Small and Micro Scale CHP

Transcription

OPET CHP/DH Cluster
District heating and co-generation
Small and Micro Scale CHP
Report
Best practices examples from Latvia
December 2003
European Commission (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport)
Contract no. NNE5/2002/52: OPET CHP/DH Cluster
Organisation:
Address:
Tel.:
Fax:
E-mail:
Web:
Ekodoma, Ltd – OPET Latvia
12-49, Zentenes Str., Riga LV1069, Latvia
+371 73 23 212
+371 73 23 210
[email protected]
www.ekodoma.lv
The project "OPET CHP/DH Cluster" has obtained financial support from the European Commission
(Directorate-General for Energy and Transport) under the contract no. NNE5/2002/52 for Community
Activities in the Field of the specific programme for RTD and demonstration on "Energy, Environment
and Sustainable Development - Part B: Energy programme"
The responsibility for the content on this publication lies solely with the authors. The content does not
necessarily represent the opinion of the European Community and the Community is not responsible
for any use that might be made of data appearing herein.
OPET CHP: Small and Micro Scale CHP
Table of Content
1
Use of small scale cogeneration in DH system – Adazi ........................................4
1.1
Background ....................................................................................................4
1.2
Project description .........................................................................................4
1.3
Quantitative indicators of success..................................................................6
1.4
Qualitative indicators of success....................................................................7
2
Use of small scale cogeneration in DH system – Lielvarde ..................................8
2.1
Background ....................................................................................................8
2.2
Project description .........................................................................................8
2.3
Quantitative indicators of success..................................................................9
2.4
Qualitative indicators of success..................................................................10
3
Use of small scale cogeneration in green houses – Carnikava ............................11
3.1
Background ..................................................................................................11
3.2
Project description .......................................................................................11
3.3
Quantitative indicators of success................................................................13
3.4
4
Use of small scale cogeneration in DH system – Ozolnieki................................14
4.1
Background ..................................................................................................14
4.2
Project description .......................................................................................15
4.3
3
1
Use of small scale cogeneration in DH system – Adazi
1.1 Background
Adazi is a municipality
located 20 km Northwest
from
Riga.
Latvia has experienced,
caused
by
general
transition processes, a
remarkable
economic
decline between 1991
and 1995. The decline of
industry and agriculture
has led to a situation
where the installed heat
generation
and
transmission capacities in Municipality of Adazi
Adazi were much bigger
than necessary and therefore were operating below the designed efficiency. Besides,
the heat production installations were too obsolete to be eligible for future use.
Therefore the Municipality of Adazi has decided to outsource the heat production.
In 1997 the Council of Adazi has entered into a “Heat Energy Supply” agreement
with the company Essent Baltic. This agreement has set terms and conditions under
which Essent Baltic has to operate and maintain the production of heat energy and
electricity, further terms and conditions for heat energy supply and purchase. An
agreement for a time 15 years was signed.
1.2 Project description
The Adazi’s has been installed a small-scale cogeneration system, which has been
located in a building in parallel to two hot water boilers. By means of a heat
exchanger the heat is transferred into the district-heating network. The maximum
thermal power capacity is 3.6 MW. The co-generator produces electrical power with a
maximum of 360 kW. This electricity is
delivered to the national grid of Latvenergo.[4]
The co-generator is designed for ease access
and maintenance. It consists of the following
parts:
• Gas engine. The gas engine complies with
the standards emission of NOx less than
140g/Gj.
• Generator: a brushless three phase
generator supplied with a cos-phi controller
current transformer in the terminal cabinet.
• Two boilers, with a capacity of 1725 kW
each.
In figure 1.1 is provided a flow chart of the
plant
4
View of the plant
Natural gas
Boiler
Natural gas
Boiler
Heat exchangers
Natural gas Engine
Heat consumers
Figure 1.1 - flow chart of the plant
The system produces heat for the district heating network of Adazi. The produced
electricity is delivered to Latvenergo. In case the circulation pumps of the heating
network fail due to a black out, the co-generator will supply electricity to them. The
system is monitored by a telemetry system, which uses a dedicate telephone line.
