IMRO HAITI report - Observatoire international des transferts de

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Assessment of Remittances Policies
and Programs in Haiti
DRAFT REPORT
Study commissioned by the
International Migrants Remittances Observatory (IMRO)
Pilot Project under the supervision of the
LDCs Coordination Bureau in New-York.
IMRO
02 BP 2766 COTONOU
Tél+22921308297/+229.97570303/+22997068665
[email protected]
www.oitfm.org
Port au Prince, January 28th 2013
Table of contents
1 Executive summary ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Context of the study .................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Migration from Haiti .................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Key data on migrant remittances ........................................................................................................... 7
5 Remittances policies .................................................................................................................................... 8
6 Current Money Transfer Operators ...................................................................................................... 9
7 Banking infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 11
8 A Telco environment dominated by Digicel .................................................................................... 12
9 Migration & development: Impact of Remittances on the Haitian Economy ..................... 14
10 The local survey........................................................................................................................................ 18
10.1 Semi-structured questionnaire & matrix of results (questions and answers
translated in the next paragraph)........................................................................................................ 19
10.2 Remittance experts interviewed ................................................................................................. 22
10.3 Answers analysis ............................................................................................................................. 23
11 The National Working Group ............................................................................................................. 28
Annex : Circulaire # 98 du 20 mai 2011 de la BRH concernant les conditions d'exécution
des transferts de fonds internationaux sur Haïti ............................................................................... 29
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................... 32
Haiti: IMRO study on migrant remittances
Page 2
1 Executive summary
In a Haitian perspective, the specificities of migrant remittances are:
-
A recent and strong migration flow to Miami and NY area feeding ¼ of the country
(800 000 remittances monthly to families of 4/5 people)
A large number of undocumented migrants facing day-to-day issues (mobilizing their
savings is a way to protect their return when deported)
A large amount of aid with no significant impact on growth (only 2.5 % after the
earthquake) and reduction of poverty (still many people living in “tents”)
A strong nationalism, with issues on governance and violence
A bad climate for business despite government efforts
Key recommendations for transfer cost reduction, financial inclusion
-
-
Restore confidence for migrant investors with the help of donors
Invest in tangible assets through an investment vehicle mixing public and private
funding to face educational(school), medical(hospitals) and infrastructure (road, water &
electricity) issues
Group/ungroup monthly transfers at reduced price
Promote an alternative to Tcho Tcho mobile for financial inclusion, competition and
transparency
Draw on a A4 format sheet in Creole all the alternatives to send and receive remittances
from/to Haiti
Leverage women efforts to pay scholar fees with automatic co funding
Launch a diaspora fund with a governance structure shared between migrants and a
foreign cofounder (multilateral/public donor)
Policy interventions which facilitate the inflows of remittances through regular
channels
-
Electronic money regulation
Encourage competition
Waive remittances taxes for migrant donations to infrastructure projects
Promote positive impacts of remittances
Support solutions linking rural/poor suburban recipients with Mbanking/branchless
acces, Microfinance institutions
Support solutions to help the undocumented migrant to save periodically in Haiti to
avoid to loose everything when arrested
Link transfer delivery with a microcredit for women
Page 3
2 Context of the study
In accordance with the Memorandum of Understanding signed in Istanbul on 12 May
2011 between the Government of Benin and the Chairman of the LDCs Coordination
Bureau, the International Migrants Remittances Observatory commissioned and
coordinated a study on policies and programs enhancing remittances flows to four pilot
LDCs, namely Bangladesh, Nepal, Haiti and Lesotho.
The study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the type and volume of
remittances inflows and how their development impact can be enhanced through policy
support, mainstreaming remittances into development planning in Haiti.
More specifically, the study’s aims are:
- to monitor, gather, analyze and disseminate recent information and date on the
flows of remittances in the four pilot countries, on mechanisms and transfer costs,
on models of use and the impact at national, regional and community levels;
- provide a comparative analysis between the pilot countries of remittances trends
and parameters for decision making;
- assist the Governments of Haiti and their institutional partners to identify,
develop policies and initiatives related to the fund transfers in order to improve
transfer services in terms of reliability, costs, time and security;
- strengthen the capacities of Ministries and central banks of the selected LDCs in
order to improve the quality and the quantity of data on remittances collected
through collection methods which are more efficient and more comprehensive.
The research study consisted of:
- a series of 31 key interviews during the second half of January 2013
- a desk review of existing information, policies and literature from September
2012 to January 2013
- a National Working Group (NWG) launched and held at IADB in Port au Prince
on the 28th of January, 2013
- a list of key recommendations from the NWG proposing a short and long-term
policy strategy which could facilitate the potential multiplier effects of
remittances.
Page 4
3 Migration from Haiti
Port au Prince could be or should be the capital of the Caribbean concentrating half of the
urban population of Haiti while the rural areas are representing half of the 10 million
total population (the Western region is 10 times less populated than the North Eastern
region) .
85% of Haitians are living below the line of poverty (54% in extreme poverty); 2 million
people have food security issues. 2/3 of adults are jobless. Deforestation, 4 tornados in
2008 and the 2010 earthquake and cholera have deteriorated living conditions for poor
people.
Haiti has a strong diaspora (2 million people) with a contrast between US and Canada
and the Caribbean where they are often exploited as undocumented who can be
deported overnight.
Bahamas (25% pop.)
40-70 000
Martinique
14 000
Guadeloupe
23 000
Guyane
40 000
Dominican Republic
Around 600 000
Other
200 000
For instance, the number of migrant in Dominican Republic is a sensitive issue and any
estimate is very controversial and
hazardous.
The first wave of migration started with
the US occupation beginning in 1915
during World War I and ending in the
middle of the 1930s.
The second wave was a direct consequence
of the dictatorship Duvallier (with a first
boat people in 1963 and a second one in
1973 only) reaching 10% of the total
population. These millions of people living
in North America have a strong influence
on the Haitian economy (most of the USD
2 billion of remittances) because they are
feeding one fourth of the country as long
as we are still in the first generation. Their
children could never travel to Haiti and
mix in the US melting pot forgetting their
roots.
Page 5
In this map “Haitians around the World”, George Anglade highlighted these 2 major
migration waves 1915-1935 and 1965-1985. However new trends can be observed recently
since the earthquake(12 Jan. 2010) with a third wave targeting Latin America 1.
