l`introduction la description

L'INTRODUCTION
prlsentele document,le situedansun contexte'EtledonneI'id6e
L'introduction
nous
du travaitquiva suivre.Dansl'introduction
le deroulement
g6n6rale.Elleannonce
devonstrouverla nature,rorbinedu document,et le thdmeprincipal'
To begin with, l'll describethe layoutof the
document.
First of all, l'll introduce"'
The first thing l'd like to say is that "'
First,let us consider...
MYintroductionwill dealwith "'
BYwaYof introduction,I will "'
As an introduction,I'd like to "'
Beforedevelopingthe main ideas,l'll
start with ...
I could start with ...
I ProPoseto beginwith "'
First of all, l'll examine"'
The first thing that must be said is that "'
We should first consider"'
du
je d6criraiI'organisation
Pourcommencer,
document.
.'.
D'abordje Pr6senterai
j'aimerais
direest que "'
que
La premidrechose
'..
Toutd'abord,consid6rons
traiterade .'.
Mon introduction
je vais "'
En guised'introduction,
j'aimerais"'
guise
d'introduction,
En
je
les
Rvantde d6velopper id6esprincipales'
."
commenceraiavec
avec"'
Je pourraiscommencer
avec"'
commencer
propose
de
Je
j'examinerai
...
Toutd'abord,
La premibrechosed direest que "'
"'
Nousdevrionsd'abordconsid6rer
LA DESCRIPTION
La photomontre...
".
CettePhotorePr6sente
Sur cetteimagenousvoyons".
C'estunevue de ..'
On voitdeuxjeunesfilles...
C'estun dessinde ...
images'
Elleconsisteen plusieurs
Nousavonsune s6riede dessins.
Ce que nousavonstciest un dessin
humoristique'
This Photowas taken from "' Cettephotoa 6t6 Prisede ".
d'unfilm intitul6X'
This is a shot from a film entitledX' C'estune prisede vue tir6e
avecen vedetteY.
starringY.
.".
clairement
distinguons
Nous
"'
We can clearlYdistinguish
plan,
nousvoyons";
ptanid
l'arridre
premier
we can Au
In the foreground/inthe backgroundo
see...
is "' A droite/irgaucheil Y a ...
there
hand-side
On the righVleft
gauchevouspouvezdlstlngul
In the left-handcorneryou can makeout "' Dansle coin
il a ."
At the botton/top of the page there is "' En bas/enhautde la Page Y
un chien'
trouve
gauche
se
A
Half waY on the left there's a dog' A mi-hauteur
The photo shows .'.
This photo PortraYs...
On this Picturewe can see "'
This is a view of ...
Two Younggirls can be seen "'
This is a drawingbY '..
It consists of severalPictures'
We have a series of drawings'
What we have here is a cartoon'
En pleinmilieude la photonousne pouvons
manquer...
A moiti6cach6derridrele bAtimentnous
voyons...
"'
estvisiblement
point
de convergence
Le
prds
plus
nous
peu
d'un
Si nousregardons
...
distinguons
Je vais6voluerdansle sensdes aiguillesd'une
montre.
que ...
en hautnousremarquons
bas
From bottom to top we notice that "' De
choisies'
soigneusement
6t6
The colours have beencarefullychosen' Lescouleursont
...
The light enhances... La lumidremeten valeur
"'
attentivement
que nousregardions
l'd like us to take a close look at "' J'aimerais
que les lignessont
It must be acknowledgedthat the lines are On doitreconnaitre
essentielles.
essential.
Let's read the caPtion now' Lisonsla l6gendemaintenant.
dit ...
The caption reads ... La l6gende
l'id6eque ..'
souligne
Le
slogan
"'
that
idea
The slogan underlinesthe
...
juger
l'environnement
A
en
"'
Par
Judging from the setting
..'
en
probablement
d6roule
It ProbablYtakes Placein "' Cecise
pouvons
nous
que
voyons,
nous
From what we see,we can imaginethat "' D'aprdsce
que...
imaginer
nous
Tout
"'
that
Ported Penserque '..
EverYthingmakesus think
que ...
sembleindiquer
d6tail
Chaque
Every detail seems to indicate that "'
publicit6
6t6 prisede "'
ait
que
peut
cette
This advert may have been taken from "' ll se
que
.'.
It createsthe imPressionthat "' Celacr6el'imPression
est que ...
What catches my attention is that "' Ce qui attiremonattention
de '..
