Upper Nile State - UNDP in South Sudan

Transcription

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT
Upper Nile State
SOUTH SUDAN
Bureau for Community Security
and Small Arms Control
South Sudan Peace
and Reconciliation Commission
United Nations Development Programme
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Government agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small
arms and community insecurity to peace and development.
The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence
amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace.
The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and
Arms Control Project, supports the Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and
arms control at the national, state and county levels.
The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the Government of the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Cover photo: A senior chief from Upper Nile. © UNDP/Sun-ra Lambert Baj
COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT
Upper Nile State
South Sudan
Published by
South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission
MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN
CONTENTS
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... i
Foreword ........................................................................................................................... .ii
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... iv
1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
2. Background on Upper Nile State ................................................................. 2
3. Methodology
3.1. PRA training of facilitators ............................................................. 4
3.2. County consultation process .......................................................... 4
3.3. The Validation Meeting .................................................................... 6
4. Summary of Findings
Nature of insecurity .................................................................................... 6
Insecurity dynamics.................................................................................... 7
Conflict affecting women .......................................................................... 9
Causes of insecurity .................................................................................... 9
5. County-Specific Findings
5.1. Akoka County .................................................................................... 11
5.2. Bailet County...................................................................................... 14
5.3. Fashoda County ................................................................................. 18
5.4. Longochuk County............................................................................ 21
5.5. Maban County ................................................................................... 24
5.6. Maiwut County.................................................................................. 27
5.7. Makal County .................................................................................... 29
5.8. Manyo County ................................................................................... 32
5.9. Melut County ..................................................................................... 35
5.10. Nasser County .................................................................................. 38
5.11. Panyikang County ............................................................................ 41
5.12. Renk County ..................................................................................... 44
5.13. Ulang County .................................................................................... 47
6. Observations and Conclusions .................................................................... 51
7. Next Steps ........................................................................................................ 53
Maps
Map of Upper Nile State ...................................................................................................... 3
Seasonal grazing areas ........................................................................................................ 8
Annex 1. Summary of Proposed Conflict-Sensitive Projects in Upper Nile ....................... 54
i
ACRONYMS
BCSSAC
Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
CAP
Community Action Plan
CPA
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CRMA
Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis
CSAC
Community Security and Arms Control
DDR
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
FAO
Food Agricultural Organization
GoSS
Government of South Sudan
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDP
Internally Displaced Person
NGO
Non- Governmental Organization
JIU
Joint Integrated Units
PRA
Participatory Rural Appraisal
RCO
Resident Coordinator’s Office
RRA
Rapid Rural Appraisal
SAF
Sudan Armed Forces
SPLA/M
Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement
ToT
Training of Trainers
UN
United Nations
UNDP
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNMISS
United Nations Mission in South Sudan
UNS
Upper Nile State
WFP
World Food Programme
ii
FOREWORD
At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan
is the achievement and sustainability of security among communities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends.
However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to
proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community
safety and largely, to the political stability and economic development of the country.
The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
(BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building
bridges between communities and the government towards
peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of
formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well
as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development
measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with
the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control
(CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will address the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms.
The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with technical and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating
an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The
consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities’ knowledge and opinions of community security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for programming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most affected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads
to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members
are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will address these issues.
The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that
brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and
socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the outcomes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers.
The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the community members who were actively involved in the consultations.
Major General Daniel Deng Lual
Chairperson
Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
Ministry of Internal Affairs
South Sudan
iii
FOREWORD
Following South Sudan’s independence in July 2011, communities most affected by conflict have made security their chief
priority. The Government and communities recognized that
security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally
important that the Government interface with communities to
understand their needs and concerns.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in
South Sudan supports the country’s statebuilding process by
focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community
security efforts. We work with the Government and communities to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county
planning.
The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP’s peacebuilding efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small
Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to address the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and
peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by supporting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local government the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or civilian use of small arms.
UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified
during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South
Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities’ top-most
security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have
been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels.
UNDP fully supports the Government’s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing community security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will
continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most affected by conflict.
George Conway
Country Director, a.i.
South Sudan
iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Government of
South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure peace and stability
through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP’s Community Security and Arms Control
(CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms
Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states.
The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level. The strategy is tailored
to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of government especially at lower levels. By fostering extensive dialogue and engagement between the communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions
to existing insecurity.
Community consultations in Upper Nile State were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the challenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the
exercise aimed to identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilisation framework for Upper Nile.
The Upper Nile region bore the burden of violence during the civil war primarily due to militia groups living and operating in the area. It has become one of the most marginalised states in South Sudan; humanitarian aid started to increase only in 2006. Despite a number of private oil companies in the state, Upper Nile’s
development indicators remain negligibly low for education, health, sanitation and access to clean drinking
water. Further, communities in the southwestern border suffered from violence following elections and the
political defeat of the renegade army commander George Athor, later captured and killed by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Upper Nile State also faces external threats from the bordering Gambella
region in Ethiopia which is dominated by armed groups and plagued with inter-communal disputes and
competition for scarce natural resources.
The consultation process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data, i.e. community mapping, seasonal calendars, trend lines and semi-structured interviews in each of the 13 counties.
Consultations were held in May 2010 to get an in-depth understanding of community members’ perceptions
on the different security issues affecting their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted in different groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders,
security organs/law enforcement teams and county administrators.
In summary, participants identified economic and sociocultural influences, land and/or boundaries, and
arms trading as the key causes of conflict across Upper Nile. Majority of the participants expressed that cattle raiding stems from both the economic need and the desire for prestige. Closely related to this is conflict
from unclear land demarcation between counties or between a county and its neighboring states. As pastoralists herd their cattle, crossing borders can become violent as herders and communities fight over their historical territories, or over scarce water and pastureland. Clashes also occur between communities that use
land for agriculture and those that use land for cattle grazing.
Community participants perceived that the presence of gangs possessing small arms are crucial to their
safety. Communities particularly cited the marginalized and disenfranchised youth “who have no tribal
affiliations and operate across tribes” as a threat to their security.
Detailed findings were documented per county, including a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a Community Action Plan. These are presented in detail in Section 5. Findings from the consultations were used to feed into state government projects, with support from CSAC, which will address
the top-most insecurity priorities of communities. A map of Upper Nile on Section 7 illustrates the various
locations of these projects. The findings will also serve as an important base information for Government
programming and policy making, as well as for other organizations working towards building community
security in South Sudan.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for
Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa’s longest running civil war.
The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be
found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include
enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both
man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the region.
UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that support national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted
crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass
return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are
essential.
The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government to strengthen
its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county
levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects.
CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau and the SSPRC, formerly the
Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation. Since 2009, CSAC has been providing capacity building
support to both agencies, as well as to state and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity,
Upper Nile and Warrap. The consultations support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the
county level. Through a developed strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is
initiated where communities have an opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed
into decisionmaking and state planning. The ‘force multipliers’ are conflict-sensitive projects which
are implemented based on the Community Action Plans and priorities set by community members
during the consultations.
Consultations done in Upper Nile in May 2010 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop action plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the consultations aimed to:
 Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key priorities in addressing and mitigating insecurity;
 Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a
regional state;
 Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilisation framework for the regional state; and
 Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then
feed into the eventual state and county planning process.
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2. BACKGROUND ON UPPER NILE STATE
Upper Nile State is located in South Sudan’s north-eastern region. It has a total area of 77,283 sq km
and an estimated population of 964,353.1 The state is composed of 13 counties which include Akoka,
Bailet, Fashoda, Longochuk, Maban, Maiwut, Makal, Manyo, Melut, Luakpiny/Nasser, Panyikang,
Renk and Ulang. The state’s dominant tribe is Shilluk but also has residents from the Nuer and
Dinka tribes, the Bari-speaking groups as well as Arabs.
The Upper Nile region is among the areas that bore a disproportionate burden of violence and unrest during Sudan’s civil war due to the preponderance of militia groups living and operating in the
region. Upper Nile State has since become one of the most marginalised and devastated regions in
South Sudan because of the presence and activities of militias, harsh environmental conditions and
the state’s proximity to the cultural and military population of the North. Perhaps due to these
seemingly insurmountable difficulties, the region only began to experience a significant increase in
the presence of humanitarian agencies in 2006.
Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Upper Nile. People are nomadic agro-pastoralists
who engage in both agriculture and the rearing of livestock, primarily cattle. Local farmers are particularly susceptible to the vagaries of the area’s unpredictable weather patterns, a factor which
greatly affects their productivity from year to year. Even when rains come, its patterns are unreliable
and sparse, making it difficult for farmers to plan effective crop rotations. Combined with other environmental deterrents such as the outbreak of pests, disease and flooding, farming in Upper Nile
has become a complex and difficult endeavour with little promise of a successful crop yield or food
security. Floods have become particularly pronounced in recent years. Farmers have refused to plant
in some areas, especially in the lowlands, for fear of loss of agricultural capital.
Despite the number of private industry-based oil drilling sites in Upper Nile, the region remains
extremely poor with negligible service levels in basic development indicators such as education,
health, sanitation, and access to clean drinking water. The meager and contractually obligated community development initiatives carried out by Petrol Dar, one of the area’s most prominent oil companies, have done little to affect the quality of life of local communities. Instead, these initiatives
generally benefit the local militias which have reportedly terrorized the regional communities and
perpetuate patterns of forced displacement.2
There has been some violence in the communities along Upper Nile’s southwestern border following elections and the political defeat of the renegade army commander George Athor. Despite his
electoral loss in 2009, he continued to challenge the ruling party and the South Sudan army by demanding that the then-elected state Governor and now the President of South Sudan, and the man
who bested him in the election, Salva Kiir Mayardit, step down while issuing both threats to attack
and somewhat fatuously offering to negotiate further. Athor was later captured and killed by the
SPLA in December 2011.
In addition to internal disputes, Upper Nile faces external threats. After years of war and instability,
many areas of the state’s border with the Gambella region in Ethiopia are prone to security issues
and are dominated by armed groups, unresolved inter-communal disputes, multiple waves of displacement, and competition for land, water, services and citizenship.
1
2
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 16.
“
Oil and Violence in Sudan Drilling, Poverty and Death in Upper Nile State.” European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS).
2006. http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2006/OilandViolenceinSudanDrillingPovertyandDeathinUpperNileState.pdf
3
During the dry season, local water sources dry up and the area’s
various ethnic groups, including
the Nuer-Lao, Nuer-Jikany and
the Muerle, drive their cattle toward the Sobat and Pibor rivers
in Akobo County. The seasonal
concentration of cattle, combined
with the multitude of tribes and
armed groups in a small area
often results in increased tension
and inter-ethnic fighting, continuing well into the rainy season, until the Muerle moves
south toward their rainy season
pastures.
There are also issues in the region’s constantly shifting cattle
raiding practices.3 As stated by
an officer in charge of Ulang
County, “Traditional cattle raiding have always taken place, but
we have traditional ways of dealing with that. What we are seeing now are youth gangs with no
tribal affiliation and are operating across tribal affiliations – we
refer to them as the ‘Niggas.’”
According to the majority of the
region’s
traditional
mores,
women must carry out solely
reproductive and domestic roles
in the community rather than
political ones. This perception is shared by the majority of the population – including the women
themselves - and undermines efforts to increase their representation and participation in politics.
The conservative attitudes of both men and women, coupled with a general lack of female education, information about female rights, limited advocacy initiatives for female empowerment and the
general dearth of self-confidence and self-esteem hinder women’s capacity to participate in local
politics. Thus far, this has resulted in the marginalisation, if not the complete exclusion of women
from decisionmaking processes.
Participants in the consultations often referred to the political initiatives which influence violence
and insecurity in their communities as an area of primary concern. This state of affairs is mostly the
result of the ingrained concentration of power along ethno-military lines using political structures as
a vehicle for domination. This tendency has been employed to support groups such as the so-called
‘Niggas’ mentioned earlier at the expense of all other state residents. Such an ill-conceived policy
further divides communities along an ideological fault line based on political ideologies. This divisive pattern has been modelled on the power dynamics of political actors in Juba and has been
propagated by those in positions of power at all levels of government.
3
Ulang Administrative Officer
4
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. PRA training of facilitators
A four-day Training of Trainers (ToT) workshop on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) program
methodology was conducted for UNDP staff, Government staff members and volunteers participating in the consultations from 30 April - 3 May 2010. County consultations were subsequently held on
04-16 May 2010. The overall objective of the training was to increase the knowledge and skills of all
participating field staff, partner representatives and county community representatives in applying
PRA methods and techniques to better inform both consultation leaders and members of the local
government in the PRA dynamics. This training was geared toward preparing local teams to facilitate county consultations, identify community security needs and key conflict-sensitive projects that
the local communities believe would reduce instability in the 13 counties of Upper Nile State.
Key tools discussed in the workshop included:

Community mapping: enables participants to identify conflict and areas of insecurity
in their respective counties, as well as local level insecurity issues, parties involved and
possible conflict-sensitive projects to address the problems identified.

