Introduction to Linguistics Word order and meaning

Introduction to Linguistics
Word order and meaning
Class 7
Dylan Glynn
www.dsglynn.univ-paris8.fr
[email protected]
Synonymy Study – for homework
Due 10 April
You can come to see me on Wednesdays in D316!
Let’s look at it.
Homework – Synonymy
Part 1 – Data
Step 1. – Find two words which are very similar in meaning, two words you can’t easy
decide what the difference is.
Step 2. – Open an account with Davies on-line corpora.
Step 3. – Choose a corpus
Step 4. – Using Firefox, search for one of the lexemes in the corpus.
Step 5. – Copy 20 examples of the word and paste into Excel
Step 6. – Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the second lexeme.
Your table should now have 40 examples in it.
Step 7. – Delete the columns you don’t need
Step 8. – Wrap text for the data column
Homework – Synonymy
Part 2 – Hypothesis and Analysis
Step 1. – Propose a hypothesis about the difference in meaning. You can use a
dictionary to help you.
Step 2. – Create a new column in your table with a label indicating the hypothetical
difference
Step 3. – Read each example and indicate in the second column if your hypothesis is
true for each example.
Revision - Figurative Signs
Metaphor
Semantic relation of similarity
The moon is a beacon of our love
La lune est le phare de notre amour
Metonymy
Semantic relation of contiguity
The ham sandwich wants the bill
Table 6 veut payer!
Métaphore conceptuelle
But Conceptual Metpahor and metonymy are special cases – because they are not
at all special !!
Conceptual metaphors are part of the grammar of a language, maybe even part
of the grammar of a culture !
Le Temps...
Comment comprenons-nous le temps ?
On ne peut pas le voir, le sentir, l’entendre...
L'heure arrive où le père doit passer de l'autre côté
Pâques arrive bientôt donc j'ai préparé quelques petites choses
La raison pour laquelle on est seule à Noël est quelquefois une raison triste.
Demain on va se voir à midi pour un match
Sur ta copie d'écran on voit que le 22 janvier est avant le 26 janvier qui lui-même
avant le 13 février qui est lui même avant le 16 février
La manucure prestige avec french, quant à elle, si le rendez-vous est avant 9h ou après
19h cela vous coutera 95€
Argument is war
Vos affirmations sont indéfendables.
Il a attaqué chaque point faible de mon argumentation.
Ses critiques visaient droit au but.
J'ai démoli son argumentation.
Je n'ai jamais gagné sur un point avec lui. Tu n'es pas d'accord?
Alors, défends-toi!
Si tu utilises cette stratégie, il va t'écraser.
Les arguments qu'il m'a opposés ont tous fait mouche.
Exercise 1
TIME is MONEY
In French, can you think of metaphoric examples that would support
the existence of a metaphor, TIME is MONEY?
Work in Groups
Tu me fais perdre mon temps.
Ce procédé vous fera gagner des heures et des heures.
Je n'ai pas de temps à te donner.
Comment gérez-vous votre budget-temps?
Réparer ce pneu crevé m'a coûtéune heure.
J'y ai mis beaucoup de temps.
Je n'ai pas de temps à perdre.
Il ne te reste plus beaucoup de temps.
Tu dois économiser ton temps.
Mets du temps de côté pour jouer au ping-pong.
Cela vaut-il la peine que tu y consacres du temps?
Son temps ne lui appartient pas.
Vous ne profitez pas du temps que vous avez.
J'ai perdu beaucoup de temps quand je suis tombé malade.
Merci de nous avoir· donné de votre temps.
Exercise 2
Finding metaphors and metonyms in normal texts
Let’s look at an online newspaper....
Exercise 3
Source domain BODY
Exercise 1.
a. List all the body part lexical metaphors you can think of.
To get you started
Eye someone up, you have my heart, she is quite a handful... etc.!
b. Are any conceptual metaphors emerging?
Blends!
A third type of figurative sign is the blend
Traditional Blending
* breakfast + lunch → brunch
* camera + recorder → camcorder
* education + entertainment → edutainment
* information + commercial → infomercial
* motor + hotel → motel
* simultaneous + broadcast → simulcast
* smoke + fog → smog
Conceptual Integration – Blending
simple!
Blended Space
Input Space 1
Input Space 2
Types of Figurative Signs
ceptual+Relations+
Similarity “Metaphor”
Part-whole “Metonymy”
Blend “Integration”
Blending is very important in advertising
Let’s look at some examples
1
Anti smoking campaign
2
Lung cancer foundation passivesmokingkills.org
3
Carlsberg- Probably the best beer in
the world.
4
Visit .cruiseshipcenters.com –
Dreaming of a Mediterranean
cruise?
5
Culinary Delights – Fresh'n Wild
6
Lifebuoy, hand wash gel - You eat
what you toch.
7
www.kqv.de - Dental insurance
8
Pharos Bilingual Dictionary, English
Afrikaans – Truely bilingual
9
Zoo safari- blend in
10
Fujifilm -
11
Playstation 3 slim – will make girls
to want to get into your pants
12
Playstation 2
13
Peugot?
14
VW Commercial Vehicles – Comfort
at work.
15
Suna GPS traf fic updates- Don't
spend your life in traf fic.
16
Volkswagen Trucks – For every kind
of load
17
Adidas – Impossible is nothing
18
Tibits - Very, very fresh vegetarian
food
19
Mitsubishi, Montero Sport – on /off
road tecnonoly
20
Persil – Protect them before they
fade
21
Dyrup – Colors fron nature
22
Nivea Calcium Power – For extra
strong extra long nails.
23
Formula- Builds strong teeth
24
Fed ex
25
Ezym Lefax – Wenn sich der Magen
dreht.
26
Sprite (Ice Blue) -
27
Harry's bread – Nice and soft.
28
Iveco (Eco Daily) – Strong by nature
29
Frizz skin salon – Skin that feels like
this to skin that feels like this.
30
Scottex (Maxi Roll) – Extra strong.
Extra long.
31
Berger – natural finish colours
32
Eukanuba – Everybody wants to be
a dog.
33
Matchbox
34
Cloret- eliminate bad breath
35
National Geographic Channel -
36
Evolve -
37
Tolnaftate cream - Root out
disgusting funghi.
38
Deutsche Post – If you really want
to touch someone, send them a
letter.
writing
WWF- Give a hand to wildlife.
40
Monster com – Caught in the wrong
job?
41
Milano Ashtanga yoga school
42
Pepsi light -
43
Yoga school
44
Hush puppies – Casual footwear for
the whole family
45
Gabor- Fits perfect
46
Polident- You'll forget you wear them
47
Löwenbräu – Teda la fuerza que
necessitas
48
WMF – Sharper than you think
49
Playstation Sony – Hulk new on
PS2
50
BEGO – Equipped by BEGO, Dental
Equippment and Materials
51
Iconicity This should have been covered in 1st year, but to recap: Iconicity is a conceptual category, which is not entirely arbitrary. Things like onomatopoeia are iconic What does a frog say in your language? Sign Language Iconicity is important in sign language Exercise 4
Which of the following have iconic elements
Hey ho!
Really!
frog
crash!
mumble
eating
ring
Hewlard Packard
Grammatical Iconicity But iconicity is not just onomatopoeia and visual signs... Phonological iconicity – sound symbolism glimmer, glint, glow, glare, glass, glitter…. Syntactic iconicity – temporal order I ate pizza, went out, met up with Saïd. Syntactic iconicity – adjectival order Big round ball!