This Producesan imPressionof "' CeciproduituneimPression
de ."
sentiment
un
traduit
entidre
L'image
"'
The whole pictureconveysa feelingof
de "'
impression
produite
une
est
The impressionproducedis one of "' L'impression
l'impression
photo,
on
a
la
When looking at the photo, one gets the Lorsqu'onregarde
q u e. . .
impressionthat...
que '.'
avonsI'imPression
Nous
"'
that
We'reunderthe impression
...
de
teint6
It is tinted with ... C'est
We mustn't forget the sYmbols' Nousne devonspasoublierles symboles'
...
The painter succeeds in portraying "' Le peintrer6ussitd repr6senter
semblentsortirde la r6alit6'
The charactersseem to be drawn from real Les personnages
life.
li-dedans.
Thereis some humour in it' lly a de l'humour
que
He seemsto be thinking that "' ll semblePenser ..'
He aPPearsto be .... ll sembleOtre...
destin6ed "'
est probablement
This advert is probably intendedto "' Cettepublicit6
message'
The document conveYsa message' Le documentest porteurd'un
fairesongerle
c'est
le
concepteur
que
veut
Ce
What the designerwants is to make the
,..
d
lecteur
readerthink about ...
Right in the middleof the photo we can't
mlss...
Half-hiddenbehindthe buildingwe can
see...
The focal Point is obviouslY...
lf we look at it more closelYwe can
makeout ...
l'll moveclockwise.
LE PLAN
This text could be divided into three parts.
This passagefalls into four parts.
In my opinion it would be convenientto
dividethe text into ...
It is importantto see how the text is
organized.
It would be easierto cut this text into
Ce textepourrait6tredivis6en troisparties.
Ce passagese diviseen quatreparties.
A monavisil seraitcommodede diviserle texte
en...
ll est important
de voircommentle texteest
organis6.
Ce seraitplusfacilede d6couperce texteen
paragraphes.
Ce texteest compos6de ...
Je diraisquela premidre
partieva de ...d ...
Les deuxidme,
troisi6meet quatridmeparties
peuvent6treclairement
d6finies.
J'aimerais
suivrece olan.
Le fil conducteur
semble6tre...
La premidrepartieconcerne...
Etudionsd'abordles personnages.
D'abordj'aimeraispr6senter...
Toutd'abordje vais6num6rerles points
principaux.
procdderai
Je
de l'essentielvers
les d6tails.
Je pr6senterai
biens0rchaqueid6e
s6pa16ment.
J'accorderai
uneattentionparticulidre
d ...
Monassertionseraque ...
Je me concentrerai
surce qui,i monavis,est
essentiel.
Nouspourrions
trdsbiencommencer
notre
/
analyseavec...
Dansle premierparagraphe
...
::
Dansle paragraphe
suivant...
..
.=
Les dix premidreslignesnousmontrent...
ii
Ddsle d6butnouscomprenons
...
D'abord,...ensuite...
.:,4
-Quelques
lignesplustard...
g
Un peuplusbas...
:g
Au milieudu troisidmeparagraphe
...
€
*
Quelquesphrasesavantla fin ...
:€
rhistext
ffr3J"tli;...
l'd say the first part runs from ... to ...
The second, third and fourth parts can be
clearlydefined.
I'd like to follow this plan.
The leadingthreadseemsto be ...
fhe first part concerns ...
Let's study the charactersfirst.
First l'd like to introduce...
Firstlyl'll list the main points.
l'll go from the essentialtothe details.
Of course l'll presenteach idea separately.
l'll pay particularattentionto ...
My contentionwill be that ...
l'll concentrateon what lthink is essential.
We might very well start our analysiswith ...
In the first paragraph...
In the next paragraph...
The first ten lines show us ...
Right from the beginningwe understand...
First,... next ...
A few lines later ...
A little fartherdown ...
In the middleof the third paragraph...
A few sentencesbefore the end ...
j
.tg
. ri*
tr
:g
,#
LE DEVELOPPEMENT
C'estun extraitde ...
Cet extraita 6t6tir6de ..'
Ce textevientdu livre...
."
Celaa 6t6 adapt6d'unlivreintitu16
Un filma 6t6faitir Paftirdu livre.
ll a et66critil Y a dixansPar...
C'estbas6sur une histoirevraie'
Le romandontle passageest extraitest '..
Ce textetraitede ...
Le passageParlede ...
de ...
Ce documentPosele Probldme
..'
de
I'histoire
ll raconte
de .'.
L'auteurabordele Probldme
...
L'id6ecentraleestvisiblement
questions
fondamentales
De nombreuses
se posent; I'uned'ellesest '..