Following the agreement, Essent Baltic has delivered around 12000 MWh per each
heating season and figures between 800 and 1000MWh of electrical power per year.
The graphic of heat and electric delivered from the cogeneration system, since the
new plant is in operation is given in figure 1.2. The year 1997 has lower values
because the plant has started to operate from November only.
MWh/year
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1997
1998
1999
MWh thermal
2000
2001
2002
MWh electricity
Figure 1.2 - Adazi - energy produced by cogeneration system
5
1.3 Quantitative indicators of success
Avoided emissions are defined as the difference between the replaced emissions from
alternative electricity and heat generation and the current emissions from DH/CHP
plants. This difference occurs since district heating gives the possibility to distribute
heat derived from the CHP plant. Dual use of energy supplied reduces the demand of
fossil fuels for heating buildings, industrial processes, and electricity generation.
District heating can be seen as a second hand business within the energy sector.
The avoided emission provided by the SSCHP project in Adazi are shown in figure
1.3
tCO2/year
1000
750
500
250
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Avoided Emissions of CO2
Figure 1.3 - Adazi – Avoided emission of CO2
Then, the estimated emission reduction from the baseline scenario of the whole
project of Adazi are recorded in table 1.1 below.
Table 1.1 - CO2 emission reduction (tons of CO2)
Year
Baseline
scenario
Project
scenario
Nov.1997
1998
1999
2000
1472
5145
5369
5188
750
2602
2522
2357
Projected real, measurable
and long-term CO2 emission
reductions
-722
-2543
-2847
-2831
In order to give an idea of the investment made, in table 1.2 are proposed the main
economical data. In general the municipality of Adazi is saving 60500 Euro/year in
heat energy costs compared to the situation before project implementation.
Table 1.2 - economical data for SSCHP in Adazi
Project costs
Capital costs
Installation costs
Operational and maintenance costs
Other costs
Return of the investment
6
92 700 Euro
560 000 Euro Loan 7%
26 400 Euro
0.01386 Euro / kWh el
9 000 Euro
6 years
1.4 Qualitative indicators of success
The project has contributed to several social improvements, which can be divided in
two parts. The first part is an internalization of environmental costs will benefit the
global climate on the long term. The second benefit is related to the guaranteed supply
of energy with a high quality at reasonable costs, because of the better performance
(less energy losses) of modern technology. The introduction of the SSCHP in Adazi
has benefited the consumer’ expenses, whereas the prime cost upon both hot water
and electricity furniture are decreased.
The project in Adazi benefits the economy of Latvia by direct investments and clean
technology transfer. The direct investments have reduced the need for public funds,
which can therefore be used by the Latvian government for other public needs. The
obtained experience has shown that way of development to invest in modern
cogeneration equipment in order to improve energy efficiency is perspective and
feasible for energy users in Latvia
The introduction, of new and efficient technologies as the SSCHP plant in Adazi,
represents a wave of innovation for Latvia and an aperture towards to sustainable
energy use; therefore these projects have the effect of transferring knowledge and
technology in Latvia, related to introduction of modern energy production systems
7
2
Use of small scale cogeneration in DH system – Lielvarde
2.1 Background
Lievarde is a municipality located
around 50 km southward from Riga.
Like in Adazi as well as in Lielvarde the
heating system was inappropriate to
supply the municipality both technically
and economically.
During a long time period the heat
energy in Lielvarde was produced in the
typical for former economical situation
way: large size boiler house with steam
boilers (capacity about 20 MW) fired by
heavy fuel oil. After the fast decrease of Municipality of Lielvarde
energy demand due to collapsed industry
in the city, the boiler house was replaced by new, where light fuel oil fired boilers
were installed. Unfortunately, after two years of functioning boilers were not eligible
for future use. Therefore the Municipality of Lielvarde came to decision to install
more reliable and effective heat generation system
Consequently, production and delivers of heat energy were assigned to Edon company
with a similar contract as was in Adazi.