Trend lines: allow PRA facilitators to explore changes in security dynamics and the
evolving incidence of violence in the years since the signing of the CPA, directly address factors that influenced the increase and decrease in county security, analyse community perceptions of security issues, and encourage the exploration of possible interventions to prevent and/or manage instability.

Seasonal calendars: map out the seasonality of security issues, enables discussions on
the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of possible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity.

Data organisation tools: allow for the presentation of all emerging security issues and
suggests solutions to prepare for the participating stakeholders’ validation process. The
data in this specific study was compiled in a cause/effect matrix.

Prioritisation process: allows county stakeholders to identify the most pressing instability issues, opportunities for increased diversity of priorities by gender (men, youth
and women) and an understanding of the rationale behind the different rankings by
participants in each of the above categories.

Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions: enable participants and
stakeholders to cross-check issues which emerge as a result of utilising the various PRA
tools discussed above.
3.2. County consultation process
The county consultation process was designed to be as inclusive as possible and brought together
community representatives and key stakeholders such as members of the Government on the local
and county levels, and regional interest groups. Makal County, by virtue of being the host, was the
first to undergo the county consultation process and proved to be an excellent venue for pre-testing
5
the facilitators’ newly learnt PRA methodology. Consultation leaders from the UN and its government counterparts were divided into four groups and each had an opportunity to visit three counties.
The team proceeded with the consultation process through the following phases:
Phase 1: Setting the pace
Teams were introduced to participating community members and the objectives of the county consultations were shared. This was to refresh everyone on the purpose of the discussion and create a
common understanding.
Phase 2: Isolation and mapping out of conflict issues and areas
Participants used the appropriate PRA tools including community mapping, seasonal calendars, and
trend lines to map out what they believed to be areas of insecurity and conflict areas. They identified
and described the dynamics of specific issues and the parties involved, and discussed the causes of
those insecurities more fully in a shared forum.
Participants also sketched a county map to identify the critical issues which affect stability to capture
evidence-based concerns. The map was sketched on the ground in an open space, using locally
available materials. These critical issues were translated to a set of priorities, or ‘key issues,’ analysed and put in the context of localised patterns of insecurity.
Phase 3: Semi-structured interviews
PRA facilitators conducted semi-structured interviews with leaders/county administrators, chiefs,
youth and women. Situations and results differed from county to county.
Phase 4: Data organization and presentation
The PRA team reviewed, summarized, presented and confirmed the results with community members before sharing them to the state and national governments. Based on the conclusions from the
focus groups, communities were able to build consensus on conflict issues and assign a priority level
to each, analyzing the causes, primary actors, and effects/impact each has on community life.
Phase 5: Preference ranking
Communities identified the most integral needs to their safety and quality of life, using the preference ranking tool, one being the highest priority.
Phase 6: Community Action Plan (CAP)
This was the most tangible result of the community consultations and is intended to delineate the
following:




Development priorities as agreed upon by the community;
Proposed actions and requirements;
Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules;
Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance.
Phase 7: Steering committees
Participants created a county steering committee in each county with representatives from the local
youth, women, elders, chiefs, security forces and the Government. Steering committees are responsible for initiating project coordination to managing projects in the community.
6
3.3. The Validation Meeting
The validation meeting, held two days after the consultations, brought together community members, state government representatives, county commissioners, members of the SSPRC, the CSSAC
Bureau, Upper Nile State security personnel, NGOs, donors and UN technical staff including UNDP,
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and United Nations Mission in South
Sudan (UNMISS). The meeting intended to share the outcomes of the comprehensive county-level
consultations widely to all relevant authorities and stakeholders. The meeting was also an opportunity to validate the agreements made with the communities to ensure that their priorities would be
addressed.
4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This section provides an overview of the key findings and discussions which emerged from the
county consultations.
Outcomes from the CSAC consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on socioeconomic threats and risks, through the Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA)
Project of UNDP, in partnership with the South Sudan Bureau for National Statistics. CSAC and
CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a layered and indepth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA socioeconomic risks and threats
data complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the conflict drivers identified in
the CSAC consultations.
Nature of insecurity in Upper Nile
The specific nature of insecurity varied from county to county. Despite their localised contexts, all of
the participating counties expressed consistently recurring issues, underscoring major security problems in the state. Below is a summary of the observations made by the consultation team.




Youth are considered to be a major determining factor in the stability of individual communities. If disenfranchised, they can be a
destabilizing threat. Many also participate in
conflicts either in self-defence or to avenge
attacks on their communities.
Boundary/land disputes remain a key security
issue common to almost all the counties visited.
The presence of military barracks within the
township posed a number of security problems for women and girls with reported cases
of rape and harassment allegedly conducted
by drunken soldiers.
The lack of water during the dry season and cattle raiding are inter-related. Cattle-raiding
peaks during the dry season when nomads migrate to river banks in search of water and
pasture for their animals. Competing for such limited resources often led to clashes. Cattle
raiding was also often done for quick inflow of capital and to pay high dowries.
7





Differing political ideologies increased security concerns in some counties which were considered to be strong bases for the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-Democratic Change
(SPLM-DC). Clashes occur between supporters of SPLM-DC and the more centralized
SPLM, and often go unreported in the international community.
Violence against women occurs regularly but gets little attention. Women are responsible
solely for domestic concerns and are often violated when performing actions related to these
roles.
The so-called ‘Niggas,’ or the marginalised and disenfranchised youth on the margins of
society, are the primary threat to community security. These youths are seen as lawless and
are often distinguished by their distinct dress code adopted from neighbouring countries
and movies. They are associated with the majority of rape and theft cases.
Uncontrolled natural wildlife is a security threat to a number of communities. Snakes and
lions are a significant concern to daily productivity, especially among women and girls who
search for firewood and water.
Border issues and the competition for resources have become increasingly problematic, especially in the southwestern counties like Ulang County bordering Jonglei State. The NuerLuo ethnic group also occupy land used by Nuer-Jikany along the Sobat River.
Insecurity dynamics
Upper Nile is something of a unique entity when compared to the rest of states in South Sudan.
Having been under the control of the Government of Sudan for many years, and due to its location
bordering South Sudan and Ethiopia, it has constantly been under siege from some hostile threat. As
a consequence, it has adopted a multi-dimensional and complex outlook on the nature and dynamics of instability. Over the course of the two civil wars in Sudan (from 1956–1972 and from 1983–
2005), Upper Nile has experienced a multitude of parallel local conflicts, the legacies of which still
impact human security today. It continues to suffer from ongoing violence, with organised rebels,
ethnic militias, and bandits responsible for the bulk of the violence.
Despite that consultation participants routinely acknowledged that the state is part of South Sudan,
facilitators observed a divided loyalty between the two regions and conflicted perceptions which, if
not well managed, indicate a serious possibility of increased current and future conflicts. There was
a strong sense of neglect among the participants, as well as lack of assurance from the Government,
both at the state and national levels, which could easily become a sense of profound alienation and
anger.
Chronic underdevelopment in Upper Nile, the lack of investment in state infrastructure, and the
influx of large numbers of returnees have led some residents to react violently to the uncontrolled
unrest in their areas and the subsequent increased competition over resources. A closer inspection of
the causes of insecurity at the county, payam and boma levels reveal an increased pressure on individual actors to meet their own basic needs, making local residents more desperate. The changes in
demographic profiles at this level might mask more complex political dimensions.
The level of civilian small arms possession remains extremely high in the post-CPA period. Widespread access to arms is undeniably a fundamental factor in the high levels of fatal violence and general insecurity in the region. Any attempts at civilian disarmament would be unrealistic in the region’s current state, as the size of the task, local insecurities, cross-border threats and conflicts and
the earlier failure of previous accords (Addis Ababa and 1997 Khartoum Peace Agreement 4) would
make such interventions both ill-conceived and close to impossible. In fact, following a more recent
8
Seasonal grazing areas—Upper Nile
9
attempt at disarmament accomplished very little; instead of surrendering their weapons, many locals hid them to retain as a security measure.
Conflict affecting women
Women were affected twice as much
by security issues.
Most local
women were widowed during the
protracted war and have been conspicuously marginalised by traditional practices. The persistent pressures from drought have also worsened the food security situation and
adversely affected the ease of
“female work.” In most of the communities in Upper Nile, women were
seen as hunters and gatherers, responsible for providing for their
families. Whenever the female
household heads were unable to provide, the incidence of domestic vioSemi structured interview with women in Fashoda County. © UNDP
lence greatly increased, primarily
wife beating. Most of the groups
highlighted increased food production as a priority area which would address the issue of insecurity.
Causes of insecurity
Insecurity in Upper Nile is multi-faceted and constantly evolving. Violence is far more complicated,
prevalent and threatening than mere cattle rustling, as is common in other areas. Violent clashes are
still fuelled by quarrels over resources but also remain bound in historical group issues and hostilities. The main causes of the conflicts include:
Economic and sociocultural influence
Cattle and resources
The main threats to security in Upper Nile are killings, robbery, and loss of livelihoods through looting or crop theft. Most incidents are connected to cattle rustling, a source of relatively easy income
for many of the area’s pastoralist inhabitants. Cattle are a highly valued commodity: ‘They are our
bank account,’ said one resident. Cattle rustling is not only an expression of economic need but also
of inter-tribal rivalry over resources and grazing.
Land and boundary conflicts
Land is a major concern throughout South Sudan as a whole and Upper Nile is not an exception, as
land issues remain at the heart of tensions between bordering communities. Traditionally, land has
been owned by communities and administered under customary law, but there is currently no clear
framework for dealing with these issues following the CPA. The Land Act, aimed at establishing a
framework for land administration and mandating the South Sudan Land Commission, has yet to be
4
Brief history of modern Sudan. Valentino Achak Deng Foundation. Accessed May 2012.
http://www.valentinoachakdeng.org/history_of_sudan.php
10
passed into law. According to community members, the set boundaries in
the state remain hotly contested such
that new county boundaries have
threatened to cause havoc.
Participants claimed that land-related
conflicts emerge primarily as a result
of 1) the constant migration of pastoralist communities in search of water
and pasture, 2) competition over land
use for agricultural versus grazing
Upper Nile State Consultation Validation Meeting. © UNDP
purposes, and 3) the drying up of wells
and water points, which are perceived
as a threat among neighbouring communities. Arab nomadic goat herders had reportedly set fire to
neighbouring fields to ease the movement of their animals while on their seasonal migrations, delaying harvests by the local Shilluk (Chollo) farmers. In the past, this has caused many groups to migrate in search of water points and has often led to collision and violence.
Competition over water
The dearth of clean water sources remains a central concern for nearly all of the participating communities. Attempts to access and use potable water have led to intense conflicts and security problems among bordering communities in Upper Nile.
Social factors
There are multiple social factors that have either caused or led to escalating insecurity including
widespread alcoholism and the pervasive appeal of social groups such as the so-called ‘Niggas.’
Local and international boundaries
Upper Nile has a high number of both national and international boundaries which permit the proliferation of small arms from multiple sources, making it difficult to control arms flow into the state.
Counties bordering Ethiopia and Sudan are particularly unstable. Widespread access to arms remains a fundamental factor in the high levels of fatal violence and the general levels of insecurity in
this region.
In addition, armed barracks located along inter-county and international borders often caused more
harm than good to domestic security. Barracks are strategically located to best cope with external
insurgence yet they threaten the domestic safety of the very states which they are supposed to protect.
Arms trading
Small arms are prevalent across borders and among pastoral communities. They are widespread and
a major deterrent to local safety. These arms are typically in the unsafe hands of thugs and criminals
who terrorize villages and communities, causing fear and unrest. Their discursive role in society has
become so widespread that both community members and security personnel freely acknowledged
that these malcontents would deal arms in public forums and were responsible for arms prevalence
throughout Upper Nile and other states of South Sudan. Others reportedly rent out their weapons to
earn a living.
11
5.
COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS
All 13 counties in Upper Nile were visited for the consultation: Akoka, Bailet, Fashoda, Longochuk,
Maban, Maiwut, Makal, Manyo, Melut, Luakpiny/Nasser, Panyikang, Renk and Ulang. The summary of each county provided here is based on the analysis of problems and priorities collected and
discussed during each consultation.
The Community Action Plan for each county was developed to include the priorities established
during the plenary presentation of the consultations. It is then intended to inform the Government's
conflict-sensitive projects with support from UNDP.
5.1. Akoka County
Akoka is the newest county in Upper Nile and is composed of four payams. Despite the presence of
a number of powerful oil drilling companies in the area, the county is underdeveloped and the environment is highly polluted. Agricultural activities have been affected by the residual effects of pollution and local residents have associated an increased number of health problems with the oil industry’s practices, including a high level of miscarriages in pregnant women.
The lack of clean drinking water is also a major concern in Akoka County. Boreholes and water
points are limited and there are often clashes over limited available clean drinking water, especially
among the women who are responsible for providing for their families and grow the crops. Some
community members claimed that some people lost body parts in Mayom Payam after drinking polluted water.
The main economic activities in Akoka are rearing animals and growing crops such as maize and
sorghum using traditional agricultural farming methods.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Akoka
Conflict
issues
Border
disputes
Causes
 Land ownership
 Revenue collection
Actors
 SPLM –DC
 Government of
Sudan
 Akoka community
Effects





