triticale - International Development Research Centre

IDRC-024e
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11251
TRITICALE
Proceedings of an international symposium
El Batan, Mexico, 1-3 October 1973
Editors: Reginald Maclntyre/Marilyn Campbell
IDRC-024e
TRITICALE
Proceedings of an international symposium,
El Batan, Mexico, 1-3 October 1973*
Editors: REGINALD MAcINTYRE/MARILYN CAMPBELL
This symposium was co-sponsored by the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz
y Trigo, the University of Manitoba, and the International Development Research Centre.
Oi958
*The views expressed in this publication are those of the individual author(s) and do not
necessarily represent the views of the International Development Research Centre.
ISBN 0-088936-028-6
UDC: 633.1
© 1974 International Development Research Centre
Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9
Microfiche Edition $1
Contents
W. David Hopper
Foreword
List of Participants
5-7
8-11
Arne Müntzing
13-30
E. Sanchez-Monge
31-39
A. Kiss
41-50
Research work with 4x-Triticale in Germany (Berlin)
K.-D.Krolow
51-60
Triticale research program in the United Kingdom
R. S. Gregory
61-67
Progress in the development of triticale in Canada
E. N. Larter
69-74
Triticale: its potential as a cereal crop in the United
States of America
R. I. Metzger
75-80
The triticale improvement program at CIMMYT
F. J. Zillinsky
8 1-85
J. P. Srivastava
87-92
N. S. Sisodia
93-101
M. A. Vahabian
103-105
F. Pinto
107-115
Herb Floyd
117-1 19
B. A Nganyi Wabwoto
121-124
Patricio C. Parodi
125-128
R. G. Anderson
129-135
Meiotic, gametophytic, and early endosperm development in
triticale
Michael D. Bennett
137-148
Metabolic factors influencing kernel development in
triticale
R. D. Hill, A. I. Klassen, and W. Dedio
149-154
Improving seed formation in triticales
F. 3. Zilhinsky
155-157
Univalency in triticale
P. 3. Kaltsikes
159-1 67
Cytogenetics of hexaploid triticale
Arnuif Merker
169-172
Use of chromosome analysis to detect favourable combinations from octoploid x hexaploid crosses
M.H.deSosa
173-180
Historical review of the development of triticale
Development of triticales in Western Europe
Triticale-breeding experiments in Eastern Europe
Prospects of triticale as a commercial crop in India
Triticale breeding experiments in India
Triticale research program in Iran
Triticale research program in Ethiopia
Triticale research program in Algeria
Triticale program and potential in Kenya
Triticale breeding experiments in Chile
Expanding the CIMMYT outreach programs
Preliminary report on the cytogenetics of tetraploid X
R. I. Metzger and B. A. Silbaugh
diploid wheat crosses
18 1-185
Santiago Fuentes Fuentes
187-192
M. J. Richardson and J. M. Wailer
193-199
R. A. Fischer
201-209
Marco A. Quiiiones
211-212
Triticale diseases review
Triticale diseases in CIMMYT trial locations
Agronomy and physiology of triticales
Early steps on triticale breeding at CIMMYT
Introduction of new forms and types from wheat and triticale
Ing. Ricardo Rodriguez
Extending adaptability and sources of new genetic variability
M. M. Kohli
in triticale
21 3-215
217-226
J. Perry Gustafson
227-233
Broadening of the triticale germ plasm base by primary
Armando Campos Vela
hexaploid triticale production
235-236
Nutritional value of triticales as high-protein feed for
poultry
James McGinnis
23 7-240
Comparison of the vole, rat, and mouse as assay animals
in the evaluation of protein quality
B. E. McDonald and E. N. Larter
241-246
L. H. Shebeski
247-250
Production of triticale germ plasm
Future role of triticales in agriculture
Improving Seed Formation in Triticales
F. J. ZILLINSKY
Centro Inlernacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo,
Londres 40, Mexico 6, D.F.
1974. Improving seed formation in triticales, p. 155-157. In Triticale:
proceedings of an international symposium, El Batan, Mexico, 1-3 October 1973.
mt. Develop. Res. Centre Monogr. IDRC-024e.
ZILLINSKY, F. J.
Abstract Inferior seed development resulting in shrivelling, poor germination, and
low test weight is a major problem in triticales. The first signs of abnormal development
appear during the latter stages of grain filling as flattened areas or depressions on the
surface of the seed. As the seed matures, wrinkles appear on the seed coat, the crease
deepens, and the endosperm texture becomes chalky rather than vitreous.
It appears that: (1) seed development in triticale is more sensitive to environmental
influences than the parental species; (2) better seed development usually occurs among
the most fertile strains; (3) the more shrivelled seeds are usually higher in protein
content.
Some of the approaches used to overcome endosperm shrivelling are density
gradient solutions, visual screening for plumper grain, mutagenic agents, selection for
higher fertility, air column separation, and the gravity table. Because of the negative
association between dwarfing and plump seed, visual screening tended to eliminate all
the dwarf selections. The best results have been obtained from visual selection for plumpness in the most fertile populations. The gravity table will be useful in eliminating the
very poor seed types in early generation material.
Résumé
Le mauvais développement du grain, qui se traduit par son ratatinage,
une mauvaise germination et un poids spécifique faible constitue une difficulté majeure
en ce qui a trait aux triticales. Les premiers signes d'un développement anormal
apparaissent au cours des derniers stades du remplissage du grain, sous forme de zones
aplaties ou de depressions sur la surface du grain. Au fur et a mesure que le grain
mftrit, son tégument se ride, son ph s'approfondit et la texture de l'endosperme devient
plus farineuse que vitreuse.
