Pre-Intermediate

Transcription

Pre-Intermediate

Pre-Intermediate
1
Scotland, Wales and Ireland
Background
Scotland was an independent kingdom until it united
with England in 1707 to form Great Britain. Scotland still
has its own legal system and education system, and the
Scottish people have a strong sense of their own cultural
identity. Scotland was governed from London until the
rise of Scottish nationalism at the end of the twentieth
century led to the creation of the Scottish Parliament in
Edinburgh in 1998, which is now responsible for domestic
policies.
Wales was conquered by England in the thirteenth
century, and was officially joined to England in the
sixteenth century. As with Scotland, Wales has retained
a strong sense of its own identity, through its language,
music and other cultural traditions.
Great Britain and Ireland became united in 1801, but in
1922, following a period of unrest, the Republic of Ireland
split off and became an independent country. Northern
Ireland continued to be part of the United Kingdom, but
unrest and violence continued in the province throughout
the twentieth century between groups who wanted
to remain part of the UK and those who wanted an
independent united Ireland.
Pronunciation
Edinburgh /"edInbr@/
Hogmanay /"hQgm@neI/
loch /lQk/
Cardiff /"kA:dIf/
Eisteddfod /aIs"tedf@d/
Snowdonia /sn@U"d@UnI@/
Brecon Beacons /"brek@n "bi:k@nz/
Pembrokeshire /"pembr@kS@/
bodhran /"bQdr@n/
Gaelic /"geIlIk/
Notes on the unit
1 Discuss the questions as a class.
Answers
Scotland: bagpipes, men wearing kilts, tartan, traditional music,
mountains (Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in the UK), lochs
(lakes) – including a loch with a monster, glens (valleys), films such
as Braveheart and Local Hero, football.
Wales: music, poetry, male voice choirs, coal mining (in the past),
mountains, hills, valleys, beaches, national parks, rugby.
Ireland: countryside, rain, lakes, St Patrick’s Day, music, poetry,
story-telling, fiddles (violins), pipes, banjos, folk music, bands such
as U2 and Westlife, Gaelic football, hurling.
3 Ask students to find the words in the texts and work
out their meanings.
Answers
1 a pattern, an arrangement of shapes and colour
2 low areas of land surrounded by higher ground
3 an opponent or competitor
4 a group of people who sing together
5 a time when there isn’t enough food
6 moved to another country 7 someone’s children and children’s children
8 origins
4 Ask students to find words in the text which match the
meanings.
Answers
1 kilt 2 tartan 3 Eisteddfod 4 Welsh 5 The Emerald Isle 6 three of the following: fiddles, pipes, banjos, bodhrán
5 Divide the class into A, B and C students. Ask students
to read their text again and prepare answers for their
questions. Put students into groups of three and ask
them to ask and answer the questions.
Answers
A (Scotland)
1 bagpipes
2 It’s light until 11pm.
3 Ben Nevis
4 football teams
B (Wales)
5 in the mining communities of south Wales
6 a waterproof jacket, a raincoat
7 Welsh
8 Before a rugby match.
C (Ireland)
9 the Republic of Ireland
10 Because the countryside is so green and beautiful.
11Because thousands of people emigrated to the USA during the
famine in the 1840s.
12 It’s a sport like hockey.
What do you think?
Put students into pairs or small groups to discuss, then
conduct a whole class discussion.
PROJECT
Students can do this as homework, but could also prepare
it in class, working in pairs.
2 Ask students to read the texts and check their answers.
New Headway Pre-Intermediate Culture and Literature Companion Teacher’s Guide 1 Pre-Intermediate
2
What do you think?
The world of football
Discuss as a class, or first in pairs/groups, and then as a
class.
PROJECT
Background
In Britain, as in many other countries in the world,
football is almost like a religion to the large numbers of
people who travel each week to watch their favourite team
play. As well as the professional clubs, there are thousands
of small clubs for adults and children all over the country,
run by volunteers. As the sums of money paid for the
TV rights to Premier League matches have continued to
increase, many people now think that top flight football
has lost its soul, with tickets being beyond the reach of its
traditional working class fan base.
Pronunciation
Premier League /"premi@ "li:g/
Aussie rules /"Qzi "ru:lz/
Gaelic football /"geIlIk "fUtbO:l/
1 Discuss the questions as a class. Ask students to read
the texts to check their answers.
Answers
Association football (soccer), American football, Australian-rules
football, Gaelic football
2a Ask students to read the texts again and complete the
table.
Answers
1 American football, Australian-rules football, Gaelic football
2 soccer
3 soccer, American football
4 Australian-rules football
5 soccer, Gaelic football
6 American football, Australian-rules football
7 Australian-rules football
8 American football, Australian-rules football
9 soccer
10 American football
2bPut students into small groups and ask them to choose
facts about one of the sports and ask their group
members to say which sport it is.
3a Ask students to match the words to the pictures.
Answers
1b 2d 3a 4c 5f 6e
3bAsk students to translate the words and phrases into
their own language.
3
Three famous characters in British fiction
Background
The Sherlock Holmes stories are widely read in Britain, but
for most people the character of Sherlock Holmes is more
familiar through the many film and TV adaptations of the
stories. He is probably the best known fictional detective
in Britain, and his name is used allusively in the context of
anyone displaying great powers of perception or deduction.
Ian Fleming’s James Bond stories have never been especially
popular as books, but the film adaptations have been
extremely successful, making James Bond the archetypal
international spy.
The Harry Potter books have been the most successful books
for children ever published in Britain, and have made their
author a multi-millionaire. Although some literary critics
have questioned their literary worth, there is no doubting
their huge popularity with children and adults alike.
