , 18
N o t e s , 20
IV ,
THE ESSENCE OF MAI.
.
................................................
21
...........................................
30
R e l a t i o n s h i p s , 21
L’ E ten d u e, 23
T ru tli, 24
The R u le s , 25
S p i r i t , 26
K o to s , 29
V,
A CODE FOR MAN
The I n d i v i d u a l, 30
The M odel, 31
The Code, 34
C i v i l i z a t i o n , 36
N o t e s , 39
-
11 -
xcs'e
CS^àptor
V I.
TÎÎE IIEGSAGE
..........................................................
4l
Surnmary, 4 î
C o n c lu s io n s , 44
" O te s , 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................
-ill-
47
FORE',;.iRD
B e fo r e b o ^ ir n ln # t ' l s
stuCy o f S a in t 2xupery,^ one
n a y f in d i t u s e f u l t o r e v ie w cone o f th e c r i t i c a l n a t e r i a l
a v a ila b le ,
E x c e p tin g r e v ie w s o f p a r t i c u la r w orks, th e
m a t e r ia l i s n o t c o p io u s and, much o f i t appeared b e fo r e th e
p u b l i c a t i o n o f S a in t E xu p ory's nocthu nou s work C i t a d e l l e ,
M oreover, o f th e s t u d i e s Imovjn t o be In e x i s t e n c e , few had
b een done by E n g lish
from th e F ren ch ,
v /r ito r s and
few hrd been t r a n s la t e d
Of th e French works on our c-’t'nor, o e o f
th e m ost u n d e r sta n d in g i s t h a t o f h i s v e r y c lo s e f r i e n d ,
W on Worth,
Worth i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e l i f e
o f S a in t Exup^ry
was a c o n tin u a l se a r c h f o r ”s< 5rén itd ," b u t adds t h a t i t was
2
"une a s p i r a t i o n to u jo u r s d ^ çu e," "
o f h i s a ssu m p tion
The d ep th
H owever, th e l a t t e r p a r t
i s n o t c a p a b le o f p r o o f .
o f our
a u th o r ,
i t s e o n s , h a s been r r e a t l y
3
4
u n d e r e s tim a te d by b oth M aurois and F o w lie ,
E iey b o tli
p la c e him among th e a d v e n tu r e r s and ten d t o em p hasize h i s
h e r o is m .
In th e f a c e o f S a in t h x u p c r y 's e x p l i c i t and
C
r e p e a te d r e p u d ia t io n o f th e code o f th e " to r e a d o r ," th e y
c o m p le te ly ig n o r e th e s e n s i t i v e , c o m p a ssio n a te n a tu r e o f
t h e man.
C e r t a in ly , i t was t h i s v e r y n a tu r e w hich sp u rred
him t o h i s r e a p p r a is a l o f marihlnd,
Armand Hoog seem s t o
a g r e e t h a t S a in t Exup^ry was s t r i v i n g f o r a new m eaning f o r
-Iv -
mankind* f o r he e a y s i
" S a in t Sxupery a v o u lu o r^ er un nou­
v e a u mythe de f o r c e e t de cou rage de l'Homme."^
André G id e,
I n hlB p r e fo c e t o V ol de n u i t , ap p ears t o be in a c c o r d , f o r
h e p r a i s e s S a in t Exupéry f o r g lv ln '* u s th e h e r o " s i s u s c e p ­
t i b l e d e t e n d r e s s e ,"
He adds t h a t %
4h a t p l e a s e s him m o st,
" c ' e s t s a n o b le s s e #
L es f a i b l e s s e s , l e s abandons, l e s d é -
(üiéancos d e 1 *homme, nous l e s c o n n a is so n s de r e s t e e t l a
l i t t é r a t u r e de n o s Jours n ' e s t que trop h a b i le à l e s dénon­
c e r J modo ce su rp a ssem en t de s o i q u 'o b t ie n t l o v o lo n t é t e n ­
d u e , c ' e s t l à ce que nou s pvone s u r to u t b e s o in qu 'on nou s
- y
m o n tr e ."
iCvon G ide i s prone t o o v o rerp ’ a s l z e th e h e r o ic
te n d e n c y .
Yves L év y , in a f i n e a r t i c l e which appeared i n
th e tTonacnn r e v ie w , P aru , lia s to r c h e d th e e s s e n t i a l mark o f
th e p h ilo s o p h y o f S a in t Gxupéry when he w r ite s t
hum aine?
"Vertu s u r ­
M ais G a in t Exupéry e a t l'homme qui p lu s q i'a u c u n
a u tr e te n d e à s ' i n s c r i r e dans l'h u m a in , . • •
I l ne s ' i n ­
t é r e s s e p a s aux ê t r e s m ais p l u t ô t à l'Homme e t i l fi" 'Ir a
p a r e x a l t e r l'Hoimne,"
8
L o u is B a rjo n c a l l s S a in t Exuocr;: "l'hommo qui con­
q u i e r t sa v a r i é t é . "
Ke c o n tin u e s by s a y in g t h a t s a c r i f i c e
i s n o t enough; one m ust d is c o v e r th e r e a so n f o r th e s a c r i ­
fic e .
T h is r e a s o n i s th e t r u th w hich i s o u t s id e th e i n d i ­
v i d u a l and w hich g i v e s a v a lu e t o l i f e ;
th e tri.it’:: .A lch
s u r p a s s e s t h e i n d iv i d u a l ; t r u t h - h lc h i s l a s t i n g ; t r u th
Q
Which i s th e r e a l i t y found i n God.
H u gu et, i n a r e c e n t s t u d y , s a y s t h a t S r ln t Exupéry
1 8 ^c e l u i de l e q u ê te de l ’ a b s o lu ,
c e l u i de l ' a t t e n t i o n
p a s s io n n é e à l'h o m n e , e t c e l u i de l a u arch e v e r s D ieu";
t h a t h e h a s m easured th e extrem e s p i r i t u a l p o v e r ty o f h ia
tim e s and r e v e a le d i t s p r o fo u n d e s t a s p ir a t io n s * ^ ^
D a n ie l
Anet s t r e s s e s " la fo r c e » l a gran d eu r e t l a f é c o n d it é d 'u n e
p h ilo s o p h ie de 1 ' a c c e p t a t i o n " f o r th e e n t i r e s p e c i e s , and
adds t h a t th e c h i e f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s optim ism In h i s
b e l i e f i n manJclnd.^^
Luo E sta n g i s a b i t more c a u t io u s .
He en d s h i s
s tu d y on a t r a g i c n o t e , f o r h e b e l i e v e s t h a t th e r e i s "une
t r i s t e s s e e x u p é r ie n n e , q u elq u e se n tim e n t de l ' é c h e c en p r o 1^
fo n d e u r , m algré l e s a p p a ren ces d 'u n e v i e co m b lée."
He
s a y s t h a t i n h i s c o n tin u a l p u r s u it o f s e r e n i t y , h e n e v e r
q u it e r e a c h e s h i s g o a l .
D r. G eorges P é l i s s i e r , a good
f r ie n d o f S a in t E xupéry, i s o f e s s e n t i a l l y th e seme o p in io n .
He s a y s t h a t S a in t Exupéry "garda to u jo u r s une c e r t a in e
13
in q u ié tu d e s p i r i t u e l l e , "
An e f f o r t was made t o o b ta in H a x i/e ll S m ith 's A
14
^ n ig h t o f th e A ir .
th e o n ly f u l l - l e n g t h p o r t r a i t o f our
a u th o r i n E n g lis h , b u t i t d id n o t a r r iv e i n t i n e f o r t h i s
stu d y .
T h is b r i e f su rv e y shows c o n s id e r a b le v a r ia t i o n among
c r i t i c s c o n c e r n in g t h e e v a lu a t io n o f th e im rks and th o u g lit
o f S a in t E xu p éry.
Suc^ v a r i a t i o n i s , p e r h a p s, t o be
03c p e c te d , s i n c e our a u th o r seem s n o t t o fo llo w / th e tr e n d o f
I d s tim e in r e g a r d t o h i s a t t i t u d e tow ard Han,
-V i-
H e, i t
a p p e a r s , b e l i e v e d i n a a p i r i t u a l p r o g r e s s w hich i s d e n ie d ,
a t l e a s t i n p a r t , by many o f h i s c o n te n p o r a r ie s ; t o be
s e a r c h in g f o r an in n e r p e a c e o r " e ë r ë n lt d ."
To i n v e s t i g a t e S a in t SsEup^ry's se a r c h f o r t i i i s
" sd r ^ n ité " WAS th e o r i g i n a l p la n o f t h i s s tu d y .
However,
t h e r e p roved t o be so m eth in g g r e a t e r , more u n iv e r s a l»
h is
q u e s t f o r t r u t h c o m p a tib le w ith s p i r i t u a l p r o g r e s s ; f o r
t r u t h iTlilch he c o u ld comm unicate t o Man,
becaia© th e s u b j e c t o f our s t u d y .
-v ll-
T h is q u e s t , t h e n ,
NOTES
PORSWâRIJ
^s i n c e th e t r a d i t i o n a l s p e l l i n g o f S a in t Sxup^ry i s
vritliou t a h yp h en , t h a t s p e l l i n f , h a s b een fo llo w e d th r o u r h o u t.
^h6on V/erth, T e l cme J e I 'M . oonnut (P a r is* E d it io n s
du S e u i l , 1 9 4 9 ) , p , l 7 ^
“
3
Andrd M a u ro is, "A ntoine de S a in t E:a;p(?ry," E tudes
L i t t é r a i r e s . I I (New York ; E d it io n s de l a K aison F r a n ç a is e ,
1 9 4 4 ), p p . 1 5 3 -8 4 .
4
W allace P o w llo , "Kaaoue du h é r o s l i t t é r a i r e , l e
p o è t e de l ' a c tio n * S a in t E xu péry," L es OlXivres N o u v e lle s .
IV (New York: E d it io n s de l a H aison F*rençaiBC, li^ 44),
pp . 110- 1 7 ,
5
Soe A n to in e de S a in t Fxi>péry, P i l o t e de pu e r r e
(P a r is * G a llim a rd , 1 9 4 2 ), p . l 4 4 , "Los to r é a d o r s v iv e n t pour
l e s s p e c t a t e u r s , nous ne ooîanios pas d e s t o r é a d o r s ." See
A n to in e de S a in t E xupéry, T eri^ dos bonnes (P a r is* G a l l i ­
m ard, 1939)» p . 1 8 0 , "Les to r e a d o r s ne me p l a i s e n t r u è r e ."
H ero, h® e x p r e s s e s h ia d i o l i k e f o r tho " s h o w -o ff." H ere­
a f t e r , r e f e r e n c e s to t h e s e works w i l l sim p ly be to P i l o t e
de r u e r r e and t o T erre d e s hommes.
6
S ta te m en t made by Dr. Jm on d Hoop o f P r in c e to n in
h i s l e c t u r e s on "Le Roman Contem porain" a t lü d d le b u r y Col­
l e g e d u r in g th e summer o f 1 9 5 6 . Tîie a u th o r q u o te s from
n o t e s Which h e took a t th e l e c t u r e s ,
7
S ee André G ld e 's P r e f a c e t o A n to in e de S a in t Exu­
p é r y ' s Vol de n u i t ( P a r is : G a llim a r d , 1 9 3 1 ), p . 1 1 .
^Yves L é v y , "A ntoine de S a in t E xu n éry," P a ru .
A u gw st-S ep tsm b er, 1945, p p . 1 1 -1 6 ,
'L o u is B a r jo n , S* J . , "Un homme c o n q u ie r t sa
v a r i é t é ." E tu d e s . F eb ru ary, 1 9 4 5 , p p . 1 6 2 -5 3 .
^^Jean H u gu et, S a in t E^aioéry ou l * E n o e l-n e ^ o n t du
d é s e r t ( P a r i s * La Colom be, T 9 5 o ), î^ . ”1T8-9,
-v iii-
D a n ie l A n e t, A n to in e âe s r l n t
i n ____
r o m a n c ie r , m o r a lis t e (P a r is » S d l t io n s C orrea, 19^^
p p . 2 4 1 -4 2 .
^^ 110 Tûstanc:, S a in t Sxu-péry nar lul~"om e ( E c r iv a in s
do t o u j o u r s ; P a r la i Edi 11 dns lêiu S e u l 1 , 195(3 ) ,• p . 179.
13
G eorges P é l i s s i e r , L es c in q v js a ffe g de S a in t
Sxunéry ( P a r i s f Flam m arion, l5 5 T ) , p . 1 1 0 .
14
M axw ell S m ith , A Fwr.lrht o f t h e A ir (Few York:
P a g ea n t P r e s s , 1 9 5 6 ) .
“
, Ay*'*
-Ix -
CMAPTER I
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH^
A n to in e M arie R oger d© S a in t Exup^ry wao b o m i n
June 2 9 , 1 9 0 0 .
He m e th e t h i r d c h i l d o f Count Jeon
de S a in t Saoipéry and M ario de Pone colom b e.
I n 1904, h i s
f a t h e r d ie d l e a v i n g a f a m ily o f t h r e e d a u g iito r s:
M a g d e le in e , Simone and G a b r ie li© ; and tvfo s o n s :
M a rieF r a n ç o is
and A n to in e , t o b e r a i s e d and e d u c a te d by Madame de S a in t
Sscup^ry.
The f a m ily l e f t Lyon and th e r e s t o f A n to in e 's
c h ild h o o d was s p e n t on th e fa m ily e s t a t e s i n th e so u th o f
F ronce :
The Chateau de lo. M 5le and S a in t-îîa u r ic o -d e -R e n ie n s.
A n to in e began h i s s c h o o lin g a t Le Mans, e n t e r in g Notre-Dame
de S a in t e - C r o ix in 1909*
stu d e n t.
He p ro v ed a r e s t i v e and i r r e g u la r
In 1 9 1 2 , h e made h i s f i r s t f l i g h t w ith th e p i l o t
ViSdrines*
A n to in e was v e r y im p r e s s e d .