After the earthquake, French Guyana was the main destination but the decision from the
French government (sept. 2010) to close the border pushed them to other Latin American
countries like Brazil (6000), Ecuador (2000), the same in Chili and more than one
thousand in Mexico among other countries.
This third wave could be estimated at 90 000 (75 000 in 2009 according to G. Anglade
estimates).
The top destinations remain today the United States, the Dominican Republic, Canada,
France, The Bahamas, Netherlands Antilles, Belgium, Venezuela, Switzerland and the
Netherlands.
US Migrants (Miami Herald 22.02.2010)
Among the more than half million Haitians living in the U.S.(2 to 3 million if you include
Haitians with US citizenship), Florida has the largest Haitian population : 46.4 percent of
Haitians in the United States live in Florida; 24.1 percent live in New York; 7.6 percent
live in New Jersey, and 7.1 percent live in Massachusetts.
The World Bank found that 55 percent of remittance-receiving households do not have
any other income.
Remittances sent to Haiti are largely spent on the provision of basic needs: housing, food,
clothing and medicine.
The United States has a positive trade balance with Haiti, indicating that Haiti purchases
more imports from the United States than it exports here. Between 1990 and 2009,
between 50-60 percent of imports into Haiti originated in the United States. Rice, wheat
and meat products comprise the largest dollar amounts in terms of exported goods.
Florida has both the largest Haitian-born population in the United States and the largest
share of Haiti's export market. In 2008, nearly 24 percent of Haiti's exports from the
United States came from Florida. Haiti was Florida's 37th largest export market in 2008,
ranging in value from 34th to 37th between 2000 and 2008, with the 2004 dollar value of
these exports reaching $223,241,000.
New York ranks sixth in total U.S. state exports to Haiti, realizing $34,677,000 in exports
there in 2008 while New Jersey is the 10th-largest state exporter to Haiti, with $22,157,000
in export revenues.
1
Haiti-Migration : Zoom sur la récente vague migratoire haïtienne vers l’Amérique Latine
http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article13070
Page 6
4 Key data on migrant remittances
USD330 million in 1997, USD 1 billion in 2006, USD 2 billion , the remittances are
representing a growing part of GDP (up to one third today).
800,000 people receive about 125 USD per month on average (the lowest amount of the
region), which partially feed half of the Haitian population (4/5 beneficiaries per
household) 2
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
released a report in September 2012 on
remittances from the Diaspora to the Latin
American region including Haiti. The region
received in 2011 more than 61 billion U.S.
dollars in terms of remittances from emigrants.
Among the $ 61 billion sent, Mexico has
received about 37% while Haiti attracted less
than 4%, i.e $ 2 billion exceeding other finacial
flows such as FDI ($200m), ODA($600m) and
exports.
The Bank of the Republic of Haiti (BRH) is monitoring differently private transfers from
the diaspora with a slightly higher result than the 2.057 billion dollars recorded by the
IDB.
BRH’s Department of International Affairs (DAI), regularly collects, transfers from
companies recognized monthly data on remittances from the Haitian diaspora to Haiti.
Informal mechanisms used by the diaspora arrive in Haiti, prevents BRH to have
information on the actual total flow of remittances entering the economy in a given
period. Therefore, to take account of private trancould even show higher figures than the
ones of BRH and the central bank estimated non institutionnal channels accounted for
27% of the total flow of money transfers sent to Haiti. Registered MTO (money transfer
operators) are serving 73% of the total flow only.
The major part of migrant remittances is intended for consumption : only 23% of the
amounts of transfers have been used for investment (IADB study 2006)
2
Mr Franck LANOIX http://www.touthaiti.com/diaspora/886-125-dollars-par-mois-en-moyen
Page 7
Source : remittanceprices.worldbank.org
5 Remittances policies
The central bank issued a number of directives targeting MTO; they are available online
at : http://www.brh.net/circulaires_maisons_transfert.html
-
Directive 94#40: Weekly reporting form
-
Directive 98 (20 May 2011) 1.5 USD tax and use of BRH payment platform
-
Directive 07: VAT (TCA) not applied on 1.5 USD tax, effect on 15/06/2011 in USA,
Canada, Turks & Caicos Islands, Bahamas
-
Directive 08: transfers can be paid in HTG if the exchange rate is accepted by the
beneficiary. Exchange rate to be displayed in all transfer payment locations
The results of this policy are available on Conatel website : USD 40 million within 18
months to finance the National Fund for Education (FNE).
However, everybody will be very careful about the use of funds. Among our remittance
experts, several are suggesting to waive the tax for productive investments while
attendees at MHAVE seminar were suggesting to invest in schools where the
remittances were delivered.
Less commented was the 5 cts tax on international calls since June 2011 which will also
contribute to the FNE.
Page 8
6 Current Money Transfer Operators
The World Bank remittances observatory gives a good overview of the alternatives for
senders for 4 major corridors: Canada, Dominican Republic, France, United States.
http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/Country-Corridors/to-Haiti/
From
Canada
ScotiaBank
Average 3rd Q’2012: 12,31%
Western Union
MoneyGram
Bank of Montreal
Toronto Dominion Bank
CIBC
Royal Bank of Canada
Dominican Republic
Caribe Express
Average 3rd Q’2012: 8,69%
Western Union
Girosol
France
MoneyGram
Average 3rd Q’2012: 15,63%
Ria
La Poste via Western Union
Western Union
Moneybookers
Credit Lyonnais
La Poste
BNP Paribas
Societe Generale
Banque Populaire
Caisse D'Epargne d'Ile de
France
Credit Agricole
USA
Unitransfer
Average 3rd Q’2012: 5,66%
CAM
MoneyGram
Western Union
Ria
Money transfers from France are 3 times more expensive than the US ones which are also
less expensive than the ones originated from the other side of the island….
However, it is easier to have an exhaustive list of Money transfers Operators on the
receiving side (also operating South South and South North) since the central bank is
giving the full list on its website:
http://www.brh.net/maisons_transfert.html and IADB 2011 (released sept 2012):
Page 9
MTO
Market
share
SOGEXPRESS/WESTERN 32%
https://www.sogebank.com/index.