Pronunciation
Sherlock Holmes /"S3:lQk "h@Umz/
Arthur Conan Doyle /"A:T@ "k@Un@n "dOIl/
Guiness Book of Records /"gInIs bUk @v "rekO:dz/
007 /"dVbl @U "sev@n/
Lord Voldemort /"lO:d "vQld@mO:t/
Notes on the unit
4 Ask students to read the texts again and answer the
questions.
Answers
2 Dr Watson is Holmes’s friend and the narrator in most of the
stories.
3 Intrepid was William Stephenson. He was a spy master in World
War II. Intrepid was his code name.
4 Sean Connery.
5 An evil wizard.
6 He was a friend of J K Rowling’s when she was a child.
5 Ask students to decide if the character adjectives are
positive or negative, then match them to a real person
or a fictional character.
Answers
positive: Bohemian (Sherlock Holmes), eccentric (Sherlock
Holmes), brave (Harry Potter), determined (Harry Potter)
negative: disorganized (Sherlock Holmes), arrogant (James Bond),
cold (James Bond), evil (Lord Voldemort)
6 Ask students to match the words to form collocations,
then check their answers in the texts.
Answers
2 to get up late 3 to break the law 4 to break into a house 5 to play a part (in a film) 6 to make mistakes 7 to lose your
temper
What do you think?
Answers
Sherlock Holmes – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He’s a detective.
James Bond – Ian Fleming. He’s a spy.
Harry Potter – J K Rowling. He’s a wizard.
class.
PROJECT
2 Ask students to read the texts quickly to get an idea of
the general meaning.
3 Ask students to read the texts again and complete the
table. Put students into pairs to ask and answer questions.
Answers
Author
Name of Date of
Based
Personality and habits
character first
on real
appearance people?
Evidence of popularity
Sir Arthur
Sherlock
Conan Doyle Holmes
1887
yes
Bohemian, disorganized, eccentric, gets up late,
Author had to revive him after he’d killed him off in
keeps his tobacco in a Persian slipper, untidy,
one of his stories.
sometimes forgets to eat, sometimes breaks the law
Ian Fleming
James
Bond
1953
partly
likes fast cars and beautiful women, likes
scrambled eggs and coffee, clever, athletic, cold,
arrogant
There are films of all the Bond novels. Video games,
comic strips, model cars and other gadgets.
J K Rowling
Harry
Potter
1997
yes
has a strong sense of right and wrong, brave,
determined, sometimes makes mistakes,
sometimes loses his temper
The books are in 67 languages, and sell millions of
copies; films, video games and other merchandise.
4
2 Ask students to read the text and choose the correct
final sentence for each paragraph.
The Caribbean
Background
As stated in the text, the Caribbean has strong historical
ties with Britain, which have continued into modern
times. Many young black British people have their family
roots in the Caribbean, and may still have members
of their extended family there. Many of the Caribbean
countries are still members of the Commonwealth of
Nations, an organization of former British colonies who
trade with each other and compete in sporting events
such as the Commonwealth Games, a major athletics
competition. Cricket is also a major link between the
countries, with annual matches between Britain and the
West Indies.
Pronunciation
Caribbean /k&rI"bi:@n/
Jamaica /dZ@"meIk@/
The Bahamas /D@ b@"hA:m@z/
Trinidad and Tobago /"trInId&d @n t@"beIg@U/
St Lucia /seInt "lu:SI@/
Christopher Columbus /"krIst@f@ k@"lVmb@s/
Andrea Levy /"&ndrI@ "li:vi/
reggae /"regeI/
1 Ask students to match the islands to the languages.
Discuss the question as a class.
Answers
Puerto Rico – Spanish
Guadalupe – French
Jamaica – English
Cuba – Spanish
Martinique – French
The Bahamas – English
Aruba – Dutch
Trinidad and Tobago – English
St Lucia – English
These languages are spoken in the Caribbean because the islands
were colonized by Europeans.
Answers
2d This is why the majority of the people who live there today are
of African descent.
3c These people felt as if they were going home to the ‘Mother
Country’ (and were surprised at the poor standard of living,
poor manners, and racial prejudice they often met there).
4e To see and hear them all in one place, go to the Notting Hill
Carnival in London!
5b Both have won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
6a The high point was when Usain Bolt became the fastest man in
the world over 100 metres.
3 Ask students to read the text again and answer the
questions.
Answers
1 Haiti and the Dominican Republic
2 Because they thought they were in India.
3 The sailors communicated with the slaves in English. The slaves
came from different parts of Africa and didn’t speak the same
language, so they used English as the common language.
4 Because children learned the same things as British children
learned at school.
5 Because they saw Britain as their Mother Country and because
there were jobs there.
6 Jamaica, because of Bob Marley.
7 He’s from Trinidad. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
8 He writes poetry and plays.
9 The West Indies team.
4 Ask students to find the words and phrases in the text,
then match them with the definitions.
Answers
1 voyage 2 plantation 3 slaves 4 impact 5 playwright 6 native 7 illegal 8 prominent 9 landed 10 encouraged 11 took the world by storm
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
5
The Story of English
Background
The English language is the result of a mixture of different
influences. It started out as a Germanic language, but
was heavily influenced by Old Norse, following invasions
by Vikings in the 8th and 9th centuries, and later by Old
French, following the Norman Conquest of Britain in the
11th century, when French became the official language in
England for 300 years. A lot of technical or medical words
were formed directly from Latin or Greek and taken into
English. Because of the varied history of the language, there
are words in English that speakers of various languages will
recognize as being similar to words in their own language.
English is now an official language in 53 countries, and is
spoken in total by more than 500 million people.
Pronunciation
Virginia /v@"dZInI@/
pidgin /"pIdZIn /
3bAsk students to read the text again and answer the
questions.