A f t e r l e a v i n g S a in t e - C r o ix i n 1 9 1 4 , A n to in e and h i s
b r o t h e r , F r a n ç o is , e n r o l l e d a t t h e Coll& ge d e s M a r iste s a t
F r ib o u r g b u t i n 1 9 1 7 , t h e y were f o r c e d t o r e tu r n t o F rance
b e c a u s e o f th e p o o r h e a l t h o f F r a n ç o is ,
F r a n ç o is d ie d o f
r h e u m a tic f e v e r t h a t same y e a r ,
A n to in e b egan p r e p a r a tio n a t t h e E c o le B o s s u e t i n
P a r is f o r t h e E c o le N a v a le .
t h e e x a m in a tio n s .
H owever, i n 1 9 1 9 , h e f e l l e d
L a t e r , a f t e r sp en d in g some t i n e i n th e
—
1—
-2 -
E c o lo do B ea u x -A rte a t P a r i s , he e n l i s t e d i n t h e A ir F orce
and was s e n t t o S tr a s b o u r g .
At t h i s tim e , p r io r t o becom­
i n g on A ir F orce P i l o t , one m ust a lr e a d y have s o l o e d .
T h e r e fo r e , S a in t Exup^ry, by e c o n o m iz in g , managed s u f f i c i e n t
fu n d s t o b e g in h i s c i v i l t r a i n i n g .
F i n a l l y , i n June o f 1 9 2 1 ,
he becpjne a s t u d e n t - o f f l e e r and was s e n t t o Rabat in N orth
A f r ic a , vihero h e f e l l u n d er th e s p e l l o f th e S a h a ra ,
H is f la n o d e 'a fa m ily o b je c te d t o h i s f l y i n g c a r e e r ,
GO i n 1 9 2 3 » he abandoned i t i n fa v o r o f b u s i n e s s .
h e was n o t happy; h i s o n ly en joym en t l a y i n f l y i n g .
However,
At l a s t ,
one o f h i s form er te a o ’i e r s , t h e Abbd Sudour, s u g g e s te d t h a t
S a in t Exupdry a p p ly f o r a p o s i t i o n tr ith th e **Compagnie
A d rienne F r a n ç a is e ,"
Hin a p p l ic a t io n was a c c e p te d and in
t h e s p r in g o f 1927* a f t e r a few m onths sp e n t i n t r a i n in g
and f l y i n g t h e m a il b etw een France and S p a in , h e vmo s e n t
a s a ir p o r t manager t o Cap Juby i n S n anloh N orth A f r ic a ,
D u ring h i s e ig h te e n -m o n th s t a y t h e r e , i n a d d it io n t o h i s
d a r in g r e s c u e s o f p i l o t s and equipm ent from th e m id st o f
h o s t i l e t e r r a i n s and t r i b e s , ho com p leted h i s f i r s t n o v e l,
C o u r r ie r 0ud w hich was p u b lis h e d i n 1 9 2 8 .
I n 1930, he was
awarded t h e L e g io n o f Honor f o r h i s e x p l o i t s In A f r ic a .
M ean w h ile, h i s em p loyer had a p p o in te d him d i r e c t o r
o f tlx© "Compagnie A e ro p o sta A r g e n tin a ."
From e x p e r ie n c e s
g a in e d i n S ou th A m erica, h e composed h i s seco n d b ook , V ol
d e n u i t , will ch g a in e d him t h e P r ix Fémina i n 1 9 3 1 .
D uring
h i s tim e i n S o u th A m erica, h e m et C on su elo S u n cln whom ho
m a rr ied i n 1 9 3 1 .
-3 -
lîie conpany lA ilch had erroloyed h ln f a i l e d , le a v in g
him w ith o u t a p o B it io n .
He t r i e d v a r io u s Jobs:
p i l o t , r e p o r t e r , p u b lic r e l a t i o n s o f f i c e r .
te st
Then, dur1nr an
a tte m p t t o b reak th e r e c o r d from P a r is t o S a ig o n In 1935, he
and h i s m echan ic and c l o s e f r i e n d . P r é v ô t, cra sh ed In th e
L yb lan D e s e r t ,
A ft e r f i v e d ays w ith a lm o st no w ater and
l e e s h o p e , th e y were r e sc u e d by an Arab c a ra v a n .
A g a in , In 1938» w h ile a tte m p tin g a n o th e r f l l r h t - t h l s tim e from New York t o T le r r a d e l r u o g o --h e cra sh ed In
G uatem ala,
H is I n j u r i e s wore m ost s e r io u s and th e lo n g con­
v a le s c e n c e In New York p e r m itte d him t o com p lete and p u b lis h
T erre d e s hommes In 1939*
The some y e a r he r e c e iv e d th e
Grand P r ix du Roman from th e Académie F r a n ç a is e ,
With th e o u tb rea k o f h o s t i l i t i e s In E urope, S a in t
Exupéry Im m ed ia tely l e f t New York t o talcc p a r t In F r a n c e 's
f u t ile r e s is ta n c e .
Then, w ith th e s i r r i n g o f th e A r m is tic e , he r e tu r n e d
t o til© U n ite d S t a t e s ,
H ere, h e p u b lis h e d P i l o t e de g u e r re
in 1 9 4 2 , w iilch was I n s p ir e d by r e c o n n a is s a n c e m is s io n s In
F ran ce,
1943,
L e t t r e ^ un o ta g e and Le P e t i t p r in c e fo llo w e d In
L a t e r , when th e A l l i e s w ent 1 t o A f r ic a , Caimt Y:<u-
p é r y was g iv e n an o p p o r tu n ity a g a in t o sera''©, b u t o n ly a f t e r
p r o d ig io u s e f f o r t s — h i s l i f e
was to o v a lu a b le t o be r ic k e d .
In A f r ic a , he was t o be a llo w e d o n ly f i v e m lc c lo n s .
However,
t h e s e f i v e m is s io n s e x te n d e d t o e i g h t end f i n a l l y to a n i n t h ,
t h a t o f J u ly 3 1 , 1 9 4 4 , id ilch mo.b t o have b een hir, l a s t .
From t h a t m is s io n , h e n e v e r r e t u r n e d .
-4 -
He v;ae poatham ouBly awerded th e Grrrsd P r ix Aéronaut i q u e , aiid i n 1 9 4 8 , C i t a d e l l e w hich he had l e f t in manu­
s c r i p t , was p u b lis h e d a s i t was fo u n d .
NOTES
CHAPTER I
A n to in e do S a in t
a de C r le e n o v . A n toin e d
Vjrau'ifci I vfcf.xxz
S a in t Exup^ry »S2*!SLS£S
\ CU XCS• *W
U.U.Wo.wi 1.0
Of
19% ); René' D e la n - e ,
v i e do S a in t Exup&ry ( P m l e î E d i­
t li o n s du S
s ee uu i l , 1 9 4 9 ;;
); F
P ie r r e K e s s e l, La V io de St* E p ip d ry .
Il e0 s6 alWmS
album s p h otorrap
o to r r apb.l
b .lpqUOB
u es ( P a r is :î uaxxi:;:
G alll:;r;rd
I-U,, 193?) ; G
^ eorges
'FPeellllseeeli ©r,
e r , L es oolnQ
ln o 'v i ss aa/gps
g e s de S a in
n t Exun^ry
Exupéry ( P a r is : F la n crue .le 1 *'r.l
''r i connu ((P a r is
n a r lo n , 951
and
T e l. "que
u S
o ee uuxi li , 1949)* Eaoh
xuac 0? th e f o r e poing; works w i l l
E d it io n s du
r i v e more d e t a i l e d In fo r m ar tlo
tio n c o n c e r n in r t' e l i f e o f our
a u th o r
1
' T ï '
L ’^
o
n
W
ê
r
t
î i 7
-5 -
#
«W IB W
WMHOT
MiW NiMaptMMM»
CHAPTER I I
CODES IN CONFLICT
Throughout t h e works o f S a in t E xupéry, two fun da­
m ental. th ou gh c o n t r a d ic t o r y tr e n d s o f th o u g h t can be d i s ­
cerned,
One tr e n d w h ich i s
bo
I n f r e q u e n t ly s t r e s s e d i s
tow ard " la v i e dou ce e t p r o t é g é e ,"
Though h i s o c c u p a tio n
o f t e n I n v o lv e d him i n d an gerou s e x p l o i t s , h e m a in ta in e d
t h a t ho r e a l l y lo v e d l i f e , n o t d a n g e r .
He had a g r e a t
c a p a c it y f o r th e en joym en t o f th e "good l i f e , "
He lo v e d
b e a u ty , m u s ic , a r t , n a tu r e ; h e was fon d o f b ook s; he had a
p a s s io n f o r k n ick n aok a and m ec h a n ica l g a d g e ts — e l e c t r i c
r a z o r s , r e c o r d e r s , p h on ograp h s, l i g h t e r s — and wao alw ays
b u y in g th e l a t e s t m o d e ls.
H ov/ever, one m ust n o t i n f e r t h a t
he was t h e i r s l a v e , b u t r a t h e r t h a t h e e x h ib it e d a v e r y
human q u a l i t y .
I t i s t h i s human q u a l i t y vftiich h a s b een
g iv e n a seco n d a r y p l a c e , vAiiCh b r in g s him c lo s e t o h u m an ity.
P erhap s th e o r i g i n o f t h i s f e e l i n g o f c lo s e n e s s t o
h u m anity i s t o be fou n d In h i s c h ild h o o d w hich was a g o ld e n
age f o r h im .
In an atm osp here o f h a p p in e s s , s e c u r i t y and
a f f e c t i o n , t i e s w ere form ed w hich rem ained w ith him th r o u ^ iout h i8 l i f e
and W iich s u s t a in e d him i n tim e s o f s o l i t u d e
and d o u b t.
I n many o f h i s b ook s h e r e c a l l s t h i s p e r io d o f
-
6-
-
7-
c o n ten tm en t and a lw a y s w ith th e same r e e lin g - o f e x a l t a t i o n
aiid p e a c e ,
When h e sp e a k s o f t h e f a m ily e s t a t e and th e park
su r r o u n d in g i t , h e mokes o f i t so m e th in c u n r e a l and en ch on to d ;
a w o n d e r fu l w orld **peuplé de d .ie u x ,” a m agic la n d "sombre e t
d o r ^ ,” " glaod e t b r û la n t ," where he once was c o m p le te ly
happy.
H ow ever, h i o i n v o c a t io n i s n e ith e r - immature nor
weak; i t i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y v i r i l e and p o w erfu l*
® ia t h io c h ild h o o d was In d eed i d y l l i c ^ras due l a r g e l y
t o th e i n t e l l i g e n t , l o v in g p r e s e n c e o f h i s m o th er.
£31io
u n d e r sto o d h e r c h i ld r e n , knew how t o p r o t e c t and c u l t i v a t e
th e Im a g in a tio n o f e a c h , knew how t o make o f a h o u se a home
w ith o u t c o n s t r a i n t o r c o m p lic a t io n , w ith no r id ic u l o u s r u l e s
o r p e t t i n e s s e s w h ich m ig h t s t i f l e th e s p i r i t o f a C h ild l i k e
A n to in e ,
She a llo w e d h e r c h ild r e n t o c r e a te sim p le p le a s u r e s
f o r t h e m s e lv e s , w h ile w a tc h in g o v e r tlem. a t t e n t i v e l y , t e n ­
d e r l y b u t fir m ly ,^
When he r e c a l l s th e Joys a s s o c i a t e d w ith h i s y o u th ,
h e eaqperlencoc a r e n e w a l o f s t r e n g t h , a r e a f f ir m a t io n o f
fa ith .
He r e t u r n s t o h i s y o u th to have i l s wounds d r e s s e d
b e f o r e r e t u r n in g t o th e c o n t e s t .
c h a o s , h e c o n ju r e s up p a s t J o y s ,
2
As a s l i l e l d t o p r e s e n t
However, h i s r e c o l l e c t i o n s
o f th e p a c t a r e n e v e r m e r e ly moans o f c x c a p e .
Ho h im s e lf
3
r e a l i z e d o n ly t o o v fS ll t h a t e s c a p e le a d s n ow h ere.^ K© ask ed
h i m s e l f t&iat rem a in s o f c h ild h o o d when one h a s become a man,
e x i l e d from i t s rea lm and a s t o n is h e d t o f in d e n c lo s e d l i t h l n
its
c o n f i n e s , "une p r o v in c e d o n t on a v a i t f a i t so n i n f i n i , e t
com prenant que d an s c e t i n f i n i on no r e n t r e r a Jam ais p l u s .
c a r c ' e s t dons l o J eu , e t non drno l e o a r c , r u ’ l l f a u t r e n -4
t r e r .”
N o, I t I s n o t a q u e s t io n o f e s c a p e . On th e con­
t r a r y , th e m em ories o f h io y o u th o erv e a s a k in d o f s p i r ­
i t u a l s u s te n a n c e i n th e f a c e o f d a n g e r .
'
but
îîo t o n ly d o e s h i s c h ild h o o d have a s p e c i a l p l a c e ,
th e h o u se a s w e l l .
One f i n d s th e co n cep t o f house^
in s e p a r a b ly J o in e d w ith h a p p in e s s ,
fn e h o u s e , grow ing i n
s i g n i f i c a n c e , becom es one o f th e c o r n e r s to n e s o f h i s l i f e .
I t I s th e v e h i c l e , th e s h ip **qui f a i t p a s s e r l e s g d n d r a tions d 'u n e r i v e à l ' a u t r e de l a v lo ." ^
H ence, th e h o u se , t o
him tlae fo u n d a tio n o f c i v i l i z a t i o n , i s i t s sjonbol as \ f e l l .
But t h a t i s n o t a l l .
th e
P erhap s
more fu n d a m e n ta lly ,
h o u se s y m b o liz e s so m eth in g e l s e *
That som eth in g e l s e
was r e v e a le d t o iiim on ce idien he had made an em ergency la n d ­
in g i n th e d e s e r t .
He found h i m s e lf dream ing u n der th e
s p e l l o f a s t r a n g e © m otion.
Then, u n d e r s te n d in g end r e l a x ­
i n g , he a llo w e d h i m s e l f t o bo en ch a n ted by memory.
H©
r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e r e was somewhere a park and an o ld h ou se
w hich he l o v e d .
N ear o r f a r , i t m a tter ed v ery l i t t l e ,
" le
m e r v e ille u x d 'u n e m aison n ' e s t p o in t q u ' e l l e vou s a b r it e ou
v ou s r é c h a u f f e , n i q u 'o n en p o s sè d e l e s m urs.