A difficultquestionarises' Unequestiondifficilese Pose'
That'sthe questionthat arises' C'estla questionqui se Pose'
This brings us to the questionof Cecinousamdneir la questionde savoir
s i . . .o u s i . . .
w h e t h e r . .o. r . . '
d ."
sommesconfront6s
Nous
We are confronted with "'
est .'.
plus
frappants
les
aspects
One of the most striking featuresis "' L'undes
j'aimerais
faire
plus
loin
Beforegoing any further l'd like to remark Avantd'aller
que...
remarquer
that...
que .'.
I want to Pointout that "' Je veuxfaireremarquer
que ...
ajouter
aussi
voudrais
I also wish to add that ... Je
'..
ici
est
qui
int6resse
nous
What we are concernedwith here is "' Ce
iciest..'
What concernsus here is "' Ce quinousconcerne
le faitque ".
souligner
I'd like to underlinethe fact that "' J'aimerais
que ..'
remarqu6
6galement
J'ai
...
l've also noticedthat
sur ...
I'accent
mettre
l'd like to laYstress on "' J'aimerais
de ..'
I'importance
We must stressthe importanceof "' Nousdevonssouligner
que
..'
I think it's worth noting that "' Je pensequ'ilestbonde noter
de '..
This detail underlinesthe importanceof "' Ce d6tailsouligneI'importance
de
examin6e
d'6tre
phrase
m6riie
Cette
This sentencedeservescloser examination'
plusprds.
It may be assertedthat ... On peutaffirmerque .'.
It could be obiectedthat ..' On pourraitobjecterque ..'
le h6ros..'
As far as the hero is concerned... En ce quiconcerne
garder
a I'espritque ...
devons
Nous
We must bear in mind that ..'
que ...
oublier
faut
Pas
One mustn'tforget that "' ll ne
notreattention
fixions
que
nous
I'd like us to focus our attentionon ... J'aimerais
s u r. . .
il esttempsde discuterde .'.
maintenant
Et
...
discuss
to
And now it's time
que...
This imPliesthat ... CeciimPlique
est ...
les plusmarquants
traits
One of the most striking featuresis ... L'undes
illustrerce Point.
I'd like to illustratethis Point' J'aimerais
prendrai
un autreexemPle.
Je
examPle.
l'll take another
It's an extract from ...
This extract was taken from "'
This text comesfrom the book...
It's beenadaptedfrom a book called "'
A film has been madeout of the book'
It was written ten Yearsago bY ...
It's basedon a true storY'
passage
comes from is "'
The novelthe
This text dealswith ...
The passageis about ...
This documentraisesthe problemof "'
It tells the story of ...
the problemof "'
tackles
The author
The main issue is obviouslY"'
Lots of key issuesarise ; one of them is "'
Each ideawill be illustratedby an example. Chaqueid6eseraillustr6epar un exemple.
fagond'illustrer
ceciest la
I can best illustratethis as follows. La meilleure
suivante.
What prevails over the passageis ... Ce qui pr6vautdansle passageest ...
This passageillustrateshow... Ce passageillustrecomment...
This text is characterizedby ... Ce texteest caract6ris6
Par...
que ...
This backs up the assertionthat... Cecirenforcel'affirmation
LESINTENTIONS
DE L'AUTEUR
de l'auteurest
I think the author'smain idea is to ... Je penseque I'id6eprincipale
de ...
de .,.
l'intention
He probablyintendsto ... ll a probablement
de ...
estvisiblement
His intentionis obviouslyto ... Son intention
est de nousconvaincre
The writer's purpose is to convince us Le but de l'6crivain
q u e. . .
that...
He stresses that ... l l s o u l i g nqeu e. . .
He wants to emphasizethis point. ll veutinsistersur ce point.
He insists on that point in order to ... ll insistesurce pointpour...
veutfaireest ...
Whatthe authorwants to do is to ... Ce que I'auteur
que ,..
He makesus realizethat ... ll nousfaitr6aliser
que ..,
quite
le
fait
ll
rend
trds
clair
He makesit
clearthat ...
que ...
We' re madeto understandthat... On nousfaitcomprendre
He draws our attention to ... ll attirenotreattentionsur ...
The author uses devicesto ... L'auteurutilisedes moyenspour...
He capturesour attention by ... ll captenotreattentionen ...
He arousesour feelings. ll 6veillenossentiments.
He appealsto our feelings. llfaitappeld nossentiments.
les gensque ...
The text aims at convincingpeoplethat ... Le textevised convaincre
The author's purpose is to attract our Le but de l'auteurest d'attirernotreattention.
attention.
purpose
de ...
