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JOURNEES D’ETUDE CERTA « DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE », 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.
PROPOSITIONS RELATIVES APPOSITIVES ET DISCOURS
RAPPORTE
Rudy LOOCK
Université de Lille III – U.F.R. Angellier
U.M.R. 8528 SILEX
[email protected]
POINT DE DEPART :
Etude des fonctions discursives de la proposition relative appositive (PRA) :
proposition de taxonomie dans Loock (2003) et Loock (à paraître).
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En particulier : rapporter les propos de quelqu’un d’autre que l’énonciateur de
façon :
explicite (la source est directement évoquée) :
implicite : aucune évocation de la source. Les indices
de décrochage sont à trouver ailleurs.
1.
LA PRA DE DISCOURS RAPPORTE
1.1.
De façon explicite
La source est citée : on trouve soit un verbe introducteur de parole ou de
pensée, soit des propositions incises évoquant la source
1.1.1.
Présence de verbes introducteurs
(1) voir annexe.
La PRA est donc, entre autres fonctions, le lieu privilégié de l’expression d’un
commentaire, d’un jugement, d’une opinion de l’énonciateur ou d’une personne
autre que celui-ci.
(2) This incredible spirit  which Chelsea so clearly lack  is summed
up beautifully by Gemmill, who has been unable to command a regular
plane and has also been a target for some of the fans on his rare
appearances.
(3) The men’s 4 x 100m team, who might not have qualified anyway,
went out in the heats when they bungled a change-over, straying out of
the prescribed area.
(4) Such defensive reactions are, in part, a response to the growing
problem of litigation, which is creating a culture of punishment.
(5) The singer, who believes she is a rock diva trapped in the body of a
pop star, launched into her new single...
(6) After Atlanta, where southern hospitality was killed off by
incompetence and corporate greed, the movement desperately needed a
feel-good Olympics.
Décrochage énonciatif entre :
un niveau REFERENTIEL
un niveau COMMENTATIF (Mélis 1999)
(7) Mr Chapman yesterday announced the launch of Chapmans
Publishers, which he said would be ‘an independent general publisher
across a wide spectrum’.
(8) Monsieur Bonte, a pastor recently installed in the neighbouring village
of Warquignies, saw nothing odd in his amazing behaviour, which, he
said, ‘revealed the originality of his aspirations’.
(9) Mr Ritblat said he and his fellow directors were showing their
commitment to New British Land by investing almost £12million in cash
into the new company, which he said would concentrate on the UK but
also look for overseas opportunities provided by the creation of the Single
European market.
(10) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which, he
said, helped French ‘imperialism’ and French-supported ‘puppet regimes’
in West Africa.
(11) Members of two Norwegian environmental groups have staged
spectacular protests against oil exploration in the Barents Sea, which they
claim is too risky because the inhospitable climate and months of winter
darkness would make a clean-up operation impossible in case of a
pollution accident.
(12) At his Swiss trial he admitted murdering Setty, whom he claimed was
the father of his wife'
s child.
JOURNEES D’ETUDE CERTA « DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE », 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.
(I) INTÉGRATION SYNTAXIQUE :
(9) Mr Ritblat said he and his fellow directors were showing their
commitment to New British Land by investing almost £12million in cash
into the new company, which he said would concentrate on the UK but
also look for overseas opportunities provided by the creation of the Single
European market.
(13) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews
had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which Kerry claimed was the only weapon his crew was given.
(II) PROPOSITION INCISE :
(10) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which, he
said, helped French ‘imperialism’ and French-supported ‘puppet regimes’
in West Africa.
(14) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea, Bush
pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct United
States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks
currently under way. These include China, which, Bush said, provides
necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il'
s fanatical regime.
Inversion S-V :
(15) "Don'
t know why you come all this way to see the place," said Ben.
(16) "I came to see you Dad," said John. He looked around, slowly
remembering certain things.
(13a) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat
crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which claimed Kerry was the only weapon his crew was given.
(14a) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea,
Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct
United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks
currently under way. These include China, which, said Bush, provides
necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il'
s fanatical regime.
(17) To capitalize on tourist flow, the Christies rent the north side of their
house as a bed and breakfast, which, said John, helps with total income.
(18) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea,
Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct
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United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks
currently under way. These include China, which, Bush said, provides
necessary "leverage" against Kim Jong Il'
s fanatical regime.
Insertion de that :
(19) I’m reading Great Expectations, which John said he had read last year.
(19a) I’m reading Great Expectations, which John said that he had read last
year.
(20) I’m reading Great Expectations, which, John said, he had read last
year.