UNION
php?c=entites&id=sogexpress
Caribbean Air Mail (CAM) 24%
http://www.camtransfert.com
UNITRANSFER
20%
http://www.unitransfer.com/
Others *
24%
Moneygram
Partners: BUH, UNIBANK,
RapidTransfer, Fonkoze
VIGO & Capital Transfert
CWT**/Rapid transfer
RIA / Le levier
Payout
locations*
267
66
54
84
22
54 (10
Levier)
*Inter American Dialogue Scorecard report 18.6.2010
** Caribbean World Trading SA
Other money transfer actors:
Apart from the 3 main operators which have a clear strategy (Sogebank with Western
Union worldwide, CAM as a regional operator throughout the Caribbean, Unitransfer
focusing on USA and Caribbean), the other actors are dominated by Moneygram and
partnerships are often done and undone with also other large MTO networks like VIGO
& RIA .
It is important to mention the involvement of credit unions like Le Levier and
microfinance institution like Fonkoze.
Le Levier has built a partnership with Desjardins in Canada (Québec) to offer a service
called Virement de Fonds International (VFI) and it also provides branch to branch
transfer in Haiti.
http://www.lelevier.ht/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=222
Fonkoze
Remittance services started at FONKOZE in 1998 on a sliding fee of $10-50 (less than the
competition). Remittance services have grown fast, with SFF(Fonkoze) becoming a payer
for Moneygram and CAM.
In 2008, Fonkoze introduced the OSC Visa Prepaid Debit Card that allows users to send
up to $2,500 to Haiti for $6, with a monthly fee of $1.
Page 10
7 Banking infrastructure
The empirical approach of the correspondent banking system is explaining the success of
large MTO able to provide a quick and reliable service with more transparency, even if
migrants are still
ll complaining about the high fees of MTO. A bank money transfer is the
only one that you are buying without knowing its price since sending banks are
providing their fee but not the one of the receiving bank, and other hidden fees like
foreign exchange rates.
The current
urrent banking system has the following market shares (in %)
(http://www.brh.net/bul83.pdf
http://www.brh.net/bul83.pdf June 2012)
Deposits
Loans
Unibank
34,88
38,02
Sogebank
31,37
28,62
BNC
Capital
Bank
Citibank
NA
13,17
11,26
6,49
7,33
4,01
2,96
Scotia Bank
3,46
3,83
BUH
2,73
2,36
SOGEBEL
2,71
3,69
BPH
1,18
1,93
100,00
100,00
SPIH
http://www.brh.net/spih.ppt
The SPIH (Systeme de Paiements Interbancaires Haitien) is a real-time
time gross settlement
i.e. each transfer is settled individually and on a bilateral basis, sending participant,
beneficiary participant and instantly in HTG or USD.
Page 11
SPIH opens at 8:30am and closes at 3 pm. It costs a maximum of 70 HTG for sender, and
has no cost for the recipient
8 A Telco environment dominated by Digicel
During 40 years, the state owned Téléco implemented 800 000 landlines serving less than
10% of the population
Digicel (an Irish based telco, 3.5+ million customers) took control last year of 80% of the
market after the purchase of Voila (1 million custormers - Comcel, a subsidiary of US
based Trilogy) while USAID was subsidizing its mobile payment service with millions of
USD.
The historical Natcom, now owned 60% by Viettel, the largest operator of Vietnam (40%
Haitian government) was discouraged by the phone regulatory authority CONATEL to
offer attractive prices to compete with Digicel.
Viettel promised to offer Internet in all public schools in Haiti and it is now doing the
same in Santo Domingo where the company would like to invest 300 million USD
(announced sept. 2012)
Haitel is bankrupt since the licence removal in 2008.
To circumvent taxes and costs, poor people are using VOIP but CONATEL contracted
Swiss based SGS to detect bypassing solutions.
Mobile P2P transfers in Haiti: HIFIVE’s Haiti Mobile Money Initiative (HMMI)
June 2010: HMMI was funded by $10 million in awards plus additional funds for related
activities from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as $5 million in technical and
management assistance from USAID. The Haiti Integrated Finance for Value Chains and
Enterprises (HIFIVE), a USAID-funded project, manages and implements HMMI.
HIFIVE offers technical and management assistance to a variety of institutions working
to improve access to financial services in Haiti: http://kdid.org/projects/fieldsupport/hifive/hmmi.
First to Market Award (Digicel): $2.5 million
Second to Market Award (Voilà): $1.5 million
Scaling Awards (shared by Digicel and Voilà):$100,000 and $1 million
Final award (5M transaction milestone and meeting the award program's
requirements): $3.2 million
Page 12
July 2012: Digicel and Voilà were supposed to share this final award from the HMMI;
however, Voila was purchased a few months before by Digicel who ows 80% of the
market.
Tcho tcho mobile
After launching in April 2011, TchoTcho grew to 20,000 users by June. By July, that
number had more than doubled to 50,000 users, and in the last few weeks, the service
rocketed to 110,000 mobile wallet carriers. Even more remarkable is the usage of
TchoTcho. In June, there were just 54,000 recorded transactions. In the first 17 days of
August, more than 925,000 transactions.
Agent network
YellowPepper is now in the process of expanding their mobile money network to Latin
America, where they're already operating in nine countries, including pilot networks in
Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. Currently, YellowPepper boasts
more than 4.8 million active users, a number that has grown significantly over the past
month, and processes about 20 million transactions throughout Latin America and the
Caribbean with a staff of 203 people in 10 countries.
IFC invested $3 million in the start-up technology firm Yellow Pepper in 2010. IFC also
brought in a co-investor who put up an additional $2 million.
Today Haiti has over 500,000 m-wallet users issued by Scotia Bank in association with
YellowPepper and Digicel.
http://www.yellowpepper.com
Page 13
9 Migration & development: Impact of Remittances on the Haitian
Economy
Although remittances are extremely important in the Haitian context, their effects on the
economy are complex: while some of these effects are clearly positive, others may be less
desirable. Unfortunately, data limitations hinder the precise measurement of the relative
importance of these effects and do not allow for definitive conclusions.
9.1
Impact on Health and Education
There is no state-sponsored health insurance program in Haiti even for vulnerable
segments of the population such as the poor, children and the elderly. As a consequence,
all health related expenses are borne by households.
Haitian households do not fare much better when it comes to education. Although the
exact percentage is not known with certainty (estimates vary between 70% and 90%), a
large fraction of the supply of primary and secondary education is private and is not
subsidized.