Answers
1 They went to Canada to farm, fish and trade in furs. They
went to the Caribbean because they owned plantations there
and they took slaves to work on them. The British sent their
criminals to Australia.
2 In words like bath the ‘a’ is short, like the ‘a’ in bad.
3 In Australian English today, there are examples of Cockney
rhyming slang and pronunciation (for example, ‘make’ sounds
like ‘mike’). There are similarities between New Zealand
pronunciation and Scottish English (for example, the sounding
of the ‘h’ in ‘where’)
4 Ask students to match the words and phrases with
their meanings.
Answers
2k 3j 4h 5a 6g 7d 8f 9b 10i 11e
5 Ask students to work in pairs to write the standard
English.
Notes on the unit
1 Discuss the question as a class.
Example Answer
Britain, the USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
2 Ask students to read the texts quickly to understand
the general meaning, without worrying if they don’t
understand every word.
3a Ask students to read the text again and complete the
timeline.
Answers
1720s The Irish and Scottish emigrated in large numbers to
America.
1760Britain became the ruling power in Canada and English
became the dominant language.
1765 British rule began in India.
1770 Captain Cook, a British sailor and explorer, reached
Australia.
1776One in seven people in America was of Scots or Irish origin.
Some people moved from the new United States to Canada
in order to live under British rule.
1788 Britain started transporting prisoners to Sydney, Australia.
1806 British control in South Africa began.
1822 English became the official language in South Africa.
1840 New Zealand became a British colony.
Answers
1 B And did you get it?
2 Do it immediately.
3 B Were they? 4 He went to school every day last year. Now, he sometimes goes,
and he sometimes doesn’t go.
5 I don’t understand you. 6 You’re tired, aren’t you?
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
6
4a Ask students to find the words and
phrases in the texts and work out their
meaning.
From Glastonbury to Glyndebourne
Answers
1 a big money-making event
2 a big strong barrier
3people who try to get into an event without
a ticket or an invitation
4 short pieces of wood or metal that keep
something in place
5 practical classes in which students learn by
taking an active part
6 in the open air
7 established, started
8 best part
Background
As well as Glastonbury, there are big pop music festivals in many other
British cities, for example Reading and Leeds. There are also many smaller,
local festivals, which give opportunities to new bands to perform in front of a
bigger audience. In their early years, the big pop festivals such as Glastonbury
were attended mainly by young people, but many of these early festival-goers
have continued to enjoy the festival experience, so it is now quite normal to
see fifty-year-olds rubbing shoulders with teenagers at Glastonbury.
Folk music has never enjoyed mainstream popularity in Britain, so folk
festivals tend to be much smaller than pop festivals.
Glyndebourne has a rather upper-class image in Britain, reinforced by the
formal dress code and high price of tickets. The Proms, on the other hand,
are a popular event and are enjoyed by a wide variety of people, even people
who do not necessarily go to classical music concerts regularly.
Pronunciation
Glastonbury /"gl&st@nbri/
Oxfam /"Qksf&m/
promenade concerts /"prQm@nA:d
"kQns@ts/
4bAsk students to find the phrases in
the texts and then choose the correct
meanings.
Answers
1c 2b 3a 4c
Glyndebourne /"glaIndbO:n/
Greenpeace /"gri:npi:s/
Brighton /"braItn/
2 Discuss the photos and the questions as a class, then ask students to read
the texts quickly to check their answers.
5 Ask students to match the words to
form collocations, checking their
answers in the text if necessary.
Answers
1 good causes 2 a loyal following 3 music lovers 4 a season ticket 5 a country house 6 a dress code 7 a dinner jacket 8 an evening dress
Answers
Glastonbury Festival is a rock music festival. People of all ages go. Tickets cost £155 for
the weekend.
The National Forest Folk Festival is a folk music festival but includes blues, country and
some pop music. Tickets cost £54 for the weekend.
The Last Night of the Proms at the Royal Albert Hall in London is the closing concert
of the world’s largest classical music festival. Tickets for the eight-week season cost
£190. A ticket to ‘prom’ (to stand) for one evening costs £6.
What do you think?
Discuss the questions as a class, or first in
pairs/groups, and then as a class.
Glyndebourne is an opera festival. People who like opera go to it. Tickets cost from
£90 to £190 per evening.
3 Ask students to read the texts again and complete the chart by drawing
it on a separate piece of paper. Put students into pairs to ask and answer
questions.
PROJECT
Students can do this as homework, but
could also prepare it in class, working in
pairs.
Answers
Name of festival
Glastonbury
When
the last weekend in June
The Cambridge Folk Festival
the last weekend in July
The National Forest Folk Festival
the first weekend in July
The BBC Proms
The Glyndebourne Opera Festival
Where
on a farm, near Glastonbury in
the west of England
just outside Cambridge
Pop / folk / classical
pop
Cost
£155 for the weekend
folk, blues, country, pop £100 for the weekend
in the National Forest, in the
centre of England
8 weeks in the summer (from mid- central London, mainly in the
July to the beginning of September) Royal Albert Hall
folk
£54 for the weekend
classical
From mid-May to the end of August Glyndebourne, Sussex
classical – opera
£6 to prom at one
concert; £190 for a
season ticket
£95–£190
7
What do you think?
Discuss as a class, or first in pairs/groups.
Englishness
PROJECT
Background
As Britain’s population has grown and become much more
diverse and multi-cultural, there is a feeling in Britain
that some of the old stereotypes discussed in the text need
to be replaced with a more modern definition of what it
means to be English or British.
Mr Bean, Fawlty Towers and Little Britain are all successful
TV comedy shows.
The sentences mentioned in paragraph 4 mean:
An Englishman’s home is his castle: English people take
great pride in their homes and feel they should be safe and
free from outside interference there.
