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ANALYSE COÛTS-AVANTAGES
DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN
ZONE CÔTIÈRE À CARLETON-SUR-MER
Executive Summary
March 2016
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the Economics
Working Group of Canada’s Climate
Change Adaptation Platform, chaired by
Natural Resources Canada. It also received
funding from Quebec’s Green Fund as part of
the 2013–2020 Climate Change Action Plan.
Many people contributed to this study, in
particular Pascal Bernatchez and his team at the
Laboratoire de dynamique et de gestion intégrée
des zones côtières (LDGIZC) of Université du
Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), who shared their
experience and in-depth knowledge of hydrosedimentary processes of Quebec’s coasts and
wave dynamics with Ouranos.
We wish to thank the city of Carleton-surMer for the precious collaboration of the local
committee members. In particular, we would
like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance
provided by Danick Boulay, Samuel Landry and
Karl Leblanc.
We would also like to acknowledge the
contribution of the members of the various
committees set up for the project. Among
other things, their involvement helped to
better understand and integrate the issues at
stake within the study area: Josée Michaud
(Climate Change Bureau), Nick Xenos (Natural
Resources Canada), Jean-Pierre Revéret (UQAM),
Adam Fenech (UPEI), Dominique Bérubé
(UNB), Élizabeth Marceau (DFO), Graham
Frank (Baird), Marcel Roussy (MAPAQ), Rénald
Méthot (MAMOT), Jacinthe Girard (MDDELCC),
Laurence Laperrière (MDDELCC), Jean-Denis
Bouchard (MDDELCC), François Hazel (DFO),
Michel Michaud (Transports Québec), Guylène
Chouinard (Transports Québec), Hélène
Latérière (MCC) et Paul Gingras (MRC La Mitis).
Finally, we thank all the organizations and firms
that provided essential data for this analysis,
especially Pesca Environnement and W.F. Baird
& Associates Coastal Engineers.
ANALYSE COÛTS-AVANTAGES
DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION
EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE À CARLETON-SUR-MER
PROJET : ÉVALUATION ÉCONOMIQUE DES RÉPERCUSSIONS DES
CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET ANALYSE COÛTS-AVANTAGES
DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE AU QUÉBEC
Project director: Manon Circé, Ouranos
Project delivery team:
Laurent Da Silva, Ouranos
Xavier Mercier, Ouranos
Guillaume Duff, Ouranos
François Morneau, Ouranos
Claude Desjarlais, Ouranos
Ursule Boyer-Villemaire, Ouranos
Sylvie Corbeil, AECOM
Travis Logan, Ouranos
Main collaborators:
Pascal Bernatchez, UQAR
Steeve Dugas, UQAR
City of Carleton-sur-Mer
Jean-Pierre Savard, Ouranos
Philippe Roy, Ouranos
Editing and layout: Beatriz Osorio, Ouranos, and Katherine Pineault, Ouranos
Translation: Heather Meek
Project number: 540010-000
Suggested citation : Circé, M., Da Silva, L., Mercier, X., Boyer-Villemaire, U., Desjarlais, C. and Morneau, F.
(2016) Analyse coûts-avantages des options d'adaptation en zone côtière à Carleton-sur-Mer. Ouranos,
Montréal. 169 pages and appendices. (Report available in French only)
March 2016
EXECUTIVE
sUMMARY
Few studies to date have focused on the
economic assessment of climate change impacts
and adaptation options for eastern Quebec’s
coastal areas. A program of work was therefore
initiated by the Economics Working Group of
Canada’s Climate Change Adaptation Platform,
chaired by Natural Resources Canada, to create
economic knowledge and tools to help decisionmakers in Canada’s private and public sectors
make better adaptation investment choices and
policy decisions. Under this program of work,
the research project Economic Assessment of
the Impacts of Climate Change and Cost-Benefit
Analysis of Adaptation Options targeted coastal
areas of Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces.
aimed to assess the economic impacts of erosion
due to climate change in Quebec’s maritime
regions and to analyze the costs and benefits of
various adaptation options for coastal erosion
and flooding.