M ais b ie n
q u ' e l l e a i t le n te m e n t d é p o sé c e s p r o v is io n s de d o u ce u r ."
7
I t was s u f f i c i e n t t h a t th e y e x i s t f o r them t o f i l l th e n i g h t .
The f e e l i n g o f u o l l - b e i n g evok ed by b i s r e v e r i e r e v e a le d a
tr u th s
th e t a s t e o f e t e r n i t y vdiich had seemed t o h in t o
come fr o n th e d e s e r t a c t u a l l y had i t s o r ig i n In h i s c l i l l d h o o d , i n h i s hom e.
T h e r e fo r e , th e h o u se s y m b o liz e s o r d e r ,
-9 -
d u r a b i l l t y , evon e t e i ^ l t y .
Hare th e n l a one s i d e o f S a in t Zxtipery, th e ch sn p lo n
o f I n d iv id u a l h a p p in e s s whose h e a r t i s f i l l e d w ith c o r d ia l ­
i t y tow ard t h e w orld and I t s i n h a b i t a n t s .
T h is c o r d i a l i t y
e n a b le s h in t o p i c t u r e s o w e l l th e v rrrr.th o f th e h e a r th , ,t h e
p le a s u r e o f a warm b e d , th e n o b i l i t y o f th e p e a s a n t and th e
(Saana o f youn? g i r l s *
Here i s th e S a in t Sxup(5r'' p r e o c c u ­
p ie d w ith r o o t s , w ith th e i n d i v i d u a l .
of M
b
Mono i n th e a s p e c t
n a t u r e w h ic h , t h e r e s u l t o f an a c cum. i l o t i on o f "pro­
v i s i o n s do d o u c e u r ," e x p la in s h i e sym pathy f o r " la v i e p r o ­
t é g é e ."
On th e o t h e r hand i s th e tr e n d tow ard " la v i e
d * a c tio n " w iiich i s f o s t e r e d by th e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f h io
o c c u p a t io n .
He was
p ilo t.
T. ougM h e ehundono * a v ia t io n
on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s , i t lu r e d him hack c a d i tim e , fo r
fly in g f i l l e d
a p l a c e In h i s l i f e
a s c o u ld no o t h e r a c t i v i t y .
How f l y i n g , though d an gerou s and e x a c t i n r , 1 b a t the
some tim e e x a l t i n g .
The c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n w ith sp eed and
sp a c e endows man v d tii a sens© o f e x h i l a r a t i o n fo r c lQ i t o
th e u n i n i t i a t e d .
I n th e f a c e o f th e i n f i n i t e , f c " cro i n
mar. /.ir r r lfe sts h i m s e l f and seem s t o expand and f l e u r i s h .
B e s id e s , a v ia tio n I s a p r e c is e tr a d e .
H ero, c o n fr o n tin g
d e a t ii, t h e n e a r ly c o r r e c t o b s e r v a t io n or c a l c u l a t i o n i s
ab su rd .
I n t h e a b s o lu t e n e c e s s i t y f o r o r d er and d e t a i l , th o
fo u n d a tio n o f a s e n s e o f l i b e r a t i o n — l i b e r t y W , n o t l i b e r t y
from — he f e e l s n e a r e r t r u t h .
The s e n s e o f th e imminence o f
t r u t h , i n p e r t a r e s u l t o f th e I c o l a t i n g q u a l it y o f th e
-1 0 .
o c c u p a t io n , in d u c e s and p rom otes n o d i t ^ t i o n ,
P a r a d o x ic a lly ,
upon th e f o e l l n c o f i s o l a t i o n from t::o ;.-orld r r d l.iin a -.ity ,
l a e s t a b l i s h e d a fir m s e n s e o f u n i t y u l t h in th e f r a t e r n i t y
o f men o f a c t i o n , w h ich In tu r n I s th e so u r c e o f com rades in
and a l l s t r o n g t i e s v /itîiin i t .
üh.8 I n t e r p la y o f s a i n t E:?apc5ry*s n a tu r a l bo it and
t)io q u a l i t i e s in h e r e n t i n f l y i n g had a n a r h c l in f lu e n c e on
h i s p e r s o n a l i t y and l e d h ln t o h i s c o n c e p t o f u o r h .
Hio h e r o ic c o n c e p t o f work e l i c i t s a d is d a in f o r
I n s i p i d , m on oton ou s, n or row , smug e x l r t o e c e .
He I s con­
tem ptuous o f th e humble m e d ita tio n s o f th e em ployee ^C:o
mal:on h i m s e l f \<retched o v e r t r i f l e s — i l l n e s s , rzouey, quar­
r e l s , a l l th o drab l i t t l e
c a r e s o f a h o u o c h c ld , \ d i l le a v o id ­
in g th e r e a l q u e s t io n s o f l i f e .
u n d e rsta n d th o l i f e
I t i s im p o s s ib le fo r him t o
o f th o corrauter, -.1 c h as been red u c ed ,
l i t t l e by l i t t l e , t o t h e l e v e l o f a t e r m it e , who h a s f o r g o t ■8
t e n What e d i f i c e h e b u i ld s in p l a c in g h i s s t o n e .
From tlio
suflsnlt o f h i s s u p e r i o r i t y , he p i t i e s t h o s e who abandon th e
f l g j i t and s in k I n to th e o b l i v i o n o f m e d io c r ity , v’l i l e he
s o a r s a b o v e , a é tr a n g e r to th e u-orld o f m ankind.
In c o n t r a s t . S a in t Exupdry app ears a s b e conqueror
-vfiTO g o e s o f f t o overcom e tlic "dragons n o ir s " f a r bepoud the
c o n f in e s o f th e a n t h i l l .
R e a l i s i n g a s e n s e o f w e l l- b e in g
end f u l f i l l n o n t from a c t i o n , ho draws from h i s p o s i t i o n a
s p i r i t u a l T /e a lth .
He t a s t e s th e d e lir iu m w hich con es from
r e n o u n c in g a m ed io cr e l i f e .
He sa v o r s th o b i t t e r s w e e t
s a t i s f a c t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y l a know ing t h a t h e works
-1 1 -
**pour que l a v i e o o l t c o n t in u e , pour que l a v o lo n td s o i t
c o n t in u e ,
, , , p ou r que jam ais . . • r.c ae roupo l e
c h a în e ,
C xia c o n s t i t u t e s th e so u r c e o f h i s pow ers and h i s
f e e l i n g o f f u l f i l l m e n t t h r o u ^ r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and s e r v i c e
t o so m e th in g s u r p a s s in g s e l f .
I t i s in fo r f^ ttin g th a t
t h e r e I s so m e th in g s u r p a s s in g s e l f , t h a t one d e n ie s a higher
r ô l e t o mankind#
S a in t Exupéry i s c o n v in c ed t h a t vrorking
10
f o r w o r ld ly good s a lo n e i s t o b e t r a y o n e 's t r u s t .
Here on e may r e c a l l t h e o a r io a t u r e s vdiich S a in t
2&cupéry p a in te d o f t h e in h a b it a n t s o f tlie a s t e r o i d s In th e
P e t i t P r in c e .
f a s h io n ;
Each ty p e i s r e v e a le d a s e r r in g i n h i s own
t h e b u sin e ssm e n , t h e g e o g r a p h e r , th e coxcom b, th e
d ru n k a rd , t h e k in g # ^^
E a d i, l o s t In h io own p e t t y u n iv o r s e ,
h a s f a i l e d t o a c q u ir e a p r o p e r s e n s e o f v a lu e s*
S a in t Exupéry *s v i s i o n o f th o grandeur o f work
e x p l a in s h i s s i n c e r e a f f e c t i o n f o r th e g a rd en er \dio, th ro u g h
h i s p e r p e tu a l c o n t e s t w ith n a t u r e , a t t a i n s a sp ark o f th e
e t e r n a l i n th e r e s u l t s o f 'h i s l a b o r s .
H is a f f e c t i o n fo r
t h e sh ep h erd may be ©acplained a s w e l l; th e sh ep h erd i s a
sym bol o f o r d e r and s t a b i l i t y .
But p erh a p s ev en more s t r i k ­
i n g i s h i s f e e l i n g o f k in s h ip w ith th o p e a s a n t .
Re r e a s o n s
t h a t h e and th e p e a s a n t a r e lin k e d t l i r o u ^ work— b o th u s e a
t o o l and b o th do a j o b .
In a d d i t io n , h i s a f f i n i t y f o r t h e
p e a s a n t i s a c o n seq u en ce o f h i s a d m ir a tio n f o r th e d u r a b il­
i t y o f th e p ea sa n t lin e a g e .
o f im m o r ta lity :
p a y s a n n e ."
12
Ke s e e s i n t h i s l in o a c » , a s o r t
**0 n n e m eurt ou*à demi dans une l i g n é e
And h e , t o o , w ould l i k e t o r o o t h im s e lf t o
-1 r —
som ething: ;:c f ir m ly on th e p e r e a n t i r r o o te d to l i f e
nnd to
'h e e a r th *
H ere, t h e n . I s th e man s e e k in g t o e r c a o e a
l e s s , b o reso m e, commonplace e x i s t e n c e .
meaning­
Here I s th e man vho
d e p lo r e s th e f a c t t h a t th e l i t t l e b u r e a u c r a t in h i s d rea ry
job h a s n e v e r b een r o u se d from h i s le t h a r g y ; th e man who
r e g r e t s t h a t one i s g iv e n ao l i t t l e o p p o r tu n ity t o p rove
h i m s e l f a man, t h a t l i f e
i s so ta k e n up w ith e a r n in g a
l i v i n g t h a t one h a s no tim e t o l i v e and t o t h i n k .
Here i s
S a in t E xupéry, th e man o f a c t i o n who i n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f in d s
a reg im e by w hich t o l i v e .
how, o b v io u s ly , th e tvro tr e n d s d e l in e a t e d above
c a n n o t su p p o r t e a ch o t h e r .
As s t a t e d i n Vol de n u i t ;
"ni
l ' a c t i o n , n i l e bonheur i n d i v i d u e l n 'a d m e tte n t l e p a r ta g e ;
13
i l s s o n t en c o n f l i t . "
F urüieim iore, th e r e a d e r who in
o n ly s l i g h t l y f a m i l i a r w ith th e l i f e
and work o f S a in t ':x u -
p é r y Imows t h a t h e olio s e f o r h im s e lf a l i f e
o f a c tio n *
H owever, i n r e t r o s p e c t , when h au n ted by n o s t a l g i a , he f e e l s
an a n x i e t y .
Han he c h o sen c o r r e c t ly ?
I s th e r e some firm
ta id d le ground upon w hich t o c o n s t r u c t a m oral e d i f i c e ?
s e e k s th e e t e r n a l " gold en m ean."
He
H is se a r c h le a d s him t o
q u e s t io n th e w orth o f proccn L -d ay c i v i l i z a t i o n ; m an's r e l a ­
t i o n s h i p w ith man; th e p la c e o f s e r v i c e , s a c r i f i c e , du ty
isnd l o v e In r e f e r e n c e t o human d e s t i n y .
T h e r e fo r e , tn e
q u e s t , v/hicli b e g in s a s a p e r s o n a l e e c r c ii f o r p e a c e o f m ind,
t r a n s c e n d s I n d iv id u a l i n t e r e s t ,
v é r i t é de l'Homme?"
he w onders:
"Où lo ^ e l a
"Que f a u t - i l d i r e aux hommes?"
NOTES
CHAPTER I I
^A l l s o u r c e s c o n s u lt e d a g r e e on t h i s n o ln t ; s e e
s p e c i f i c a l l y : P ie r r e O h e v rlo r, A n to in e -lo n a in t Exun^ry
( P a r i s * G a llim a r d , 1939)# P* 16; M arla de O rise n o y , A n toin e
de S a in t E x u ^ r y : p o e t e e t a v lo t e u r ( P nr\ r ; '''U tlo n c S p er ,
19 W 3. p p • 1 4 - 1 5 » A n to in e de S a in t Exupdry, L e t t r e s à s a
m&re ( P a r le : G a llim a r d , 1955)# p s e s l'^ .
""
2
T erre dos b o n n ea , p , 7 6 .
3
P i l o t e de g u e r r e , p , 105#
4
T erre d e s hommes, p# 199.
5
S a in t Exupéry g iv e s t o f 'o French word V a i r o n ” a
m ean ing n o t u n lik e th e E n g lia h word "home” Ydilch h as no r e a l
c o u n te r p a r t in F re n c h ,
6
P i l o t e de r u e r r e , p . 1 1 2 ,
7
8
T erre d®^ hommes, p , 7 8 ,
I h l d .« p p . 12-93#
^ A n toin e de S a in t E xu péry, Vol ^ n u i t (P a r la : C a liiia a r d , 1931)» P# ? 6 . H e r e a f t e r , r e f e r e n c e s t o t h i s work
'.f ill nim p ly h e t o V ol de n u i t ,
^*^Terre d e s hommes, p . 4 0 ,
A n to in e do S a in t
P e t i t P r in ce (Peu
Z ork: R eyn al 4 H itc h c o c k , 1943)# PP# 34-5^# H e r e a fte r ,
r e f e r e n c e s t o t h i s nork u i l l slm n ly be t o Iæ P e t i t P r in c e .
12
13
T erre do? hommes, p . 2 2 1 ,
V ol de n u i t , p# 1 2 8 ,
-1 3 -
C:*iU^îi:lÙ I I I
A
FOR
iîow t h o u ^ S a in t Exupéry had. c’iosen h l s c o r o , he
s t i l l rem ained d o u b tfu l c o n c e r n in g i t s
r e s o l v e h i s dou b t?
J u stn e ss,
How d id he
On© h e s i t a t e s t o u s e th e word " r e v e la ­
t i o n , " thou gh s u r e ly t h e c o n n o ta tio n a p p l i e s .
P eru sal o f
h i s works r e v e a l s t h a t th e r e a r e s e v e r a l " fa c to r s " or
" r e v e la t io n s " vfrdch in f lu e n c e d h im .
f l y in g *
One such f a c t o r i s
I n th e p r e c e d in g c h a p te r , th e e f f e c t t h a t f l y i n g
h a s upon th e c h a r a c te r and m en ta l a t t i t u d e o f th e i n d i v i ­
d u a l was d i s c u s s e d .