Loss of lives and property
Constant fear
Cattle raiding
Diseases
Hunger
Possible solutions
 Disarm the Shilluk
 Clear demarcation of borders
 Government protection for civilians
 Reconciliation after GoSS has disarmed the Fashoda people
Lack of clean
drinking
water
 Few water points
 Drought
 Far distance from
 GoSS
 UNS
 Akoka community
the Nile
Diseases
(calazar)
 Lack of potable
water
 Few and inadequate health centres
 GoSS
 Akoka community
 Animals





Diseases
No harvests
 Construct more dams and boreholes
Hunger
Loss of animals
Migration
 Death
 Disability
 Poverty
 Provide clean water
 Establish health centres
 Provide drugs and trained medical
personnel
 Sun flies
Cont...
12
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Akoka County
Conflict
issues
Causes
Actors






Competition
over agricultural land
Effects
Possible solutions
 Loss of lives, animals and
Petrol Dar
plants
Chinese
 Incidence of miscarriage
 Soil pollution
 Disabilities (in Mayom people
Canadians
Malazianes
Indians
lost body parts after using
polluted water)
Akoka
 Compensate the community
 Petrol Dar should put the social and environmental aspects
of their drilling into consideration or the practice should be
stopped
 Petrol Dar should be sued in
 Water pollution
 Diseases, e.g. cancer
Police posts
 No funds to construct posts
 Inadequate police
court
 GoSS
 UNS
 NGOs
 Insecurity due to increased
 Akoka community
 Fashoda community
 Loss of lives and property
 Constant fear among the
 Construct more police posts
 Increase the number of police
crime levels
 Reduced law and order
personnel
 Communication equipment
personnel
 Lack of communication equipment




Cattle
raiding
Unemployment
Acquire wealth
Tribal clashes
Dowry
 Poor education
 Few jobs
 No NGOs and pri Tribal conflicts
 Lack of qualified
teachers
 No educational
infrastructure
 Poor meals in
schools
Transportation infrastructure
area
people
 Disarm the Fashoda
Crime
 Vocational training for youth
Border disputes
vate firms to offer
jobs
Education
 Establish police posts in the
 Poor roads
 Very few vehicles














Youth
Women
Men
GoSS
and women
Poverty
Street children
Insecurity
UNS




GoSS
UNS
Community
Youth
 Construct schools
 Employ more teachers
 Improve meals in schools
Poverty
Unemployment
Illiteracy
Underdevelopment
Children
 Akoka community
 GoSS
 Loss of lives due to inability
 Construct roads
 Establish passenger transport
to rescue
 Unable to access basic ser-
companies
vices such as health centres
Prioritisation of security issues – Akoka
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders
Authority
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Lack of clean drinking water
2
3
3
4
12
1
Diseases
3
2
5
3
13
Police posts
6
6
1
2
15
2
3
Education
5
1
4
8
18
4
Competition over pastoral land
4
4
2
9
19
5
Transport issues
1
8
6
7
22
6
Border disputes
7
5
9
1
22
7
Cattle raiding
8
7
7
5
27
8
Unemployment
9
9
8
6
32
9
13
Community Action Plan – Akoka
PROBLEM 1: Lack of clean drinking water
Project
Construction
of boreholes
Action/resources
 Land
 Construction
materials
 Hire a water
drilling company
Possible partners





Local Government
Donors
GoSS
NGOs
UNDP






Local Government
GoSS
Donors
UNDP
UNS
NGOs
Start date
Follow up actors
December 2010





GoSS
UNS
County council
Community leaders
Local steering committee
December
2010





GoSS
UNS
County council
Community leaders
PROBLEM 2: Diseases
Construction of
health centres
 Land
 Building materials
 Hire a construction company
14
5.2. Bailet County
Bailet County is approximately 25,000 sq km in size and has six payams. It borders Panyikang,
Makal, and Fashoda Counties to the west; Manyo and Melut Counties to the north; Maban, Longochuk and Nasser Counties to the east; and Jonglei State and the Ulang and Nyirol Counties to the
south. Bailet City is the capital of the county and its most populous area. The county has an estimated population of 48,010.5 There are 11 different sub-clans from the Ngok, Lual and Yak-Dinka.6
The main economic activities in Bailet are growing crops and fishing – all areas typically deemed to
be in the realm of male work.
Security issues facing Bailet are based on external threats. Coupled with the area’s lack of development, community members revealed their lack of confidence in the Government and its ability to
disburse resources and implement projects at the grassroots level.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Bailet
Conflict
issues
Land
disputes
Cattle
raiding
Poor
health
Causes




















Friendship (freeloaders)
Lack of respect for borders
Migration of cattle
Attempts to prevent others
access to water during dry season
Displacement
Diseases
Poverty
 Politicians (from



Shilluk)
Communities
Militia
Arab politicians
Wealth
Food
Presence of firearms
Dowry
Compensation
Tax payments
Business
Death/fighting
Scattered families
Broken relationships
Cause insecurity
Poverty





Lou-Nuer
Jikany-Nuer
Matia
Youth
Men
 War
 Few doctors and nurses
 No lab equipment or medical





5
6
Actors
storage facilities
No ambulance or transport for
patients
No salary for medical personnel
No GoSS or state budget for
building and maintaining hospitals
No hospital beds
High incidence of maternal
death and disease
Ibid, p. 16.
Upper Nile State Strategic Plan 2009-2010
Effects
 Displace


ment
Killing
Hunger
Fear
 Loss of



property
Death
Insecurity
Constant
fear
Possible solutions
 Government intervention
 Peace conference
 Unity among the politicians
 Border demarcation
 Deploy enough police on





 Sudan Armed



Forces (SAF)
SPLA
Tribal and clan
clashes
Government and
state
 Preventable





deaths
High death
rates
Miscarriages
among
women
Malnutrition
Decrease in
population
Poor food
production
cattle raiding routes
Government-created job
opportunities
Create water points in
‘their’ places, e.g. Lou
Bring perpetrators of
crimes to justice
Identify raiders through
community reporting
Public death sentence for
criminals (shoot in front
of people)
 Deploy qualified doctors
 Government must build


hospitals, wards and
accommodation for doctors
Provide drugs and medical equipment
Peace within the community
Cont...
15
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Bailet County
Conflict
issues
Causes
Actors
Effects
Possible solutions
 Migration
 Large number of disabled
people
 Death of youngest genera-
Poor
education









Inadequate
law enforcement
tion
Poverty
Maternal health
War
No teachers, school buildings, offices or residences to
attract potential teachers
Lax parents
Remote locations
Criminals
Lack of development
Migration
 Lack of stability and secu





rity
No well-trained police
No prisons and custodies
Few police transportation
vehicles
No judge or court structures
Frustration
No equality, justice
 SAF
 SPLA
 Government
 High illiteracy
 Unemployment
 High dropout
rates
 Increase in


 State government
 Community
 Convicts






 Government (State)
 Ministry of Transport and
Violence
against
women
 Women not doing house-








Communication (MOTC)
County authority
work or tending to children
Male lack of responsibility
Polygamy
Drinking wine (men and
women)
Little respect between couples
Prostitution (women)
Laziness (men)
No participation of women
in county structures (CPA
25%)
rates
Fear
Injustice
Killing
Abduction of
girls
Early/forced
marriage
High abuse of
women rights
Drunkards
Child abuse
Lack of trust
Insecurity
 MOTC
 County authority
 Zain Company
 Lack of access













Women and men
Unemployed
Drunkards
Relatives

workers
 Construct boarding
criminal gangs
and activities
Early marriages
Lack of skilled
manpower
 High crime




Lack of
communication
facilities
 Build schools
 Deploy teachers
 Ensure salaries and
schools with provided
meals
 Provide prison buildings
and custodies
 Construct offices and


residences for legal consultants and police
Transport and communication infrastructure for
police
Community can help
build houses with government assistance
 Provision of new net-
to correct information
Mistrust
works such as Zain
Divorce
Killing
Fighting
Trauma
Distrust
Hopelessness
Illiteracy
Poor health
Miscarriages
among women
in reproductive
ages
 State government and



GoSS should provide jobs
Family and marriage
laws
Prevent the making of
alcohol
Increase dialogue between community members
Cont...
16
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Bailet County
Conflict
issues
Unemployment
Causes










Competition over
water
No job opportunities
No laws for unemployed youth
Nepotism and clanism (sector)
No local companies, industries,
factories or businesses
Thieves, cattle raiding, criminals, robbery
Drunkards
Prostitution
Hunger
Death
Early marriage
 Lack of water in some areas,








such as for the Lou Nuer
The river
Grazing
Theft
Violence and death
Fear of losing crops
Presence of small arms and
light weapons (SALW)
Poverty
Activities in conflict areas
Actors





Youth
Women and men
State government
GoSS
Ministry of Labor
Effects
 Food insecurity
 Cattle raiding
 Youth gangs




activities
Fighting/killing
Children not
going to school
Poor health
Early/forced
marriages
Possible solutions
 Create an agricultural
scheme
 Government-created job