Five sites were subject to cost-benefit analysis
(CBA) in this study: Carleton-sur-Mer, Percé, Îlesde-la-Madeleine, Maria and Kamouraska. This
report focuses on the coastline of the city of
Carleton-sur-Mer, in Chaleur Bay.
Like many other coastal municipalities
in Quebec, Carleton-sur-Mer is already
experiencing significant climate change
impacts, due to sea-level rise, milder winters,
loss of ice cover in Chaleur bay and changes in
The Quebec study was conducted by Ouranos
storm patterns. Changes to these hydroclimatic
and its primary research partner, the Laboratoire
variables accelerate and amplify the hazards of
de dynamique et de gestion intégrée des zones
coastal erosion and flooding threatening the
côtières (LDICZM) of Université du Québec
land, buildings and infrastructures along the
à Rimouski (UQAR), which has developed a
coast.
wealth of knowledge about coastal erosion and
flooding in Quebec. The objectives of the study
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
1
mEthodologiCAL APPROACH
The purpose of this study is to identify the most
beneficial adaptation options for protecting
Carleton-sur-Mer’s coastal area from the
impacts of erosion and flooding hazards, which
are increasing due to climate change. The study
relies on future erosion projections provided by
UQAR’s LDGIZC as well as extreme water level
projections developed jointly by Ouranos and
LDGIZC.
avoided costs and from benefits related to the
use of the coast.
Benefits and costs of proposed adaptation
options are discounted at 4% over the study
period: 2015-2064. They are assessed from a
regional perspective for the entire Gaspésie
region.
STUDY AREA
Located in the Chaleur Bay, Carleton-sur-Mer
The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) compares the covers a 244 km2 area in the MRC d’Avignon. The
aggregated benefits and costs of technically current city arised from the fusion, in 2000, of
feasible adaptation options, from an economic St-Omer and Carleton municipalities and has a
point of view. The CBA relies on two indicators population of about 4,000.
to compare the adaptation options to nonThe study area covers the coast between
intervention: net present value (NPV) and costthe heart of St-Omer and the Caps de Maria,
benefit ratio.
on a total length of 29.9 km. It was divided
The study provides an assessment of economic, into 8 segments according to the physical
environmental and social impacts, as well characteristics of the coastline and land use.
as the costs of adaptation options. These The segments were grouped in 3 sectors,
include preliminary studies, construction namely Banc St-Omer, Berthelot-Éperlan and
and maintenance costs. As for the benefits of Carleton Est. The boundaries of these sectors are
adaptation options, most of them stem from identified in Figure A.
2
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
1
2
3
Study sectors:
1 - Banc St-Omer
2 - Berthelot-Éperlan
3 - Carleton Est
±
±
Figure A - Map of the study area and location of the 3 sectors under study
adaptation OPTIONS
The adaptation options studied were drawn
from a study realised for Ouranos by W.F. Baird
The adaptation options studied in Carleton& Associates Coastal Engineers (Baird). Taking
sur-Mer include hard engineering structures
into account the biophysical, geomorphological
(rubblemounds, embankments, sea walls) and
and oceanographic parameters of the Carletonsoft engineering structures (beach nourishment
sur-Mer coast, Baird conducted a preliminary
with or without groynes, beach nourishment
identification of structures that could protect
with bioengineering, vegetated sand dunes),
the Carleton-sur-Mer coastline against 500-year
as well as an option without coastal structures
storm events.
combining flood proofing and planned retreat
when assets are affected by erosion, flooding or The main conclusions for each segment are
both.
presented below.