The empirical evidence suggests that, similarly to Latin America, remittances allow poor
recipient households in Haiti to spend more on education and health thereby improving
children’s health and educational outcomes. For instance, using a survey of 300 Haitian
households conducted during the period 2001-2003, Amuedo-Dorantes find that
remittances tend to increase the likelihood that children are schooled.
The benefits of remittances are not necessarily gender neutral. For example, because in
Haiti girls are less likely to attend school than boys, they may disproportionately benefit
from an increase in the household’s budget. Amuedo-Dorantes find some evidence of
that effect in their sample.
However, the importance of these positive effects of remittances is still poorly
understood; in particular, it is still not clear that they are sufficient to counterbalance the
negative effects that migration has on the household in the first place, such as the lost
contribution of absent parents on children education.
9.2
Impact on the Financial System
The penetration of commercial banks is low in Haiti even by developing world
standards. According to the World Bank, in 2009 the banking system only had 339
depositors per 1000 adults.3 This corresponded to a total number of 2,195,215 deposit
3
World Data Bank
Page 14
accounts at the end of the year.4 Given that the number of accounts is only slightly higher
today (2,197,368 accounts as of June 30, 2012) 5 access to the banking system has likely not
improved much.
Even households that have bank accounts tend to limit the frequency of their
transactions: the limited number of branches (many were destroyed in the January 2010
earthquake) as well as the bureaucratic nature of the process the time required to
complete a transaction is significant (hours).
It is not surprising therefore, that cash is the prevalent form of payment and store of
value. The heavy reliance on cash creates the need for protection against inflation that in
the recent past has rarely been under 10%. This increases demand for the American
dollar that is perceived as more stable in terms of buying power. Indeed, the formal
banking system itself has not been immune from dollarization and 65% of bank deposits
are denominated in dollars.
This preference for dollars and cash forces monetary authorities to import large
quantities of actual dollar bills; the recent scarcity of these bills has prompted commercial
banks to limit the amounts of cash that can be withdrawn from dollar denominated
accounts in a day. To the extent that recipients prefer to collect part or all of the funds in
the form of dollar bills, remittances contribute to these issues.
The preference for cash also heightens the security risks that are associated with its
storage and transportation. The recent introduction of mobile money, the transfer of
funds through cellular phones, is meant to address some of the issues stemming from the
restricted coverage and bureaucratic processes of the national network of commercial
bank branches. The search for more efficient and less risky mechanisms for the
distribution of cash payments is at least partially driven by the need to channel
remittances to recipients that do not have access to banks. There is a definite connection
between the international and domestic transfers of funds.
9.3
Impact on the economy
In particular, they tend to reduce poverty and inequality in recipient countries, as well as
increase aggregate investment and growth. Moreover, thanks to their countercyclical
behavior, remittances significantly reduce growth volatility and help countries adjust to
external and macroeconomic policy shocks. At the microeconomic level, remittances
allow poor recipient households to increase their savings, spend more on consumer
durables and human capital, and improve children’s health and educational outcomes.
4
5
According to the central bank, Banque de la République d’Haiti (BRH)
Ibid
Page 15
Even though remittances have a positive impact on the development indicators of the
recipient economies, the magnitude of the estimated changes tends to be modest.
Countries experiencing a surge in remittances tend to also experience a real exchange
rate appreciation.
Page 16
Migrants are the most loyal investors while the
climate for investment is regularly downg
downgraded
by IFC Doing business report despite
government efforts.
Source: IFC and http://www.potomitan.info/ayiti/investissements.php*
Zafen.org from Fonkoze
After creating a KIVA like funding mechanism for small businesses in Haiti, Fonkoze
found that migrants are the main donors (USD 1 million raised through 1500 online user
within 2 years creating 760 new jobs in 110 businesses). Katleen Felix is the Diaspora
liaison officer of Fonkozee and project director of Zafen.
PADF LEAD
Leveraging Effective Application of Direct Investments (LEAD) from the Pan American
Development Foundation
http://www.padf.org/pages/leveraging
http://www.padf.org/pages/leveraging-effective-application-of-direct
direct-investmentslead
This new USAID project
oject aims to attract investments in Haitian SMEs and to increase the
development impact of remittances.
LEAD will also work with the Haitian Diaspora in the United States and elsewhere to
engage them in targeted philanthropic activities, social businesses, and innovative ways
to use a portion of remittances to further the development impact of these resources at
the local level. The project will also focus on encouraging job creation for women and
those with disabilities.
Up to 20 Semi-finalistss will be given:
-
Practical training in critical areas such as business planning, accounting, human resources,
and marketing
Guidance in developing a bankable business plan
Individual consultations with business development experts to address the specific
concerns
oncerns of your enterprise
Networking with financial institutions and other entrepreneurs
The finalists will be eligible for USAID grants, each of which could be up to US $200,000
that must be matched with private investments at a minimum ratio of 1:1.
he program will be repeated and expanded in 2013.
The
Page 17
10 The local survey
4 were recruited in Port au Prince to carry the interviews during the second half of
January 2013 (the 3 letter code is used in the matrix of results):
•
•
•
•
Woodjina STEPHON (WOO)
Patricia CHARLES (PAT)
Joseph JOHNSON (JON)
Stephane DAUPHIN (STE)
A large part of the 31 experts were attending the BID conference on the 12th of September
on remittances and consequently have a professional interest on Remittances.
The same week, the Ministry of Haitians living abroad (MHAVE) organized a 3 day
conference on migrants and their remittances with the participation of Randolph
GIBERT, Haitian remittance expert from the regional office of CEPAL in Mexico and a
delegation of Mexican representatives of the migrant remittances leverage program Tres
per Uno .
CEPAL, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean,
known as ECLAC, UNECLAC or in Spanish CEPAL, is a United Nations regional
commission to encourage economic cooperation.
http://www.eclac.cl/mexico/
Page 18
10.1 Semi-structured questionnaire & matrix of results (questions and answers
translated in the next paragraph)
Evaluation des politiques et des programmes en matière de transferts de fonds
Questionnaire Haïti
Bonjour, je suis consultant pour l’Observatoire des Transferts de Fonds des Migrants du groupe des Pays les Moins Avancés aux
Nations Unies. Cette institution basée à Cotonou organise une étude dans 4 pays pilotes : le Lesotho, le Népal, le Bangladesh et
Haïti. Dans ce cadre, 30 experts ont été sélectionnés au niveau national pour recueillir vos avis et recommandations et les compiler
pour notre groupe national de travail qui se tiendra à la BID le 28 Janvier 2013.