(20a) *I’m reading Great Expectations, which, John said, that he had read
last year.
Le whom de “réallocation de cas” (Haegeman 2000) :
(21) The Ambassador, whom we hope will arrive at 10 a.m. (Quirk et al.
1985: 1299)
(22) Martin had obtained a flashlight and was desperately searching for
Hanna whom he thought was in her cabin below. (Haegeman 2000: 30)
(21a) *The Ambassador, whom, we hope, will arrive at 10 a.m.
(22a) * Martin had obtained a flashlight and was desperately searching for
Hanna whom, he thought, was in her cabin below.
(12a) *At his Swiss trial he admitted murdering Setty, whom, he claimed,
was the father of his wife'
s child.
Reprise anaphorique par everyone :
(23) Johni is reading Great Expectations, which everyonej says hei/j likes.
(24) Johni is reading Great Expectations, which, everyonej says, hei/*j likes.
Mobilité de l’incise (contra Lanc et Albrespit 2003) :
(10a) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which helped
French ‘imperialism’ and French-supported ‘puppet regimes’ in West
Africa, he said.
(14b) When Kerry stated that he wants bilateral talks with North Korea,
Bush pounced like a hungry cat on a crippled mouse, claiming that direct
United States-North Korea discussions would destroy the multilateral talks
currently under way. These include China, which provides necessary
"leverage" against Kim Jong Il'
s fanatical regime, Bush said.
JOURNEES D’ETUDE CERTA « DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE », 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.
QUELLES CONSEQUENCES SUR LE TYPE DE DISOURS?
INTEGRATION SYNTAXIQUE
PROPOSITION INCISE
=> DISCOURS INDIRECT
=> DISCOURS INDIRECT LIBRE « PARTICULIER »
(25) « [L]orsque that est présent, l’accent est mis sur le déjà-dit, et So
s’intéresse davantage à la relation <X say something> qu’au contenu
informatif de la relation préconstruite elle-même, qui pour lui est acquise. »
(De Mattia 2000 : 110) ; « [L’absence de that estompe la hiérarchisation
entre la proposition principale et la proposition subordonnée pour les
présenter comme en apposition l’une par rapport à l’autre. Il n’y a donc plus
d’écran interposé, ce qui a pour effet de conférer à la complétive, à quelque
degré, une valeur de citation et donc de la mettre en relief. » (De Mattia
2000 :113)
(26) « Il existe en effet un autre type de DIL, plus explicite, dans lequel les
paroles ou pensées rapportées sont attribuées à un énonciateur particulier
par le biais d’une incise. Dans ce cas, la question de savoir “qui parle ?” ne
se pose plus mais on reste dans le discours indirect libre car on se trouve
toujours dans la conscience d’un personnage et il ne s’agit pas d’une
citation. Ce type de DIL est donc nécessairement moins ambigu, moins
riche d’un point de vue littéraire, l’énonciateur rapporteur indiquant
explicitement que ce n’est pas lui qui parle mais un énonciateur rapporté. »
(De Mattia 2000 : 294)
(13b) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat
crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which Kerry falsely claimed was the only weapon his crew was given.
(13c) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat
crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which, Kerry falsely claimed, was the only weapon his crew was given.
(13d) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat
crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which, he claimed, was the only weapon Kerry’s crew was given.
(13e) *In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat
crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which, was the only weapon Kerry’s crew was given, he claimed.
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(13f) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat
crews had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which, was the only weapon his crew was given, Kerry claimed.
1.1.2.
Absence de verbe introducteur mais source explicite
(type III)
(27) They claimed that they were being treated like Gypsies or Albanians,
which according to them was unacceptable.
(28) Hungary and Czechoslovakia have reached a deadlock in
discussions over a hydro-electric dam to be built on the River Danube,
which according to environmentalists and scientists, presents serious
hazards.
(29) Fellini despised television with commercial breaks, which from his
point of view destroyed natural rhythm of a film.
(30) He was right next to Malfoy, who, Harry was pleased to see, didn’t
look too pleased with the seating arrangements.
(31) They also spent much of that period defending their own line and, in
the process, conceded penalties that Dawie du Toit kicked – in contrast to
Mike Catt, who, on his Lions debut, could only covert one of six penalty
attempts as Gauteng forged a 9-3 lead.
1.1.3.
Exemples sans source énonciatrice explicite (type IV)
(32) He had been to see two films with his mum, Home Alone 2, which
wasn’t as good as Home Alone 1, and Honey, I Blew Up the Kid, which
wasn’t as good as Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, and his mum had said that
modern films were too commercial, and that when she was his age...