Keep yourself to yourself: to not talk to or mix with other
people very much.
Mind your own business: not become involved in things
that don’t directly concern you.
Pronunciation
Eurotunnel /"ju:r@UtVnl/
Fawlty Towers /"fQlti "taU@z/
stereotype /"steri@taIp/
Notes on the unit
2 Ask students to read the text quickly, without worrying
if they don’t understand every word.
3 Ask students to read the text again and match each
paragraph to a picture.
Answers
2E 3G 4F 5D 6B 7C 8A
4 Ask students to find the adjectives in the text and
work out their meanings. Ask them to find the phrases
in the text and think of the equivalents in their own
language.
Answers
gloomy: miserable, pessimistic
polite: not rude, well-mannered, careful not to offend anybody
insular: not interested in other people and other cultures
suspicious: always thinking that someone’s trying to trick you, or
that people have bad intentions
reserved: shy, not open or outgoing
self-critical: able to see one’s own faults
8
Young people’s rights
Background
Traditionally in Britain, the age of 18 is seen as the age
when a young person becomes a full adult, though it
used to be 21. In recent years there has been a perceived
increase in the amount of crime and anti-social behaviour
amongst children and young people, which has led to a
debate on whether changes should be made to any of the
ages mentioned in the text. For example, some people
believe that the legal age for the consumption of alcohol
should be raised to 21, while some think that the voting
age should be reduced to 16 or 17, which is the age when
someone can join the army and fight for their country .
2 Ask students to read the text and decide where the
extra sentences should go.
Answers
(answers are at the bottom of page 18 in the student’s book)
3 Ask students to read the text again and write the
minimum ages in the boxes.
Answers
1: 12, 2: 17, 3: 17, 4: 16, 5: 13, 6: 17, 7: 18, 8: 18
4 Ask students to find the collocating verbs in the text.
Answers
2 get 3 get 4 have / buy 5 leave 6 leave 7 work 8 join 9 give
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
9
From castles to cottages
Background
Most people in Britain either own their own home
or aspire to owning their own home – about 70% of
properties are owner-occupied. In general people prefer
houses to flats, because they value having a garden so
much. Most people take out a loan as a 25-year mortgage
in order to buy a home, and, as property is expensive,
for many young people the monthly repayments on their
mortgage can put a significant strain on their finances.
The need to provide affordable homes for young people to
buy is therefore an important political issue in Britain. As
stated in the text, older buildings are popular in Britain,
with many people feeling that older houses have more
character than modern ones.
The National Trust and English Heritage are both
charitable organizations that try to preserve buildings
of historical importance and make them available for
members of the public to visit.
4 Ask students to find words in the text to match the
definitions.
Answers
1 The National Trust, English Heritage 2 the basement 3 reception rooms 4 an estate 5 the suburbs 6 hut 7 tower blocks 8 demolished 9 beams 10 cosy
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
Pronunciation
stately home /"steItli "h@Um/
terraced house /"ter@st "haUs/
Tudor /"tju:d@/
Jacobean /dZ&k@"bi:@n/
Victorian /vIk"tO:ri@n/
Georgian /"dZO:dZ@n/
Notes on the unit
2 Ask students to read the texts quickly and identify the
houses in the photos.
Answers
1 terraced house 2 semi-detached house 3 bungalow 4 cottage 5 castle
3 Ask students to read the texts again and decide which
type of house each person lives in.
Answers
2 a bungalow
3 a stately home 4 an 18th century terraced house 5 a semi-detached house 6 a castle
10
Public holidays in the USA
Background
As the text explains, many American workers only get two
weeks of paid holiday a year (and in fact some workers
start with only a week’s holiday!). In Britain, employers
must give employees a minimum of 24 days paid holiday a
year, and many people get more than this. Public holidays
in the USA, especially Thanksgiving and Christmas, are
often a time when extended families get together and
celebrate with a special meal.
Pronunciation
Washington /"wQSINt@n/
Martin Luther King /"mA:tIn "lu:T@ "kIN/
Massachusetts /m&s@"tSu:sets/
Janus /"dZeIn@s/
2 Ask students to read the texts quickly and match the
names of the public holidays to the descriptions.
Answers
New Year’s Day e Washington’s Birthday a Independence Day d
Columbus Day c Thanksgiving b Martin Luther King Day h
Memorial Day j Labor Day g Veterans’ Day f Christmas Day i
questions.
Answers
1 Because he had two faces and looked back on the past and
forward into the future.
2 a black American civil rights leader
3 Because he was the first President.
4 the American Civil War
5 British colonial rule in America ended.
6 on the first Tuesday in September
7 in 1492
8 All the men and women who have served in the country’s armed
forces.
9 It was when the English settlers in America celebrated their first
harvest.
10 Because Christianity is only one among many religions in
America.
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
3 Ask students to find the words in the text and work out
their meanings.
Answers
1 to remember someone with special respect
2 people who go to live in another country
3 collecting food crops, such as cereals and fruit and vegetables
4 arriving at the end of a journey by sea or air
5 the killing of large numbers of people
6 the making of something new
7 the army, navy and air force
8 a day’s holiday, a day without work
9 (when a important person is) murdered
10 a formal talk to people on a formal occasion
11 a feeling of friendship between people
12 places in the ground where dead people are buried
11
3 Ask students to put the pictures on page 25 into
chronological order, and find a sentence in the text for
each one.
Stonehenge
Background
Stonehenge is a popular monument with visitors from
the UK and abroad. It was classified as a World Heritage
Site in 1986. As explained in the text, it is also considered
a very important site by members of the new age and
hippie movements. The new age movement is associated
with an alternative lifestyle and a rejection of modern
western consumerism. It includes ideas from older
religions and also some modern ideas about spirituality
and environmentalism. Many people who belong to the
new age movement choose to live in caravans as travellers,
rather than settling in one place. The hippie movement
began in the 1960s and is associated with an alternative
lifestyle, a rejection of violence and the use of drugs to
explore alternative states of consciousness.