Merci d’avance pour votre coopération. Vos remarques n’engagent pas votre institution et représententsimplement un avis
personnel lié à votre expertise en matière de transferts.
Question
1. Quel est votre rôle spécifique en matière de
transfert ?
Pratiques et comportements des
consommateurs
2. Quels sont les paramètres déterminants
pour choisir un operateur de transfert
(plusieurs réponses possibles) :
3. Constatez-vous des envois réguliers de type
mensualisation chez une partie des migrants,
par exemple pour le paiement d’un loyer ou
d’une charge récurrente ?
4. Notez-vous une part significative des
transferts affectés à des investissements
productifs (création d’entreprise, construction
de maison, commerce, paiement de
fournisseurs ou de salaires,…) autre que l’aide
urgente à la famille (nourriture, santé,
éducation) ?
5. Les femmes ont-elles des pratiques
différentes des hommes en matière de
transfert? Si oui, lesquelles ?
6. Comment mieux répondre aux besoins
spécifiques des femmes ?
Informations données aux clients
7. Sur quel paramètre de couts le client
manque-t-il d’information ?
8. Comment améliorer la transparence et la
comparaison de prix ?
9. Connaissez-vous un observatoire de
comparaison de prix des transferts ?
Réponse
□ a. Prix
□ b. Rapidité
□ c. Proximité
□ d. Fiabilité/confiance
□ e. Autre : préciser
□ a. Non □ b. Oui Si Oui, dans quelle proportion :
□ a. Non □ b. Oui
Si Oui, dans quelle proportion :
□ a. Non
□ b. Oui : ……………………………….........
□ a. Coût à l’émission
□ b. Coût à la réception (virement bancaire)
□ c. Frais de change
□ d. Autre : préciser………………………….
□ a. Non □ b. Oui
Si Oui lequel:
Page 19
Barrières et incidents
10. Quels sont les principaux obstacles aux
transferts de fonds vers Haïti ?
11. Quels sont les types d’incidents qui
affectent la réception de fonds en Haïti ?
Propositions d’améliorations
12. Pensez-vous que les migrants doivent
disposer d’un compte au pays pour faciliter
leurs opérations et si oui, comment devraient
ils le gérer ?
13. Pensez-vous que les autorités puissent
influer la proportion des transferts destinés
aux investissements productifs ? Si Oui
comment ?
14. Quelles propositions feriez-vous aux
autorités pour encourager les transferts via
des politiques publiques :
15. Quelles sont les autres propositions que
vous souhaiteriez faire pour améliorer
l’impact des transferts sur l’économie
haïtienne ?
16. Pensez vous que les migrants investiraient
dans un diaspora bond pour le développement
d’Haïti ?
□ a. Frais élevés
□ b. Délai de réception
□ c. Manque d’information sur les alternatives
□ d. Difficulté de communication
□ e. Autre : préciser……………
□ a. Problème lié à l’identification
□ b. Fonds reçus par un mauvais destinataire
□ c. Problème lié a la réglementation
□ d. Litige sur la commission
□ e. Autre incident : préciser
…………………….
□ a. Non □ b. Oui Si Oui :
□ 1. Via une procuration à un proche
□ 2.Par la gestion en ligne (Mobile ou eBanking)
□ 3. Quand il vient au pays
□ 4. Via une agence en Europe ou en Amérique
□ 5. Autre : préciser …………………….
□ a. Non
□ b. Si Oui : ……………………………….........
□ a. Infrastructure nationale de paiement
□ b. Inciter les transferts par des mesures fiscales
□ c. Encourager les transferts par une contribution
proportionnelle
□ d. Autre : préciser ………………
□ a. à l’envoi des fonds :……………………
…………..…………………………………………………
□ b. à la réception des fonds : …………………
…………..…………………………………………………
□ a. Non □ b. Oui Si Oui :
□ 1. Obligation d’Etat
□ 2. Partenariat Public Privé
□ 3. Initiative internationale
□ 4. Uniquement si lié à un projet d’infrastructure
(ex : centrale électrique)
Nom :
Prénom :
Organisation :
Titre :
Portable :
Email :
Page 20
Organization
Matrix summarizing the responses and findings obtained from the interview series
Answers
1
2
3
4
5 6
7 8
9
10
11
12
12bi
s
13
14
15
16bi
16 s
JON1
JON2
JON3
JON4
JON5
JON6
Min. Tourisme
USAID
ANACPH
BRH
Min. Tourisme
PADF/LEAD
bcd
b
b
b
b
a
c
a
a
a
b
a
b
4
ac
b
a
b
b
a
ac
a
b
5 b
d
b
a
4
bc
b
b
b
b
a
c
d
ac
a
a
a
e
a
b
b
d
a
e
e
a
JON7
JON8
Jude Piquant
Unitransfer
Federation le
levier
Federation le
levier
OIT
USAID
MHAVE
Unitransfer
Western Union
Tchotcho mobile
Etudiant
Etudiante
FHAF
KOTELAM
Unibank
UNIQ
Sogexpress
Sogexpress
Min. of Finances
Phoenix
BUH
Uni. Quisqueya
AHE
GAIN SA
Min. of finances
bd
b
b
b
a
a
d
ac
abcde b
b
b
d
e
bc
b
b
b
d
a
abc
b
b
b
d
bcd
b
b
b
bcd
b
b
ab
b
b
bcd
b
b
bc
b
b
STE1
Results
STE2
STE3
STE4
STE5
STE6
STE7
STE8
PAT1
PAT2
PAT3
PAT4
PAT5
PAT6
PAT7
PAT8
WOO1
WOO2
WOO3
WOO4
WOO5
WOO6
WOO7
c
b
b
4
a
b
b
2
b
c
a
b
2
b
1 a
c
b
b
3
ae
b
1 a
c
b
b
2
d
a
a
a
d
a
b
4
a
d
a
a
a
d
b
b
4
b
a
ad
ae
a
b
b
b
b
2
b
a
cd
abc b
1 b
bc
ab b
2
a
c
a
acd a
b
24 b
b
b
b
3
a
c
a
cd
a
a
b
ab
ab b
4
b
c
a
d
abc a
b
b
ab b
4
d
a
d
b
5 b
a
b
b
2
e
b
1
d
d
a
b
c
d
e
1
2
3
a
b
b
a
a
a
b
a
a
c
a
b
4 b
b
a
b
4
d
b
b
b
c
a
d
b
b
2 a
c
b
b
2
ab
b
b
a
c
a
cd
a
b
24 b
c
b
b
34
ac
a
b
a
c
a
d
e
b
2 b
c
b
b
3
ac
b
b
b
d
a
e
d
b
5 b
abc
b
35
ac
b
a
b
c
a
a
a
b
2 b
b
b
