What`s in a name? - Canadian Historical Association

What’s in a name? The Quiet Revolution
As emphasized by Julie Bélanger and Paul Poirier in a very instructive article, the word
“revolution” first appeared in newspapers to describe the transformations of Quebec society in
the immediate aftermath of the election of Jean Lesage.1 To clarify its meaning, various
adjectives were attached to it – social, peaceful, national, political, legislative, silent, democratic,
economic and intellectual, among others.2 However, there was no mention yet of a “Révolution
tranquille” (“Quiet Revolution”). Where then, we might ask, does this term, now widely used to
designate the period of socio-economic changes ushered in by the June 22, 1960 election, come
from? This paper seeks to elaborate on the points raised by Bélanger and Poirier by providing
some additional information.
The mystery of its origin
The expression Quiet Revolution is steeped in mystery. Many researchers trace its first
appearance to a Globe and Mail article, but no one is able to provide an exact reference.3 One
young researcher Olivier Dickson went so far as to contact the editors of the Toronto newspaper
to track down the quotation in question, but to no avail.4
The case is further complicated by claims that the expression “Quiet Revolution” was coined by
a journalist working for The Telegram Observer (in the Eastern Townships), or, as another
version would have it, by a contributor to the Montreal Star. Having experienced the historical
events first-hand as an observer of the political scene, Léon Dion, writing in 1987, speculated on
1
« Liberal Party victory in Quebec election has characteristics of a revolution », Globe and Mail, 24 juin 1960, p. 1 ;
« Une révolution secoue le Québec », L’Action catholique, 18 juillet 1960, p. 4.
2 Julie Bélanger et Paul Poirier, « L’apparition de la locution “Révolution tranquille”. 1ère et 2e parties », Bulletin.
Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale, vol. 36, 1-2 mai et 3-4 octobre 2007, p. 18-19 et 17-18.
3 André Gervais, « D’où vient l’expression révolution tranquille ? », Bulletin d’histoire politique, vol. 6, no 2, 1998,
p. 115-122.
4 Olivier Dickinson, La Révolution tranquille : période de rupture ou de continuité ?, Mémoire de maîtrise en
Science politique, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2009, 96 p.
the term’s origin: “When was the expression ‘Révolution tranquille’ forged? And by whom? Its
origin is obscure. It is probably a translation of ‘Quiet Revolution.’ [...] Some say that Brian
Upton invented the expression in an article in the Montreal Star in early 1961. Peter Gzowsky
[Gzowski] uses the term in an article published in Maclean's Magazine in 1961. The term is also
found in the writings of an anonymous author of the Globe and Mail.”5
Clearly the expression’s provenance is heavily questioned. Yet this has not prevented a whole
array of commentators to carry on as though the archeology of the two words was indisputable,
and attribute its formulation to Upton and Gzowski with disconcerting assurance6.
Thanks to André Gervais’ inventory, 7 we know that use of the term in French-speaking Quebec
gradually spread in magazines such as Parti pris and Cité libre, and in the daily Le Devoir. In
1962, after a federal election that brought 26 Social Credit MPs to power, Adèle Lauzon could
write, still referring to the English version: “The surprise of June 18 has caused consternation in
progressive French-Canadian circles and perhaps secretly delighted our English compatriots,
who were starting to become annoyed with Mr. Lesage’s “quiet revolution”.”8 In Parti pris, the
expression is found for the first time in October 1963, also in its original English wording.
It seems that André Langevin can be credited with introducing the French translation in the
pages of Le magazine Maclean in February 1963, which is not surprising given that Gzowski had
popularized it for some time in the pages of Maclean’s.9 The use of quotes is common at that
time, which indicates that the terminology was not yet fully incorporated into the French political
lexicon. In “Une théorie économique de la révolution au Québec,” published in 1964, André
Normandeau argued that it was then commonly accepted to include under the label “Quiet
Revolution” the phenomena that followed the election of Jean Lesage.10
5
Léon Dion, La révolution déroutée, 1960-1976, Montréal, Éditions Boréal, 1998, p. 47.
See, for example, Antonia Maioni, « Quiet Lessons for Canada », The Globe and Mail, 10 novembre 2010, online ;
see also the web page of Radio-Canada’s broadcast: Canada : une histoire populaire, online.