Now, i f i t i s tr u e t h a t th e p i l o t f e e l s
q u it e d i f f e r e n t l y toward th e p la n e t end i t s I n h a b it a n t s , i t
i s a l s o tr u e t iia t ho d o e s a c t u a l l y s e c th o e a r th from a
d iffe r e n t p o s itio n .
tr a in or c a r,
As one t r a v e l s a c r o s s th e co u n try by
one o f t e n h a s a vague im p r e s sio n t i n t th e
g lo b e i s a c t u a l l y q u it e t h i c k l y in h a b it e d ,
Ho^fever, i f one
t r a v e l s by a i r . Im m ed ia tely he i s s tr u c k by th e immense
d i s t a n c e s b etw een c e n t e r s o f p o p u la t io n .
He changes co u n try
and c li m a t e , c r o s s e s la n d s and s e a s o f i n f i n i t e v a r ie t y ; he
is
g iv e n on o p p o r tu n ity r e a l l y to o b s e r v e h i s p la n e t and i s
o f t e n s tr u c k by th e f r a i l , d e l i c a t e h o ld Man a c t u a l l y h as
on th e e a r t h ,
Dans q u e l
by how few cUid s c a t t e r e d a r e h i e c i t i e s ,
m ince d e c o r s e Joue ce v a s t e Jeu d es
—1
-1 5 -
h a in o s , dec a n l t i é e , d o s J o ie s hum aines I D'où l e s
hommes t i r e n t - i l s oe r o û t d ' ^ t e m i t ^ , h a s - rhnn
comme i l e s o n t su r une la v e e n c o r e t i è d e , e t d é jà
m enacés p a r l e s s a b le s f u t u r s , mo^^cér p ar l e s
n e i g e s î L eurs o i v i l i c a t i o n s ne s o n t que f r a g i l e s
d o r u r e s : un v o lc s n l e s e f f a c e , une mer n o u v e l l e ,
u n v e n t de s a b l e , '
One o f t h e e s s e n t i a l them es i n th e u r l t l r g o f h a in t
S xu p éry i s t h i s f e e lin m uh lol: rem ain s i; lt h :iim cons : a n t ly
o f th e f i ' o g l l l t y o f kion— tho i n d iv i d u a l as n o i l , as h is
c r e a tio n s ,
n r e a l i t y v/}iich, c o n fr o n te d irlth
u ry o n t need
o f d u r a t io n , i n s p i r e s him t o d i r e c t ; .i s e f f o r t s toward
o b j e c t s l e a s a f f e c t e d by tim e*
As th e c h i e f i n C it a d e lle
e x p l a i n s , "moi. Je r e s p e c t e d 'a b o rd ce q u i dur© p lu s que
O
l e s hommes*"^ I n V ol de n u i t * H lv ic r o J u s t i f i e s h i s r i g i d ,
h a r sh code on th e p r i n c i p l e o f d u r a b i l i t y and assum es th e
r i f h t t o c h a lle n g e • o p p o sin g c o d e s such as t]%at o f Fabien* 0
w ife ,
" c e lu i d 'u n e c l a r t é de lam pe su r l a t a , l e du s o i r ,
d 'u n e c h a ir q u i r é c la m a it s a c h a i r , d 'u n e p a t r i e d ' e s p o i r ,
de t e n d r e s s e s , de s o u v e n ir s * "
3
when t a i n t ,.naipory r e c a l l s
th e d e a th o f , h i s young b r o t h e r , he r e a l i s e s t h a t te n d e r ,
human h a p o lr ie e c e s a r e f r a g i l e and t r a n s i t o r y ; th e y can n ot
s a v e man from dee.tii*
u.il., a c t i o n can sa v e him by c o n s t r u c t ­
in g so m e th in g w .ilch . / i l l o u t l a s t i t n c r e a t o r .
He r e c a l l s
t h e monuments wliioh th e a n c ie n t I n c a s a r d u o u sly p la c e d unnr
th e m ou n tain s*
Through tlie c r e a t io n o f t n e l r monuments, th e
e v id e n c e o f t h e i r c i v i l i z a t i o n i s p r o lo n g e d and w ith i t
th e ir liv e s *
"Le c o n d u cte u r da p e u o ie s d ' a u t r e f o i s , s ' i l
n ' e u t p e u t - ê t r e p a s p i t i é de l a s o u ff r a n c e de 1 * lormc, e u t
P i t i é immensément de s a m o rt.
Non de s a m ort i n d i v i d u e l l e .
—16 “»
main p i t i é de l'en p & o e q u 'e f f a c e r a l a mer de c a b l e .
Et 11
m en a it son p e u p le d r e s s e r au m oins d e s p i e r r e s que n ' e n s e v e l i r a i t p a s l e d é s e r t ."
S i m i l a r l y , wi^en R iv iè r e sen d s
h i s p i l o t s o u t t o f a c e t h e d a n g ers o f th e n l r h t and th e
sW rm , by h i s a t t e c ^ t t o c r e a t e so m eth in g more en d u rin g th a n
man, he i s , i n r e a l i t y , e t r u g g lin ;
BQUve de l a p e u r ." "
P ear o f what?
a r j i n s t de t ; .,
"Je l e
Penr o f de n th , and in
U ie v i c t o r y o v e r f e p r , a s o r t o f im m o r ta lity I s g a in e d .
'V
T roubled by m an's m o r t a l i t y , S a in t
'oipéry s e e k s i n
a c t i o n a bulw ark si£;alnst deabii— a s o r t o f im m o r ta lity .
At
t im e s he t r i e s t o c r e a t e so m eth in g w hich may s e r v e th e c r e ­
a t o r , b u t no a s o f t e n s e e k s i n d i s c i p l i n e a p r o t e c t io n from
th e o b l i v i o n o f d e a t h .
H is n eed o f a c t i o n , s e r v i c e , and d i s c i p l i n e i s
e s s e n tia l.
IIo, lim e h i e c V u m c t e r s , cAoosen th e a c t i v e , l i f e
bécaurie th e y a r e strong, p h y o i c n l l y , and t .uo w e l l - s u i t e d fo r
it,
an d , a s
h ave in d ic a t e d a lr e a d y , b e ca u se o f th e power­
f u l u r g e t o en cap© from , and t o r i s e a b o v e, th e m e d io c r ity
o f a s e d e n ta r y e x i s t e n c e .
'J ix ie t y , h ow ever, i s - r e s e n t in
S a in t Exupdry, b u t i t i s more q u ic k ly and e a s i l y overcome
tliro u g h a c t i o n c o n n e c te d \,it h w ork.
B o r id e s , he I s n o t
p e s s i m i s t i c ; h e b e l i e v e s i n U ie p o s s i b i l i t y o f an ord er
w orth s e r v i n g .
In f a c t , one may cay t 'r t h i s r a th e r o p t i ­
m i s t i c o u tlo o k f o r e s t a l l s any ten d e n c y toward n i h il i s m and
t u r n s him away from h i s e a r l y fasciu u ticH o f o r t i e superman
hero.
Tlxat o r e may f in d a s o r t o f s a l v a t i o n i n work i s a
-
17-
f a v o r i t e them e o f S a in t Sxup^ry s t a r t i n g w ith T erre dea
hommes.
Man i s i n e r r o r i f he see::o p e r s o n a l h a p n in e ss i n
i n a c t i v i t y , f o r i n th e a c t o f c r e a t i n g , h a p p in e ss i s d i s ­
c o v e r ^ and w eakn ess i s o vercom e.
d u ces th e id e a o f exch an ge.
At t h i s p o i n t , he i n t r o ­
What makes a t h in g v.orth w h ile
i s t h a t som eone h a s g iv e n tim e in exch an ge f o r i t .
The
more t im e , t r o u b le and lo v e r e q u ir e d t o c r e a te on o b j e c t ,
t h e more so m e th in g o f th e c r e a t o r ’ s own p e r is h a b le b e in g i s
t r a n s f e r r e d t o th e more e n d u r in g c r e a t io n whida r e s u l t s in
a f e e l i n g o f f u l f i l l m e n t and h a p p in e s s .
s a v e t i e r , q u i t e ren d s i Joyeux?
”Qu’ y n - t - i l ,
M ais Je n ' é c o u t a i s p o in t
l a r é p o n s e , s a c h a n t q u ’ i l s e tr o m p e r a it e t me p a r l e r a i t de
l ’ a r g e n t g a g n é , ou du r e p a s q u ’ i l a t t e n d a i t e t du rep os*
Ne s a c h a n t p o i n t que so n bonheur é t a i t de s e t r a n s f ig u r e r
en babouche d ’ or*"^
H ow ever, t h a t w hich s u r v iv e s th e in d iv id u a l and
J o in s g e n e r a t io n t o g e n e r a t io n i s c i v i l i z a t i o n .
But what
l a n eed ed t o c r e a t e o r d e r o u t o f th e m asses making up t h i s
c iv iliz a tio n ?
C i v i l i z a t i o n r e q u ir e s above a l l tl o supreme
w i l l o f a le a d e r who i s b o th f a r s i g h t e d end fir m .
In
C i t a d e l l e . t h e r e f o r e , th e le a d e r i s p u r p o s e ly d e s ig n a te d as
th e k in g and th e so n o f a k in g who l a , i n a d d it io n , th e
b u i l d e r o f c i t i e s and th e su p p o r t o f th e e m p ir e ,
M oreover,
t h e c i t a d e l , th e c i t y , th e r e a lm , a l l co n n o te d u r a tio n ,
s o l i d a r i t y , o r d e r — end o r d e r from w iiich s o f t n e s s i s a b o l­
i s h e d and w hich r e s i s t s th e ’’p e n t e s n a t u r e l l e s , " w hich le a d
a lw a y s t o m e d io c r it y and d e a t h .
”J ’ op p ose mon a r b i t r a i r e à
-
18*
c e t e f f r i t e m e n t d o s c h o s e s e t n 'é c o u t e p o in t ceu" cu l me
7
p a r l e n t de p e n t e s n a t u r e l l e s . "
I t i s t h i s le a d e r v/ho c o n s t r u c t s p a la c e , c i t y end
em p ire— th e c i v i l i z a t i o n — \^hich w i l l s u r v iv e th e f lo o d o f
t l n o , f o r c i v i l i z a t i o n i s t h e " n a v ir e d e s hommes san s le q u e l
i l s m an q u eraien t l * l t e r n l t 4 . "
In P ilo t e
r u e r r e . ho u s e s
th e im age o f th e heap o f s t o n e s w hich i s a s y e t n o th in g ,
b e c a u s e i t h a s n e i t h e r g o a l n o r o r d e r , b u t w hich w i l l become
a c a th e d r a l i f th e t h o u ^ t and a c t i o n o f man I n te r v e n e t o
g i v e i t o r d e r , form , rhythm , d i r e c t i o n and d u r a tio n ,^
How, S a in t Sxup^ ry, o b s e s s e d w ith th e m o r t a lit y o f
Man, so o n ta k e s a s ta n d on th e s i d e o f manîclnd,
Man, he
f e e l s , can surm ount d e a th by c r e a t in g vrarts o r i n s t i t u t i o n s
w hich w i l l s u r v iv e him and In so d o in g , i s
a b le , h im s e lf,
t o p a r ta h o o f th e more d u r a b le .
T h e r e fo r e , a c c o r d in g t o S a in t Exupdry, Man i s rn
a g e n t ( a c t i v e ) , n o t an o b s e r v e r ( p a s s i v e ) .
Je ne p a r t i c i p e p a s?
p e r ."
th a t
10
"Que o u lo -J e s i
J ' a l b e s o in , pou r ê t r e , de
p a r tlc i-
I t I d n o t In d e t a c h in g h im s e lf from t h e w o rld ,
on e I s a b le t o know and t o u n d e rsta n d i t , nor
I s i t in
p u re th o u g h t t h a t one sh o u ld se e k t o n e r f e c t h i m s e l f .
The
way t o g e n u in e u n d e r s ta n d in g and f u l f l l h : e n t i s t o c l i n g t o
life
and t o l i v e i t t o tb.e f u l l e s t .
have
Goner e a l and o o l l d c o n t a c t w ith th e w orld in
u n d e r sta n d i t .
One must do a Job,
o rd er to
"Le t r a v a i l t ' o b l l - e d 'ê p o u so r l e monde.
T erre dos hommes, he d e v e lo p s t ie tiem e o f th e v r lu e o f
th e t o o l a s mi in s tr u m e n t o f k n ow led ge; w h eth er i t be a
-19-
p lo w o r an a ir p la n e î
S em b lab le au p a y sa n qu i f a i t s a to u r n é e dans son
dom aine e t q u i p r é v o i t , à m i l l e s i r n c a , l a n arclie
du p r in te m p s , l a menace du r o i , l'a n n o n c e de l a
p l u i e , l e p i l o t e de m é t ie r , l u i a u c s i , d é c h i f f r e
d ec s ir n o c de n e i ^ e , d e s s i c n e s de brume, d es
s i g n e s de n u i t b ie n - h e u r e u s e . La m ach in e, ou i
s e m b la it d 'a b o r d l ' e n é c a r t e r , l e soumet a v ec p lu s
d e r ig u e u r -a u x g ra n d s p ro b lèm es n a t u r e l s .
By p la n e , an e a r th y s o r t o f t r u t li i s fo u n d .
d o in g th e w oi^ o f a man, one le a z v is t h e c a r e s o f Man,
i s i n c o n t a c t > /ith th e elom em ts— u lt h l i f e .
In
One
T lie r e fo r e , i t
i s i n p a r t i c i p a t i o n , s h a r in g , n o t m erely o b s e r v in g , t h a t
Man d i s c o v e r s h i s m ean in g.
roT xs
C lIA PïiR
III
^Terre flea horanos. pp. 6 7 -6 8 .
2
Antoine de S a in t £:<upéry. C ita d e lle (P aris t G a lli­
mard» 1948), p . 3B* H e rea fter, re fe re n c es to t h is worl: v d ll
be sim ply to C it a d e lle .
3
Vol de n u i t , p . 129.
. . .
Ib lcU e p . 132*
^I b id . . p . 102.