The Lievarde SSCHP system is
located in two mobile containers
placed in an open air and consists
of gas engine co-generator to cover
main heat load and two gas hot
boilers to cower minimal and
maximal heat loads. Using heat
exchanger the heat is transferred to
the district- heating network.
The thermal output is 1.6 MW. The
co-generator produces electrical
power with a maximum output of Outside view of the plant
170 kW. This electricity is
delivered to the grid of Latvenergo. The thermal capacity of the co-generator is
270kW.
The co-generator Zantec 165 is constructed in modular units on a special frame
designed for an ease access and maintenance. It consists of the following parts:
• Gas engine type MAN.
•
Generator: Brushless Stamford three phase generators
• Two Paromat duplex boilers, with a capacity of 740 kW each.
In figure 2.1 are shown both the thermal and electrical energy power production
since November 1997, when the new plant has come in operation.
8
MWh/year
1500
1000
500
0
1997
1998
1999
MWh thermal
2000
2001
2002
MWh electricity
Figure 2.1 - Lielvarde, energy delivered by cogeneration system
The avoided emissions provided by the SSCHP project in Lielvarde are shown in
figure 2.2.
tCO2/year
750
500
250
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Avoided emissions of CO2
Figure 2.2 - Lielvarde – Avoided emission of CO2
In order to give an idea of the investment made, in table 3 are proposed the main
economical data. In general, Lielvarde Municipality is saving about 14000 Euro per
year in heat energy costs
Table 2.1 - economical data for SSCHP in Lielvarde
Project costs
Capital costs
Installation costs
Operational and maintenance costs
Other costs
Return of the investment
9
61 800 Euro
370 000 Euro Loan 7%
17 600 Euro
0.01386 Euro / kWh el
6 000 Euro
6 years
The implementation of an economic and environmentally sustainable heat and
electricity production by installing and operating natural gas fired high efficiency
boilers and small co-generation system, resulted in the following successes:
• Fuel switching from light fuel oil to environmentally more friendly natural gas
• The guaranteed supply of heat to public district heating network in Lielvarde,
even in an emergency case - such as an accidental interruption of electricity
supply
• The supply of electricity to Latvenergo
• Achieved significant reduction of the emission of greenhouse gasses (mainly
CO2 and NOx) and SO2 on almost 100% (790 tons) thereby to contribute to
the reduction of the global greenhouse effect and acid rains problems
The project has contributed to several social improvements, which can be divided in
two parts. The first part is an internalization of environmental costs will benefit the
global climate on the long term. The second benefit is related to the guaranteed supply
of energy with a high quality at reasonable costs, because of the better performance
(less energy losses) of modern technology. The introduction of the SSCHP in
Lielvarde has benefited the consumer’ expenses, whereas the prime cost upon both
hot water and electricity furniture are decreased.
The project in Lielvarde benefits the economy of Latvia by direct investments and
clean technology transfer. The direct investments have reduced the need for public
funds, which can therefore be used by the Latvian government for other public needs.
The obtained experience has shown that way of development to invest in modern
cogeneration equipment in order to improve energy efficiency is perspective and
feasible for energy users in Latvia
The introduction, of new and efficient technologies as the SSCHP plant in Lielvarde,
represents a wave of innovation for Latvia and an aperture towards to sustainable
energy use; therefore these projects have the effect of transferring knowledge and
technology in Latvia, related to introduction of modern energy production systems.
10
3
Use of small scale cogeneration in green houses – Carnikava
3.1 Background
Carnikava is a municipality along the
cost, located around 25 km northwest
from Riga.
The market for the greenhouse products
in Latvia is developing fast and requires
an extension of capacity and possibilities
in relation to cleaner production and
reduced energy consumption. Looking
forward to increase capacity, reduce
production costs and to meet EU
requirements for greenhouse production,
the company “Carnikava Darznieks” Ltd. Rose grown in Cernikava’ greenhouse
decided to improve its production by introducing small and high efficient
cogeneration technology for energy production, lighting, CO2 and fertilization with
minerals.
The project has been implemented by the Dutch company: Essent Sustainable Energy,
in co-operation with consultative partners in greenhouse technologies – Larive
International, DLV and Essent Baltic, Latvijas Darznieks, VidesProjekti and Intra-J.