His
is to convinceus of ... Son butest de nousconvaincre
par ...
qui
est sous-entendu
Let's see what is impliedby ... Voyonsce
Perhapsit would be more exact to say ... Peut-Otre
serait-ceplusexactde dire...
r
,
faireune remarquesur le sens
l'd like to commenton the symbolic J'aimerais
l
symbolique
de ...
meaningof ...
I think this could be interpreteddifferently. Je pensequececipourrait6treinterpr6t6
diff6remment.
The authoralludesto anotherproblem. L'auteurfaitallusiond un autreproblbme.
:
ti
As he pointsout... Commeil le faitremarquer,..
..
Accordingto the author... D'aprbsI'auteur...
As stated above ... Commeil estdit plushaut...
a
Thanksto this descriptionwe become GrAced cettedescriptionnousprenons
a
.$
de ...
conscience
aware of ...
It throws light on ... Celajettela lumidresur ...
*
This gives us a preciseideaof how ... Cecinousdonneune id6epr6cisesur la fagon
dont...
,$
The messagegoes even further. Le messageva encoreplusloin.
*€
,E
€
de nombreux
Throughhis use of numerousadiectives... A traversson utilisation
adjectifs...
...
By using so many adverbs... En utilisantautantd'adverbes
As he uses short sentences ... Commeil utilisedes phrasescourtes...
de longuesphrases...
By his use of long sentences... Parson utilisation
de certainsmots...
la
r6p6tition
a
...
GrAce
words
Thanks to the repetition of certain
PERSONNELLE,
VOTREOPINION
VOS REACTIONS
donnermes impressions
lwould now liketo give my impressions. J'aimeraismaintenant
que
...
l'impression
'.'
J'ai
that
imPression
I havethe
After studying this text, I feel as if ..' Aprdsavoir6tudi6ce texte,j'ai l'impression
q u e. . .
The facts speak for themselves. Lesfaitsse passentde commentaires.
It's a controversialissue. C'estunequestioncontrovers6e.
Opinionson the subiectmay be divided. ll se peutque les opinionssur le sujetsoient
divis6es.
It goes without saYingthat ... l l v a s a n sd i r eq u e. . .
It is well-knownthat ... ll est bienconnuque ...
Everyoneknows that ... Toutle mondesaitque ...
PeoPleusuallYthink that ... Lesgenspensent,en g6n6ral,que ...
de ce pointde vue,nous
lf we look at it from that point of view, we Si nousle consid6rons
de Penser
ne pouvonsnousemP6cher
can'thelPthinkingthat ...
q u e. . .
que ...
reconnu
g6n6ralement
ll
est
...
that
generally
acknowledged
!t is
que
...
gens
d
croire
tendent
Les
Peopletend to believethat ...
penser
d
...
That makesme think of ... Celame fait
...
This remindsme of ... Cecime rappelle
...
bienI'auteur
lf I understandthe author rightly ... Sije comprends
que
...
vrai
soit
ceci
admettant
...
En
true
to
be
this
Assuming
que
qui
...
frappe
est
me
What strikes me is that '.. Ce
est que ...
What is striking is that ... Ce qui est frapPant
et drole
What tfind both surprisingand funny Ce'queje trouved la foissurprenant
e s tq u e. . .
is that ...
What strikes me as interesting is that ... Ce qui me frappeet me sembleint6ressant
e s tq u e. . .
ce texteparceque ...
aim6
...
J'ai
text
because
I liked this
par .,.
impressionn6
trds
suis
I'm very much imPressedbY... Je
que ...
plus
convaincant
He'sallthe moreconvincingas ... ll est d'autant
He sets out his ideas verY clearlY. ll exposeses id6esde fagontrbsclaire.
In my opinion,he sounds very convincing. A mon avis,il esttrdsconvaincant.
le passage.,.
Takenas a whole,the Passage... DansI'ensemble,
qui
dds le d6but6tait...
int6ress6
m'a
What I was interestedin from the beginning Ce
was...
What I found particularlyhumorouswas ... Ce que j'aitrouv6particulidrement
6tait...
humoristique
We are shown true-to-lifecharacters.which
is attractive.
I must say lshare his views.
He puts his argumentsforward with
accuracy.
Allthe descriptionsare acute.
He doesn'ttake sides.
He remainsneutral.
He neverforces his point of view upon the
reader.
He leavesus free to imagine...
I entirelysympathizewith his point of view.
The impressionof reliabilitywe get results
from...