 Lou Nuer
 Cattle keepers
 Jikany




Fighting
Killing
Cattle raiding
Seasonal migration
 Government should pro




Child
abduction
 Causes are not fully known by





Early or
forced
marriage







 Murle
community
Childless parents
Depression and hard feelings
Discomfort in the family
Caretakers for elderly
Death, suicide
Girls and women
No forced marriage in Bailet
Not responsible to themselves
Mothers not taking care of their
daughters
Delivery is hard and the mother
and child often die
No respect for customary laws
in the new generation
Silence in community about
issue although well known
 Boys and girls
opportunities (for those
having certificates)
Legal process for labor
office (selection process)
Vocational training
schools
Create laws governing
unemployment
Provide opportunity for
investment in communities
vide water to communities
Raiders should be disarmed
A meeting should be
conducted between communities
Clean water for all
payams
Community issues
should be resolved with
government intervention
Complete disarmament
 Trauma
 Killing
 Displacement
 Government should take
 Death during
 Mothers should super-





child birth
Trauma
High rate of
illiteracy
Unstable families/fighting
Divorce
Poverty



care of children and solve
this problem
Community will go to
the Murle to resolve the
issue as the government
does nothing
vise their daughters and
sons
Government should pass
laws regulating marriage
and give six months
prison for violators
Boys and girls should not
be allowed out at night
(curfew)
17
Prioritisation of security issues – Bailet County
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders
Authority
Total
Rank
1-Highest
10-Lowest
Cattle raiding
1
5
1
4
11
1
Unemployment
5
1
6
1
13
2
Health
3
3
5
2
13
3
Lack of law enforcement
6
2
2
6
16
4
Land disputes
2
4
3
7
16
5
Communication
4
7
4
3
18
6
7
6
7
5
25
7
Child abduction
9
8
8
10
35
8
Early or forced marriage
10
9
9
8
36
9
Violence against women
8
10
10
9
37
10
Community Action Plan – Bailet
PROBLEM 1: Insecurity
Project
Action/resources
Possible partners
Start date
Follow up actors











UNDP
Community
GoSS
County
State
Cattle raiding

Deploy police and army along strategic
border areas (create police posts)




GoSS
Community
State
County
1 June
2010
Unemployment
(agricultural and
vocational training)





Agricultural tools
Manpower
Engineers
Fencing and barbed wire
Water pumps




GoSS
Community
State
County
1 June
2010
Health
(improving health
service)







Hospitals
Doctors
Technicians
Ambulance
Vehicles
Medical instruments
Training of medical assistants and midwives
Drugs





GoSS
Community
State
County
NGO
20 June
2010






UNDP
Community
GoSS
County
State
NGO
Offices and accommodations
Government should provide trained
personnel
Transport
Trained judiciary



GoSS
State
Community
June 2010



County
GoSS
State

Lack of law
enforcement
(judicial and legal
advisors)




UNDP
Community
GoSS
County
State
NGOs
18
5.3. Fashoda County
Fashoda County borders Manyo, Akoka and Makal Counties, as well as the Southern Kordofan State
in Sudan. It is composed of three payams and has a population of approximately 36,518. 7 Its ethnic
groups are primarily the Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer and the Arab tribes from Southern Kordofan.
The county’s most lucrative economic activities include agriculture through traditional methods,
pastoralism, fisheries whose products are exported to Sudan, and the harvesting of gum Arabic. In
terms of trade, most shops are owned by Arabs and very few South Sudanese participate in such
organized commercial endeavours.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Fashoda
Conflict
issues
Land
disputes
Border
disputes
Competition over
water and
pasture
Causes
 Political manipulation
 Lack of respect for individual





rights by the government
Tribalism
Presence of arms
No social co-existence
Migration
Armed clashes







Unclear border demarcation
Extension of territories
Occupation policy
Insecurity
No social co-existence
Migration
Armed clashes
 Lack of enough water
 Seasonal migration by the
Actors
 Shilluk and
Dinka (from
Akoka County)
 Shilluk and
Dinka (from
Akoka County)
Possible solutions
Distrust
Displacement
Fighting
Killing
Loss of property
 Restriction of
movement
 Fear
 Food insecurity
 Disarmament
 Respect for individual right to




 Border demarcation for coun-





Fighting
Killing
Displacement
Distrust
property
 Clear border demarcation for
counties
 Peace and reconciliation conferences
ties
 Peace and reconciliation conferences
 Establish mutual respect between the two tribes
 Community
 Arab nomads
 Food insecu-
 Lack of institutions to em-
 Primarily the
 Early/forced
ploy disenfranchised youth
 Low salary scale offered by
GoSS discourage youth from
contributing to legal activities
 Insecurity
 Arabic education
youth
 Women
marriages
 Youth gangs
 Street children
 Drunkards
Arab nomads
 Armed conflicts
 Migrations, general instability
Unemployment
Effects




 Provision of water sources
rity
Fighting
Killing
Cattle raiding
Seasonal migration
 Creation of developmental
projects
 Improve security at the river
 Migration to other parts of
South Sudan
 Establish vocational centres
 Intensify formal education
 Establish small scale industries
Cont...
7
Ibid, p. 15.
19
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Fashoda County
Conflict
issues
Causes




Alcohol abuse
Actors
women
 Prostitution
 Youth
 Women
 Men
hol (beer)
 Unemployment
 Family breakdowns
 Poverty
Violence against
women








Military barracks
located within
the civilian population
Violent youth
groups (‘Niggas’)
Alcoholism
Cultural influence
Polygamy
Early and forced marriage
Poverty
Poor health
Divorce
Broken families
 SPLA leadership decision
 Clashes with civilians
 Western influence
 Unemployment
 Peer pressure
Possible solutions
 Cattle raiding
 Food insecurity
 Violence against
Alcohol abuse
Need for jobs
Migration to north
Slow repatriation from
the north
 Peer influence
 Cultural inheritance
 Lure of imported alco-
Effects
 Youth
(‘Niggas’)
 Armed exsoldiers
 Prostitution
 Traditional
male attitudes
 SPLA soldier
 Civilians
 Youth





Fighting
Divorce
Death
Lawlessness
Poor health
 Early/forced mar-
 Create employment opportunities
 Prohibit alcoholic drinks in
the county
 Encourage self-discipline
 Employ youth
 Sensitize community on the









riages
Polygamy
Divorce
Fighting
Killing
Poor health
Malnutrition
Anaemia
Trauma
Raping







Raping
Fighting
Killing
Prostitution
Abuse of alcohol
Distrust
Fear
 Relocate military barracks








Killing
Fighting
Raping
Fear
Insecurity
Stealing
Trauma
Illiteracy
 Create laws to ban these
issue of female education
 Polygamy should be discouraged
 Policy on drinking – it should
be discouraged
outside town
 Encourage mutual respect
between soldiers and civilians
 Soldiers should not carry guns
in public places such as markets
groups
 Parental guidance
 Vocational centres
 Sensitize youth to pertinent
issues
20
Prioritisation of security issues – Fashoda
Security issue
Youth
Women
Elders/
admin
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Land disputes
2
3
1
6
1
3
1
4
8
2
Border disputes
1
2
9
12
3
Alcohol abuse
6
6
2
14
4
Location of military barracks
5
8
3
16
5
7
4
5
16
6
Unemployment
4
7
6
17
7
Competition over water (pasture)
9
5
7
21
8
Violent youth groups (‘Niggas’)
8
9
8
25
9
Community Action Plan – Fashoda
Project
Establish four
police stations
Action/resources
Possible partners
Start date
Follow up actors




County authority
Community leaders
GoSS
UNDP
1 June 2010
 GoSS
 County steering com-
Community mobilisation
Land
Tractors
Fishing supplies: boats,
nets, hooks




County authority
Community leaders
GoSS
UNDP
1 June 2010
 Mobilisation of the commu-




County authority
Community leaders
GoSS
UNDP
1 June 2010
 Community mobilization
 Community can provide
land
 Provide local materials
 Provide building materials
 Labor
Create an
agricultural
scheme and
fishing project
Create nine
water stations








nity
Site allocation
Building materials
Labor
Pipes
mittee
 UNDP
 GoSS
 County steering committee
 UNDP
 GOSS
 County steering committee
 UNDP
21
5.4.
Longochuk County
Longochuk County stretches 6,972 sq km and is bordered by Ethiopia and five counties in South Sudan: Bahet, Nasir, Malut, Maban and Maiwut. It is composed of seven payams, namely Malual,
Guelguk, Wudier, Dajo, Jangok, Pamach and Mathiang, the county capital. Its total population is
estimated at 63,166.8 Longochuk County contains a high population of returnees from neighbouring
countries and other areas. The county itself is underdeveloped with poor roads and little development of infrastructure. Respondents claimed that they preferred to stay in the capital town in
Mathiang which they deemed to be better developed as it had health care facilities.
The main economic activities in Longochuk are growing crops such as maize and sorghum using
traditional methods and tools.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Longochuk
Conflict
issues
Cattle
raiding
Causes
 Hunger
 Revenge
 Recovery of dowry
in case of divorce
 Unemployment
Competition
over water
 No water points and
Poor roads
 Newly established
catchments
Actors
 Youth from the Jonglei
State, Nasser and other
border countries such as
Ethiopia
 Former soldiers and
men from other security
organs not re-integrated
into society
 Other community members (elders inclusive)
 All community members but mostly women
 Government
county
 Political interference
from Northern Sudan
Diseases
8
Ibid, p. 16.





Poor hygiene
Little potable water
Lack of food
Few health centres
Consumption of
dead animals
 Early pregnancies
 Community members
 Government
Effects
Possible solutions
 Killings
 Hunger
 Disputes among
 Agriculture scheme/
counties, payams
and family members
 Migration
 Prevents border
trade
the county border line
 Employment opportunities for the educated
and schools for the
uneducated
 Establish water points
throughout the county




Family disputes
Diseases
Miscarriages
Poor sanitation
 Construct boreholes
 Humanitarian sup-
 Government should
port delayed or
unable to reach its
destination
 Migration to Ethiopia
 No/reduced trade
 Inaccessibility of
health centres
construct roads
 Humanitarian donors
should support the
government
 Deaths
 Mental problems
 Disabilities such as
blindness, deafness
and paralysis
project
 Deploy army/police at
for people and water
catchments for animals
 Construct a canal
from the River Nile to
Longochuk County
 Re-open the Machal
stream from the Sobat
river
construct health centres in each of the
payams
 Households should
construct latrines
 Education sessions on
sanitation for the community
Cont...
22
Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Longochuk County
Conflict
issues
Diseases
Causes
 Poor hygiene
 Little potable




Famine and
food security



Violence
against
women
infrastructure to
deal with
drought
Lack of tools
and equipment
Laziness
Insecurity
Poor roads
 Women who




 Government
water
Lack of food
Few health centres
Consumption of
dead animals
Early pregnancies
 Lack of rain and

Actors
refuse advances
from men are
raped
Presence of often violent unmarried soldiers
Polygamy
Alcoholism
Family conflicts
Communication
 Poor road net-
Education
 No salaries for
 Deaths
 Mental problems
 Disabilities such as
blindness, deafness
and paralysis
 Government
 Natural factors
 Deaths
 Inter-community
fighting
 Alcoholism
 Migration
 Lack of productivity
 Human reproductivity is low
 Men
 Security personnel
 Divorce
 Trauma
 Family and community conflicts
 Death
 Affects children of
the parties involved
 Government
works
 Newly established county
 Government has
no capacity to
provide necessary equipment
teachers
 No permanent
school structures
Effects
 Difficult to inform
the appropriate
authorities about
security issues or
the outbreak of
diseases
 Government
 Community
Possible solutions
construct health centres in each of the
payams
 Households should
construct latrines
 Education sessions on
sanitation for the community
provide tools and
equipment to each
payam
 Construct irrigation
facilities
 People should involve
themselves in agricultural production
provide security in
the county
 Practice monogamy
 Raise awareness on
the dangers of violence against women
 Women should seek
redress in courts
provide communications equipment
 Cattle raiding when
people are unable
to secure employment due to poor
education
 Teachers migrate to
urban centres or
other countries
where they are paid
 Migration of some
children to secure
better education
 Early marriages
pay the salaries of
teachers
 Construct permanent
schools structures
 Community should be
involved in the construction of the
schools.
23
Prioritisation of security issues – Longochuk
Security issue
Women
Youth
Admin/
elders
Total
Rank
1-Highest
12-Lowest
1
2
3
6
1
Poor roads
3
6
1
10
2
Famine and hunger
4
7
2
13
3
Education
2
5
7
14
4
Diseases
7
4
4
15
5
Cattle raiding
9
1
6
16
6
Unemployment
5
3
9
17
7
Communication
8
8
5
21
8
6
10
10
26
9
Inter-clan and tribal clashes
12
9
8
29
10
Armed robbery
10
11
11
32
11
Abductions
11
12
12
35
12
Community Action Plan – Longochuk
PROBLEM 1: Competition over water
Project
Action and resources
Possible partners
Construct boreholes in
each of the following seven
payams: Jangok, Pamach,
Dajo, Mathiang, Malual,
Guelguk and Udier
 Land
 Construction materi-
 Local govern-
Construction of water catchments for animals in each
of the seven payams
als
 Contract a water
drilling company
 Land
 Machinery for con-
ment
 UNDP
 Other donors
 Local government
struction
 Fencing materials
 UNDP
 Other donors
 Hire a road construc-
 Government
Start date
Follow up actors
November
2010
 Local steering
November
2010
 Local steering
November
2010
 Local authority
 Local steering
committee
committee
PROBLEM 2: Poor roads
Construct roads connecting
all of the payams
tion company
committee
24
5.5. Maban County
The name Maban derives from the designation given to the local indigenous people meaning
“people of the land.” Geographically, Maban is in the northeast area of Upper Nile and stretches
11,854 sq km.9 It is bordered by the Blue Nile region to the northeast, Renk County to the west, and
Maluth and Longochuk Counties to the south. It has an estimated population of 45,238 and is composed of five payams: Boung, Banshowa, Khor-Elhamer, Jin-magda and Jin-Kowata.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Maban
Conflict
issues
Border disputes
Famine and food
security
Causes
 Caused by political oppor-
 Maban com-
tunists who want to benefit
from the chaos
 Some communities do not
respect established
boundaries (Dinkas from
Malut and Renk)
 Need to collect more revenue by Malut and Renk
Counties
 Presence of gum Arabic
(Done by the Dinkas.
These trees are only found
in Maban.)
munity
 Dinkas in
Malut and
Renk
 Nual of Longochuk
 Laziness
 Weather fluctuations
 Weather
 Community