2
abcd
b
b
b
a
a
a
ac
b
2 b
a
a
b
2
cd
b
b
b
b
b
ad
ac
b
1 b
ab
b
b
1
ab
b
a
a
c
b
c
d
a
b
c
ab b
12
d
b
b
a
a
a
ac
a
b
2 b
c
ab b
2
cd
b
b
b
a
b
ce
ab
b
2 b
b
ab b
2
abcd
b
a
b
c
a
cd
c
b
3 b
bc
b
b
12
acd
b
a
b
d
a
ace bc
b
1 b
bc
b
b
2
ad
b
a
a
bc
a
cd
a
b
3 b
c
b
2
a
b
a
a
bc
a
ac
ac
b
2 b
b
ab b
2
16
4
8
8
6
26
9
15 25 20 19
8
3
0
20
9
6
6 21
23
5 12
13 12 29
19
11
15
8
14
15
8
16
4
3
5
4
3
1
6
3
10
16
2
5
Page 21
4
5
3
9
3
10.2 Remittance experts interviewed
Most of the relevant stakeholders have been interviewed, ranging from the vice president
of the largest MTO to students achieving a research on migrant remittances.
Answer Question 1: What is your specific role related to money transfers?
Code
JON1
JON2
Organization
Min. Tourisme
USAID
JON3
ANACPH
JON4
JON5
JON6
JON7
JON8
STE1
STE2
STE3
STE4
STE5
STE6
STE7
STE8
PAT1
PAT2
PAT3
PAT4
PAT5
PAT6
PAT7
PAT8
WOO1
WOO2
WOO3
BRH
Min. Tourisme
PADF/LEAD
Jude Piquant
Unitransfer
Federation le levier
Federation le levier
OIT
USAID
MHAVE
Unitransfer
Western Union
Tchotcho mobile
Etudiant
UNIQ
FHAF
KOTELAM
Unibank
UNIQ
Sogexpress
Sogexpress
Min. de l'eco. Et Fina
Phoenix
BUH
Role / Tasks
Transfer recipient
Channel transfers through
prod.inv.
Ensure transferts reaching
recipients
Statistics compiler
Observer
USAID Project manager
Money transfer agent
VP & Managing director
Director support to CU
Middleman between operators
Internal crystaliser
Data auditor
Transfer sender
MTO
Authorized agent
Research on transfers
Research on transfers
Sender
In charge of branch network
Deputy branch mgr Moneygram
Professor
Transactions development
Compliance
Sender
Receiver
Sender & receiver
WOO4
WOO5
WOO6
WOO7
Uni. Quisqueya
AHE
GAIN SA
Min. de l'eco. Et Fina
Study on money transfers
Researcher
Sender
Data collection & analysis
Title
Economist
Senir ICT Advisor
Agent
Statistics compiler
Observer
Director
VP & Managing director
Director support to CU
Director Hunger & devlpt
Link agent
Data auditor
Chargé de mission
MTO
Authorized agent
Economics student
Economics student
Executive Director
COO
Branch officer
University dean
Commercial devlpt
Transaction manager
Deputy chief of department
President
Chief of Department
Transfers
Teacher Researcher
General secretary President
Member
Economist
Page 22
10.3 Answers analysis
Customer practices
Question 2. What are the determining factors for choosing a transfer operator (multiple
answers possible):
- 16 x a. Price (16 answer a. Price)
- 15 x b. Speed
- 19 x c. Proximity
- 15 x d. Reliability / confidence
- 3 x e. Other: please specify
The four components of a choice operator are equally distributed in the end although
paradoxically the answers are very different from one respondent to another. We can
deduce that each MTO must excel in each of these criteria for success.
Question 3. Do you notice regular monthly payments among some migrants, for
example, the payment of rent or a recurring charge?
- 4 x a. Not
- 25 x b. Yes
If yes, how much:
Generally speaking, respondents have noticed recurring shipments but working in
competitive areas where the client can choose an agency to another, makes it difficult to
observe their habits
Most of those who specified the proportion is between 65 and 90% except 2 lower cases
Question 4. Do you notice a significant proportion of transfers allocated to productive
investments (start-ups, home construction, trade, payment of wages or suppliers, ...)
other than emergency aid to the family (food, health, education) ?
- 8 x a. Not
- 20 x b. Yes
If yes, how much:
Clearly, productive investment is a minority share and mainly concerns the construction
and trade (sometimes informally)
The proportions vary considerably from one respondent to another
Page 23
Question 5. Do women have different practices of men in the transfer? If yes, which
ones?
- 8 x a. Not
- 19 x b. Yes ................
Women are seen as more responsible, including their activity breadwinner. This result in
lower transfer amount allocated to education but often also to trade.
Question 6. How best to meet the specific needs of women?
The question was a bit difficult and many comments are encouraging women more than
making concrete proposals.
However, two people link it to offer microcredit.
Information given to the customer
Question 7. Parameter on which costs the client fails he information?
- 6 x a. Cost issue
- 8 x b. Cost at the reception (bank transfer)
- 11 x c. Exchange fees
- 8 x d. Other: please specify
Answers equitably spread. No trend emerges except the lack of information from
beginning to end.
However, under Other answers, another hidden cost is repeatedly mentioned: the cost of
transport due to the nearness of the agency.
Question 8. How to improve transparency and price comparison?
It seems obvious to all that the regulator must define the law so that the final amount in
local currency is displayed with all its components from end to end.
Question 9. Do you know a remittance price observatory?