6
C
3LtirQ
jÆ
<B
3i,X
^i p * 4s #
^I b id . . p . 30.
^I b ld . . p . 33*
9
P ilo t e de g u err e. p . 220, p . 238.
I^I b ld . . p . 183.
^^Vol <3,8 n u it * p . 193,
12
Terre des homme a . p . 34 ,
-PO -
CHAPTER IV
THE ESSENCE OP M/Jî
H n d er eta n d a b ly , S a in t Sxupér;; rlvm ys d l o l l k e d b e in g
an o b s e r v e r , f o r he v a lu e d o n ly th e a c t t h a t p r o v e s i t s e l f
t o be c r e a t i v e and w h ich depend s upon p a r t i c i n a t i o n .
Upon
t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n , h e b u i ld s h i s id e a o f th e e s s e n c e o f man­
k in d ,
P a r t i c i p a t i o n had r e v e a le d t o him th e e x i s t e n c e o f
t i e s w hich lin k e d him t o h u m a n ity .
T h e r e fo r e , r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip s assum e param ount im p o r ta ro e ; th e y sa v e him from
b ecom in g so a b so rb ed i n m e d it a tio n t h a t ho can s e e n o th in g
beyond h i m s e l f .
M oreover, by c o n s c i e n t i o u s l y r e c o g n is in g
tlie e x i s t e n c e o f t i e s and a f f i n i t i e s , th e i n d iv i d u a l , he
f e e l s , can e s c a p e h i s s o l i t u d e .
In w orking -rith Iilo com­
p a n io n s , he f e e l s a u n it y in wortc,
”La grandeur d'un
m d tle r e s t , p e u t - ê t r e , a v a n t t o u t , d 'u n ir l e s hommesî
ils
n 'o n t q u 'u n lu x e v é r i t a b l e , e t c ' e o t c e l u i d e s r e l a t i o n s
hum aines *"
O ften j u s t a s l i g h t t h r e a t o r some r e a l d an ger v / i l l
r e c a l l th e a c t u a l e x i s t e n c e o f a community o f Man; a n ig h t
i n tlie d e s e r t a m id st untam ed, u n f r ie n d ly t r i b e s may be
enough t o r e v e a l th e p r e s e n c e o f Man,
n a n lcln d .
Then, man e n c o u n te r s
"On chem ine lo n g tem p s c o t e r. c o t e , enferm é dans
so n n ro p re s i l e n c e , ou b ie n l ' o n é ch a .irc dos mots qui ne
-
21-
-22t r s n s p o r t e n t r ie n *
îîa lc v o i c i l^ h ouro du donner*
n *i^naulo l* u n &. l ' a u t r e *
" 2
l a même communauté,"
^
A lo rs on
On d éco u v re que l ' o n a p p a r t ie n t r.
'
IsSiat S a in t Exupéry c a l l s lo v e i s , i n i t s h ig h e s t
r o m , coraraxleE}'.!!)— c c n r c ù c fi'iip , th e t i c - /- ic h b in d s men and
p r o d u ce s rew ards w hich do n o t d e c e i v e ,
T!\rouch c o n r r d o sh ln ,
t h o s e who l i v e tra p p e d i n t h e i r p a r t i e : 1 e r s o c ir d sp h e r e ,
ab an d on in g th e d e s t i n y o f th e r a c e t o clr n c o , arc dinn.n
from t h e i r i s o l a t i o n *
R e le a s e d , th e y r e - o r t a b l i s h tliom-
s e lv c D above mere l i v i n r b e i n g s ,
T!iey c o n tin u e th e s p i r ­
i t u a l grow th n e c e s s a r y f o r a p r o g r e s s iv e c u l t u r e .
I t Ic
n o t th e com radesh ip o f e g o i s t s c o n te m p la tin g each o t h e r ,
b u t m inds s t r i v in g , tow ard th e cane g o a l*
" L iés r. nos
f r è r e s p a r un b u t commun e t q u i s e s i t u e h o r s de n o u s,
a l o r s e o v îlen en t noua r o s p ir o n o , e t l 'e x p é r i e n c e nous m ontre
q u 'a im e r , c e n ' e s t p o in t n ou s r e g a r d e r l ' u n l ' a u t r e , m ais
3
r e g a r d e r en sem b le dans l a r.Srr.c d i r e c t i o n ,"
In th e d e s e r t , p e r h a p s , one f o o l s r.nd u n d e rston d s
t h e n e e d o f corm union more th an onywiiere o l o e .^
Tlie d e s e r t
i s a g r o a t s o u r c e o f i n s p i r a t i o n and r e v e l a t i o n .
I t i s an
e j ^ r e s f llo n o f tîie unknown and o f t e n th e un im ow able.
Hei^e
i s a r e a l s e n s a t io n o f ejq can se, o f th e in d iv id u a l red u ced t o
th e b a s i c , o f v a s t , c lo u d l e s s se r ie s , o f an Im n e n sity w îiich
l o s e s a l l r e a l i t y s a v e f o r th e e x i s t e n c e o f " p résen ces"
will oh an im ate h im .
jExupéry*
T hese " p rése n c es" a re d ear t o S a in t
Oliey a r e t h e ercprecoion o f s p i r i t u a l t i e s v/'/ilch
b r i n g l i f e t o i n e r t e x p a n s e s ; w hich evoke a d e s i r e f o r a
-2 >
ren ew al o f c o n ta c ts ,
’üîhat r a ^ e s hlra r e a l i z e th e n eed o f c o o p e r a tio n ?
By
ch an ce y h e h a s an o p p o r tu n ity f o r c o n te m p la tio n ; he awalcens
t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n t h a t *’l* h o n n e n 'e r t ou'u n noeud de r e l a ?
tio n s ,
t h a t "11 e s t p é t r i de l i e n s , "
r^vorythlnf', i s ra n —
p o r t»
The e s s e n c e o f r e a l i t y i s p la c e d In th e c o n s c ie n c e
W hldi m e d it a te s and w hich I n t e r p r e t s or c r e a t e s t h e s e rap ­
p o r ts,
"Quand un h a sa r d é v e i l l e l'a m o u r , t o u t s ' ordonne
dan s l'homme s e l o n c e t amour* e t l'a m o u r l u i a p p o rte l e
s e n tim e n t de l ' é t e n d u e ,"
"Etendue" I s what h a s ra p p o r t
w ith h im , whnt I n t e r e s t s h lm , whnt he d e s i r e s , -;hnt he
lo v e s .
I f one I s w ith o u t e m o tio n s , th e warmest room, tlie
m ost f a s c i n a t i n g c i t y o r t h e m ost b r i l l i a n t ccth erln g - I s
em pty and m e a n in g le s s .
On tlie c o n tr a r y , i f he p o sso n a o s
e m o tio n s , e v en i n a b s o lu t e s o l i t u d e , by th in ]z in g o f th e
so u r c e o f h i s l i f e , by rem em bering h i s h o n e , h i s f a m ily ,
t lie n , th r o u g h t h e m yriad m y s t e r ie s crow d ing th e s i l e n c e ,
" d ' l n v i s i b l e n d i v i n i t é s b â t i s s e n t un r é s e a u de d i r e c t i o n s ,
de p e n t e s e t de s i g n e s , une m u scu la tu re s e c r è t e e t v l v r n t o ,
I l n ' e a t p lu s d ' u n i f o r m i t é , t o u t s ' o r i e n t e , , . .
p o la r is e .
Tout s e
Chaque é t o i l e f i x e un e d i r e c t i o n v é r i t a b l e ,
E l l e s s o n t t o u t e s é t o i l e s de n a g e s ,"
p e o p le d and becom es " é te n d u e ,"
Thus sp a c e i s
The w e a lth and b e a u ty o f
"étendue" a r e p r o p o r t io n a l t o th e t i e s one hac node w ith th e
w o r ld and i t s i n h a b i t a n t s .
" L 'éten d u e n e s e tr o u v e p a s ,
:iillc s e f o n d e , B e s i d e s , vÆiat c r e a t e s and p r e s e r v e s t i e s
isnd r e i a t i o n s l i l p s m ust b e a f f e c t i o n .
A f f e c t i o n i s what
brink's a b o u t th o r e c a l l i n g and vjîiat f i l l s
trio s o l i t u d e ; i t
r e v e a l s th o s e c r o t q u a l i t y o f a c o u n tr y s id e o r nn I n d i v i ­
d u a l,
I t jaalres t h e I n d iv id u a l aware of h i e own e x is t e n c e
and t h e e x i s t e n c e o f o t h e r s ; I t ^ Ivos d i r e c t i o n rnd f o r c e t o
h is r e t s m d to h is l i f e ,
Ih P i l o t e ^
T ills th e ’'ie I s u se d by th e au th or
w e r r e and In L e t t r e à
o ta r e .
/n e n c o u n te r
w ith a young p e a s a n t g i r l a t th e f r o n t d u rin g th e S p an ish
C iv il,W a r , lu n c h w ith a f r i e n d in a s p e c i a l atm osp h ère, th e
exohanj-e o f a s m ile w ith a S p a n ish r e b e l , awaltons him t o th e
g lo w o f human c o r d 3 .a llty ; ho d is c o v e r s h im s e lf to be • nem­
b e r o f th e b r o th e r h o o d o f Man.
H is f o e l i n g o f human c o r d i a l i t y i s perhaps ti'.e
so u r c e o f th e charm o f th e g i r l s c r e a te d by S a in t Sxu pory.
I t may a l s o be th e so u r c e o f th e n o s t a l g i a fo r ’\ l s c’l i l d h o o d , f o r c h ild h o o d i s th e charm in g, in g en u o u s o r ig i n o f
e a c h o f u s ; I t I s tJi© p a r a d is e o f f r e s h m o rn in g s, e n d e a r in g
a n im a ls and wondrous f l o w e r s .
e s t t r e e s im p le *
”V o ic l mon s e c r e t , . .
on n e v o l t b ie n q u 'a v e c l e c o e u r .
II
L 'e s ­
s e n t i e l e s t i n v i s i b l e pou r l e s y e u x * ”^^
I n th e works o f S a in t Exun<Sry, t r u t h i s a r e l c .t l v e
c o n c e p t w hich o r i g i n a t e s i n h i s s ;;n p a tlie tlc c o r d i a l i t y
tow ard p e o p l e ,
Tlius ho o f t e n condon es t r u t h s e s s e n t i a l l y
o p p o s i t e i f th e y c r e a t e f o r th e in d iv i d u a l con cern ed th e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f in d iv id u a l f u lf illm e n t .
La v é r i t é , c e , n ' e s t p o in t c e q u i s e dëmon- .
t r e . S i , dan s ce t e r r a i n e t non dans un a u tr e lo r
o r a n g e r s d é v e lo p p e n t de s o l i d e r a c in e s e t so ch.cr. o n t de f r u i t s , c e t o ïn - r in - lr ., c ' e s t 1 ? v é r i t é dos
o r a n g e r s . SI c e t t e r e l i g i o n , s i c e t t e c u l t u r e , s i
-2 5 -
c e t t e form e d *a c t i v i t é e t non t e l l e a u tr e f a v o r i ­
s e n t drnm l^ ’ionnc c e t t e p l é n i t u d e , d é l i v r e n t en
l u i un Grand s e ig n e u r q u i s ' i - n o r n i t , c ' e s t eue
c e t t e é c h e l l e de v a l e u r s , c o t t e c u l t u r e , c e t t e
for~i’e d ' a c t i v i t é s œ it l a v é r i t é do l'h o n :;e . Ln
lo g iq u e ? ' Q u 'e lle s e d é b r o u i l l e nour ren d re compte
de l a v l e .T '
i ^ a t d o e s i t n a t t e r u n d er w hich p a r ty one s e r v e s in a c i v i l
tm r, i f t h a t p a r t y n ah os o f him a h e r o ?
*'Jo -o no que b ie n
de c o n n a ît r e s ’ i l s é t a i e n t s i n c è r e s ou n o n , lo r iq u o s ou non ,
l e s g ran d s n o ta d e s p o l i t i c i e n s qu i t ' o n t or.noncncé.
S 'ils
o n t p r i s s u r t o i , co^me p e u v e n t r e m or den sem en ces, c ' e s t
q u ' i l s r é p o n d a ie n t à t e s b e s o i n s .
Each f i n d s h i s own la w .
Tu ©s s e u l juge.*'
That I s , l o g i c a l l y , S a in t Exupory
i s l e d tow ard a r e l a t i v e and i n d iv id u a l m o r a lity w hich h as
its
sh a r e o f t r u t h and c o n s id e r a b ly more th on i t s sh are o f
charm— a l i b e r t y w hich can c r e a t e h e r o e s .
In d e e d , i t i s a m ost te m p tin g p r i n c i p l e ; how ever,
t h e r e i s a n o th e r q u e s t io n p e r h a p s more u r g e n t than i n d i v i ­
d u a lity .
The i n d i v i d u a l i s p a r t o f s o c i e t y and must be
g o v e rn ed by i t .
Government can be e x e r c i s e d o n ly by r u l e s ,
la w s and p r e c e p t s \d iic h b e n e f i t th e e n t i r e g ro u p .
C aln t
E xupéry i s e s p e c i a l l y aware o f t h i s f a c t and. In C i t a d e l l e ,
s t r i v e s t o c r y s t a l l i s e and p r e s e n t h i s i î e a c .
A lread y
t h e r e a r e i n d i c a t i o n s i n T erre de§, hommes and Pi l o t e ^
^p iorre, o f a tr e n d away from r e l a t i v i s m , f o r ,uo r c - r liz e s
t h a t i t may l e a d t o a n a r c h y .
The tr e n d i s n o t alw ays
l o g i c a l and i s o f t e n c o n t r a d ic t o r y ; th e r e are t\ro d iv e r g e n t
^ p h ilo so p h ies w h ich he f o l lo w s s i d e by a i d e .
reverence fo r l i f e
The one i s h i s
w h ich i s t o him a su prem ely m a g n ific e n t
-26f o r c e o f o b sc u r e and In d eed m ir a c u lo u s o r i g i n . I t
la
w o n d e rfu l t o c o n te m p la te , and m e r its th e a d m ira tio n and
r e s p e c t o f Man.