It has to be said that Stonehenge’s location does not live
up to its romantic image, being situated close to two main
roads. That, and the fact that it does not look very big
from the distance you are allowed to see it from, means
that many tourists find their visit to the site somewhat
disappointing.
Pronunciation
Stonehenge /st@Un"hendZ/
megalith /"meg@lIT/
Pythagoras /paI"T&g@r@s/
Preseli mountains /pr@"seli "maUnt@nz/
Salisbury Plain /"sO:lsbri "pleIn/
Merlin /"m3:lIn/
solstice /"sQlstIs/
2 Ask students to read the text quickly to understand
Answers
(pictures clockwise from top left)
3 These stones were arranged in an outer circle with other stones
placed horizontally across the top, so that they joined together,
making a complete circle.
4 Soon after 1500 BC, the original bluestones were rearranged in a
horseshoe circle.
5 (large photograph) In 2000, the site was reopened for the
summer solstice, so today you can get close to the stones, but
you can’t climb on them.
1 It was a circular ditch with a bank on each side. Inside the circle
there was another circle of large wooden posts, each about a
metre wide.
2 Finally, the stones were transported to the site of Stonehenge
and put in the centre, forming a double circle.
4 Ask students to find the words in the text and circle the
correct definitions.
Answers
1 make better
2 left unused
3 taken from one place to another
4 be in line with
5 the burning of bodies
6 death ceremonies
7 pulled with difficulty
8 going down
9 actions performed regularly as part of a ceremony
10 lines of people or vehicles travelling together
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
12
Britain’s most famous graffiti artist
Background
As explained in the text, graffiti is illegal in Britain, and
the removal of non-artistic graffiti is a major cost for some
local authorities. However, there are people who recognize
graffiti art as a legitimate form of art and would like to
see it legalized. Some local authorities provide special
‘graffiti walls’ in public places, where young people can
legitimately experiment with graffiti.
As stated in the text, very little is known about Banksy.
It is believed that he was born in 1974 and grew up in
Bristol, in the south west of England.
Pronunciation
Banksy /"b&Nksi/
pseudonym /"su:d@nIm/
2 Ask students to read the text quickly and answer the
question.
questions.
Answers
1 He has to keep his identity secret because graffiti is illegal. He
uses a pseudonym to identify his work but not himself.
2 He had a difficult childhood so he did graffiti to make himself
feel better and to give himself a voice.
3 Because he wasn’t very good with a spray can and also because
it was quicker to use a stencil.
4 Banksy.
5 That he’s anti-war.
6 The animals’.
7 He likes to use it to create his own work.
8 Yes, it’s worth a lot of money. Famous people pay a lot for it.
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
Answer
Banksy is Britain’s most famous graffiti artist, but we don’t actually
know much about him, including his real name.
3 Ask students to find the words in the text and match
them to the definitions.
Answers
1g 2a 3i 4c 5f 6d 7b 8h 9e 10j
4 Ask students to find a sentence in the text to match
each image.
Answers
1 His message is usually anti-war, …
2 Banksy also paints his own versions of famous works of art. …
he has added CCTV (closed-circuit television) cameras to a
landscape by the English painter John Constable.
3 He uses popular advertising icons to make people think about
how powerful modern companies are.
4 (and 3) He takes what’s already there in the street and turns it
into something unexpected. New Headway Pre-Intermediate Culture and Literature Companion Teacher’s Guide 12 Pre-Intermediate
13
Systems of government in Britain and the USA
Background
Britain is unusual in having a non-elected upper house
to its parliament. Members of the House of Lords were
traditionally members of large landowning families, who
had hereditary titles giving them the right to sit in the
House of Lords. There has been some debate in recent years
about whether this system is still appropriate in modern
Britain, and following reforms, most of the members are
now appointed (but not elected). There has also been
debate about whether Britain should change its electoral
system to one of proportional representation, rather than
the ‘first past the post’ constituency system, in which the
votes cast for losing candidates count for nothing.
In the USA there are elections for members of the
Congress and the Senate, as well as separate elections
to choose the President. The US system of presidential
elections is quite long and complicated, with primary
elections and caucuses held in most states to decide which
candidate from each party will run for president, followed
by the main presidential election. However, the election
of Barack Obama as President in 2009, the first African
American to hold the office, was felt by many to be a
vindication of the American democratic system.
Pronunciation
Congress /"kQNgres/
Tories /"tO:riz/
Parliament /"pA:l@m@nt/ constituency /k@n"stItju@nsi/
Senate /"sen@t/
Answers
USA: The President, the House of Representatives, the Republicans.
Britain: the Queen, Parliament, the Prime Minister, the House of
Commons, the Conservatives.
2 Ask students to read the texts quickly to understand
3 Ask students to decide which country the statements
refer to, and add the equivalent information about the
other country.
Answers
2 USA; Britain: The two houses of Parliament are the House of
Commons and the House of Lords.
3 Britain; USA: There are 535 members in the Legislative Branch.
4 USA; Britain: There is no fixed term for Lords. MPs can serve for
five years.
5 USA; Britain: The Prime Minister cannot stop a bill from
becoming law if both houses support it.
6 Britain; USA: He / She cannot be the head of government for
more than eight years.
7 Britain; USA: There are elections every four years for the
President, every two years for the Representatives and every six
years for Senators.
8 Britain; USA: He’s /She’s Head of State, Head of Government and
Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
9 USA; Britain: His / Her second-in-command is the Deputy Prime
Minister.