Transportation
infrastructure
Poor Education
Actors
sometimes bring floods
Lack of modern tools for
agriculture
Misuse of harvested food
Fires set by nomads
Big families



 Insufficient county budget
for materials and machines to construct roads
and bridges
 Lack of state budget to
actually construct roads
and bridges
members




Children
Women
Men
Youth
 Untrained and unqualified
 Community
teachers - currently working as volunteers, no salaries
 Shortage of teachers in
some payams
 Inconsistencies - syllabus
in English and teaching in
Arabic
members
 Government
Effects
 Conflicts
 Death
 Prevented the
county’s last census
 Causes the unofficial
change of names in
different areas
throughout the
county
 Women are in danger
during the disputes
 Migration
 Deaths of people and
Possible solutions
 Seek dialogue among
the conflicting counties
 Establish county border demarcation committees
 Bring in experts to
assist local committees in officially defining borders
 WFP should supply
food
animals
 Food theft
 Introduce advanced
 Death, especially
among children
 Prevents accessibility
of health centres,
especially for pregnant women
construct roads and
bridges
 Donors should provide financial capital
to construct roads and
bridges
 Provide materials and
equipment to the
county to encourage
local initiatives
 High illiteracy
 Early marriage
 Poor development
farming methods and
equipment
 Construct water canals for irrigation
pay teachers’ salaries
 Teachers should be
able to speak English
 Employ more teachers
 Laws encouraging
childhood school attendance should be
created
Cont...
9
Ibid, p. 11.
25
Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Maban County
Conflict
issues
Causes
 No teacher accommoda



Violence against
women
Unemployment
tion
Few to no preschools and
female teachers
Few available teaching
materials
Little adult education
Parents prevent their children from attending school
 Common traditional practices such as polygamy
 Women who refuse the
advances of men are raped
 Presence of many unmarried men
 Women are beaten for refusing to support men and
complete domestic tasks
 Few jobs
 Lack of education and experience in general public
 Tribalism determines hiring practices
 No budget allocation for
employment by county
 Illiteracy especially among
women
Poor health services
 State government does not
supply drugs
 Few students enroll in
medical school
 NGOs are not actually
supplying drugs as mandated
 Lack of coordination between the community and
state on medical issues
Actors
 Community
members
 Government
 Men
 Women
Effects
Possible solutions
 High illiteracy
 Early marriage
 Poor development
 Boarding schools
 Divorce
 Death
 Affects the children
 Mass sensitization to
of the involved parties
should be created for
students from distant
communities
 Construct more
schools within the
payams for easier
access
 Form parent-teacher
associations to monitor progress in schools
the rights of women
 Encourage gender
mainstreaming
 Encourage female
education
 Encourage good malefemale relationship by
promoting communication in the home
 Raise awareness of
women’s rights and
issues surrounding
violence against
women
 Youth
 Women
 Employers oil companies
 Men
 Local authorities
 Government
 Community
 Crimes increase -theft
 Increased drunken-
 Provide loans to
youth
ness
 Beggars and poverty
 Hunger
 Family conflicts
 Establish vocational
 Death
training centres
 Create environments
conducive to encouraging outside investment and thus provide job opportunities
 Create income generating activities
assign medical personnel and lab technicians to county health
centres
 Construct drug storage facilities
supply necessary
drugs
 Establish a medical
training centre in midwifery
26
Prioritisation of security issues – Maban
Women
Security issue
Youth
Admin/
elders
Total
Rank
1-Highest
8-Lowest
Famine/food security
2
1
1
4
1
Competition over water for people
and animals
Education
3
2
3
8
2
4
3
2
9
3
Border disputes
1
6
6
13
4
Health
5
5
5
15
5
Transportation infrastructure
6
7
4
17
6
Unemployment
8
4
7
19
7
7
8
8
23
8
Community Action Plan – Maban
PROBLEM 1: Famine/ food security
Project
Action/Resources
Possible partners
Advanced agricul Agricultural materials:
 Community
tural farming pracseeds, pesticides, tools,
 State
tices in Jinmada
irrigation, tractors, land
 GoSS
and Bugaya
and labor
 UNDP
 Agricultural experts to
 Donors
teach improved farming
methods
PROBLEM 2: Competition over water for animals and people
Construction of
 Land
 Local governboreholes in each
 Contract a water drilling
ment
of the four payams
company
 UNDP
 Other donors
 State
Construction of
 Land
water catchments
for animals in each
of the five payams
Follow up actors
 Local steering
committee
November 2010
 Local steering
committee
 Machinery for constructing the catchments
PROBLEM 3: Poor education
Construction of
 Construction materials:
boarding schools in
land, labor
each of the five
 Contract a construction
payams
company
PROBLEM 4: Border disputes
Dialogue meeting
 Mobilization of delegates
for conflicting
 Transportation
counties (to take
 Accommodation
place in Malakal)
 Meals (cows)
11
Start Date
August 2010
 Community
 UNDP
 Other donors
 State
November 2010
 UNDP
 Other donors
November 2010
Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and
South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary
27
5.6.
Maiwut County
Maiwut County is located in the eastern area of the Upper Nile State. Its total population is estimated at 45,238 and has a surface area of approximately 3,788 sq km 10 and shares borders with
Ethiopia and Maban, Nasir and Longochuk Counties. Maiwut has nine payams: Maiwut, Jotome,
Wuor, Malek, Uleng, Kigile, Pagak, Turnur and Jekow.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Maiwut
Conflict
issues
Cattle raiding
Causes
 Hunger
 Lack of water
 Presence of arms
Actors
 Ethiopians
 Sudanese
Effects
 Killings
 No boreholes
 Little to no rainfall
Crime (theft
and homicide)
 Competition for fertile
Poor roads
 Wars in Sudan de-
land
 Poverty
 Revenge
stroyed roads
 Government’s refusal
to construct roads in
the county
Violence
against women
Unemployment
 Lack of water, leading
to women being raped
when they go in search
of water
 Poor roads which lead
to women being ambushed
 No jobs
 Lack of qualifying education
 Tribalism
 No budget allocation
for counties to employ
locals
 Illiteracy, especially
among women
 Little job experience
10
Ibid, p. 15.
 Community
 Migration
 Family disputes
 Construct boreholes for
 Loss of lives and
 Construct police posts
members
property
 Government
 Community
 Deaths by ani-
 Men
 Animals
 Loss of lives
 Unwanted preg-
mal attack
 Little to no business
 Accessibility
difficult in times
of invasion
nancies
 Youth
 Women
 Employers (oil
companies)
with tribalistic
practices
 Men
 Local authorities (tribalism),
especially at
county level
 Increase the number of
police stations in all nine
payams (one station in
each payam)
 Peace talks between
Ethiopia and Sudan
(Ethiopians)
Competition
over water
Possible solutions
 Crime increases




(theft)
Drunkenness
Beggars
Hunger
Family conflicts
people and water catchments for animals
with prisons in each
payam
 Vehicles
 Provide communication
equipment
 Government should construct roads
 Construct water points,
such as boreholes with
distribution networks
 Provide loans to youth
 Establish vocational training centres
 Create environments conducive to encouraging
outside investment that
provides job opportunities
 Create income-generating
activities.
28
Prioritisation of security issues – Maiwut
Security issue
Women
Youth
Admin/
elders
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Unemployment
1
1
2
4
1
Poor roads
2
2
1
5
2
Competition for water
3
3
4
10
3
Diseases
4
4
3
11
4
Cattle raiding
7
5
5
17
5
Lack of clarity on who governs
the county
Crime
6
6
7
19
6
8
7
6
21
7
5
9
9
23
8
Wild animals
9
8
8
25
9
Community Action Plan – Maiwut
PROBLEM: 1 Unemployment
Project
Construction of vocational training centres
in each payam
Action/resources
 Construction materials: la-
bour, bricks, sand, roofing
materials, cement, metal bars,
poles, general equipment and
tools
 Salaries for instructors
 Instruction in vocational
skills: tailoring, weaving, masonry, carpentry, soap making, pottery, metal works
PROBLEM 2: Poor Roads
Possible partners




Government
Community
UNDP
Other donors
Construction of road
 Contract a road construction
 Government
network from
company
Mathiang Fagak
Maiwut, to include all
payams
PROBLEM 3: Competition for water by animals and people
Construction of two
water catchments in
each payam for animals
 Land
 Machinery for construction
 Local govern-
Construction of boreholes and water distribution networks in
each payam
 Land
 Labour
 Construction materials
 Local govern-






 Government
ment
 Community
 UNDP
 Other donors
Land
Labour
Construction materials
Drugs
Hospital equipment
Health personnel
Who will follow up
November 2010




November 2010
 Government
 Local leaders
 Community
November 2010
 Government
 Local leaders
 Community
November 2010
 Government
 Local steering com-
ment
 UNDP
 Other donors
PROBLEM 4: Diseases
Establishment of
health centres in each
payam
Start date
Government
County council
Community leaders
mittee
29
5.7.
Makal County
Makal County contains the capital of Upper Nile State, Malakal. It has a surface area of 737 sq km
and a total population of 126,483.11 It is composed of five payams: Lelok, Central and the Northern,
Eastern and Southern payams. The presence of SPLA in the south, SAF in the north and the Joint
Integrated Unit (JIU) in the central payams poses a number of security concerns for the local community. The presence of arms is widespread throughout all levels of society from civilian to soldier
and has led to a high level of violence and death in the county. There are often conflicts between civilians and soldiers in the Malakal markets.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Makal
Conflict
issues
Causes
Actors
Effects
Possible solutions
Competition over
water
 Widespread
 All members
 Loss of human
water shortages
 One particular
community
does not have
its own source
of water
of the community are involved
 Youth
 Elders
 Men
life and property
 Women and
children abducted
Small arms
 Attacks on
 Lou Nuer
 Youth
 Men
 Loss of human
 Peaceful disarma-
life in conflicts,
especially
youth and
men
 Abduction of
children
 Loss of assets
ment with the involvement of those
who own weapons
 Government and
community involvement, responsibility
 Ownership of
 Dinka and
 Loss of human
 Mobilize and educate
land contested
 Improper use
of land
 Perceived absence of respect for land
boundaries
Shilluk tribes
 Residents of
Akoka,
Fashoda, Melut, Manyo,
Bailet and
Panyikang
Counties
life and property
 Destruction of
relationships
 Animals and
homes destroyed
people on the issues
surrounding
boundaries
 Lobby the Upper
Nile State and GoSS
authorities to redefine and delineate
boundaries
 Land disputes
 Dinka
 Collo/Shilluk
 Displacement
 Death
 Fear, food
Jikany during
the dry season
because of
their natural
water sources
Tribal clashes
Boundary
conflicts
11
Ibid, p. 11.
and tribal conflicts
 Use of force/
power
security
 No free movement