When h e sp ea k s o f l i f e , he i n s i s t s t h a t
c e u x %ul 1 o n t g o û té une f o i s n * o u b lie n t p a s c e t t e nour­
r itu r e -
. . .
1 1 ne D * a g it p as de v iv r e d an gereu sem en t.
C e t t e fo rm u le e s t p r é t e n t i e u s e .
aent gu ère.
Ce n ’ e s t p a s l e
que J 'a im e .
C 'e s t l a vle.**^^
Les to r é a d o r s ne me n l a i -
d an ger que J 'a im e . Je s n i s ce
The o t h e r p h ilo s o p h y I s a r a th e r p o o r ly d e fin e d
s p i r i t u a l c o n c e p t.
Everyw here In h i s works th e r e I s th e
b e l i e f t h a t so m e th in g g r e a t e r e x i s t s , t h a t th e r e i s a
S p i r i t above l i f e
and t h a t i t l a what i s e s s e n t i a l .
S p i r i t i s d i f f e r e n t from l i f e .
T his
L i f e i s th e im p u lse which
d o e s n o t know id iere i t i s g o in g , th e so u r c e o f c h a r a c te r
and c o n d u c t, e v e r y a c t and d e s i r e ; i t i s an en erg y which
grow s and e x p a n d s.
The S p i r i t i s d i r e c t i o n and c h o ic e ,
Im ow ledge o f th e u n i v e r s a l , th e r u l e s o f honor and wisdom .
H ow ever, i t i s n o t I n t e l l i g e n c e .
He e s t a b l i s h e s a c le a r
d i s t i n c t i o n b etw een i n t e l l i g e n c e and S p i r i t .
S p ir it i s not
o n ly d i f f e r e n t from i n t e l l i g e n c e ; i t i s h ig h e r .
I n te lli­
g e n c e i s t h e f a c u l t y o f a n a l y s i s w hich d i s t i n g u i s h e s
o b j e c t s ; S p i r i t grasp® t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
I n te llig e n c e
s e e k s th e im m ed iate g o a l; i t
i s c a l c u l a t i n g and a c t s
t h r o u ^ s e l f i n t e r e s t , w h ile
S p i r i t s e e s beyond th e
r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e moment and u n d e r sta n d s what c o n s t i t u t e s
e te r n a l v a lu e s .
S p i r i t l a moved by l o r e and s a c r i f i c e s
•*La f l e u r q u i s e fa n e lâ c h e s a g r a in e , l a g r a in e qui p o u r-
-2 7 -
fon d e s a t i g e * e t de t o u t e c h r y s a lid e o u i s e b r io o s o r ­
t e n t d e s Biles. "15
I t l e so o n a p p a ren t t h a t G a lr t T.:v-'-ér-y* s s t r o n g e s t
I n c l i n a t i o n i s to w a m th e G p l r l t .
:geBtG th e q u e s t io n :
In V ol 'o nn l t * ne su.
"îTous a g i s son s to u jo u r s ," s m s
ï l i v i e r e , "comme s i q u elq u e c’:o so en noue d c n a s s a lt en
v a le u r l a v i e h u m ain e. , . .
l i a i s quol?"^^
The ansuor la
g iv e n In T erre d e s hommea ,in th e c l o s i n g l i n e r :
"Garni
l ' E s p r i t , 0 * 1 1 s o u f f l e su r l a g l a i s e , p e u t c r é e r l'H orm e,"
1T
R is b e l i e f i n th e , f o r e g o in g d ictu m i e sl.o^n: f ’r o u 'h o u t
P i l o t e de g u e r r e .
F i n a l l y , i n C i t a d e l l e , ho a s s e r t s t h a t
th e h i g h e s t a c h ie v e m e n ts , a harm onious l i f e
and on o r d e r ly
s o c i e t y , a r e th ro u g h r e s p e c t f o r a tr a n s c e n d e n t s p i r i t u a l
r e a lity .
ao God:
T h is s p i r i t u a l r e a l i t y l a e v e n t u a lly ('eslcp irted
"Ta pyram ide n 'a p o in t de s e r s s i e l l e ne s ' a -
c h ê v e e n D ie u ."
18
ÎJ ierefo r© , Man i s s p i r i t u a l .
With tri©
c o n v i c t i o n c o n fir m e d , S a in t ihcupéry h e s l t e .t e s no lo n g e r? ho
d e c ld o c t h a t th e a c q u i o i t i o n o f ,h-nowled; ,o i s no lo n g e r
l i m i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t i o n n o r i s i t any lo n g e r l im i t e d t o
th e in d iv id u a l.
M e d ita tio n r e g a in s i t s w orth , f o r the a b so ­
l u t e i s more e a s i l y a t t a i n e d by q u ie t c o n tem p la tio n th an by
a c tio n .
Dane l e D o m in ica in qui p r i e , i l e s t uneo r é s e n c e d e n s e . C et homme n 'o n t jam ais p lu s .lomu.c
que quand l e v o i l à p r o s t e r n é e t im m o b ile . Dams
P a s te u r o u i r e t i e n t son sow. g f i e au—i.o rsu s do nom.
m ic r o s c o p e , i l e s t une m résenco d e n s e . P o n te -r
n ' o o t Jam ais p lu s homme que- quand i l o b s e r v e .
A lo r s 11 ■^rogrenno. A loi s i l s e l . a t c , Alors^ ' 1
,":,vr.ncG à p a s de g o n ' t , b i e n nu ' im m o b ile, e t i.L
découvre l'é t e n d u e .
I-in si C é sa n n e , iim o l i e e t
—28—
Eiuet, en f a c e de so n ébauche e s t d*un© a ro cen ce
I n e e t l n a b l o - I l n * e s t j a n a le p lu n h o m e que l o r s ­
q u ' i l ae t a i t , ép rou ve e t Jupe. A im a s a t o i l e
l u i d e v ie n t p lu s v a s t e que l a n e r , ” '
Through c o n te m p la tio n , Im ou lod re end c r e a t io n , he
g o e s beyond t h e l i f e
fa v o r o f o r d e r -
o f a c t i o n , abandons r e l a t i v i t y In
He h e a d s tow ard th e a b s o lu t e — S n i r l t .
NOTES
CHAPTER IV
âog hommee. p . 4 0 .
L&&, p i 4 3 .
p . 202.
4
Kttguet, S£.
pp. 1 9 -2 3 .
K
Pilote a© m e r r e . p. 9 9 .
^Ibid.. , p . 1 8 4 .
^I M d . . p . 1 0 4 .
8
Antoine d© S«dnt Exup^ry^ Lettre à un otapce (New
York * B r© ntano*o, 1 9 4 2 ), p . 2 8 .
""
9
P i l o t e de r u e r r e . p . 1 0 5 .
^^Le P e t i t P r i n c e , p . 7 2 ,
11
T erre d e s hommes. p . 1 9 0 .
p. 202.
^^ C i t a d e l l e , p . 1 9 1 .
14
T erre des hommes, p p . 1 7 9 -8 0 .
^^ C i t a d e l l e , p . 4 5 .
^^Vol de n u it, p . 1 3 0 .
17
T erre d e s hommes, p . 2 1 8 .
C ita d e lle , p . 2 3 2 .
de puerre. p. 1 0 5 .
-29-
Gî-iAPT'ÏH V
A CODE FOR ::Aïï
S a in t
h a v in g foun d a n e a n in g fo r th e i n d i -
vldttaXÿ acRight th e n t o e s ta h X is h th e a n d ie t j p e s o f nan «nd
a o o ie t y *
H is work a t t h i s p o in t becom es an a f f ir m a t io n o f
h i s f a i t h i n Kan*
® iat© ver l i f e may r e q u ir e o f him* he
n e v e r s t o p s f i g h t i n g "pour un e c i v i l i s a t i o n q u i n c h o i s i
l*Hoiam® p ou r e l e f do v o û t e " ; ^ he o p p o se s "quiconque p r é ­
te n d r a a s s e r v i r a un i n d iv i d u , corme à une m asse d ' i n d i v i d u s , l a l i b e r t é d e l ’Homme*"
2
How, I n s to a d o f a penchan t
f o r p l a c i n g th o e s s e n t i a l I n t h e i n d i v i d u a l , he s t r e r s o c
t h e i d e a o f Kan#., th e p u re s p e c i e s » h ic h g i v e s to th e i n d i ­
v i d u a l h i s v a lu e *
"Ma c i v i l i s a t i o n , " h e w r it e s i n P i l o t e
d e g u e r r e , " r ep o se s u r l e c u l t e de 1*Homme* * . •
Ma
c i v i l i s a t i o n a c h e r c h é à fo n d e r l e s r e l a t i o n s hum aines su r
l e c u l t e d e l'Homme au d e l à d e l'I n d iv id u * " ^
He n e it h e r
p r a i s e s n o r b la m es t h e I n d i v i d u a l , f o r "1*in d iv id u n ' e s t
Jt'
q u 'u n e r o u t e * h*Homme qu i l'em prunt© compte s e u l ."
In
V ol d e n u i t * t h i s c u l t o f Mankind i s c o n fu se d v d th t h a t o f
t h e h e r o who d i e d a i n s th e crow d;
"Leo p e t i t s b o u r g e o is d e s
p e t i t e s v i l l e s to u r n e n t l e s o i r a u to u r de l e u r k io sq u e à
m usiq ue# e t R iv iè r e p e n s a i t ;
c e la n 'a pas de se n s:
'J u s t e ou i n j u s t e e n v e r s e u x ,
5
i l s n 'e x is t e n t p a s .'"
They o x l c t
-3 0 -
-3 1 -
a f t e r th e l e a d e r haa form ed t i e - i , f lv e n them o o u le and
w i l l s , su c c e e d e d In f o r c i n g them o u t o f th e m s e lv e s .^
S s ln t
E x u p d ry 's f i r s t h e r o e s a r e s t e m , r e l e n t l e s s men who a re a t
s l l tim e s r ea d y t o s a c r i f i c e men f o r th o osZ:e o f what Human­
i t y s h o u ld h e .
Though g e n t l e r and w is e r , h i s h e r o e s n e v e r
c o m p le t e ly s u b ju g a te t h e i r s t e r n n e s s .
îh e b u ild e r o f th e
c i t a d e l s t i l l r e p e a t s t h a t man i s n o th in g In h im s e lf a lo n e ,
b u t t h a t h i s v a lu e l i e s in vihat p a s s e s tlirough h im .
He I s
a v e h i c l e , a d e p o s it o r y made w orthy b e c a u se o f th e t r u s t be
has r e c e iv e d .
C o n se q u e n tly , I t l a n o t th e in d iv id u a l to
WÎ10I3 j u s t i c e i s d u e , b u t r a th e r t h a t vrlilcli he c a r r ie s w ith ­
i n h im .
”Etr© j u s t e . . .
me d i t mon p è r e , i l f a u t c h o i s i r .
J u s t e pou r l'a r c h a n g e ou j u s t e pour l'homme?
p l a i e ou p ou r l a c h a ir s a in e ?
J u s t e pour l a
P ourquoi p r e n d r a i- j e l e
p a r t i d e ce q u i e s t c o n tr e c e q u i demeure en p u is s a n c e ?
La
J u s t i c e , s e l o n m o l, me d i t mon p è r e , e s t d 'h o n o r e r l e d èp o G
s l t a l r e à c a u se du d ^ ô t . ”
What, t h e n , d o e s S a in t Exupéry r e q u ir e In Man?
He
s u g g e s t s a s m o d e ls, men l i k e h i s f r ie n d O u llla u ra e t, vho
e x p r e s s th e f i n e s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f Hen—hum anness.
He
e n l i g h t e n s u s w ith t h e e p is o d e c o n c e r n in g G u llla u m et who,
f o r c e d down i n t h e A n des, d is c o v e r s t h a t t h e r e I s some th in g
s u r p a s s in g s e l f ; t h a t I t i s n o t a q u e s t io n o f courage v/hlch
I s m e r e ly th e r e s u l t o f th e e v e n t s In w hich th e I n d iv id u s !
5.S I n v o lv e d , b u t r a t h e r o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
t h e key*
U p r lr h tn e ss I s
"E tre homme, c ' e s t p r é c is é m e n t ê t r e r e s p o n s a b le ." ^
O u llla u r a e t, when h e s a y a , "Ce que j ' a l f a i t ,
je te l e
ju r e ,
-3 2 -
Jüraaifî auoune b a t e rxo 1 *a u r a it, f r i t , "
exprorn oc tJi© t r a i t
w hich s e t s Man above th e a n i- .a lc , - m c h -n h eo h in a human
b e lU 0 «
I t i s th e i n s t i n c t o f th e I n d iv id u a l f a c i n r d e s t in y }
I t I s t h e u s e o f i n t e l l i g e n c e - t o a ss u r e a v i c t o r y o f th e
Mind o v e r th e body and o v e r th e e le m e n t s .
M oreover, i t i s
t h e r e s u l t o f r e c o g n iz ln r ; t'xat nan i s n o t in tCno u o r ld
a l o n e , b u t t h a t h e h a s h i s d u ty t o o t h e r s .
S o , nhon S a in t
Exup<$ry c r o c h e s i n th e L yb ian D e s e r t , he r e a l i z e s t h a t i f
h e w ere t r u l y a lo n e , he would abandon l i a
fa v o r o f b l i s s f u l d e a th .
f i y h t f o r l i f e in
H owever, he i s n o t a lo n e end
b e c a u s e o f th e p i t y , ho f e e l s f o r th o s e do’-'oadinc upon him ,
h e r e p r e s s e s h i s d e s i r e f o r d eath ? h e f e e l s h i s r e s p o n s i b i l ­
ity *
’^Cïiaque se c o n d e d e s i l e n c e a s s a s s in e un pou cour, que
j'a im e *
. * ,
vons * , . . "
11
P a t ie n c e t . . *
Kous a r r i v o n s ! . . ,
Nous a r r l -
Torn betvpsen m é d ita tio n and a c t i o n , ho b e l i e v e s
h e ha® foun d t h e a n sw e r.