7 André Gervais, « D’où vient l’expression… », p. 115-122.
8 Adèle Lauzon, « Le crédit social et les élites », Cité libre, vol. XIII, no 51, novembre 1962, p. 29.
9 André Langevin, « Le patronage, chez nous, tient du véritable réflexe conditionné », Le magazine Maclean, vol. 3,
no 2, février 1963, p. 2.
10 André Normandeau, « Une théorie économique de la révolution au Québec », Cité libre, Vol. XV, no 66, avril
1964, p. 11.
6
Then, as it gradually became integrated into the existing lexicon, the concept was adopted in its
French translation and the use of quotation marks was abandoned. At the 3rd Congress of
Canadian Affairs held in November 1963, the political scientist Guy Bourassa declared that “to
talk about a Quiet Revolution in Quebec has become a slogan, almost a fad.”11 This suggests
that, in spite of its English designation during the first years of the Liberal government, the term
was quickly recuperated by French-speaking politicians, journalists and intellectuals, which
solidified its foundations in the collective psyche. Tellingly, digitalized magazines and
newspapers on the site of the BAnQ include over a hundred occurrences of the concept in 1980.
A common English expression
It is curious that it wasn’t until Bélanger and Poirier’s 2007 study that the expression’s
widespread use in English became known. In fact, the term was so familiar in the 1950s that
people spoke of “quiet revolutions” to evoke rapid changes in areas as diverse as the culinary
habits of American households, methods of care for patients with mental illness, the integration
of black students on formerly segregationist campuses in the United States, the transformation of
the planet into a global village, not to mention glass manufacturing, wiretapping methods or
political clubs’ agreeing to substitute donuts and coffee for sandwiches and beer. In 1959, the
Washington Post described the constitutional reforms enacted by Charles de Gaulle as a “quiet
revolution in France.”12 In September 1962, the Globe and Mail analyzed the transformations of
the Royal Canadian Legion under the title “The Quiet Revolution in the Canadian Legion.” The
phrase even infiltrated advertising.
Even more revealing, many national renewal projects around the world were described as “quiet
revolutions.” In 1960, the Jerusalem Post featured an article on “Bourguiba's Quiet Revolution”
about the Tunisian President’s decision to make the fast of Ramadan optional in order not to hurt
industry and trade. At around the same time other newspapers were describing “quiet
revolutions” in Sudan, Bhutan, Pakistan or the Ivory Coast.
11
Guy Bourassa, « Leaders nouveaux et nouvelles formes de leaders », dans Les nouveaux québécois, Les Presses
de l`Université de Laval, Québec, 1964, p. 30. Conférence donnée lors du 3e Congrès des Affaires canadiennes, à
Québec, en 1963.
12 See also «De Gaulle Pushes “Quiet Revolution” », Christian Science Monitor, 3 juin 1958, p. 9.
What these texts had in common was linking these peaceful revolutions to a will to come to
terms with ancestral traditions and wrest the countries or regions concerned from poverty and
ignorance. “A quiet revolution is taking place among Arab farm workers in Israel – they are no
longer content with their father’s way of life [...].”13 David Rockefeller referred in the same way
to the transition in the southern US states (Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana)
from a rural to an industrial economy.14 People were rejoicing that Japan had managed to emerge
from its medieval gangue in order to embrace a program of social reform.15 The Community
Development Program in India was adopted, according to some, to ensure economic and social
development by eradicating antiquated agricultural methods and religious superstitions.16 These
are just a few examples among many.
What must be understood is that the “quiet revolution” in Quebec echoed a series of national
recovery efforts worldwide. What was happening in Quebec may not have been the rule, but it
was not the exception either. The provincial Liberal government’s reforms took place in a
context of global upheaval. Indeed, all over the world, the sixties corresponded to a period in
which outdated ways of doing things in the political, economic and cultural spheres were being
profoundly called into question.
Anglophones had long been accustomed to referring to this kind of upheavals as “quiet
revolutions.” In Quebec the first two books that bore the phrase in their title were signed by
English Canadians: Peter Desbarats, The State of Quebec. A Journalist's View of the Quiet
Revolution (1965), and Thomas Sloan, Quebec, the Not-so-Quiet Revolution (1965). Note that
Desbarats was then a correspondent for the Montreal Star. The thread linking what was
happening in Quebec to sudden changes shaking culturally and economically marginalized
societies in the rest of the world was direct and natural.