10 USA; Britain: the main parties are the Conservatives, Labour and
the Liberal Democrats.
4 Ask students to find the words in the texts and
complete the table.
Answers
USA
Britain
1 Head of State
the President
the Queen
2 Head of
Government
the President
the Prime Minister
3 Deputy Head of
Government
the Vice President
the Deputy Prime
Minister
4 Elected members
of government
Senators and
Representatives
MPs (Members of
Parliament)
5 Non-elected
members of
government
–
the Lords
5 Ask students to find the words in the texts and work
out their meaning.
Answers
1 the person you choose to give your views and to take political
decisions for you
2 directly related by number
3 to stop something from happening
4 recognized and approved by authority
5 choose a person for a job
6 people with titles such as Lord and Lady
7 a document presenting a law, which MPs vote for or against
8 the period of time for which someone is elected to do a job
9 someone who seems to be the leader but who has no real
power
10 a state led by a King or Queen
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
14
Three poems, three poets
Background
As well as writing poetry, the doctor William Carlos
Williams also wrote short stories and plays. Apparently,
the majority of his patients knew nothing about his
writing.
Vicki Feaver is highly regarded as a modern poet, and she
has won several awards for her poetry.
Brian Patten is regarded as one of Britain’s leading
contemporary poets, and he writes extensively for children
as well as adults.
1 Ask students to read the poems, then discuss as a class
what is similar about them.
Suggested Answer
They are all written in free verse, i.e. without a strict rhyme
scheme. They are all very conversational, and are about
relationships, containing a personal message from one person to
another.
2 Ask students to read This is just to say again and
answer the questions.
Answers
1 The poet is talking to someone he knows very well and shares
the house with – probably a partner.
2 He’s eaten the plums that were in the ice box because they
looked so nice.
3 No, he isn’t really sorry because he describes how delicious
the plums tasted and seems to enjoy remembering how nice
they were.
3 Ask students to find the adjectives in the poem, then
decide which fruits the adjectives could describe.
4 Ask students to read Coat again and answer the
questions.
Answers
1 an ex-partner
2 She’s felt that the person has stopped her from being free.
3 They’re no longer partners and she feels lonely in her freedom.
5 Ask students to discuss the questions in pairs, or
discuss as a class.
Answers
The language is simple, informal and conversational. Yes, you’d use
the same words for This is just to say.
6 Ask students to read A blade of grass again and answer
the questions.
Answers
1 The poet is talking to a girlfriend. He feels she’s asking too much
of him.
2 Because she thinks she deserves something that takes more
effort from the poet.
3 That you don’t necessarily appreciate simple things anymore.
4 The blade of grass is covered in frost (ice that looks like powder).
The blade of grass is more meaningful because of its simplicity
than anything a poet could write or invent.
You are angry because you feel someone hasn’t been fair to you.
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
Answers
He uses the words ‘delicious’, ‘sweet’ and ‘cold’ to describe the
plums.
1 soft: all the fruit, apart from apples and pears (pears could be
soft, but apples shouldn’t be)
2 hard: apples, pears
3 crisp: apples, pears
4 sour: oranges, lemons, apples, grapes
5 juicy: all the fruit, apart from bananas
15
Frankenstein – Mary Shelley
Background
The novel Frankenstein remains popular today, and is
often studied by school pupils aged 14–16. However, the
story of Frankenstein has also led to a whole genre of
horror films, and it is through these film representations
that most people are familiar with the character and
story of Frankenstein. It is a common misconception that
Frankenstein is the monster’s name. As the text explains,
the monster doesn’t in fact have a name, and it is the
doctor who is Frankenstein. The term ‘Frankenstein’ is
often used nowadays to refer to doctors and scientists
who carry out radical research in the field of biology and
genetics.
Pronunciation
Frankenstein /"fr&nk@nstaIn/
Mary Shelley /"me@ri "Seli/
Percy Bysshe Shelley /"p3:si "bIS "Seli/
Lord Byron /lO:"d "baIr@n/
1 Discuss the questions as a class. Ask students to read
the text quickly to check their ideas.
Answers
It was written in 1816. Frankenstein was the person who created
the monster. The idea came to the author in a dream after she
and her friends had been discussing ghost stories. There had been
violent storms in the summer of 1816, which gave the author the
idea of using the power of electricity as a feature in her story. They
also reminded her of some horrific experiments she had heard
about, involving dead bodies and electricity.
3 Ask students to read the extract again and decide if the
sentences are true or false.
Answers
2 false 3 true 4 true 5 false 6 false 7 true 8 true 9 false 10 false
4a Ask students to read the extract again and find words
to match the definitions.
Answers
1 a laboratory 2 a flat 3 a mast 4 lightning 5 creature 6 ugly 7 huge 8 wires
4bAsk students to match the words and phrases to their
opposites.
Answers
1e 2d 3b 4f 5h 6c 7g 8a
5 Ask students to find more strong adjectives in the
extract.
Answers
awful, horrible, ugly, huge
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
2 Ask students to read the extract from Frankenstein.
Discuss as a class how the author builds up suspense.
Answer
The author suggests what is going to happen but doesn’t say
exactly what it is. When Frankenstein begins to create his living
being, he says: ‘I did not realise then what a terrible mistake I was
making.’ And the reader doesn’t know what the mistake is going to
be. The author keeps the reader in suspense by describing in detail
each stage of the creation of the monster. Then, just when you
expect the monster to come alive, nothing happens. The reader
doesn’t know whether the experiment is going to be successful or
not. But then the body begins to move ... ‘slowly, terribly, the body
came alive’.