Look f o r q u a l it y w hich can be
fou n d o n ly i n g e n u in e a c t i o n and r e a l p e o p le .
t h e r e a l e s s e n c e o f t h e human b e in g ,
Q u a lity i s
He w ish e s and h op es
t h a t men may l i v e i n a c t i v e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e i r r e s p o n s ­
i b i l i t y j t h a t th e y may a c h ie v e a w orld In u 'd c h nan l i v e s
f o r Men and n o t f o r a s i n g l e s p e c i a l g r o u p ,
H o w v e r , i n th e l a s t p a g e s o f T erre d e s hommes, he
warns a g a i n s t r eg a r d in g , Man a s th e supreme g o a l ,
Vhat i s
r e a l l y worWiy o f n.dmiratlOTi i s what h a s foinaed th e n a n .
12
He p r o p o s e s hi® a r c h e ty p e o f man a s a p o s s i b l e g o a l f o r our
a m b it io n , a s a p o s s i b l e i d e a l , an ejcannlo o f th e p r o g r e ss
l a t e n t i n th e p r e s e n t c o n t r a d ic t o r y s o c i e t y .
-3 >
î’*iii*t<I'LBriaoT*e, h.6 t e l l s u s t h o t we sj*e s t i l l ig'nox*©rit
a lm o st a l l th e oond* t io n a w' 1 ch f o s t e r human g r e a t n e s e .
He I n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e c o n d it io n s appear to im oly a d i s c i a s c a l e o f v a l u e s , o f which we have o n ly a con fu sed
id e a *
H ow ever, i t i s im p e r a tiv e f o r u s t o se ek to kno’.- and
t o u n d e r sta n d them .
The su p rem ely human q u a l it y i s l a t e n t i n everyon e
ev eryw h ere*
T h rea ten ed by w ar, s i c k n e s s , d i s a s t e r , any
e x t r a o r d in a r y i n c i d e n t , one becom es a s though o u t s id e him­
s e l f ; one seem s t o s e e k th e r e a l e s s e n c e — th e e s s e n t i a l o f
h i s b e in g w hich i s alw a y s e x i s t e n t though o f t e n unknown.
Lack o f o p p o r tu n ity a lo n e p e r m its t h i s e s s e n t i a l to go on
s le e p in g ,
"Faute d ’ o c c a s io n s n o u v e l l e s , f a u t e de t e r r a in
f a v o r a b l e , f a u t e de r e l i g i o n e x ig e a n t e , i l s
s e so n t r e n ­
d orm is sa n s a v o ir cru en le u r p rop re grandeur,"^ ^
î h i s la c k o f o p p o r tu n ity i s blam ed on s l a v i s h sub­
m is s io n t o s o c i e t y .
Man i s i n s p ir e d w ith a d e s i r e fo r
freed om from s t a g n a t io n ; he m ust be d e l i v e r e d .
However,
h i s freedom c o n s t i t u t e s a r e a l e q u a l i t y w hich i s opposed t o
p o l i t i c a l e q u a lity ; p o l i t i c a l e q u a lity i s a sn a re.
F o llo w ­
in g th e th o u g h t, one d i s c o v e r s a f i n e e v o lu t io n o f c i v i l i ­
z a tio n .
C i v i l i z a t i o n ’ s p u rp o se i s n o t t o make th e w orld
more p r a c t i c a l , more h a b it a b le or more c o m fo r ta b le , b u t t o
g i v e t o th e human p a r t o f th e i n d iv i d u a l th e a t t e n t io n i t
d e s e r v e s ; in v e n t i o n and te c h n iq u e s m ust be su b o r d in a te d to
th e i n d i v i d u a l .
The e s s e n t i a l i s n o t found i n any p e r t i c u l e r e v e n t
•3 ^
Oï* c o n d lt.lo n t w t y a t h e r l îi any e v e n t wîilch ■
nan a '/-y
i^ouBlng^ jlIhiogXI* and. f i n d in g Tiis ovm conrcloiiB nnro and
k l 6 own m is s io n *
3o h e o u t l i n e s a s o r t o f humanism vd.th hlf^h s t a n ­
d a rd s*
He r e v e r e s and n u r tu r e s th e h lrh n r.t i n man and
d ls o o u n t s I n d iv id u a l h a p p in e s s and r i g h t s vhen e i t h e r th e
i n t e r e s t s o f hu m anity o r s o c i e t y and o r d e r ly c l v l l l z a t l c r .
aro a t s t a k e .
O nly i n t h a t way can th e r e he a t r u ly 'rjr*-
monioUR l i f e ,
"Los d r o i t s de
C i t a d e l l e , "où c o m m en cen L -llsî
he w r it e s in
Car Jr co r m is l e s d r o i t s
du te m p le q u i e s t se n s d e s p i e r r e s , e t l e s d r o i t s de l'e m ­
p i r e q u i e s t s e n s d e s hommes, e t l e s d r o i t s du po&me qui
e s t se n s^ d e m o ts .
M ais jo ne r e o o n n a le p o in t l e - d r o i t s
d e s p i e r r e s eontr© l e te m p le , n i l e s d r o i t s d es mots c o n tr e
14
l e poèm e, n i l e s d r o i t s de l'h o n n e c o n tr e l'e m p ir e ,"
One
may wonder i f he i s n o t c o n tr a d ic t ir .y ’i l s humanism and
s u p p o r tin g p r e c e p t s will oh he o p p o se s a t o th e r t im e s .
Here
a g a in th e d u a l te n d e n c y o f S a in t E x u p ery 's n a tu r e sa v e s
him#
A d m itte d ly , h i s tem peram ent p u sh es him to v r r d a m oral
cod e o f a r i s t o c r a t i c q u o .lity and o r d e r .
A d u ltt c d ly , t ’. l s
code w ould seem t o en d an ger th e f u tu r e o f th e l e s s f o r t u ­
n a t e members o f s o c i e t y .
But h i s g e n e r o s i t y , bene v o le -ice
and p i t y tow ard manlcind a r e p erm an en tly p a r t s o f M s n a tu r e .
From V ol Ce m i l t t o T erre d e s hommes, one s o c s hlm p a s s
from h ero ism t o a humanism i n w hich s e r v i c e , b ro th erh o o d ,
p r o g r e s s and group h a p p in e s s g u id e th e r e d l y s u p e r io r man
"to a b a la n c e b etw een a u t h o r it y and l o v e .
Of c o u r s e , th e
-55v^t'.veï'inf “betiV.'een 't:'voo© o p p o s it e s o?.'i n e v e r be e n t i r e l y
e lim in a te d *
H ow ever, S a in t ZxL\pery door n o t te :'d toward
i ïi d e o l s l o i i n o r tow ard e y n c b r o n ir n , b u t r a th e r he c r e a t e s a
s y n th o B in .
B etw een c o m p lete e q u a l i t y and s t r i c t a r i s t o ­
c r a c y , h e u n d orstan d n and h on ors hrn as th o e s s e n c e in th e
i n d i v i d u a l ; th u s h e d o e s n o t e x c lu d e tho m ost h rn b le fi'or.
h is ord er.
He e a r n e s t l y d e s i r e s t h a t tir^,-, t o o , si: u ld
f i n d t h e e s s e n c e o f Man v d th in t h e n s e l v o s ,
^ 'a c i v i l i s a t i o n
r e p o s e our l e c u l t e de I'hom ne à t r a v e r s l e s in d iv id u s." ^
He i n c lu d e s a l l n o t j u c t morne.
In th e o x îD te r c c o f th e c l i l d o f c P o li s h cm lrnrnt
f a m i ly , he s e e s a s o r t o f d i v i n e b e a u ty i n p o t e n t i a l s \;hich
may w e ll be s p o i l e d and b u r le d In wrc tch ed n e i s ,
T ie c h ild
I s th e sym bol o f a l l p o t e n t i a l s in a l l men— p o t e n t i a l s
v/hich a r e n e v e r r e a l i s e d ,
t h a t to rm en ts him i s n o t th e
m is e r y o f th o i n d i v i d u a l , f o r a f t e r o i l , one mr.;- s e t t l e
down, i n t o m ise r y a© e a s i l y a s i n t o s l o t h f u l n e s r ,
”Ce qui
no to u r m e n te , c e n e s o n t n i c e s c r e u x , n i c e s b o e s r o , n i
c e t t e la id e u r .
C 'e s t un p e u , dans chacun de c e s hommes,
16
îîo a a r t a n s a s s l n d ,**
He w ould p r e v e n t t h e “M ozart a s s a s s i n é . “
T h e r e fo r e ,
i n p la c e o f an i n d l v l d u a l i s n go v ern ed by i n s t i n c t s and
a p p e t i t e s , h e s u b e t l t u t e s a p e r s o n a lis m founded on S p i r i t
sn d l o v e ;
he s t r i v e s f o r a h ie r a r c h y formed by s t a r e s o f
s p ir itu a l p ro g ress.
Thin h i e r c r c ’iy i s o n v is lo n s c veyond
m a t e r i a l i s t i c dem ocracy i d t h i t s ten d e n c y t o p la c e everyon e
on th e same l e v e l .
Thourh t h e nsmo b a s i c t r e n d s , tlir sa^c c o n tra r y
f o r c e s , th e same s e c r e t h e s i t a t i o n s aro e v id e n t th rou gh ou t
th e worlts o f S a in t Sxup(?ry, one can n o te an e v o lu t io n in
hlB th o u g h t.
Thus from an a lm o st K ie t s s c h la n p h ilo s o p h y o f
th e superman foun d i n Vol de n u i t , he p a n ses t o th e com­
p a s s io n o f T erre d e s hommes and th en t o what may be c a ll e d
a s o r t o f tr a n sc e n d e n c y In P i l o t e de g u e r r e . L e ttr e & un
o ta g e and Le P e t i t P r in c e .
F i n a l l y , In C i t a d e l l e , he
a sse m b le s a more d i s c i p l i n e d and p o s i t i v e p r e s e n t a t io n o f
h is code.
He s t r i v e s alw ays f o r o r d e r ; he w ants i t around
h i m s e l f , f o r th e n I t I s c i v i l i s a t i o n ; and w ith in h i m s e l f ,
f o r th e n I t I s s e r e n i t y and p e a c e .
I t h a s b een shown t h a t c i v i l i z a t i o n f o r S a in t
Exup^ry i s f i r s t o f a l l a c r e a t io n o f mon i n which he p ro ­
lo n g s or p r o j e c t s h i s t r a n s i t o r y m o r ta l s e l f beyond d e a th .
However, In a d d i t io n , i t I s a c o h e r e n t e d i f i c e w ith in whloh
he f i n d s th e c o n d it io n s o f h i s m a t e r ia l and s p i r i t u a l l i f e
and th u s th e s e c r e t o f h a p p in e s s .
No dou bt c i v i l i z a t i o n
h a s econom ic c o n d it io n s ; th e s e r v i c e s o f th.e Icltch en are
17
v i t a l , f o r w ith o u t fo o d , th e r e would be no men.
However,
t lia t i s n o t th e m ost im p o r ta n t c o n d it io n ; t ’-e r o a l o f
c lv ilia a tla n i s s p ir itu a l.
The le a d e r a ff ir m s t h a t h a p p i­
n e s s among th o p e o p le c o u ld n o t e x i s t i n p r o v is io n s a lo n e ;
th e im p orta.i t c o n d it io n i s t h a t o f ti'.e s e r v i c e s w hic’i a s s u r e
th e q u a l it y o f Man.
I t i s n o t m a t e r ia l loirer n or r i c ’ios
will eh b in d th e community t o g e t h e r ,
Tlicy d e s t r o y i t .
1o
R a th e r , i t i s a common g o a l o r f a i t h , '
" F o r c c -le c à b â t i r
•37*
un© t o u r , e t tu le© changera© en f r e r e c .
’"r.ls s i tu veu x
j
qu’i l »
s© h a ïs s e n t »
j e t t e - l e u r du f?rain.'* '
He nr.kes an
a p o lo g y f o r c i v i l i z a t i o n and, In h lo s e a r c h f o r q u a l i t y , i s
c o n v in c e d o f i t s g l o r i o u s fu tu r e *
As a d e fe n d e r o f c i v i l i ­
z a t i o n , S a in t Exupéry s e i z e s u p o n .tw o a o r e or l e s s human­
i s t i c id e a s i n C i t a d e l l e «
o f s t r u c t u r e s o f a l l k in d s ,
% e f i r s t id e a i s th e im portance
Man i s n o t th e n o b lo sa v a g ej
t h a t i s a myth; t r u t h i s on th e a id e o f c i v i l i z a t i o n .
he m oral and t o be happy a s w e l l , Man n e e d s la w s .
To
M so , i t
i s n o t n a t u r e , b u t m a in ly th o i n s t i t u t i o n whloh i s th e
o r i r i n o f Han,
J e n ' d t a i s p o in t a ss e z ^ n a i'f pour c r o ir e quo l a f i n
do I ’em piro é t a i t dun ? c e t t e f - t i i i t ' ^ do ir. v e r t u ,
sa c h a n t a v ec tr o p de c l a r t é que c o t t e f a j ^ l l i t e de
l a v e r tu é t a i t duc à l a f i n "'e l 'c ^ p ir e ,^ ^
La p o u r r it u r e de mes ho^mnor. e s t a v a n t t o u t p o u r r i­
t u r e do l ’ o'uuir© r u i fon d e l^'o hommcr, '
I f one a llo w s -^or an c x c e r r o f c o r v i c t i o n in th o f o r c r o in r
i d e a , i t r e g a in s a f a c t t h a t w ith o u t I c m
and
in -'titu tlo n a ,
Mon d o e s n o t p r o p r e s » .
The rocond id e a i s t h a t c i v i l i z a t i o n Ir r o t o n ly
e x t e r n a l c o n s t r a i n t s , i t I s r i t e s and a c c e p te d o r d e r; n o t
j u s t c o d e s , b u t cero:'onioD and t h e r e f o r e t':c s c a r c e o f
h o o p in o e s , s e c u r i t y and a o r e r l t y .
j'é c r is le s lo is ,
je fou-'e 1 ^'S f c t c e ,
cw ic l e c ' c f ,
It
j ’ o r io r n e l e s
s a c r i f i c e r , e t , de l e u r s me-to^ s , de Icur^ c h c v r c -, de
le u r s d em eu res, de l e u r s m o n ta y rcs, je t i r e c e t t e c i v i l i ­
s a t i o n , se m b la b le au p a l a i s de mon p è r e , où to u s l e s pas
-38o n t un z e n e ."