The first appearances of the phrase in the Canadian context
13
« Arab Farm Hand’s “Quiet Revolution” », Jerusalem Post, 23 décembre 1958, p. 2.
John C. Devlin, « Outside Capital Urged on South », The New York Times, 9 mai 1956, p. 28.
15 Lindesay Parrott, « The Quiet Revolution », The New York Times, 26 juin 1955, p. BR3.
16 A. M. Rosenthal, « India’s Quiet Revolution Spurs Farm Production in Villages », The New York Times, 7 avril
1957, p. 4.
14
A simple web search unearths two Canadian papers from 1961 that concern Quebec society and
touch on the issue at hand. The first appeared in the Ottawa Citizen, on November 23. It summed
up a debate around the nascent independence movement and one of its main leaders, Marcel
Chaput. According to the journalist summarizing their remarks in his own words, the guest
speakers, J. E. Blais, a professor of French at Carleton, and Clement Brown, a Le Devoir
correspondent, offered a broad perspective on “the ‘quiet’ revolution that [was] going on in
Quebec.17” Note that the word “quiet” is placed in quotation marks in the text, indicating that the
anonymous author of the article preferred to use the concept of revolution with some
circumspection.
The second text was published by the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, on December 28. It focused on
the increasingly strident claims made by nationalist Quebecers opposing Canada’s federal
structure. The author asked some basic questions: “What are English Canadians to make of this
agitation? What are they to make of the ferment behind it? Why have French Canadians,
traditionally conservative in their attitudes, suddenly turned to critical self-examination? Why do
they question so many established institutions (including, for example, the whole system of
education in the province of Quebec)? What forces have unleashed this Quiet (and sometimes
not-so-quiet) Revolution?”18
Based on these two examples alone, it would be tempting to conclude that the phrase “quiet
revolution” was used initially to designate the emergence of the sovereignty movement and that
it was this national revolution, not yet violent as in other countries that had recently achieved
independence or were still fighting for it, that the observers were referring to when evoking the
peaceful regime change in Quebec. Indeed, I think that we can assume such an association in the
minds of many political commentators of the time.
Nevertheless, as elsewhere in the world, the idea of such a quiet revolution was not limited to the
political field, let alone to aspirations for national autonomy. For example, in Quebec itself,
Anne Macdermot published in December 1961 in Maclean's an article entitled “Quebec's
working widows join the quiet revolution” (it must be mentioned that the same journalist used
the phrase in February 1963 in the Globe and Mail, which seems to be the first occurrence of the
17
18
« Chaput Stand Said Sum of Quebec Discontent », Ottawa Citizen, 23 novembre 1961, p. 7.
Maurice Western, « Quebec Separatism », Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 28 décembre 1961, p. 9.
wording in the Toronto newspaper) and that this contribution gave a general sense to the
“revolution” underway in Quebec. One can find the same meaning in the writings of many of
those who adopted the expression and helped to make it familiar in Canadian debates.
In fact, it is important to recognize that in the first half of the decade, the concept initially evoked
the profound changes that Quebec underwent in a short period of time. For example, in 1963,
following the second election of Lesage and the implementation of important reforms, René
Lévesque spoke of “an acceleration of history” and André Laurendeau of “a fast evolution.”
“We're trying,” wrote Laurendeau, “to catch up in ten years, I wouldn’t say a millennium, but
thirty or fifty years of history.”19 The Quiet Revolution that was being discussed mainly
consisted in a telescoping of history in order for Quebec, which had supposedly stagnated for
fifteen years under Duplessis, to make up for its accumulated lag behind other North American
states. This brings us to an idea expressed by Donald Cuccionletta and Martin Lubin, who argue
that “the Quiet Revolution was less a revolution and more a noisy evolution.”20 Seen from this
perspective, the so-called revolution was very soft.