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
3
Banc St-Omer SectOr
The first sector studied is Banc St-Omer, which
covers a distance of 6.5 km from Route Leblanc
to Route Beaulieu. It comprises three segments
with widely differing coastal issues: Banc StOmer Ouest, Banc St-Omer Centre and Banc StOmer Est. The boundaries of these segments are
identified in Figure B.
marshland that is home to a diverse ecosystem
of great ecological value. In fact, the St-Omer
barachois or lagoon is an Environment Canada
protected area. This area also attracts a large
number of visitors who practice a wide range
of recreational activities. The rear part of this
segment, behind the lagoon, contains many
homes and businesses in addition to the StOmer Local community service center (CLSC).
Over the time horizon under study, a breach in
the spit is expected to occur in 2017, increasing
exposure of the buildings in the rear section to
the risk of flooding (82 buildings over the study
period) and erosion (1 building) hazards. This
breach would imply the loss of the protected
marshland and of visitor access to the spit.
The westernmost segment, Banc St-Omer
Ouest, is dominated by sand spits and low cliffs
of unconsolidated sediment. Close to 90% of
the coast is natural. It is expected that, over the
next 50 years, 58% of the coast will be eroding,
while 42% will be stable or in a slight state of
accretion. A total of 80% of the coast will also
be subject to flooding. A number of homes have
If nothing is done, the CBA indicates anticipated
structures to prevent erosion or embankments
damages estimated at close to $5.9 million,
against flooding.
discounted at 4% over 50 years. Almost 62%
The St-Omer sand bank protects a brackish of these costs are due to the loss of use of the
WorldView-2©2016 DigitalGlobe, Inc.
Figure B- Boundaries of the 3 studied segments in the Banc St-Omer sector
4
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
spit and 28% to flooding damages. Among the
adaptation options studied, beach nourishment
with sand is the most advantageous, generating
close to $2.7 million in benefits compared to
non-intervention.
Est, extends just under one kilometre from the
Stewart River to Route Beaulieu. The coast here
is quite low, and is mainly composed of beach
terraces (58%) and low cliffs of unconsolidated
sediment (29%). Even though homes in this
segment are not exposed to short term erosion,
The Banc St-Omer Centre segment, which is
the probable future erosion rate, in addition to
about 0.5 km long, is comprised between Rue
the single-event retreat rate of the cliffs and
Caissy and Stewart River. It is almost entirely
beach terraces, will lead to damages over the
composed of beach terraces, almost half of
medium and long term.
which are eroding. While there are few buildings
in this segment, the entire coast is subject to The CBA points to total damages for this
flooding episodes which could damage some segment of close to $160,000, discounted at
buildings. In this segment, damages from 4% over 50 years. Erosion, which will affect
coastal hazards are estimated to about $724,000 three buildings, is responsible for just over 90%
over a 50 years period. Close to 88% of these of these damages. Planned retreat is the most
damages are due to flooding. Flood proofing beneficial adaptation option for this segment,
combined with planned retreat constitutes the although once again the difference between
most advantageous adaptation option for this the NPV of this option and that of the nonsegment, although its benefit compared to non- intervention option is low.
intervention is low, at just over $20,000.
Figure C presents the CBA results for all options
The last segment in this sector, Banc St-Omer studied in the Banc St-Omer sector.