Ii semble que: (1) chez le triticale, le développement du grain soit plus sensible
aux influences du milieu que chez les espèces parentes; (2) c'est chez les souches les
plus fertiles que he développement du grain est habituellement le meilleur; (3) les
grains les plus ratatinés sont habituellement ceux dont Ia teneur en protéine est la
plus élevée.
Quelques uns des moyens employés pour parer a ce problème des grains ratatinés
sont: les solutions de sedimentation en gradient, he tn visuel des grains les plus pleins,
la mutagénése induite, ha selection en vue d'une fertilité plus élevée, ha separation
pneumatique en colonne et le triage gravimétrique. Etant donné la relation negative
entre he nanisme et le caractére grain plein, he tn visuel a été orienté vers l'élimination de
155
IDRC-024e
156
toutes les variëtés names. C'est avec la selection visuelle parmi les populations les plus
fertiles que l'on a obtenu les meilleurs résultats sur le plan rondeur des grains. Le triage
gravimétrique s'est révélé très utile pour éliminer les semences les moms bonnes dans
les produits des premieres générations.
A UNIVERSAL problem facing scientists work-
ing on triticale improvement is inferior seed
formation. Seed development after fertilization superficially appears to progress normally
during the early stages. As the spikes approach maturity, conspicuous abnormalities
appear and become progressively worse as
the seeds lose moisture. Usually, the first
obvious
signs
of
abnormal
development
appear as flattened areas or depressions on
the endosperm, and the formation of a deep
or evacuated crease.
As the seed dries,
wrinkles appear in the seed coat, lustre disappears, the sides become flattened, and the
endosperm texture becomes floury or chalky
rather than the hard, vitreous material found
in the bread and durum wheats. The seed
density is much lower. Dr L. Klepper (unpublished data 1970-71, CIMMYT) points
out that the greatest difference in seed development between triticales and the parental
species is the proportion of water present in
the developing seed beginning shortly after
fertilization and continuing until after the
seed is physiologically mature.
The most pronounced abnormality in seed
development occurs in the primary amphiploids. The octoploids generally have better
seeds than the hexaploids. It is even worse
in the polyhaploid hybrids to such an extent
that embryo culturing is necessary to obtain
the hybrid between Triticum durum X rye.
There is a tendency toward improvement in
seed development in the succeeding generations following
the A1 generation of the
primary triticales but stops before satisfactory
seed development is reached. Further improvement is obtained from secondary triticales, that is, from crosses among primary
hexaploid, among primary octoploids, or
among crosses between hexaploid and octo-
again occurs
generations.
in the
first few succeeding
Observations on seed development show:
(1) that seed development in triticales is
more sensitive to environmental influence
than the parental species; (2) that the better
seed development occurs among the more
fertile types but not necessarily among the
most productive ones; and (3) that the more
severely shrivelled types have higher protein
content, and screening for better seed type
and higher yield tends to favour lower protein
content.
Dr V. D. Burrows (personal communication) from the Ottawa Research Station,
Agriculture Canada, has done some preliminary investigations on seed formation. He
found that seed coat shrivelling tends to mask
endosperm development. There are forms
that have a rather well-developed endosperm
but have a wrinkled seed coat, whereas some
types with poor endosperm development produce a flattened seed with less shrivelling of
the seed coat. However, in general, a high
degree of shrivelling indicates poor endosperm development. Burrows has developed a
technique of removing the seed coat without
destroying germination.
Several approaches have been attempted at
CIMMYT to improve seed type:
The use of density gradient liquids for
screening heavier seeds - This technique has
not been satisfactory. Techniques and density
gradient liquids available were too time-
consuming and reduced germination.
Early attempts at visual selection for plump
kernels tended very strongly to eliminate all
the selections having dwarfing genes of Norm
10 origin.
Use of mutagenic agents - Dr Ake
Gustaffson of Lund, Sweden, treated two
ploids. The seed development among the
strains of triticales from the CIMMYT pro-
early generations of these crosses, particularly from the F1, is frequently more abnormal
than among the parental forms. Improvement
gram with both radiation and chemical
mutagens. This material is now in its fifth
generation following treatment. Improvement
ZILLINSKY: TRITICALE SEED IMPROVEMENT
in seed type has not been encouraging, although mutations for characteristics other
than seed type, mostly detrimental, were
noticeable particularly in the second and third
generations after treatment.
Selection for both fertility and seed type
157
heavier, larger seeds move upwards on an
inclined table, and the lighter, smaller seeds
remain on the lower side. The machine requires at least 1 kilo of seed since the table
must be covered to operate effectively. This
system cannot be used to screen seed from
on a visual basis among secondary hexaploids
derived from hexaploid >< octoploid triticales
and hexaploid triticales >< bread wheat then
single plants but can be used for bulked
backcrossed to hexaploid triticales - Visual
selection in this material has been the most
promising. At the end of the 1972-73 cycle
at CJANO, about 15-20 selections had fairly
with the bulked material from F1 and F2
generations. Material from more advanced
plump grain and test weights of
74-76.5
kg/hi. This is still 8-10 kg/hI below the best
bread wheat strains such as Inia.
Gravity table - This is equipment designed by Kipp Kelly, Winnipeg, to separate
grains on the basis of density and size. The
early generations. We expect that this type
of seed-sorting equipment will be very useful
generations will be screened on the basis of
seed appearance from individual selections
until a more effective technique is developed.
Although this type of screening will discriminate against the dwarfs, we now have numerous populations having different combinations
of dwarfing genes and it is unlikely we will
lose complete populations.