Water dams
Water catchments,
Boreholes
Attempt reconciliation between the Lou
and Jikany so that
the Lou can peacefully graze their cattle in the Jikany area
30
Prioritisation of security issues - Makal
Security issue
Women
Youth
Admin/ elders
Total
Rank
1-Highest
10-Lowest
1
1
1
3
1
Child abduction
11
10
11
32
2
Border disputes
10
2
5
17
2
Unemployment
5
4
8
17
3
2
3
12
17
4
Presence of ‘Niggas’
and street children
Cattle Raiding
3
5
9
17
5
7
9
3
19
6
Land disputes
8
6
6
20
7
Violence against
women
Tribal clashes
4
7
10
21
8
6
12
4
22
9
Presence of land mines
9
8
7
24
10
Community Action Plan –Makal
PROBLEM 1: Army barracks
Project
Construction of
army barracks
out of town
Action/resources
Construct new barracks
Possible partners
Start date
Follow up actors
 Council for
 Defence of
Arms
 State
 GoSS
 USA
 Community
1 Nov
2010
GoSS
State government
County council
Community leaders
1 June
2010
 GoSS
 All Army
 JUIC (Joint
Defence Force)
 County committee
PROBLEM 2: Militias
Disarmament of
small armies and
militias
 Awareness mechanism
 Policies on disarmament and disposal
Cont...
31
Cont… Community Action Plan –Makal County
PROBLEM 3: Land
Border/land
demarcation
set clear boundaries
through maps
 Form dispute management committee
 Transport
 Money
 Sign post
 State authority
 University
 Administration
officers
 UNDP
1 Nov
2010
 State authority
 Local administration
Agricultural
project














15 June
2010
 County committees
 Ministry of
Agriculture
Vocational
training centre
 Carry out survey/
assessment
 Trainees
 Teachers
 Land around industrial area
 Building materials:
iron sheets, generator,
machines, equipment,
generator and diesel
 Money for a computer
centre
 GoSS
 UNDP
1 Nov
2010
 Local authority
 County council
 Water cooperation
 State
1 June
2010
 Water cooperation
 County committees
 NGOs
 Chiefs
Tractors
Seeds
Workers
Land
Tree clearing
Spare parts
Tools
Water pumps
PROBLEM 4: Water
Extension of
 Water station in eastwater pipes
ern towns
 Survey for establishing the extension practically
 Water drawing times
defined by each station
 Pipes
 Generator
UNDP
Agriculture
Community
GoSS
UNDP
NGOs
32
5.8. Manyo County
Manyo County is bordered by the White Nile to the north and Southern Kordofan State to the east.
It is composed of five payams: Wadakona, Kak, Magenis, Athidhway, and Kwalo. The population of
the county is approximately 38,01012 people, the majority of whom are of the Shilluk (Chollo) ethnic
group. There are also members of the Arab tribes originating from the White Nile and Southern Kordofan States, the Nuer, the Dinka and the Brun.
The area’s primary economic activities are fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and the rearing of livestock.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Manyo
Conflict
issues
Border disputes
Causes
 Unclear border demar-
Actors
 Instability
cation
 Conflicts over limited
resources
Land disputes
 Encroachment into
others’ territory
 Rivalry over resources
Competition over
water
 Water scarcity
 Drought and the subsequent movement of
nomads
Competition for
pasture
Effects





Politicians
GoSS
Upper Nile State
Southern Kordofan
White Nile State
Possible solutions
 Conferences between the three
states
 Newer demarcation
of borders than the
previous decision
of January 1956
 Death
 Conflicts
 Dinka
 Shilluk (Chollo)
 Meetings should be
 Migration
 High cost of wa-
 Nomads
 Citizens
 Dig boreholes,




 Fire lines
 Enlighten nomads
 Farmers in tree
ter
 Disease
 Pollution
 Scarcity of pasture and
 Conflicts between
grass
 Setting fire to fields
 Late harvest of crops
farmers and nomads
 Deaths of animals
 Migration
Nomads
Farmers
Hunters
Charcoal makers
held between the
elders of the two
warring tribes
hand pumps, dams
and reservoirs
 Water stations
control
 Awareness of issues
Cattle theft
Armed robbery
 Unemployment
 Hunger
 Greed
 Presence of arms culture
Land mines
 War





Loss of property
Poverty
Conflicts
Death
Frustration
 Some members of
 Issue passes and
the youth
 Butchers
 Cattle traders
 Cattle raiding
 Institute check-




Violence
Insecurity
Fear
Hunger
 Ex-combatants
 Death
 Danger
permits
points at the border
 Creating security
apparatus
 Disarmament
 Patrolling
 SAF
 SPLA
 De-mine throughout the county
Cont...
12
Ibid, p. 15
33
Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Manyo County
Conflict
issues
Causes
Actors
Presence of Sudan
Armed Forces
(SAF)
 No implementation of
Conflicts between
farmers and cattle
owners




Disputes related to
taxes
 Tax collection
Presence of popular defense forces
(Northern Sudan)
 Strengthen the posi-
Presence of fire-
 Tribal conflicts
 Political manipulation
arms
Competition over
gum Arabic
Security Protocol
Agreement
Agriculture
Lack of pasture
Fire
Gum Arabic
Effects
Possible solutions
 Instability
 Fear
 SAF
 Demobilization
 Conflicts
 Death
 Insecurity
 Farmers
 Nomads
 Fire lines
 Demarcate farming
 Overlapping ad-
 Administration of
ministration between counties
 Social instability
tions of Arab nomads
areas with input of
elders and chiefs
 Joint taxation teams
three states: Upper
Nile, White Nile
and Southern Kordofan
 NIF/Government of
Sudan
 Silem Tribe
 Awlad Hamid
 Wealth
 Natural Scarcity
 Fear
 Death
 Instability
 Arab tribes
 Little production
 Owners and traders
 Disarmament
 Disarmament
 Formulation of
laws controlling the
ownership of weapons
Prioritisation of security issues – Manyo
Security issue
Women
Youth
Admin/
elders
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Border disputes
1
2
1
4
1
Presence of armed groups
2
1
2
5
2
6
3
4
13
3
Land/border disputes
3
8
3
14
4
4
5
9
18
5
Tribalism
5
9
5
19
6
Presence of landmines and
UXOs
Tax/revenue disputes
7
6
6
19
7
8
4
7
19
8
Conflict over gum Arabic
9
7
8
24
9
34
Community Action Plan – Manyo
PROBLEM 1: Water and security infrastructure
Project
Action/Resources
Establish fifteen
water stations
(water pumps,
boreholes and reservoirs)
 Mobilization of community
 Map water points
 Provide materials,
tools and equipment
 Labor
 Machines for drilling
 Land
 Local building mateposts
rials
 Engineers
 Law enforcement,
police
 Labor
PROBLEM 2: Agriculture
Build 10 police
Agriculture
scheme
PROBLEM 3: Land
Fire lines and/or
roads for cattle
Construction of
schools in the following locations:
Jangok, Pamach,
Dajo, Mathiang,
Malual, Guelguk,
and Udier payams
Possible partners










Community
elders and
chiefs
Engineers
GoSS
State
County
UNDP
Community
County
State
UNDP
Start date
Follow up actors
May 2010


May 2010
 Community
 Local steering
committee
 Government
Community
Local steering
committee
 Land
 Tractors and equipment
 Bulldozers
 Tippers
 Puklin
 Irrigation pumps
 State
 County
 Community
May 2010
 Community
 Local steering
committee
 Government
 Local leaders
 Survey
 Dig boreholes





June 2010
 Land
 Labour
 Construction materials
 Contract a construction company
 State
November 2010
 Community
 Local steering
committee
 Local leaders
 GoSS
 County
 Local steering
committee
 Government
 Land
 Labour
 Contract a construction company
 Drugs
 Salaries for medical
personnel
 Community
November 2010
GoSS
State
County
Community
UNDP
PROBLEM 5: Health
Construction of
health centres in
each payam
 Local steering
committee
35
5.9.
Melut County
Melut County has a total surface area of 6,950 sq km and an estimated population of 49,242. 13 The
city of Maluth is the largest and most populous in the county. The region is bordered by Manyo
County to the west, Renk County to the north, Maban and Longochuk Counties to the east and
Bailet County to the south. Melut is composed of six payams and a total of 39 bomas. The area’s ethnic structure is 90 percent Dinka, 3 percent Cholluk, 2 percent Nuer and 5 percent are from other
tribes. The county’s economic activities include fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic
production and livestock raising.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Melut
Conflict
issues
Border and
land disputes
Causes
 Land ownership
 Need 2% from oil
The Arabs
Petrol Dar company
Melut community
Government of Sudan
 SPLM- DC




 No communication
 GoSS
 UNS
 Melut County ad-
 Constant fear
 Increased crime
 Little to no law en-
equipment or vehicles
 Melut community
revenue
quantities of money
to buy grazing land
 Presence of nomads
in the area
 No funds to construct posts
Tax/revenue
collection
disputes
Pollution
Effects




 Arabs offer large
Police posts
Actors
 Need to increase
revenue in a number
of counties
 No clear demarcation of borders
 Little border control
 Abuse of power
 Harmful practices of
the Petrol Dar Company, especially in
Gakbeny, Mayom,
Pabuny and
Nyangeu
ministration




Melut County
Maban County
Akoka County
Renk County
forcement
Ibid, p. 15
 Separate the North and
South
 Promote unity within the
South
 Train people in conflict
and security issues
 GoSS should close or expel the Petrol Dar company
 Construct more police
posts
police personnel
 Lack of development
 Constant insecurity
 Outfit police with com-
 Displacement
 Instability
 Reduced economic
 Strengthen laws govern-
activity
munication equipment
and vehicles
 Organize training workshops for police in the
fields of conflict management, resolution and
transformation
ing tax collection
 Create a clear revenue
collection policy
 Respect and implement
the CPA






Petrol Dar
Chinese
Canadians
Malazianes
Indians
Community
 Loss of lives, crops





13
Loss of lives
Constant fear
Displacement
No unity within the
community
Possible solutions
and animals
High incidence of
miscarriages
Soil pollution
Disabilities - in the
Mayom Payam people
lost body parts after
using polluted water
Water pollution
Diseases such as cancer
 Compensate the community for damages
 Petrol Dar should consider the social and environmental aspects of their
activities or be expelled
 Petrol Dar should be sued
in court
36
Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Melut County
Conflict
issues
Presence of
JIU in town
Causes
 The SAF barracks
are currently located
in the town limits
Actors
 Melut County community
 SAF
Effects
 Death
 Theft
 House burning
Possible solutions
 Relocate the JIU army
outside the town limits
 Separate Northern and
Southern Sudan
 SAF and SPLA should
also be in barracks located outside of the town
Cattle raiding
 Presence of nomads
in the county
 Acquisition of
wealth
Poor roads
 Heavy vehicles carrying oil destroy the
roads
 Petrol Dar has not
constructed roads
according to their
CPA obligations
 GoSS did not establish roads as priority
in Melut County
Presence of
pits dug by
road construction companies
 Dug by companies
Competition
for clean water by people
and animals
 The most utilized
Decision to
demand compensation
from offending companies (petrol,
road construction etc.)
 Loss of land
 Loss of fields
 Diseases caused by
Mistreatment
of county
residents by
Petrol Dar
 Marginalization of
in need of soil, did
not cover the pits
when finished with
their projects
river is far from the
area
 Borehole water is
salty due to presence
of oil
 Few vehicles to
transport water
pollution
people in South
 Deliberate denial of
development initiatives in the South
 Arab nomads
 County
 Community
 Death
 Loss of property
 Constant fear
 Establish police posts in








 Government and Petrol
Petrol Dar
UNS
Melut County
GoSS
 Road construction
companies
 Melut County
 Community
Low economic activity
Increased accidents
Increased insecurity
Inaccessibility of basic
services, such as
health centres
 Diseases
 Loss of lives - both
people and animals
 Disabilities
the area
 Disarm Arab nomads
Dar should construct
roads for civilian use
 Pits should be covered
 Compensation should be
given to those injured by
the presence of the pits