- 26 x a. Not
- 3 x b. Yes If yes which:
Page 24
Only one knows the observatory of the World Bank and even if Internet would be easily
accessible, the comparator is complex.
A quarterly table summarizing the money transfer alternatives would really help.
Barriers and incidents
Question 10. What are the main barriers to remittances to Haiti?
- 9 x a. High costs
- 0 x b. Deadline for receipt
- 15 x c. Lack of information about alternatives
- 16 x d. Communication difficulties
- 5 x e. Other: please specify ......
It is assumed that the deadline for receipt is no longer an obstacle since it is sufficient to
pay the price to have an instant transfer
However, we can clearly remark that users like the professionals do not really have all
the expected information.
One MTO qualifies MTO costs as too low
Undocumented migrant and insecurity are 2 other issues mentioned.
Question 11. What are the types of incidents that affect the receipt of funds in Haiti?
- 20 x a. Problem identification
- 6 x b. Funds received by a wrong recipient
- 8 x c. Problem has regulations
- 4 x d. Dispute over commission
- 4 x e. Another incident: specify .........................
- It appears clear that the identification is the number 1 problem that blocks up to a
quarter of transactions (essentially a slightly different name between order and identity
card, the rule is very strict for Moneygram for example). The sending partner is not
always specifying the required information about it.
All other problems encountered are: country codification problem, insecurity twice.
Suggestions for improvements
Question 12. Do you think that migrants must have an account in the country to
facilitate their operations and if so, how should they manage?
- 9 xa. No 21x b. Yes If Yes:
• 6x1. Via a proxy to close
• 10x 2.By way line management (Mobile or eBanking)
Page 25
• 2x3. When it comes to country
• 3x4. Through an agency in Europe or America
• 3x5. Other: please specify .........................
• The account seems to be a consensus in the country with a preference for Mobile
banking management
With Tcho Tcho, an account is required
Management through an e-card is suggested
Banking services offering for recipients is recommended three times.
Question 13. Do you think the authorities can influence the proportion of transfers for
productive investment? If yes how?
- 6 x a. Not
- 23 x b. Yes If Yes: .............................................
- Tax incentive by reducing taxes for investment transfers
- Investment in Education (2x) and social (2x)
- State Aid to investors (3x) and installation companies
- Create trust between the state and the migrant
- Grouped shipments
- Foster the meeting between investors and entrepreneurs
- Tax incentive (x2), discriminatory tax, incentive framework gouvernemental (2x)
- Reduce costs, encourage microcredit linked to transfer receipt
Question 14. What suggestions would you make to authorities to encourage transfers
via public policy:
- 5 x a. National infrastructure payment
- 13 x b. Encourage transfers of tax measures
- 14 x c. Encourage transfers a proportionate contribution
- 3 x d. Other: specify ..................
- National Payment Infrastructure
- Increase the limit of HTG 10 000 per Tcho Tcho agent when investing
Question 15. What other suggestions would you make to improve the impact of
remittances on the Haitian economy?
- 12 x a. sending funds to: ........................
- 12 x b. the receipt of funds: .....................
Page 26
- Sending: Encourage grouped shipments (2x), encourage the opening of a bank account,
define the specific purpose of sending (5x), the percentage development of the region of
origin
- Receiving: Helping recipients to manage their budget (4x) Direct service payment upon
receipt of funds(food, drugs) to avoid waste of money, investing in the long term beyond
consumption, better communication, ensure that funds are not sent back abroad, tax
incentives to promote alternative investment funds, savings incentive to encourage
investment, transfers 10% deduction with government contribution.
Question 16. Do you think that migrants could invest in a diaspora bond for the
development of Haiti?
- 1 x a. No 29 x b. Yes If Yes:
• 3 x 1. Government bond
• 16 x 2. Public Private Partnership
• 5 x 3. International Initiative
• 9 x 4. Only if project-related infrastructure (eg power plant)
- Very strong consensus on a diaspora bond but involving a private or international
entity along with local authorities
- Infrastructure projects could attract migrants
Page 27
11 The National Working Group
On 28th of January 2013, the International Migrant Remittances Observatory invited few
of the most representative remittances experts to initiate a National Working Group on
Remittances during a meeting at a conference room of the Inter American Development
Bank (IADB):
•
•
•
•
•
•
IADB: Jempsy FILS-AIME, national senior specialist FOMIN
BRH(central bank): Joseph BERTHONY, International Affairs Department
Ministry of Economy and Finance : Philippe THADAL, Senior Economist,
Department of Economic Studies
MHAVE: Joseph AUGUSTIN, Managing Director of the Ministry of Haitians
living abroad
SOGEXPRESS: Franck LANOIX, Vice President (last minute cancellation in the
morning but should participate in further meetings)
FONKOZE: Anacoana ADAMSON
The participants had an interesting and constructive discussion on the best way to attract
migrant savings and to better serve migrants to promote investments in Haiti.
Jempsy Fils Aime informed the attendees of the current MIF call for proposals
http://www5.iadb.org/mif/en-us/home/projects/financing/callforproposals.aspx and
the upcoming release of the 2012 report of the IDB.
Beside the model “Tres per Uno” presented at MHAVE last week, Ana from FONKOZE
described the MFI initiatives for migrants (ZAFEN, Tcho Tcho partnership, Ti Mama
Cherie, and the possibility for undocumented Turks & Caicos to save the country that
seems appropriate to the risk especially those who are dispossessed in case of arrest for
repatriation)
We also discussed the future diaspora identification card which could be promoted by
ONI, DGI and MHAVE.
Philippe Thadal had informed us of the willingness of the Ministry of Finances to
promote PPP and its use of BRH guarantees to win the trust of migrants in case of issue
of treasury bonds.
The participants are expecting IMRO to clarify the mandate of the working group, its
operating mechanism and to share the experiences of other national working groups.
Page 28
Annex : Circulaire # 98 du 20 mai 2011 de la BRH concernant les
conditions d'exécution des transferts de fonds internationaux sur Haïti
Dans le cadre de ses efforts pour maintenir l'efficience, l'intégrité, la fiabilité des
informations et la sécurité du système de paiements aussi bien que pour promouvoir
l'inclusion financière, la BRH a décidé d'initier une réforme qui vise à
• élargir la gamme des instruments et services de paiement
• accélérer la dématérialisation de la monnaie et l'inclusion financière ;
• promouvoir la décentralisation et la vulgarisation des points de paiement ;
• améliorer les coûts d'exploitation et d'utilisation des liquidités ainsi que l'accès à ces
moyens de paiement ;
• renforcer l'interopérabilité des infrastructures bancaires et de paiement
• mettre en œuvre un régime de surveillance et de règlementation plus approprié ; et
• accroitre l'efficience et la stabilité des services de paiement.