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
5
Millions
$6.0
$5.0
$4.0
$3.0
$2.0
$1.0
$0.0
($1.0)
($2.0)
($3.0)
($4.0)
2.5
2.06
2.01
$2.66
$2.59
$1.91
Beach
replenishment
with groynes
Banc St-Omer Centre
Millions
1.55
$4.0
Beach
replenishment
with
bioengineering
1.5
$0.08
$3.0
$2.0
$1.0
$0.02
$0.0
($2.0)
($1.32)
($3.0)
0.33
Rubblemound
revetment
Flood proofing
and planned
retreat
0.0
1.50
Legend
1.00
Net advantage
compared to
non-intervention
($1.0)
0.50
Flood proofing and
planned retreat
Benefit/Cost Ratio
0.00
Banc St-Omer Est
Millions
1.0
2.00
1.78
($4.0)
2.00
$4.0
$3.0
$2.0
1.17
$1.0
$0.02
$0.0
1.50
1.00
($1.0)
($2.0)
($3.0)
($4.0)
($1.75)
0.08
($2.12)
0.07
($1.45)
0.1
Rubblemound
revetment
Beach
replenishment
Beach
replenishment
with groynes
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
2.0
0.5
Beach
replenishment
Net advantage
compared to NI
1.59
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
Banc St-Omer Ouest
0.50
0.00
Planned retreat
Figure C - Net present value and benefit-cost ratio of each adaptation option under study per segment
6
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
Berthelot-Éperlan SectOr
This sector extends for 1.4 km between Rue
Berthelot and Rue Landry, all the way to the
point where the latter reaches the coast. The
rail corridor was excluded from the study, as any
intervention to protect this segment should be
part of efforts to rehabilitate the entire railway.
This sector includes two segments, Rue Berthelot
and Ruisseau de l’Éperlan, whose boundaries
are identified in Figure D.
WorldView-2©2016 DigitalGlobe, Inc.
Figure D - Boundaries of the 2 segments studied in the Berthelot-Éperlan sector
The Rue Berthelot segment is bounded by
Route 132 and the railway. Composed of
low unconsolidated sediment cliffs, it is a
residential area protected by a several metres
high rubblemound in good condition. This
rubblemound has slowed down coastal erosion,
but at the cost of beach loss. Storm waves
strike the protective structures with great force,
which could eventually cause their collapse.
Over the next 50 years, erosion threatens 7
of the segment’s 11 homes, but no building is
vulnerable to flooding.
According to the CBA results, damages in this
segment would amount to close to $200,000,
14% of which would be linked to the physical
loss of land while 54% would be due to the
demolition of 3 homes. In this segment, the
non-intervention option requires protecting the
access route from Highway 132 to Rue Berthelot
for the street’s residents. Non-intervention is
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
7
the least costly option, as planned retreat costs
exceeds those of losing the homes exposed to
erosion over the next 50 years.
have been set up along the top of the cliff to
the west of the stream, while to the east there
are primary residences exposed to erosion. For
this segment, the CBA indicates that discounted
The Ruisseau de l’Éperlan segment extends over
damages over the next 50 years would total
almost 1 km between Chemin de la Mer and
approximately $300,000. As is the case for the
Rue Landry. The stream’s delta lies in the centre
Rue Berthelot segment, all adaptation options
of the segment, bordered by a beach terrace
studied for the Ruisseau de l’Éperlan segment
and flanked on either side by unconsolidated
are more costly than non-intervention.
sediment cliffs. With a retreat rate between
-0.24 and -0.35 m per year, this segment is at Figure E presents the CBA results for the
risk of erosion and two-thirds of its coast is adaptation options studied in the Rue Berthelot
artificialized. A number of cottages and trailers and Ruisseau de l’Éperlan segments.
Millions
1.00
$0.0
Legend
($0.42)
($1.0)
($2.0)
($2.05)
0.50
0.29
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
Rue Berthelot
Net advantage
compared to
non-intervention
Benefit/Cost Ratio
($3.0)
0.08
($4.0)
Rubblemound
revetment
Planned retreat
0.00
Millions
1.00
$0.0
($0.26)
($1.0)
0.49
($2.0)
($3.0)
($2.67)
0.1
($2.66)
0.1
($2.60)
0.1
Rubblemound
revetment
Beach
replenishment
Beach
replenishment
with groynes
($4.0)
Planned retreat
0.50
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
Ruisseau de l’Éperlan
0.00
Figure E - Net present value compared to non-intervention and benefit-cost ratio of each adaptation
option under study per segment
8
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
Carleton Est SectOR
To the west, the Plage municipale segment
runs close to a kilometre from Rue de la Gare
The Carleton Est sector covers a stretch of more
to the Carleton wharf. Carleton’s municipal
than 10.6 km in the heart of the city of Carletonbeach is located on a spit and is historically
sur-Mer, and contains the most important
under accretion, nourished by sediments
services and infrastructures. This sector includes
from Ruisseau de l’Éperlan and the nearby
three segments with very different coastal
unconsolidated sedimentary cliffs. However, the
dynamics: Plage municipale, Pédoncule and
last 200 m of beach before the wharf are eroding
Caps de Maria. Figure F identifies the boundaries
(-0.21 m/year) and the section before the wharf
of each segment.