The project consisted of the following
parts:
Installation of greenhouse technology:
• CO2 supply and fertilization
system (minerals);
• lighting and greenhouse climate
control systems.
Installation of efficient energy
technology:
• engine;
• water boiler;
• heat storage tanks (capacity
View of the cogeneration system
280m2).
The following characteristics of the selected greenhouse technologies have been taken
into account:
• Energy efficient greenhouse technologies with ability to operate on
economically and environmentally reliable base;
• Not harmful working condition or dangers for the GH operators;
• Cleaner production in greenhouse technology development;
The proposed technologies includes as well as weather depending heat control unit
and high efficient greenhouse roof, which has never been used before in Latvia.
The capacity of the co-generation system is 480kW heat and 312kW electricity. The
generated heat energy is used to maintain the needed temperature in greenhouse, or to
heat the water in the accumulator, for later use during nighttime. The electricity
produced is used for artificial lighting and other utilities (pumps, ventilation etc…)
11
and the surplus is sold to the national grid. The supplier of the co-generation system
has been ABB (Netherlands).
Exhaust silencer
In figure 3.1 is provided a flow chart of the co-generator:
Exhaust gas heat exchanger
Gas supply
Gas Engine
Generator
Water heat exchanger
Figure 3.1 - flow chart of the co-generator
In table 3.1 are given some technical data of co-generation system:
Table 3.1 - technical data of the ZANTEC 312 at 70°C intercooler temperature and
70°C oil temperature
Parameters
Unit
Electrical output
Thermal output
Energy input
Max. water entry temp.
Gas engine (fuel: natural gas)
Manufacturer / Type
Shaft output
Shaft efficiency
Thermal efficiency
Generator
Manufacturer / Type
Capacity
Electrical output
Generator efficiency
Electrical efficiency
Heat balance
jacket water cooler
294 kW
446 kW
855 kJ/s
70° C
Waukesha / H 24 GLD
310 kW
36,3%
52,2%
Unit
Stamford / HC 534 C
450kW
294kW
94,8%
34,4%
Unit
205kW
12
Flue gas cooler
Oil cooler
Intercooler
Total efficiency
181kW
37kW
23kW
86,5%
The main installation operations were finished in March 2003.
The main benefits of the project have been the reduction of heat and electricity
consumption and the resulting reduction of emissions of GHG. The high efficiency of
the cogeneration system has been one of the main driving factors to achieve these
results. In table 3.2 are shown the main estimated benefits in figures.
Table3.2 - main benefits of the project
Reduced heat consumption
Reduced electricity consumption
Reduced natural gas consumption
Reduced CO2 emissions
Reduced sodium phosphate consumption
Reduced plant fertilizer consumption
Reduced water consumption
3 520 MWh/year
675 000 kWh/year
608 450 m3 /year
1 680 tons/year
16 000 kg/year
6 000 kg/year
8 400 m3/year
The total project costs has been of around 850 000 Euro with an estimated payback
period of 3 years. The company “Carnikava Darznieks” has received support from
SENTER PSO+, the Dutch governmental agency program, in 2001, with a grant of
453 540 Euro for the implementation of the project, requesting an equity of
approximately 190 000 Euro. The PSO+ Intervention focused on the greenhouse
technologies training and consultancies, while “Carnikavas Darznieks” invested in the
part of greenhouse technologies. For getting the additional budget beside to the own
equity, “Carnikavas Darznieks” received a loan from NEFCO as Cleaner production
project.
Thanks to the implementation of this project has been possible to achieve the
following main outputs:
improved production capacity and quality;
increased production efficiency – production costs reduced by 60% per unit;
in particular due to the use of a small scale cogeneration system.
increased energy efficiency;
improved working conditions;
improved environmental performance (as shown in table 3.2)
dissemination of information about possibilities to implement similar projects
in Latvia.
13
4
Use of small scale cogeneration in DH system – Ozolnieki
4.1 Background
Ozolnieki – with little bit more than
3000 inhabitants – is a small
municipality of Latvia, located
around 38 km south of Riga and
only 8 km from Jelgava.