Melut County
Community
Petrol Dar
Animals
 Local unrest
 Diseases
 Migration
 Provide adequate clean




Melut County
Community
Petrol Dar
Government of Sudan
 Conflict between the
 Petrol Dar should ade-
 Melut County
 Community
 Petrol Dar
community and Petrol
Dar company
 Destruction of Petrol
Dar property
 Loss of lives in the
course of violence
 Poverty common in
the Melut community
 Fighting between the
community and Petrol
Dar personnel
 Constant dismissal of
employees from South
Sudan
water for community
members and animals
quately compensate the
community for damages
caused by their presence
and work
 Promote equality
 Compensate those affected and unable to gain
employment
 Sensitize all involved to
concepts surrounding
universal human rights
37
Prioritisation of security issues – Melut
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders
Authority
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Environmental pollution
1
2
6
1
10
1
Competition over clean water
4
3
2
3
12
2
Decision to demand compensation from
offending companies (petrol, road construction, etc.)
Mistreatment of county community by Petrol Dar
Poor roads
3
1
3
5
12
3
3
1
3
5
12
3
2
4
5
2
13
4
Border/land disputes
6
7
1
7
21
5
Presence of pits dug by road construction
companies
Presence of JIU in town
5
6
8
8
27
6
8
5
4
10
27
7
Dispute over collection of taxes/revenue
10
8
7
6
31
8
Cattle raiding by pastoralists
9
10
10
9
38
9
Community Action Plan – Melut
PROBLEM 1: Environmental degradation
Project
Water Truck Vehicles
and Tankers
Action and
resources
 Vehicles
 Tanker
 Drivers
Possible partners
UNDP/ other donors/GoSS/NGOs
Start date
July 2010
Follow up actors
38
5.10. Nasser County
Nasser County is bordered by Ulang, Bailet, Longochuk, and Maiwut Counties and Ethiopia to the
south. The county has a number of natural water sources, including the Sobat River which runs east
to west throughout the region and the Nile which lies further north. It is composed of 15 payams
and has an estimated population of approximately 700,000 14 people, primarily from the Nuer ethnic
group. The region’s economic activities include traditional agriculture, pastoralism, fishing and inter
-county trading.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Nasser
Conflict
issues
Border/land
disputes
Police posts
Causes
Actors
 Land ownership
 The need for 2% from
 The Arabs
 Petrol Dar com-
oil revenue
 Arabs who offer big
money to buy grazing
land
 Presence of nomads in
the areas
pany
 Melut community
 Government of
Sudan
 SPLM- DC
 Lack of funds to con-
 GoSS
 UNS
 Melut County Ad-
struct the posts
 Lack of equipment
like communication
gadgets and vehicles
Effects




Environmental
pollution
 The need to increase
revenue by different
counties
 No clear demarcation
of the borders
 Lack of border control
 Abuse of power
 Existence of the Petro



leum company-Petrol
Dar especially in
Gakbeny
Mayom
Pabuny
Nyangeu
people in the South
 Training in conflict and
Petrol Dar company
ministration
 Melut community
 Constant fear



among the people
Increased crimes
Lack of enforcement of laws
Lack of development
Constant insecurity
 Construction of more
police posts
 Increase police personnel
 Equip police with communication gadgets and
vehicles
 Organize training workshops for the police in the
field of conflict management, resolution and
transformation




Melut county
Maban County
Akoka county
Renk county
 Instability
 Reduced economic
activity
 Displacement of
people
 Clear revenue collection






Petrol Dar
Chinese
Canadians
Malazianes
Indians
The community
 Loss of lives of ani-
 Compensate the commu-





Ibid, p. 15
North and South
 Promote unity among the
security issues


14
 Separation between the
 GoSS should get rid of

Dispute over
collection of
taxes/revenue
Loss of lives
Constant fear
Displacement
Disunity among the
community
Possible solutions
mals
Loss of lives of people
Plants are destroyed
women get miscarriages
Soil pollution
Disabilities in
Mayom people lost
body parts after use
of polluted water)
Water pollution
Diseases e.g. cancer
 Strengthening the laws
that govern tax collection
policy
 Respecting and implementing the CPA
nity
 Petrol Dar should put the
social and environmental
aspects into consideration
or else it should be expelled.
 Petrol Dar should be sued
in court
Cont...
39
Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Nasser County
Conflict
issues
Presence of JIU
in town
Causes
 The barracks of SAF is
in the town
Actors
 Melut community
- SAF
Effects
 Loss of lives
 Stealing
 Burning of houses
Possible solutions
 Relocate the JIU army
 Separation between the
North and South
 SAF and SPLA should be
in barracks
Cattle raiding
 The presence of nomads in the county
 Acquisition of wealth
 Arab nomads
 County community
 Loss of lives
 Constant fear
among the people
Poor roads
 Heavy vehicles carrying oil destroy the
roads
 Petrol Dar has not
constructed roads
according CPA
 GoSS did not put
roads as priority in
Melut
 Petrol Dar
 UNS
 Melut county administration
 GoSS
 Low economic ac-
 Government and Petrol
 Diseases
 Loss of lives of peo-
 Pits should be covered
 Compensation of the af-
 Road Construction
soil
 Companies not covering the pits
companies
 Melut community
Competition
over clean water
by for human
animal consumption
 The river is far from
 Melut community
 Petrol Dar
 Animals
 Fighting/ clashes in
The demand for
compensation
from different
companies e.g.
Petrol company,
road construction companies
etc.
 Loss of land
 Loss farm fields
 Diseases caused pollu-
 Melut community
 Petrol Dar com-
 Conflict between
Discrimination
of county
community by
Petrol Dar company
 Marginalization of
people in south
 Deliberate denial of
the south to develop
mads
Dar should construct
roads
 Companies in need of
tion
the area
 Disarming the Arab no-
tivity
 Increases accidents
 Increases insecurity
 Inaccessibility to
basic services such
as health centres
Presence of pits
dug by road
construction
companies
the area
 Borehole water is
salty due to oil
 Few vehicles transporting water to various places
ple and animals
fected people
 Disabilities
pany
 Government of
Sudan
 Melut community
 Petrol Dar
the community
 Diseases
 Migration
 Provision of enough
clean water to community
and animals
 Petrol Dar should ade-
the community and
Petrol Dar company
 Destruction of petrol Dar property
 Loss of lives in
course of clashing
quately compensate the
community
 Poverty among the
 Promote equality among
Melut community
 Fighting between
the community and
Petrol Dar personnel
 Constant dismissal
of employees from
the South
the people
 Compensate the affected
people.
 Respect the rights of the
people
40
Prioritisation of security issues – Nasser
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders
Authority
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Environmental pollution
Competition for clean, potable water
1
4
2
3
6
2
1
3
10
12
1
2
Decision to demand compensation
from offending companies (petrol,
road construction, etc.)
Mistreatment of county community
by Petrol Dar
Poor roads
Presence of pits dug by road construction companies
Presence of JIU in town
3
1
3
5
12
3
3
1
3
5
12
3
2
6
5
4
7
6
5
1
8
2
7
8
13
21
27
4
5
6
8
5
4
10
27
7
Dispute over collection of taxes/
revenue
Cattle raiding by pastoralists
10
8
7
6
31
8
9
10
10
9
38
9
Community Action Plan – Nasser
Project
Water
trucks
and tankers
Action/resources
 Vehicles
 Tankers
 Drivers
Possible
partners
 UNDP
 Other
donors
 GoSS
 NGOs
Start sate
July 2010
Follow up actors





GoSS
UNS
County council
Community leaders
41
5.11. Panyikang County
Panyikang County has a surface area of 5,107 sq km and an estimated population of 45,427 15 people.
Panyikang is composed of six payams and 40 bomas .It is dominated by members of the Shilluk
(Chollo) ethnic group which constitutes the majority of the county’s population (95 percent), followed by the Nuer (2 percent), and other groups (3 percent). In general, the tribal groups in Panyikang have normal relations and co-exist peacefully, but on the western bank of the county’s primary
river, the Shilluk (Chollo) and the Dinka fight over border and land issues. There are also clashes
between county residents and those from Bentiu in Unity State, primarily over cattle raiding practices.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Panyikang
Conflict
issues
Boundary
conflicts
Land disputes
Cattle raiding
Tribal conflicts
Causes
 Lack of water and
resources prompting nomadic behavior
 War
 Firearms
 Taxes (local revenue collectors)
 Advocacy and








claim disputes
Little fertile land
Unregistered land
Illegal settlements
Taxes
Wealth
Culture
Marriage
Few laws actually
implemented
 Politics
 Illiteracy
 Presence of fire-
Actors
 Tribal conflicts
 Guns imported
from outside the
county
Possible solutions
 Politicians
 Army generals




Conflicts arise
Instability
Migration
Lack of development
 Poverty
 Create a series of confer-














Death
Migration
Instability
Fear
Poverty
Sickness
 Establish conferences and
Death
Instability
Poverty
 Employ forces to discour-
Politicians
Leadership
Shilluk (Chollo)
Dinka
Nuer
 Different tribes
 Arab animal
keepers
(nomads)
ences for community elders
 Clearly demarcate borders
 Police stations should be
established
 Establish women’s associations
meetings on the issue
 Encourage role of police
and local authorities
(chiefs)
 Clearly demarcate borders
age raiding
 Create conferences between counties to address
the issue
 Government intervention
 Formulate laws concerning land issues
 Disarmament
 Politicians
 Power abuse
 Culture




Death
War
Poverty
Instability
 Community leaders
 Formulate appropriate
 Different tribes
 Behaviour of





Death
Anarchy
Tribal conflicts
Insecurity
Border disputes
 Disarmament
arms
 Land
 Few applicable
laws
Presence of
firearms
Effects
Arab nomads
 Militias
 Nuer from Ben-
laws
 Education
 Development projects
tiu and Jonglei
State
15
Ibid, p. 15
Cont…
42
Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Panyikang County
Conflict
issues
Violence
against women
Causes





Polygamy
Social norms
Forced marriage
Economic reasons
Alcoholism
Actors
 Men
 Women
Effects
 Rape
 Poor health
 Psychological





Alcohol abuse




Unemployment
Poverty
Illiteracy
Imported alcoholic
beverages
 Men
 Youth
 Women
 Poor health of


Unemployment
 Limited business op



Street children
portunities
Few employment opportunities in government and NGOs
The majority of the
population was educated in Arabic - making their qualifications
irrelevant
Fishing and cattle raising has become dangerous
Idleness
 Few government



created job opportunities
Urbanization
Poor quality of orphanage life
Lack of parental responsibility
Children not adequately provided for
by parents
Presence of
landmines
 War
Competition over
water
 Scarcity of water in
farming areas
 Men
 Youth
torture
Divorce
Financial instability
Social isolation
Domestic violence
Early marriage
men, youth and
women
Breakdown of
social and family
dynamics
Loss of social
status
Death
Violence


 Unemployment
 Emergence of the
Possible solutions
 Form women’s associations
 Encourage female education –
children and adults
 Disarmament
 Encourage control in alcohol
consumption
 Peace and reconciliation
 Preserve cultures and traditions
of the Shilluk
 Sensitize community to issues
surrounding violence against
women
 Create employment opportunities
 Educate community on the
dangers of alcohol
 Formulate laws regulating alcohol use
 Provide job opportunities
 Build vocational training cen-
water pipe
tres to teach necessary skills
 Theft
 Cattle raiding
 Possession of
 Agricultural projects
 Provide loans
 Politicians should not exploit
firearms
youth for their own gain
 Alcoholism