So c i v i l i z a t i o n oror.lJ be ru ch t h r t c-ach
s t e p h as a s l c n l f l c a n c e ; a. s o c i a l s t a t e Liiere one f e e l s a t
e a s e ; where one c lv e n h i s c o n s e n t; •/'■ere o r e can ^ iv e h i s
fu lle s t,
Thus r i c h , p o o r , w lc c , p c '/c r f u l, I'a c le r and
•worker are •v in d ic a te d In a s o c i e t y - iilo h has b oth poal and
B l c n if l c a n o e ,
So th e c r e a to r o f s o c i a l o rd er i s n o t a
d i c t a t o r \Aio maJces in d iv i d u a l s a llh .e and heops them to p e tîie r
by d i n t o f f o r c e , b u t th e la w g iv e r who f i x e s them t ’lrougji
fa ith , '
L ik e th e b u ild e r o f th e c i t a d e l , he g iv e s to each
s to n e i t s m eaning i n th e s t r u c t u r e ,
”La c o n t r a in t e v a la b le
e s t e x c lu s iv e m e n t c o l l e q u i t e soum et au tem p le s e lo n t a
s ig n ific a tio n ,
_
24
l'a m o u r .
I
H
• . «
Ha c o n t r a in t e e s t cérém o n ia l de
ÎÎOTIJS
GHAP?1'"Î V
^P i l o t e de fm e r r e . p . 240*
" Ib lc l. . p . 2 4 2 ,
p , 2 1 9 -2 2 .
4
I b l d p* 2 1 4 .
"V ol de n u i t , p , 4 0 .
'"I b l d . . 4 9 .
^C i t a d e l l e . p , 4 3 9 ,
P.
I b id . , p , 47.
r,
" l’o iT e de .0 lionne o . p , 5 5 ,
10
I b id . .
p. 93.
^^I b l d . .
p . 155.
^^I b lc U .
p . 191.
14
15
C ita d e lle , p . 230.
P ilo te
de ;2u e r r o . p . 2 1 9 .
T erre dea
17
hommoR. p p .
2 1 7 -1 8 .
C ita d e lle , p . 8 2 .
18
N ote a s t r o n g r e s s e n b lo n c o t o th e ’’Unanlnlsiae*' o f
J u l e s Romaine In h i? Id e e o f r n b o r d in r tio n o f th r in r li v i d u a l t o th e g r o u p .
^^C i t a d e l l e , p . 5 1 .
20
I b i d , , p. 67.
-7 n -
-4 0 -
PI
Citadelle. t>. 7 5 ,
ï d - «# p» 3P*
I b id ., P . 2 3 3 .
’ rpld. . pp. 24€-49.
CHAPTER VI
THE MESSAGE
B r i e f l y , t h e n , l e t u s eustm arize th e S a in t E xnperlan
id e a s o o v e re d i n t h i s s t u d y .
F i r s t o f n i l , th e e s s e n c e o f
o i v l l l s a t l o n i s s p i r i t u a l , thou gh econom ic and p o l i t i c a l in
s t r u c t u r e Î i t i s a h ie r a r c h y o f v a l u e s , a sh a r in g o f f a i t h ;
i t i s an a c t o f th e S p i r i t .
k n o t;
Then, t h e r e i s th e id e a o f th e
r e a l i t y i s n o t t o bo found i n t h in g s b u t in th e Im ot
t h a t b in d s th o n t o g e t h e r .
The n a t io n i s n o t th e sum o f
i n d iv i d u a l s n a ilin g up a crowd, b u t r a th e r th e t i e s o f lo v e
and f a i t h by w hich th e y ore u n i t e d .
The on ;-ire i s n o t g o o d s,
la w s , arms and c i t i z e n s , b u t r a th e r th e id e a around lAiloh
t h e s e t h i n g s a r e u n it e d so t h a t o rd er in c r e a te d .
There­
f o r e , i t i s a c t u a l l y th e S p i r i t w hich an im ates and J u s t i ­
f i e s th e e x i s t e n c e o f i n s t i t u t i o n s .
I t would bo absurd f o r
Man t o l i v e end d i e f o r t h in g s w orth l e s s th o n h im s e lf ; b u t
i t I s q u i t e a p p r o p r ia te f o r him t o do so f o r th e d iv in e t i e
t h a t b in d s ,
Mon t e r r i t o i r e e s t b ie n o u tr e o lio se que c e s m outons,
c e s c iie v r e s , c e s dem eures e t c e s m on tagn es, m ais c e
qu i l e s dom ine e t l e s n o u e .
Car Tu e s . S e ig n e u r , l a commune m esure de l ' u n e t
de l ' a u t r e . Tu e s l e noeud e s s e n t i e l d ' a c t e s
d iv e r s ,2
-4 l-
—
42—
One d o e s n o t d ie f o r t h e t h in g s t h a t
up a
c i v i l i z a t i o n ; one d i c e t o gave ”1 ' I n v i s i b l e noeud qui l e s
noue e t l e s ch an ge en d om ain e, en e m p ire , • • •
La m ort
"2
p a le à c a u se do l* a ra o u r.”
S a in t Eücup^ry a c c u s e s s o c i e t y o f te n d in g toward a
d e c e p t iv e e q u a l i t y among m en.
Men %hoEe t i c s anc conntm lon
h ave b e e n b rok en by t h i s e q u a l i t y e r e l e f t f l o a t i n g i n a
s o r t o f vacuum o f I r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ,
.S».ip^rlan c i v i l i z a t i o n i s Man,
Tl'.o k e y s to n e o f S a in t
Kan, l i k e th e s t o n e s o f th e
c a t h e d r a l, g i v e s s i g n l f l c a n c o and l i f e t o m a t e r i a ls .
Men
tr a n s c e n d s th e crowd t o r e a c h th e e s s e n t i a l n a r t o f h i s
b e in g — q u a l i t y .
R e a l is in g h i s own s i r r .i f i c a n o e , he rauct
f r e e h i m s e l f from th e mass and ta k e p a r t In c r e a t in g Man.
Man m ust b e r e s p o n s i b l e , a c t i v e , l i v i n g ; he m o t know and
a c c e p t h i s r o l e , "car c e q u i donne un se n s a l a v i e donne
un s e n s à l a m o rt." ^
Upon t h i s p r e m is e , th o n . S a in t Exup^ry founds h i s
c o n c e p t o f l i b e r t y b a sed on h le r a r d h y , o r d e r , r i t u a l and
S p ir it,
Tiae supreme a c t o f l i b e r t y would be to a c c e p t
c o n s t r a i n t s , n o t t o su b m it t o , o r t o l e r a t e th e n , b u t to
c o n s e n t t o , and approve th e n as r u l e s ; th rou gh t h i s a c c e p t ­
a n c e , one e s c a p e s th e anzciety o v e r m an's f r a g i l i t y and h i s
o o litu d © ; he f i n d s h a p p in e ss and p e a c e In m ea n in g fu l a c t io n
s u b o r d in a te d t o a p la n ,
A p p e llc s - t u l i b e r t é l e d r o i t d 'e r r e r dans l e v id e ?
En m&!@ tem ps q u ' e s t fo n d ée l a c o n t r a in t e d ’une
v o i e , c ' e s t s a l i b e r t é qu i s ' augm ente. , , • a t
l ' e n f a n t t r i s t e s ' i l v o l t Jouer l e s a u t r e s , ce q u ' i l
r écla m e d 'a b o r d , c ' e s t q u 'on l u i im pose l e s r é g l é s
-43“
du Jeu q u i s e u l e s l e f e r o n t d e v e n ir .
c
L ib e r t y i n i t s h i g h e s t form i s c o n se n t to o r d e r .
In f a c t ,
t h e w o r st f a t e , a c c o r d in g t o G ain t "xup^ry, i s f o r Man to
he l o s t "dans un© sem ain e sa n s J o u r s, dans une armée sa n s
fe te s
;
f o r Man t o b e w ith o u t h ie r a r c h y , ajid to d e s tr o y h i s
ovm r e s t r a i n t s i n o r d e r t o f e e l I ^ e r .
"Car i l a ’ e s t apparu
que l'homme é t a i t s o n b la b le à l a c i t a d e l l e .
I l r e n v e r se l e s
murs p ou r s ' a s s u r e r l a l i b e r t é , n a is i l n ' e s t p lu s que f o r ­
t e r e s s e d é m a n te lé e e t o u v e r te eu x é t o i l e s .
A lo r s commence
l ' a n g o i s s e qu i e s t de n ' ê t r e p o i n t . . . .
7
c o n s t r u i r a i dans l e co eu r do 1 ' homme."
C i t a d e l l e , Je t e
Now, th e t r u l y e s s e n t i a l p o in t in our a u t l o r ' s id e a s
i s reached:
a c i t a d e l i n th e h e a r t o f Man.
The order o f
c i v i l i s a t i o n i s n o t J u s t e x t e r n a l; i t ta h o s r o o t i n th e
c o n s c ie n c e ; I t f l o u r i s h e s i n an i n t e r n a l p e a c e .
Ho doubt
p e a c e I s harmony; th o p la c in g o f each t h in g in i t s p la c e i n
a c co r d \f lt h th e r u l e s .
p o in t:
There l a a n o th er a s p e c t t o t h i s
"Ha c o n t r a in t e e s t c é r ém o n ia l de l'a m o u r." ^
Cer­
t a i n l y , t h e r e can be no p e a c e w ith o u t o r d e r; a ls o th e r e can
be no l i f e v jith o u t a f f e c t i o n ,
Thir i s th e g r e a t th e r e
t h i s h ru n s th ro u g h th e works o f S a in t E xupéry.
A f f e c t io n
and f e r v o r w hich f in d t h e i r g o a l , w hich ch o o se t h e i r c u l t
and w hich p r e f e r l o y a l t y , d u ty and o r d er t o an i l l u s i o n o f
lib e r ty .
They a r e t o be r e s p e c te d a s c r e a t i v e .
J e sau ve c e l l e - l à s e u l e qui p e u t d e v e n ir ,^ c t s 'o r *
don ner a u to u r de l a cour i n t é r i e u r e , de même eue l e
c 4 d r e s ' é d i f i e a u to u r de sa g r a in e e t t r o u v e , dans
s e s p r o p r e s l i m i t e s , son é p a n o u isse m e n t. Je sauve
c e l l e - l à . . . n u i n 'a im e p o in t d 'a b o rd l'a m o u r n a is
• 'I
t e l v is a g e p a r t i c u l i e r q u 'a p r i s I ' r r o i r . '
The g o a l o f th e h u n rrd o t i s to o n lir h t e n and p e r ­
p e t u a t e th e prim acy o f Han o v er th e I n d iv id u a l; he f a i l s by
n e g l e c t i n g th e e s s e n t i a l a c t s — s a c r i f i c e and c h a r in g . Ilow
10
r e lig io n s
w hich o r e op p osed t o them sta n d f o r c o l l e c t i v ­
i t y , th e good o f til© p a r t i c u la r grou p , and ^ b rgot to r o s p o c t
Man*
A new humanism m is t r e s t o r e Man through n e t s ; Man must
become a g a in t h e common den om in ator o f p e o p le s and r a c e s •
îh e n , th e q u a l i t i e s w hich are r e s p o n s ib le fo r th e grandeur
o f Man— q u a l i t i e s th r e a te n e d by Lb© noi: r e l i g i o n s —must be
p r o t e c t e d , s tr e n g th e n e d and r.groad, i f wo aro to c o n tin u e
th e p r o g r e s s o f c i v i l i s a t i o n *
"Oli lo g o l a vdrit<5 de l ' homme?"
a u z homines?"
"Quo fan I-1 1 l i r e
S a in t Mcap<5r.y*s nnrwers aro ;
ham 's t r u t ' i s
found i n c o n s t r a i n t s , o r d e r and a c c e p ta n c e .
‘I hrouyh h lo
a c t e , Man m e t f in d a s p i r i t u a l e l n i f l c r n c e i n h lo o'ci
b e in g , f o r o n ly i n
îten*
bo
d o in g can h e r e g a in r. r e g r o c t fo r
Tlien Maa, c o n s c io u s o f h i a r ô l e , can a c h ie v e h a p ; i-
n e s s and p ea ce*
S a in t Exur^r^r'a c o n c e p t o f wisdom , h a p p in e ss and
a f f e c t i o n I m p lie s so m e th in g s u r p a s s in g everyd ay v a lu e s and
p erh a %38 ev en th o p e r s o n a l God t o wb.on a p p ea l must bo mado *
1:1s God g i v e s f r e e l y o f h i m s e l f to th e w ise who a re w i l l i n g
t o d i s c i p l i n e t h e m s e lv e s and su b m it t o order*
H is i s th e u lt im a t e i n h u m a n istic th o u g h t which
assum es f u l l y th e v a lu e s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n , o r r a r g ir g th en
around th e S p i r i t .
I t i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e ll b a la n c e d .
-45—
a r lD t o c r a t i c u lt h o u t d ls c la ln o r
c::cobg
p r .i la n t 'r ortie
w ith o u t i l l u o i o n o r s e n t i n e n t a l i t y ; in d iv i - i u a l lD t ic vrithout
a n a rch y; p o e t i c , oven n y c t i c a l , y e t r o a l l o t l o r.rJ. n o o i t l v e .
I t i s above a l l , ; on erou e and p r o y r o o s lv c .
S a in t E x u p o ry 's r o l e , one may s a y , ir, t h a t o f a
se co n d Prom otheue who, f o r th e s a l v a t i o n o f h e n , aouyht to
r e p l e n i s h th e flam e s t o l e n from th e yod n .
FOT‘,:S
CHAPTER V
^Citadelle, p. n?.
^ ib ia , . p . 5 3 1 .
3
'
'
'
I b id . . p . 6 5 .
4
Torro do^ honmes. p, 210,
^C it a d e lle , p . 223.
^ I b l R .. p, 2 8 .
7
I b id . . p . 25.
^ X bitl. . p . 2 4 9 .
^I M d .fc p . 2 4 ,
Tae r e l l c l o n o r e f e r r e d to by S a in t Szupdry are
a o t u a l l y t l ie o r l e e o f ggovem aent su ch a s N azism , F ascism
and Goranunlsn.
^46»
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A.
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—
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