is artificialized.
WorldView-2©2016 DigitalGlobe, Inc.
Figure 6.6 - Boundaries of the 3 segments studied in the Carleton Est sector
This segment experiences problems with
flooding caused by direct surges along the
waterfront and breaking waves to the east of
the wharf. Over a period of 50 years, some thirty
buildings and infrastructures in the western
part of the segment will be affected by flooding
events. The road leading to the Carleton wharf
is also subject to flooding, but the episodes are
not long enough to lead to economic losses by
compromising the activities that depend on
wharf access.
According to the CBA results, the cost of inaction
on the time horizon under consideration would
amount to $6.1 million, 74% of which would be
damages associated with flooding. Among the
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
9
adaptation options studied for this segment,
flood proofing of buildings proves to be the
most advantageous, producing a net benefit of
$1.85 million compared to non-intervention.
the most advantageous option, providing a net
benefit of just over $1.24 million.
The Caps de Maria segment stretches on 5.4 km
from Avenue du Phare to Auberge des Caps.
Located on the municipal campground sand It is essentially composed of unconsolidated
spit that shelters the Carleton lagoon, the sediment cliffs some 20 to 30 m in height, which
Pédoncule segment extends for 1 km from the are eroding at a rate varying between -0.28 m
start of the neck of the spit (thinnest section at and -0.69 m per year. The resulting sediment
the landward end of the spit) to the curve in the contributes to replenishing the Carleton lagoon
campground road. To protect it from the erosion sand spit. This segment is therefore essential for
and flooding hazards during storms, two-third slowing down the creation of a breach in the
of the segment has been artificialized, mainly by neck of the spit in the Pédoncule segment.
rubblemound and wooden sea walls. Despite
Over the time horizon under study, erosion is
the sediment contribution from the capes of
expected to lead to the loss of a strip of land 14
Maria, the coastal dynamic in this location does
to 35 metres wide, which will affect some thirty
not allow accumulation.
homes located at the top of the cliffs. Despite
If nothing is done, erosion could cut through these potential losses, the CBA results indicate
the neck of the spit by around 2040, preventing that non-intervention constitutes the least
road access to the campground and resulting costly option for this segment with discounted
in the loss of camping-related revenues. The costs evaluated at around $1.54 million. Planned
results of the CBA show that the damages retreat in this location would involve additional
associated with inaction, discounted at 4%, costs of $1.37 million.
would amount to $3.25 million over 50 years in
Figure G presents the results of the CBA for all
this segment. Among the adaptation options
adaptation options studied in the Carleton Est
studied, beach nourishment with groynes is
sector.