Dispute over an oxymoron
For fifty years, many people quibbled over the use of the curious oxymoron formed by the
juxtaposition of the words “revolution” and “quiet.” In 1964, already, Pierre Maheu asserted that
the Quiet Revolution of the Lesage government was a “myth” because the two terms of the said
expression were fundamentally contradictory.21 Dissatisfaction only grew in certain circles, both
on the left and the right. Dorval Brunelle conceded that the meaning of such a term was
ambiguous: “One does not usually meet two words as antithetical in the same formulation. Here
we feel fooled: how can a revolution be quiet? How can ‘tranquility’ on a social or individual
level constitute a revolutionary ferment? Are we not duped by these terms? The first difficulty
raised by this expression is thus an interpretation of the events in question: we do not really
19
André Laurendeau, Le Devoir, 28 septembre 1963, cité par André Gervais, «D’où vient l’expression… », p. 117.
Donald Cuccionletta et Martin Lubin, « The Quiet Revolution : a noisy evolution », Quebec Studies, vol. 36,
automne/hiver 2003, p. 125-138.
21 Réal Pelletier, Le Devoir, 24 février 1964, cité par André Gervais, « D’où vient l’expression… », p. 120.
20
know what we are talking about when we use the phrase “Quiet Revolution,” except that, in one
sense or another, it was both revolutionary and quiet22.”
People ended up regarding Quebec as a very strange society for giving its coming-of-age such an
aporetic appellation. “It is likely,” pondered Marcel Rioux, “that only Quebecers could give birth
to such a concept and practice such a thing as a quiet revolution.”23 People were comparing this
hybrid concept to the term “sovereignty-association,” another idea accepted as entirely
indigenous and that supposedly also betrayed the innate ambivalence of the French Canadian
soul.24
The combination of the words “revolution” and “quiet,” however, has the advantage of serving
either a radical or moderate interpretation of the events of the 1960s, depending on whether one
puts the emphasis on the first or second term of the equation. Some will say there was a
revolution or find this interpretation presumptuous, while others will focus on the moderate
nature of the reforms, diluting them in the “longue durée” of the after-war years, if not the whole
of the twentieth century. Or, in an interesting reversal of perspective, some will do as Gilles
Marcotte and situate the radicalism of the revolution in its tranquility itself: “With the adjective
that was attached to it, the revolution could not be a disaster, do us harm, remove what was best
or merely simply good in us; we were going to clean up, renew, not destroy. Or better yet. A
quiet revolution is the worst of revolutions because it comes disguised, friendly, mothering, and
leaves no time to prepare your defense.”25
In short, today, no one has the same understanding of the meaning of the term, and the
connotation people give it changes depending on the context, if not on people’s moods. We
should speak not so much of the ambivalence of the expression, but of its polymorphous nature
22
Dorval Brunelle, La désillusion tranquille, Montréal, Hurtubise HMH, 1978, coll. « Cahier du Québec », no 40, p.
3.
23
Marcel Rioux, La Question du Québec, Paris, Seghers, 1969, cité par André Gervais, « D’où vient l’expression… »,
p. 118.
24 A view expressed, notably, by Jocelyn Létourneau. See his interview with Antoine Robitaille : « Le débat sur la
nation, une perte de temps ! Dans son dernier livre, l’historien Jocelyn Létourneau approfondit sa thèse sur
“l’ambivalence” des Québécois », Le Devoir, 6 novembre 2006, en ligne
25 Cited by Laurent Mailhot, « Révolution ? Liberté et patrie à la naissance et à la maturité de la littérature
québécoise », dans Sylvain Simard, dir., La Révolution française au Canada français, Ottawa, Presses de l’Université
d’Ottawa, 1991, p. 357.
and malleability, factors which probably contributed to its popularity in the 1960s and its
consecration in the following decades.
Conclusion
There is in the persistence of the expression “Quiet Revolution” something comforting,
regardless of where one’s sympathies lie with respect to the normality or exceptionality of
Quebec society. On the one hand, it could be argued that, without realizing it, Quebecers only
recycled a concept that was already in the zeitgeist and being used to qualify a plethora of reform
projects in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the early 1960s quiet revolutions were taking
place everywhere. These quiet revolutions were seeking, overall, to replace obsolete practices
and beliefs in developing countries On the other hand, it seems that only in Quebec was the term
adopted to designate a historical period, the period during which Quebec society supposedly
embraced modernity after a more or less long and laborious prelude that historians have never
ceased to extend in their interminable search for telltale signs of its inception. Most major
nations to which Quebecers like to compare themselves have experienced, so to speak, “nonhyphenated” revolutions, whether we think of the American Revolution, the French Revolution,
the Glorious Revolution or the 1917 Revolution. Banal and unique: once again it is the porosity
of interpretations that ensures, still today, the success of this appellation.