Conformément aux dispositions de la loi du 17 août 1979 créant la Banque de la
République d'Haïti, du décret du 14 novembre 1980 réglementant les activités bancaires
et du décret de juillet 1989 sur les maisons de transfert, la présente circulaire détermine
les conditions d'exécution des transferts de fonds internationaux sur Haïti (entrants et
sortants).
1. Déclaration de transferts internationaux
Les banques commerciales, les banques d'épargne et de logement et les maisons de
transfert sont tenues de communiquer chaque lundi à la BREL sur support papier, le
nombre et le montant total des transferts expédiés à l'étranger et reçus de l'étranger,
quelle que soit la forme dans laquelle le bénéficiaire reçoit le transfert (espèces ou
nature), conformément au formulaire de déclaration en annexe. Ces institutions sont
tenues également de faire parvenir mensuellement à la BRH la copie certifiée conforme
des montants déclarés aux régulateurs des territoires sur lesquels elles exercent leurs
activités de transfert de fonds.
Page 29
En cas de non respect de la présente section, l'institution concernée s'expose aux pénalités
suivantes
- Fiabilité de l'information
En tout temps, les montants déclarés dans le formulaire prévu en annexe doivent être
ceux apparaissant dans les livres de l'institution ainsi que les déclarations aux
régulateurs susvisés. Si les montants ne concordent pas, la BRH peut, après enquête sur
les circonstances et la nature de la violation, imposer une pénalité de 50% de la différence
entre les montants déclarés et les montants apparaissant dans les livres, sans préjudice
des frais d'utilisation dus par l'institution.
En cas de récidive, la BRH appliquera des sanctions pouvant aller jusqu'au retrait de
l'autorisation de fonctionnement.
- Retard dans la soumission des rapports
En cas de retard clans la soumission du formulaire, les institutions concernées encourent
une pénalité de dix mille gourdes (HTG 10,000.00) par jour d'infraction. La période de
pénalité s'étend du jour où le formulaire aurait dû être transmis à la BRH au jour où
celle-ci le reçoit.
Au-delà de huit (8) jours de retard, le montant de la pénalité sera doublé. Au-delà d'un
(1) mois de retard, la BRH peut prendre des sanctions pouvant aller jusqu'au retrait de
l'autorisation de fonctionnement.
- Paiement des pénalités
La BRH fera parvenir, par avis avec accusé de réception, aux institutions concernées le
montant des pénalités. Les pénalités doivent être réglées par chèque de direction à l'ordre
de la Banque de la République d'Haïti dans un délai de huit (8) jours à compter de la date
de réception de l'avis.
- Inspection
Des inspections peuvent avoir lieu à tout moment dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre des
présentes.
2. Utilisation et frais d'utilisation de la plateforme de paiement de la BRH
Page 30
Les banques commerciales, les banques d'épargne et de logement et les maisons de
transfert sont tenues d'utiliser la plateforme de paiement de la BRH pour le traitement de
tous les transferts de fonds internationaux sur Haïti (entrants et sortants). Elles sont
tenues également d'offrir à leur clientèle l'option de recevoir les transferts par des
instruments de paiement électroniques universellement acceptés.
Les mécanismes d'échange de données, d'exécution, de compensation et de règlement de
la plateforme de paiement pour le traitement des transferts internationaux sur Haïti
(entrants et sortants) seront édictés par la BRH.
Des frais de test, de certification, d'utilisation et d'inspection de 1.50 USD seront
appliqués par transaction pour les services de paiement et d'accès en différents points à
travers le pays. Ces frais seront facturés mensuellement et devront être payés avant le 10
de chaque mois par chèque de direction.
Par ailleurs, lesdits frais ne seront pas applicables sur les transferts effectués par les
banques pour leur propre compte. Autrement dit, les transferts pour les entreprises et les
particuliers sont donc visés par ces frais.
3. Interfaces avec la plateforme de la BRH
La BRH fixera par voie de dispositions règlementaires la date limite pour la mise en place
des interfaces avec la plateforme de paiement.
La présente circulaire entre en vigueur le 1er juin 2011.
Charles Castel, Gouverneur de la Banque centrale
Port-au-Prince, le 20 mai 2011
Page 31
Bibliography
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, Annie Georges and Susan Pozo (2008), “Migration,
Remittances
and Children’s Schooling in Haiti”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 3657.
Bauer, W. Andreas (2007), “Haiti: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix”, IMF Country
Report No. 07/292.
Fagen, Patricia Weiss (2006), “Remittances in crises, A Haiti case », HPG group at the
Overseas Development Institute
FOMIN (2012), “Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2011, Regaining
growth”
Johnson, Kristin (2010), Miami Herald 22/02/2010 Haiti “Remittances good for US
businesses
Louidor, Woodly Edson(2012) Haiti-Migration : Zoom sur la récente vague migratoire
haïtienne vers l’Amérique Latine http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article13070
Nerby, Jessica (2011) "Money, Money, Money: Remittances and Microbanking in Haiti"
COHA RESEARCH
Orozco, Manuel (2006), “Understanding the remittance economy in Haiti”, World Bank.
Orozco, Manuel (2011), “A Scorecard in the Market for Money Transfers:Trends in
Competition in Latin America and the Caribbean”
Paul, Bénédique (2008), “Migration et pauvreté en Haïti : impacts économiques et sociaux
des envois de fonds sur l’inégalité et la pauvreté?“, Université Montpellier 1.
Simmons, Alain (2005), “The remittances sending practices of Haitians and Jamaicans in
Canada”, Expert group meeting on international migration and development ,
Population Division, DESA, UN secretariat UN/POP/EGM-MIG/2005/01
Wooding, Bridget and Richard Moseley, “Les immigrants haïtiens et leurs descendants
en République Dominicaine”, Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR)
Page 32

IMRO HAITI report - Observatoire international des transferts de

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