(33) Frances introduced him to each of them : Sally and Moira, who
looked tough, ignored him completely, helped themselves to a paper
cupful of white wine and disappeared off to the further corner of the room
(Moira, Will noted with interest, was wearing a Lorena Bobbit T-shirt);
Lizzie, who was small, sweet and scatty; Helen and Susannah, who
obviously regarded SPAT as beneath their dignity, and made rude
comments about the wine and the location; Saskia, who was ten years
JOURNEES D’ETUDE CERTA « DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE », 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.
younger than anybody else in the room, and looked more like somebody’s
daughter than somebody’s mother; and Suzie, who was tall, blond, pale,
nervy-looking and beautiful. She would do, he thought, and stopped
looking at anyone else who came in.
(32a) He had been to see two films with his mum, Home Alone 2, which
according to the young boy wasn’t as good as Home Alone 1.
(33a) Frances introduced him to each of them : Sally and Moira, who
looked tough to him.
(34) Democratic chairman Leland said Gore’s high card in Ohio is the
economy, which has left pockets of poverty in old steel cities like
Youngstown but has brought a boom to cities such as Columbus...
(34a) Democratic chairman Leland said Gore’s high card in Ohio is the
economy, which, he claims, has left pockets of poverty in old steel cities
like Youngstown but has brought a boom to cities such as Columbus...
(34b) Democratic chairman Leland said Gore’s high card in Ohio is the
economy(,) which, we must admit, has left pockets of poverty in old steel
cities like Youngstown but has brought a boom to cities such as
Columbus...
2.
PROBLEMES DE TRADUCTION
2.1. Exemples de type (I) (intégration syntaxique)
Traduction ‘littérale’ :
(9) Mr Ritblat said he and his fellow directors were showing their
commitment to New British Land by investing almost £12million in cash
into the new company, which he said would concentrate on the UK but
also look for overseas opportunities provided by the creation of the Single
European market.
(9a) *Mr Ritblat a déclaré que lui et ses directeurs adjoints montraient leur
engagement auprès de New British Land en investissant presque 12
millions de livres dans la nouvelle société, qui il a déclaré se consacrerait
au Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunités à l’étranger rendues
possibles par la création du marché unique européen.
(13) In any event, we know he lied, because we know the swift boat crews
had M-16 automatic rifles in addition to .50 caliber machine guns,
which Kerry claimed was the only weapon his crew was given.
4
(13g) *Dans tous les cas, nous savons qu’il a menti, puisque nous savons
que les équipages de patrouilleurs étaient équipés de pistolets
automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50, qui Kerry
soutient constituaient la seule arme que l’on avait donnée à son équipe.
Traduction par dont :
(13h) Dans tous les cas, nous savons qu’il a menti, puisque nous savons
que les équipages de patrouilleurs étaient équipés de pistolets
automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50, dont Kerry
affirme qu’elles constituaient la seule arme que l’on avait donnée à son
équipe.
(9b) ??Mr Ritblat a déclaré que lui et ses directeurs adjoints montraient
leur engagement auprès de New British Land en investissant presque 12
millions de livres dans la nouvelle société, dont il a déclaré qu’elle se
consacrerait au Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunités à
l’étranger rendues possibles par la création du marché unique européen.
Traduction par une proposition incise :
(9c) Mr Ritblat a déclaré que lui et ses directeurs adjoints montraient leur
engagement auprès de New British Land en investissant presque 12
millions de livres dans la nouvelle société, qui, selon-lui/a-t-il déclaré, se
consacrerait au le Royaume-Uni tout en cherchant des opportunités à
l’étranger rendues possibles par la création du marché unique européen.
(13i) Dans tous les cas, nous savons qu’il a menti, puisque nous savons
que les équipages de patrouilleurs étaient équipés de pistolets
automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de calibre .50, qui, selon
Kerry/selon les affirmations de Kerry/Kerry affirme-t-il constituaient la
seule arme dont bénéficiait son équipage.
Traduction par une proposition indépendante :
(9d) #… en investissant presque 12 millions de livres dans la nouvelle
société. Il a ajouté que celle-ci se consacrerait au Royaume-Uni tout en
cherchant des opportunités à l’étranger rendues possibles par la création
du marché unique européen.
(13j) #… des pistolets automatiques M-16 en plus des mitrailleuses de
calibre .50. (Or,) Kerry soutient que ces derniers constituaient la seule
arme que l’on avait donnée à son équipe.
JOURNEES D’ETUDE CERTA « DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE », 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2004.
3.