10
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
Millions
$4.0
$3.0
$1.0
1.50
1.25
0.91
$0.0
($2.0)
1.75
$1.90
$2.0
($1.0)
2.00
1.68
1.00
0.75
($0.61)
0.50
0.25
($3.0)
0.00
($4.0)
Multiple
protections
Millions
$4.0
1.63
$3.0
$2.0
$1.24
$1.0
0.53
($1.0)
0.50
($2.83)
Road flood
proofing with
higher seawall
Caps de Maria Ouest
Millions
1.50
1.00
$0.21
($2.0)
($4.0)
2.00
1.07
$0.0
($3.0)
0.00
Beach
replenishment
Beach
replenishment
with groynes
2.00
$4.0
$3.0
1.50
$2.0
$1.0
$0.0
($1.0)
($2.0)
($3.0)
($1.37)
0.49
1.00
0.50
0.00
($4.0)
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
Flood proofing
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
Pédoncule
B/C Ratio
Net advantage
compared to NI
Plage municipale
Legend
Net advantage
compared to
non-intervention
Benefit/Cost Ratio
Planned retreat
Figure G - Net present value compared to non-intervention and benefit-cost ratio of each adaptation
option under study per segment
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
11
Conclusion
The purpose of this cost-benefit analysis is
to help decision makers to select the most
beneficial adaptation options for avoiding
damages to the Carleton-sur-Mer coast, by
comparing the economic costs and benefits
over a time horizon of 50 years.
Figure H shows the net present value of the
most advantageous option in comparison with
non-intervention for each of the 8 segments
under study. For 3 segments, Rue Berthelot,
Ruisseau de l’Éperlan and Caps de Maria, the
non-intervention option constitutes the most
economically viable option. For the Banc StOmer Ouest, Plage municipale and Pédoncule
segments, the implementation of different
options, namely beach nourishment, flood
proofing of buildings and beach nourishment
with groynes respectively, is clearly preferable
to non-intervention. For the Banc St-Omer
Centre and Banc St-Omer Est segments, the
net benefits of the most advantageous option
(flood proofing and/or planned retreat) over
non-intervention are so low that no clear
12
conclusion can be drawn as to the option to
favour economically.
The CBA results are primarily influenced by
the extent of expected damages, the value of
the land and properties in need of protection,
the use of the coast, and by the costs of the
proposed adaptation options over the time
horizon. Along the Carleton-sur-Mer coastline,
the implementation cost of hard engineering
structures is appreciably higher than the value of
the expected damages, rendering such options
unjustified from an economic point of view.
For the Banc St-Omer Ouest and Pédoncule
segments, where the use value of the coast is
high, soft engineering structures that preserve
this value are the most beneficial. In cases
where value of the land and buildings affected
by coastal hazards is relatively high, as is the
case for the Plage municipale segment and, to
a lesser extent, the Banc St-Omer Centre and
Banc St-Omer Est segments, planned retreat
combined to flood proofing appears to be more
advantageous than inaction for society as a
whole.
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
ANALYSE COÛTS - AVANTAGES DES OPTIONS D’ADAPTATION EN ZONE CÔTIÈRE
À CARLETON-SUR-MER
13
Millions
Banc St-Omer
Ouest
$2.66
Banc St-Omer
Centre
$0.02
Banc St-Omer
Est
$0.02
Rue Berthelot
($0.42)
Ruisseau de Plage municipale
l'Éperlan
($0.26)
$1.90
Pédoncule
$1.24
Caps de Maria
($1.37)
FP, PR or FPPR
BRG
BR
Figure H - Net present value of the most advantageous option compared to non-intervention
Legend: BR= Beach replenishment, BRG= Beach replenishment with groynes, FP= Flood proofing, PR= Planned retreat, FPPR= FP+RP
($2.0)
($1.5)
($1.0)
($0.5)
$0.0
$0.5
$1.0
$1.5
$2.0
$2.5
$3.0
LIST OF
ACRONYMS
CBA:
Cost-benefit analysis
CC:
Climate change
LDGIZC:
Laboratoire de dynamique et de gestion intégrée des zones côtières
MAMOT:
Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l’Occupation du territoire
MAPAQ:
Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec
MCC: Ministère de la Culture et des Communications
MDDELCC: Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les
changements climatiques
DFO:
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
MRC:
Municipalité régionale de comté
UNB:
University of New Brunswick
UPEI:
University of Prince Edward Island
UQAM:
Université du Québec à Montréal
UQAR:
Université du Québec à Rimouski
NPV:
Net present value