In the municipality the company
named “Ozolnieku KSDU” ensures
the main municipal services, like:
water supply, wastewater treatment,
and generation, distribution of
thermal energy.
The district heating system of Municipality of Ozolnieki
Ozolnieki had a boiler house, where
were installed two boilers (RK – 1,6 MW) with prefurnace for wood combustion and
two boilers (RK – 1,6 MW) using heavy fuel oil. Sawdust, wood chips and wood
waste were used as fuel for boilers. Several sawmills and wood processing companies
around Ozolnieki guaranteed the supply of these wood based fuels. But time-by-time
the companies started to use more and more their wood residues and sawdust for their
own use and the supply to Ozolnieki was not assured anymore.
In addition to this problem, there was as well as a problem of storage – in fact in the
area close to the boiler house only a small storage was available, the rest of the needed
wood fuels was stored in two rented sheds and transported each day to the boiler
house – sensibly increasing the transport and handling costs.
Based on this situation, and with the support of the Council of the municipality,
KSDU decided to connect Ozolnieki to the natural gas grid – with an branch of 7km
to the main gas pipeline, supplying Jelgava.
Then, in order to assurance a sufficient gas consumption to the gas utility “Latvijas
G8ze”, which financed the connection, and in order to increase the overall efficiency
of the system, KSDU decided to install a small scale cogeneration plant.
The first business plan was prepared on May 2001 and the plant was commissioned at
the beginning of 2002.
The main aim of this project was to increase energy efficiency in power production by
using a cogeneration system. For project implementation several barriers needed to be
overcome – in particular the price policy in Latvia, interconnection problems with the
transmission system operator (Latvenergo) and then the very small experience in
similar projects in Latvia. Ozolnieki has been the first municipality in Latvia, which
has self-decided to install a small scale CHP plant.
The heat generated in the SSCHP is supplying 17 dwelling houses (512 flats),
municipal buildings, kindergarten, sport club, commercial buildings and one small
14
private house. The total heating area is around 25 000 m² for residential buildings and
around 15 000 m² for companies and institutions. During all year the DH customers
are supplied with hot water.
The project owner is “KSDU”. The main contractor of the project has been “Tedom”
– a supply company of cogeneration units from Czech Republic.
In figure 4.1 below is provided a top view of the boiler house, with inside the SSCHP
and hot water boilers.
Two wood
boilers
Out of
service
Boiler house
Cogeneration
unit
Gas boilers
Future
cogeneration
unit
Additional
diesel boiler
Figure 4.1 - View of boiler house
The cogeneration unit includes 2 reciprocal natural gas engines connected to two
generators with 150 kW electrical outputs each. Thermal output is 2 x 226 kW.
Electrical efficiency of the cogeneration plant is 34,8 %, thermal efficiency is 52,6 %;
global efficiency is 87,4 %. Interconnection voltage is 0,4 kV. Transformer type is
synchronous generator and grounding type is stationar grounding. Noise level is 10,89
dB.
In the boiler house there is the space for to install an additional cogeneration unit,
which is plan as possible future project.
15
The financing of the project
has included a loan from
“Veirensbank” of around 90
000 LVL with interest rate
around 5 %, and 6 years terms
and overdue payment to
Tedom of 60 000 Euro with 2
years term at 0% interest rate.
Total project costs have been
around 200 000 Euro. The
return of the investment is
estimated in 6 to 7 years.
View of two gas engines of the cogeneration unit
Electricity
is
sold
to
Latvenergo (TSO) at 0,0454
EUR/kWh, while heat is sold at 31,3 EUR/MWh.
Air quality in the municipality of Ozolnieki has improved. The income from the sales
of electricity is enough to pay natural gas consumption for the whole district heating
system.
This project scientifically improved the efficiency of the existing system for heat
generation. Following the price for heat energy in Ozolnieki has decreased with social
benefits for the inhabitants.
This project can be seen as a step ahead to dispersed energy solutions in Latvia.
16

Small and Micro Scale CHP

Transcription

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