2.2. Exemples de type (II) + (III) (proposition incise)
(10) Bala was outspokenly critical of Nigerian foreign policy which, he
said, helped French ‘imperialism’ and French-supported ‘puppet regimes’
in West Africa.
(10b) Bala s’est montré très critique vis-à-vis de la politique étrangère
nigériane, qui, selon lui/d’après lui, a servi l’impérialisme français et les
régimes fantoches de l’ouest africain soutenus par les Français.
(27) They claimed that they were being treated like Gypsies or Albanians,
which according to them was unacceptable.
(27a) Ils ont affirmé être traités comme des Tziganes ou des Albanais, ce
qui était inacceptable selon eux/à leurs yeux.
(35) Il venait chercher son parapluie, qu’il avait oublié l’autre jour au
couvent d’Ernemont.
(35a) He had come, he said, to fetch the umbrella which he had left a day
or two earlier at the Convent of Ernemont. (De Mattia 2000: 294)
2.3. Exemples de type (IV)
(32) He had been to see two films with his mum, Home Alone 2, which
wasn’t as good as Home Alone 1, and Honey, I Blew Up the Kid, which
wasn’t as good as Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, and his mum had said that
modern films were too commercial, and that when she was his age...
(32b) Il était allé voir deux films avec sa mère, Maman j’ai encore raté
l’avion, qui selon lui n’était pas aussi bon que Maman j’ai raté l’avion, et
Chérie, j’ai agrandi le bébé, qui n’était pas toujours selon lui aussi bon que
Chérie, j’ai rétréci les gosses, et sa mère lui avait dit que les films
modernes étaient trop commerciaux, et que quand elle avait son âge…
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE
CHUQUET, H. 2002. « Discours citant, discours cité : contraintes sur l’ordre des
mots et incidences sur le statut énonciatif des propos rapportés », in
Palimpsestes 14 : 31-43.
CHUQUET, H. et PAILLARD, M. 1989. Approche linguistique des problèmes de
traduction anglais <-> français. Gap : Ophrys.
DE MATTIA, M. 2000. Le discours indirect en anglais contemporain : approche
énonciative. Publications de l’Université de Provence.
DUCROT, O. 1980. Les Mots du discours. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit.
DUCROT, O. 1984. Le Dire et le dit. Paris : Les Editions de Minuit.
HAEGEMAN, L. 2000. « Extraction du sujet, réallocation de cas et localité », in
SOUESMES, J.C. (ed). Journées Charles V sur les propositions relatives et
l’aspect be + ing, Cycnos 17 : 39-45.
LANC, M. et J. ALBRESPIT. 2003. « Lieux d’identification dans les relatives à
enclave
énonciative »,
in
Cycnos
21.1:
http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=3.
LOOCK, R. 2003. « Les Fonctions discursives des propositions subordonnées
relatives appositives en discours », in Anglophonia 12: 113-31.
LOOCK, R. (A paraître). « The Functions of Appositive Relative Clauses in
Discourse »
MELIS, G. 1999. « Propositions relatives et niveau phrastique », in Anglophonia
6 : 43-59.
QUIRK, R et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.
London: Longman
VINAY, J.P. et J. DARBELNET. 1958. Stylistique comparée du français et de
l’anglais. Paris ; Editions Didier.
JOURNEES D’ETUDE CERTA « DISCOURS RAPPORTE(S) :APPROCHE(S) LINGUISTIQUES ET/OU TRADUCTOLOGIQUE », 25-26
NOVEMBRE 2004.
4.
ANNEXE : PROPOSITION DE TAXONOMIE SELON FONCTION DISCURSIVE (LOOCK 2003)
PRA CONTINUATIVE
Elle permet de faire avancer le
schéma narratif. Les événements
se suivent chronologiquement. Un
lien de cause à effet peut exister.
PRA DE PERTINENCE
PRA
La PRA véhicule de l’information
explicitement
subjective.
Elle
permet un décrochage entre deux
niveaux:
le niveau référentiel (PP)
le niveau interprétatif (PRA)
Il s’agit de rendre pertinent
l’antécédent de la PRA ou la
relation prédicative dans laquelle
celui-ci s’inscrit.
L’antécédent,
bien
que
référentiellement stabilisé, est
insuffisamment déterminé pour
fonctionner au sein du discours,
au moins pour une partie du
lectorat.
PRA DE SUBJECTIVITE
JEU SUR LE LIEN INTERPROPOSITIONNEL
Le
lien
interpropositionnel entre la
PP et la PRA est
exploité et apporte un
éclairage nouveau sur le
contenu de la PP.
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