16
Two poems from the Caribbean
Background
Una Marsen (1905–1965) was a Jamaican writer who
wrote poems, plays and programmes for the BBC. She
spent some years living in London, and wrote poems and
plays about the racism she encountered there.
John Agard (born 1949) is from Guyana. His work is
included in collections of poetry studied by children aged
14 to 16 in Britain. He currently lives in Brighton, on the
south coast of England.
Pronunciation
Caribbean /k&r@"bi:@n/
Cameo /"k&mi@U/
Una Marson /"ju:n@ "mA:s@n/ assonance /"&s@n@ns/
John Agard /"dZQn "eIgA:d/
alliteration /@lIt@"reISn/
1 Ask students to produce a list in pairs, or produce a
list with the whole class. You could also give them
any other words from the poems and ask them if they
think they are typical of the Caribbean, explaining
what they mean, e.g. palm trees, blue skies, coconuts,
mountains, trucks, bananas, dust, drums, bamboo,
shanty towns, dustbins
2 Ask students to read the poem quickly, without
worrying if they don’t understand every word.
3 Ask students to find words in the poem to match the
definitions.
Answers
2 beyond 3 shadow 4 breezes 5 truck 6 laden 7 curve 8 everlasting
4 Ask students to read the poem again and answer the
questions.
Answers
1 Because she is painting a picture of the background of the sky
and the sea and the mountains, with the details of the women
breaking stones and the truck carrying bananas in the foreground,
as if standing out from the background – just like a cameo brooch.
2 To create a picture of a scene without too many words.
3 The vowel sounds are mostly long, creating a sense of a slow
and gentle lifestyle.
4 A feeling of calm, peace and gentle movement.
5 In the second verse the poet focuses on specific details and
activity in the foreground.
6 The sounds of breaking stones and of a truck going along the road.
7 To show that the hard reality of the modern world exists in this
natural paradise.
8 The last three lines show the calm beauty of the place returning.
5 Ask students to put the lines of the recipe in order, and
check that they understand the vocabulary.
Answers
1 Bring the water to the boil.
2 Add a pinch of salt to the water.
3 Put in the pasta. Do not cover the pan. Cook it for 8 – 10 minutes.
4 While the pasta is boiling, simmer the tomato sauce over a low
heat. Stir it from time to time.
5 Strain the pasta and stir the sauce into it, mixing well.
6 Ask students to read the poem and discuss the
questions in pairs. They can refer to the glossary.
Answers
It’s called ‘Pan Recipe’ because it uses the language of cookery. The
mood is angry, not at all calm.
7 Ask students to answer the questions in pairs.
Answers
1 The plantation owners / colonists.
2 Anger.
3 The colonists, the people in authority.
4 The slaves and their descendants. 5 The fever of the slaves and their descendants.
6 The slaves’ and their descendants’.
7 The plantation owners.
8 The slaves and their descendants.
9 The slaves and their descendants.
10 The anger and resentment of the slaves’ descendants.
8 Ask students to work in pairs to find the examples of
the poetic techniques.
Answers
end-rhyme: pain – again, dustbin – biscuit tin
assonance: pain – rain – rage, again – strains, over – slow – grow,
well – hell, sound – pound, dustbin – biscuit tin, down – town,
alone – explode
alliteration: bring – boil, pinch – pain, rain – rage, fire – fever,
cut – cure, whip – well, stir – sound
What do you think?
Discuss as a class, or first in pairs/groups.
PROJECT
Put students into small groups to write their lists. Ask
groups to read out items on their lists and ask the class to
comment.
17
A Christmas Carol – Charles Dickens
Background
Dickens remains one of the most popular authors in the
English-speaking world. As mentioned in the text about
the author, his books have been made into numerous films
and TV dramas, so even people who have never read the
original works are familiar with many of Dickens’ stories
and characters. One of the many film or TV versions
of A Christmas Carol is always on television during the
Christmas period.
Pronunciation
Charles Dickens /"tSA:lz "dIkInz/
Scrooge /skru:dZ/
Bob Cratchit /bQb "kr&tSIt/
1 Ask students to read the text about Charles Dickens.
Discuss the questions as a class.
4 Ask students to find the adjectives in the text, then
match them with the categories.
Answers
weather: cold, frosty, foggy
a nice person: helpful, kind
a bad thing to say about a person: stupid
two pairs of words which mean the same: angry, cross; little, small
two pairs of words which are opposites: happy, unhappy; rich,
poor
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
Students could do the first task as homework, or in class,
working in pairs. Students can do the second task for
homework, or could do the research for homework and
then complete the task in class, working in pairs.
2 Ask students to read the extract quickly. Discuss the
question as a class.
Answer
‘A Scrooge’ is someone who is mean with money. It is commonly
used by British people to refer to someone who is mean and
miserable, especially around Christmas time.
3 Ask students to read the extract again and answer the
questions.
Answers
1 The three characters are Scrooge, Bob Cratchit and Scrooge’s
nephew. Bob Cratchit works as a clerk in Scrooge’s office.
2 Because they are using candles to light the office.
3 Scrooge treats Bob badly. Bob’s fire is smaller than Scrooge’s, he’s
cold and he’s afraid to say what he thinks.
4 That Christmas is a ridiculous waste of time and shouldn’t be
celebrated.
5 Scrooge says: ‘You’re too poor to be merry’. He calls his nephew
‘stupid’. When his nephew invites him for dinner, he says, ‘I’ll see
you dead first’, and he won’t wish him a merry Christmas.
6 Scrooge doesn’t believe in celebrating Christmas, whereas his
nephew thinks that Christmas is a time to be helpful and kind to
other people.
7 It’s like the nephew’s.
8 To wish him a merry Christmas and to invite him to Christmas
dinner.
9 He’s a kind, generous, friendly, optimistic person.
18
What do you think?