Bibliography
[s. a.]. « De Gaulle Pushes “Quiet Revolution” ». Christian Science Monitor (3 juin 1958), p. 9.
[s. a.]. « Arab Farm Hand’s “Quiet Revolution” ». Jerusalem Post (23 décembre 1958), p. 2.
[s. a.]. « Liberal Party victory in Quebec election has characteristics of a revolution ». Globe and
Mail (24 juin 1960), p. 1.
[s. a.]. « Une révolution secoue le Québec ». L’Action catholique (18 juillet 1960), p. 4.
[s. a.]. « Chaput Stand Said Sum of Quebec Discontent ». Ottawa Citizen (23 novembre 1961),
p. 7.
BÉLANGER, Julie et Paul POIRIER, « L’apparition de la locution “Révolution tranquille”.
1ère et 2e parties ». Bulletin. Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale, vol. 36 (1-2 mai et 34 octobre 2007), p. 18-19 et 17-18.
BRUNELLE, Dorval. La désillusion tranquille. Montréal, Hurtubise HMH, 1978, coll. « Cahier
du Québec », no 40, 225 p.
BOURASSA, Guy. « Leaders nouveaux et nouvelles formes de leaders ». Dans Les nouveaux
québécois, Les Presses de l`Université de Laval, Québec, 1964.
CUCCIONLETTA,
Donald
et
Martin
LUBIN.
« The
Quiet
Revolution :
a
noisy
evolution ». Quebec Studies, vol. 36 (automne/hiver 2003), p. 125-138.
DEVLIN, John C. « Outside Capital Urged on South ». The New York Times (9 mai 1956), p. 28.
DICKINSON, Olivier. La Révolution tranquille : période de rupture ou de continuité ? Mémoire
de maîtrise en Science politique, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2009, 96 p.
DION, Léon. La révolution déroutée, 1960-1976. Montréal, Éditions Boréal, 1998, 326 p.
GERVAIS, André. « D’où vient l’expression révolution tranquille ? ». Bulletin d’histoire
politique, vol. 6, no 2 (1998), p. 115-122.
LANGEVIN, André. « Le patronage, chez nous, tient du véritable réflexe conditionné ». Le
magazine Maclean, vol. 3, no 2 (février 1963), p. 2.
LAUZON, Adèle. « Le crédit social et les élites ». Cité libre, vol. XIII, no 51 (novembre 1962),
p. 29.
MAIONI, Antonia Maioni, « Quiet Lessons for Canada », The Globe and Mail, 10 novembre
2010.
[En
canada/article1216437.
ligne] http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/quiet-lessons-for-
NORMANDEAU, André. « Une théorie économique de la révolution au Québec ». Cité libre,
Vol. XV, no 66 (avril 1964), p. 9-13.
PARROTT, Lindesay. « The Quiet Revolution », The New York Times (26 juin 1955), p. BR3.
RIOUX, Marcel. La Question du Québec. Paris, Seghers, 1969, 197 p.
ROBITAILLE, Antoine. « Le débat sur la nation, une perte de temps ! Dans son dernier livre,
l’historien Jocelyn Létourneau approfondit sa thèse sur “l’ambivalence” des Québécois ». Le
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ROSENTHAL, A. M. Rosenthal. « India’s Quiet Revolution Spurs Farm Production in
Villages ». The New York Times (7 avril 1957), p. 4.
SIMARD, Sylvain, dir. La Révolution française au Canada français. Ottawa, Presses de
l’Université d’Ottawa, 1991, 442 p.
WESTERN, Maurice. « Quebec Separatism », Saskatoon Star-Phoenix (28 décembre 1961), p. 9.