He has a bias(s)edjudgment.
He doesn'tseemto be impartial.
He doesn't appearto be objective.
He doesn'tremainneutral.
He takes sides for ...
He blendsthe themes.
One gets confused.
Allthe ideasseemto be confused.
The text lacks coherence.
His positionis too extreme.
His argumentsdon't convinceme.
It isn't very convincing.
must
I
I
say am not convincedat all.
I find it difficultto approveof ...
I can't share his opinionwhen he says
that...
l'm afraid most of his argumentsare
wofthless.
I don't appreciatethat kind of humour.
He alwaystries to justify himself.
The centralissue remainsunsolved.
The main problemhasn'teven beentackled.
The problemis hardlytouchedupon.
The main questionisn't even alludedto.
It isn't even evoked.
He doesn'tsay much about ...
He says very little about ...
He fails to deal with the most significant
aspects.
In my opinionhe insiststoo much on ...
What lfind particularlyshockingis ...
I don't like the way he dealswith ...
r6els,ce
On nouspr6sentedes personnages
qui est attirant.
Je doisdirequeje partageson avis.
avecpr6cision.
ll pr6senteses arguments
sontpr6cises.
Toutesles descriptions
parti.
pas
prend
ll ne
ll resteneutre.
ll n'imposejamaisson pointde vue au lecteur.
...
ll nouslaisselibresd'imaginer
pointde vue.
parfaitement
son
Je comprends
de fiabilit6que nousavonsr6sulte
L'impression
de...
ll a un jugementqui n'estpasobjectif.
ll ne semblepas impartial.
ll n'apparaitpasobjectif.
ll ne restepas neutre.
ll prendpartipour...
ll m6langelesthdmes.
On s'y perd.
Toutesles id6essemblentconfuses.
Le textemanquede coh6rence.
Sa positionest tropextr6me.
pas.
Ses argumentsne me convaincent
Ce n'estpastrdsconvaincant.
du
Je doisdirequeje ne suispasconvaincu
tout.
...
Je trouveditficiled'approuver
Je ne peuxpartagersonopinionquandil dit
q u e. . .
J'ai bienpeurque la plupartde ses arguments
ne vaillentrien.
pasce genred'humour.
Je n'appr6cie
ll essaietoujoursde se justifier.
Le probldmecentralrestenon r6solu.
On ne s'estm6mepasattaqu6au probldme
principal.
Le probldmeest d peine6voqu6.
On ne fait m6mepasallusiond la question
principale.
Ce n'estm6mepas6voqu6.
ll ne dit pasgrandchosesur ...
l l d i t p e ud e c h o s e s u r . . .
ll ometde traiterles aspectsles plus
importants.
A monavis,il insistetropsur...
choquant
Ce queje trouveparticulidrement
est ...
Je n'aimepas la fagondontil traitede ...
qu'ilfaudraits'6levercontre
I'm convincedsuch ideasshouldn'tgo Je suisconvaincu
id6es.
de telles
unchallenged.
I believehim up to a point. Je le croisjusqu'dun certainpoint.
This arousesthe reader'sindignation. Ceciprovoquel'indignation
du lecteur.
LA CONCLUSION
Elle rdsumb votre travail,rappelle les thdmesprincipaux,ouvre de nouvelles
perspectives.
In conclusionwe can say that ...
To conclude,l'll quote ...
By way of conclusionlwillfirst Iist the main
points again.
In my conclusionI'd like to ...
All this leadsto the conclusionthat ...
To use a famous quotation,I will say that...
I can now draw my conclusion.
What conclusionscould we draw from all
that ?
It remainsto be said that ...
Of course we must weigh the pros and cons.
To sum up, l'd like to compare...
All this convergesto show that ...
It remainsto be seen whether ...
To concludel'll give my personalopinion as
regardsthis problem.
nouspouvons
En conclusion
direque ...
je
Pourconclure citerai...
j'6numdrerai
En guisede conclusion
d'abordi
nouveaules pointsessentiels.
j'aimerais
Dansma conclusion
...
que ...
Toutcecimdned la conclusion
Pourutiliserunecitationc6ldbreje diraique ...
tirerma conclusion.
Je peuxmaintenant
pourrions-nous
tirerde
Quellesconclusions
toutcela?
ll rested direque ...
BiensOrnousdevonspeserle pouret le contre.
j'aimerais
Pourr6sumer,
comparer
...
Toutceciconvergeet montreque ...
ll rested savoirsi ...
Pourconclureje donneraimonopinion
personnelle
concernant
ce probldme.