Rabbit-Proof Fence – Doris Pilkington
Garimara
class.
PROJECT
Background
Doris Pilkington Garimara is an Australian author from
an aboriginal family. The character of Molly is based on
her mother, Molly Craig, who escaped from the Moore
River Native Settlement and travelled for nine weeks to
reach home. Doris herself was taken to Moore River when
she was three and a half years old. A later book, Under
the Wintamarra Tree, recounts her own escape from the
settlement.
The children who were abducted in this way are often
referred to in Australia as the ‘Stolen Generation’. As
discussed in the What do you think? exercise, many
victims and their families feel that the Australian
government should pay compensation for their suffering.
Pronunciation
Doris Pilkington Garimara /"dQrIs "pIlkINt@n
g&ri"mA:r@/
Aborigines /&b@"rIdZ@niz/
1 Discuss the question as a class. Then ask them to read
the short text and ask what more they learnt from it.
2 Ask students to read about the novel, then discuss the
question as a class, or ask students to discuss it in pairs.
3 Ask students to read the extract quickly, without
worrying if they don’t understand every word.
4 Ask students to find the words in the extract and
match them with their meanings.
Answers
1c 2i 3b 4j 5g 6d 7e 8f 9a 10h
questions.
Answers
1 Molly is the oldest. Daisy is the youngest.
2 Molly: practical, intelligent, optimistic, cautious.
Gracie: pessimistic, moody.
Daisy: quiet, shy.
3 Molly didn’t need a map to find her way. She knows about
tracking. She knows how to find a place to sleep.
4 You learn that the Aborigines understand the natural world and
how to survive in it.
5 The settlements were bad places, and the people in charge were
cruel to the children who lived there.
19
My Oedipus Complex – Frank O’Connor
Background
Oedipus was a mythical king of Thebes who fulfilled
a prophecy by (unknowingly) killing his father and
marrying his mother, bringing disaster on his city as a
result. The term ‘Oedipus Complex’ was first used by
Sigmund Freud to describe the desire by a child to possess
their parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent
of the same sex. According to classical psychoanalytical
theory, this is a natural stage that children pass through
and if it is not resolved successfully, it can lead to
psychological disorders in adults.
Pronunciation
Oedipus /"i:d@p@s/
Frank O’Connor /"fr&Nk @U"kQn@/
1 Ask students to read the text about Frank O’Connor.
Discuss the question as a class.
2 Ask students to read the extract quickly to check their
answer.
questions.
Answers
1 During the First World War.
2 He’s 5 years old.
3 Because his father was away.
4 Because they had babies.
5 Students’ own answers.
6 It was very comfortable and he felt very close to his mother.
7 Because he didn’t realise what life would be like when his father
came home.
8 Because he wasn’t going back to the war.
9 He doesn’t have all his mother’s attention.
10Because God didn’t do everything you asked for when you
prayed.
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
Answer
The text is about a boy’s close relationship with his mother and his
competitive relationship with his father.
3 Ask students to work individually or in pairs to guess
the meaning of the words.
Answers
1 secretly, without anyone noticing
2 at dawn, when the sun came up
3 warm bed covers
4 what things we should do
5 didn’t have enough money for
6 difficult to please
7 worried and nervous
8 reasonable, treating people equally
9 to fight
10 made it too easy for him
20
Notes from a Small Island – Bill Bryson
Background
As well as writing travel books, Bill Bryson has also
written books on the English language and on scientific
subjects. He was born in Des Moines in the US, and
moved to England in 1973, spending most of his adult life
in North Yorkshire. He went back to live in America in
1995, but returned to England to live in Norfolk in 2003.
In 2003 voters in the UK chose Bryson’s book Notes from
a Small Island as the book which best sums up British
identity and the state of Britain today.
Marks and Spencer (also called M & S) is a chain of shops
in Britain and now other countries, selling clothes that are
considered to be of good quality and reasonably priced,
but not reflecting the most extreme fashions or the most
modern styles. A lot of British people buy basic items of
clothing there such as underwear and socks. They are also
famous for their high quality food.
Pronunciation
Bill Bryson /"bIl "braIs@n/
teacake /"ti:keIk/
scone /skQn/
Shrewsbury /"Sr@Uzbri/ or /"Sru:zbri/
Marks & Spencer /"mA:ks @n "spens@/
1 Ask students to read the text about Bill Bryson, then
discuss the question as a class.
2a Ask students to match the lines in A and B which have
the same meaning, either individually or in pairs.
This should help them to understand the text, without
spending too much time having to try and understand
every word.
3a Ask students to find the words and phrases in the
extract and work out their meanings.
Answers
1 a humorous remark
2 in a friendly way
3 a brief showing of a smile
4 not too critical
5 exciting ingredients
3bAsk students to find the words in the extract and
match them with their meanings.
Answers
1e 2g 3c 4a 5d
4 Ask students to read the extract again and tick the
statements that represent Bill Bryson’s views.
Answers
2Humour is part of their conversation, even if they don’t know
people well.
4 They are content with small, simple things.
6 They feel guilty about enjoying themselves.
7 They try to look on the bright side of life.
8 Bill Bryson likes their approach to life.
What do you think?
class.
PROJECT
Students can do their project as homework, but could also
prepare it in class, working in pairs.
Answers
1d 2f 3a 4e 5g 6b 7h 8c
2bAsk students to read the extract quickly. Discuss the
question as a class.
A000606
Answer
The British are happier. They like laughing and joking.
The British are easy to please.
They don’t expect much, so they are not disappointed.
They are positive and optimistic.
They try to see the good side of things.
New Headway Pre-Intermediate Culture and Literature Companion Teacher’s Guide 20

Pre-Intermediate

Transcription

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