[1] « Liberal Party victory in Quebec election has characteristics of a revolution », Globe and
Mail, 24 juin 1960, p. 1 ; « Une révolution secoue le Québec », L’Action catholique, 18 juillet
1960, p. 4.
[2] Julie Bélanger et Paul Poirier, « L’apparition de la locution “Révolution tranquille”. 1ère et
2e parties », Bulletin. Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale, vol. 36, 1-2 mai et 3-4 octobre
2007, p. 18-19 et 17-18.
[3] André Gervais, « D’où vient l’expression révolution tranquille ? », Bulletin d’histoire
politique, vol. 6, no 2, 1998, p. 115-122.
[4] Olivier Dickinson, La Révolution tranquille : période de rupture ou de continuité ?, Mémoire
de maîtrise en Science politique, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2009, 96 p.
[5] Léon Dion, La révolution déroutée, 1960-1976, Montréal, Éditions Boréal, 1998, p. 47.
[6] Voir par exemple Antonia Maioni, « Quiet Lessons for Canada », The Globe and Mail, 10
novembre 2010, en ligne ; Voir aussi la page de l’émission de Radio-Canada, Canada : une
histoire populaire, en ligne.
[7] André Gervais, « D’où vient l’expression… », p. 115-122.
[8] Adèle Lauzon, « Le crédit social et les élites », Cité libre, vol. XIII, no 51, novembre 1962,
p. 29.
[9] André Langevin, « Le patronage, chez nous, tient du véritable réflexe conditionné », Le
magazine Maclean, vol. 3, no 2, février 1963, p. 2.
[10] André Normandeau, « Une théorie économique de la révolution au Québec », Cité libre,
Vol. XV, no 66, avril 1964, p. 11.
[11] Guy Bourassa, « Leaders nouveaux et nouvelles formes de leaders », dans Les nouveaux
québécois, Les Presses de l`Université de Laval, Québec, 1964, p. 30. Conférence donnée lors du
3e Congrès des Affaires canadiennes, à Québec, en 1963.
[12] Voir aussi « De Gaulle Pushes “Quiet Revolution” », Christian Science Monitor, 3 juin
1958, p. 9.
[13] « Arab Farm Hand’s “Quiet Revolution” », Jerusalem Post, 23 décembre 1958, p. 2.
[14] John C. Devlin, « Outside Capital Urged on South », The New York Times, 9 mai 1956,
p. 28.
[15] Lindesay Parrott, « The Quiet Revolution », The New York Times, 26 juin 1955, p. BR3.
[16] A. M. Rosenthal, « India’s Quiet Revolution Spurs Farm Production in Villages », The New
York Times, 7 avril 1957, p. 4.
[17] « Chaput Stand Said Sum of Quebec Discontent », Ottawa Citizen, 23 novembre 1961, p. 7.
[18] Maurice Western, « Quebec Separatism », Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 28 décembre 1961, p. 9.
[19] André Laurendeau, Le Devoir, 28 septembre 1963, cité par André Gervais, « D’où vient
l’expression… », p. 117.
[20] Donald Cuccionletta et Martin Lubin, « The Quiet Revolution : a noisy evolution », Quebec
Studies, vol. 36, automne/hiver 2003, p. 125-138.
[21] Réal Pelletier, Le Devoir, 24 février 1964, cité par André Gervais, « D’où vient
l’expression… », p. 120.
[22] Dorval Brunelle, La désillusion tranquille, Montréal, Hurtubise HMH, 1978, coll. « Cahier
du Québec », no 40, p. 3.
[23] Marcel Rioux, La Question du Québec, Paris, Seghers, 1969, cité par André Gervais, « D’où
vient l’expression… », p. 118.
[24] C’est notamment l’avis de Jocelyn Létourneau. Lire son entrevue avec Antoine
Robitaille : « Le débat sur la nation, une perte de temps ! Dans son dernier livre, l’historien
Jocelyn Létourneau approfondit sa thèse sur “l’ambivalence” des Québécois », Le Devoir, 6
novembre 2006, en ligne.
[25] Cité par Laurent Mailhot, « Révolution ? Liberté et patrie à la naissance et à la maturité de
la littérature québécoise », dans Sylvain Simard, dir., La Révolution française au Canada
français, Ottawa, Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, 1991, p. 357.