Orphans
Children
Alcoholics
Children
‘Niggas’
Youth
The unemployed
 Women
 Government should create jobs
 SAF
 Farmers
 De-mine
for the unemployed
 Create reputable orphanages
 Develop counties and payams
economically and socially
 Create agricultural schemes to
encourage employment
 Build vocational centres for
women and youth
 Build schools in each of the
payams
 Restricted movement
 Difficult to effectively use land
 Poor crop yields
 Dig boreholes to assist farmers
in better irrigation
43
Prioritisation of security issues – Panyikang
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders
Authority
Total
Rank
1-Highest
9-Lowest
Border disputes
Tribalism
Land disputes
Cattle raiding
Unemployment
Drunkenness
Violence against
women
1
2
3
4
6
9
5
7
8
2
1
3
5
8
7
9
6
4
2
1
4
5
3
6
7
8
9
1
4
2
3
6
5
7
8
9
6
8
12
17
23
27
28
29
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Community Action Plan - Panyikang
Project
Food security project
Build six
police posts
Clear Lol
River
Action/resources
Possible partners
Start
date
 Agricultural tools (tractor, seeds,
pesticide)
 Community mobilization
 Dig boreholes in each of the
county’s six payams
 Grinding mills (appropriate machinery)
 Land
 Community leaders
 Community
 GoSS
 State
 County
 UNDP
 NGOs
June
2010
 Community and law enforcement
mobilization
 Land
 Security committee
 Chiefs/elders
 Community
 Government
 UNDP
 Government
 Financial stakeholders
 UNDP
 Community
June
2010
 Movement of ferry boats, cranes
and labor
Follow up actors








June
2010




Community
Local steering
committee
UNDP
Government
Community
Local steering
committee
UNDP
Government
Community
Local steering
committee
UNDP
Government
44
5.12. Renk County
Renk County has a total surface area of 10,031 sq km and an estimated population of 137,751. 16 The
city of Renk is the largest and most populated in the county. It is bordered by Jodah City to the
north, Maban County to the east, Melut County to the south and Manyo County and the White Nile
to the west. The state is composed of four payams and the majority of its inhabitants are members of
the Dinka ethnic group (5 percent), the Chollo (20 percent), the Nuer (15 percent) and other groups
(15 percent). The area’s most lucrative economic activities include fishing, agriculture, charcoal
burning, gum Arabic production and livestock raising.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Renk
Conflict
issues
Border/land
disputes
Causes
 Need for arable land
 Conflicts over land
ownership
 Government of Sudan
needs to create a buffer
zone between north and
south by forcefully giving the border land to its
supporters from north
 Little representation of
Renk County residents
on the border commission
Inadequate
police posts
Taxes and
revenue
collection
disputes
 Insufficient funds to
construct posts
 No communication
equipment or vehicles
for police use
 Lack of border control
 Need to increase the
revenue of different
counties
 Abuse of power
Actors
 Government of
Sudan
 Egyptians
 Renk County
community
members
 GoSS
 UNS
 Renk County
administration
 Renk County
community
 Renk county,




Blue Nile State
and White Nile
State
Traders
Government of
Sudan
GoSS
UNS
Effects
 Food security
 Social/ psychological unrest
 Low economic
activity
 Displacement
 Disregard of
CPA commitments
Possible solutions
 GoSS and a border commission should demarcate
the border according to
CPA
 Create and strengthen a
new border commission
 Educate community on
issues surrounding the
CPA and its proper implementation
 Elect members of the Renk
County community for the
border commission.




Increased crimes
Constant fear
Insecurity
Little enforcement of laws
 Little progress
made in development
 Construct more police
 Reduced eco-
 Clear revenue collection
nomic activity
 Instability
 Internal displacement
posts
police
 Provide the police with
communication equipment
and vehicles
 Organize training workshops for police in conflict
management, resolution
and transformation
policy
 Strengthen laws governing
tax collection
 Respect and implement the
CPA
Cont...
16
Ibid, p. 15
45
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Renk County
Conflict
issues
Causes
Actors
Effects
Possible solutions
Land
mines
 Wars in Sudan
 SAF
 SPLA
 Renk County
community
 Deaths of civilians
 Disabilities,
especially
physical
trauma
 Displacement
 De-mine affected areas
Land
disputes
 Northern Sudanese
residents encroaching
on Southern Sudanese territory
 Armed nomads
 Renk County
community
 Northern nomads
 Government of
 Loss of lives
 Food security
 Internal displacement
 Lack of development
 Disarm nomads
 Demarcate land for
grazing and cultivation
affected, conflict-prone
areas
 Death
 Constant fear
 Rape of
women
 Trauma
 Low economic
activity
 Increased accidents
 Increased insecurity
 Inaccessibility
of basic services, such as
health centres
 Diseases
 Pollution, especially in soil
 Establish police posts
 Remove the army from
within the town
 Frequent police night
patrols
 Loss of lives
 Poor relations
between the
communities
of Renk and
Manyo Counties
 Little productive economic
activity
 GoSS should clearly demarcate the two counties’ borders
 Strengthen law and order
Sudan
Crime
 Presence of the army/
SPLA in town
 Drunkenness
 Unemployed former
service men and
youth
 SPLA
 Youth
 Former service men
 Community
Poor roads
and communication
 Heavy vehicles carrying oil which destroy
the roads
 GoSS has not constructed roads
 GoSS did not establish new roads as a
priority for Renk
County
 GoSS
 UNS
 Renk County
administration
Presence of
electric and
petrol lines
in the area
– not for
local use
 GoSS has not compensated the community
 Government of
Disputes
over
islands
located
between
Renk and
Manyo
Counties
 Valuable grazing
land
 Fishing areas
 Arable land for cultivation especially
vegetables
Sudan
 Petrol Dar
 Community
 National Electricity Corporation
 Renk County
community
 Manyo
County community
 Local government,
GoSS, and UNS should
construct roads
 Compensate the community for damages and
use of land
46
Prioritisation of security issues – Renk
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders/
admin
Security
Total
Rank
1-Highest
11-Lowest
1
1
1
1
4
1
Inadequate police posts, no communication equipment or vehicles
Tribal clashes between Arab palatas
and the county residents regarding
arable land
Poor media network
4
2
2
2
10
2
2
3
9
5
19
3
5
5
7
4
21
4
Tax and revenue collection disputes
3
7
6
6
22
5
Crime
Poor roads
11
6
4
10
3
8
7
3
25
27
6
7
Dispute over islands located between
Renk and Manyo counties (potential
issue for escalation of pre-existing
community tensions)
Land mines
7
8
5
10
30
8
8
11
4
9
32
9
Presence of petrol lines passing underneath farm land - the community is
requesting compensation
Presence of electric lines that passing
over farm land – the community is
requesting compensation
9
6
10
8
33
10
10
9
11
11
41
11
Community Action Plan – Renk
PROBLEM 1: Security
Project
Construction of
police posts in
Kumbhuer,
Tibin, Gongbar,
Smara, Dungkern and Latham
payams
Provide police
with communication tools, necessary equipment and vehicles
Action/Resources
 Land
 Building materials:
bricks, sand, roofing materials, cement, metal
bars, equipment and
tools
 Labour
 Basic furniture and
equipment
 Communication equipment
 Vehicles



Possible
partners
Local government
Community
UNDP
Other donors




UNPD
GoSS
Other donors
NGOs

Start ate
Follow up actors
July 2010




July 2010
 GoSS
Community leaders
County council
GoSS
 UNS
47
5.13. Ulang County
Ulang County has an estimated population of 85,044 and a surface area of 4,773 sq km. 17 It is bordered by Bailet County to the north and Nasser County to the east, as well as Jonglei State’s Akobo
and Nuirol Counties to the south and west, and Ethiopia to the south. The county has a number of
natural water sources, including the Sobat River which runs east to west throughout the region and
the Nile which lies further north. It is composed of eight payams: Kurmut, Barmach (Gonyar),
Duma, Nyangora, Ulang (Joka), Yomding, Kierchot, Makak.
Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Ulang
Conflict
issues
Insecurity /
cattle
raiding
Causes










Presence of armed robbers
House burnings
Prevalence of firearms
Tribal clashes which often end in
death
Incidence of psychological problems
Hunger
Little security
Pursuit of wealth
Little desire for development in
community
Actors
 Youth from
Akobo and
Jikany
payams
 Elders
Land mines
and small
arms and
light weapons (SALW)







Death
Theft/crime
Internal displacement
Tribal clashes
Destruction of personal property
No security or development
During attempted DDR, many
simply hid their arms
 Some communities have not
been officially disarmed
 Politicians of the Jonglei State
are to blame for the flow of
weapons into the county
 Chiefs must be blamed for not
attempting to control the issue
 Luo (Akobo)
 Youth (Luo
Land
disputes












Displacement of resources
Zones created by SPLA
Poverty (hunger)
Death
Little education
and Jikany)
 SPLA / SAF in
Effects





Loss of lives
Fear
Distrust
Malnutrition
Limited movement
 Food insecurity
 Disable people
 No free movements
Nyayin, Lony
and Ying bomas
 Fear
 Loss of life
Jonglei State
Lou Nuer
Politicians
Akobo
Armed groups
Some SPLA
support





Fighting
Death
Hunger
Displacement
Distrust
Possible solutions
 Deploy army to patrol cattle
raiding routes
 Disarmament
 Provide transport and communication equipment to
army and police
 Deploy police units to ensure
security
 Establish a peace initiative
within the community




Provide machinery to disarm
De-mine
Begin a total disarmament
Soldiers should stop supplying arms to civilians
 Community initiatives
should be established to report civilians with arms to
authorities
 Government, UNS and the




17
Ibid, p. 16.
Jonglei State should solve
problems and encourage
peace
Commissioner should involve all tribes in the peace
process
Joint reports and documentation
GoSS should clearly demarcate borders
Governors and police should
work as one unit
Cont...
48
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Ulang County
Conflict
issues
Unemployment, street
children
Causes
 Fallout from conflicts between









Violence
against
women
 Irresponsible men unable to pro











No law
enforcement
Luo and Jikany
Insecurity
Displacement, leading to no food
production
Increasing cooperation between
criminal groups
Bad roads limit trading
Widespread disappointment due
to lack of support
Hunger
Armed groups committing
crimes
Drunkenness, fighting, depression, divorce
Street children
vide for their families
Unemployed women
Male misconceptions regarding
female responsibilities
Depression
Alcoholism
No start-up business capital
Domestic conflicts
No basic infrastructure: hospital,
school, government institutions
The Akobo routinely take
neighboring lands
Fear of violence
Routine ambushing of workers
Cattle raiding
Little respect for women in traditional structures
Choose mates based on wealth

 No police headquarters or prison
 Community only able to access
traditional courts and SPLA refuses to respect judgment from
such structures
 No cooperation between police
and community elders – chiefs
not paid for their work, not respected by law enforcement officials
 Corruption in law enforcement
and prisons
 Excessive use of force by army
and law enforcement officials
Actors
 Lou Nuer
 Gajak
 Men
 Women







Prison
Police
Chiefs
SPLA
State and local
authority
Possible solutions
Low income
Hunger
Malnutrition
Cattle raiding
Raping
Prostitution
Drunkards
 Disarmament
 Loans to local traders
 State government, GoSS and
 Forced /early









Effects




marriages
Divorce
Frequent fighting
Polygamy
Trauma
Fear
Violence
Injustice
Human rights
abuse
 Corruption
 Power abuse
NGOS should create job opportunities for residents of
both the Jonglei State and the
Upper Nile State
 Build a school for children
 Control the sale of alcohol
 State, GoSS and NGOs
should create job opportunities for unemployed community members
 Supply community with an





official judge and lawyers,
train chiefs to serve as official delegates in law enforcement
Deploy additional police
forces
Construct a concrete prison
Government should address
the issue of cattle raiding
Disarmament must be undertaken in all communities
Cooperation between traditional authorities and official
government should be encouraged
Cont...
49
Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Ulang County
Conflict
issues
Competition for
water
Causes
Actors
Effects
 Conflicts regarding ownership of
 Lou Nuer
 Jikany Nuer
 State and local
 Seasonal migra-



Famine and
food security
river bank, water, and pastures
for grazing
Intensity of conflicts varies by
season
No water distribution network
Conflicts especially common
between women
Displacement
Death


 Fear of Lou Nuer attack
 Unemployment
 Post-conflict destruction has







increased internal displacement
Diseases
Plant pests
Lack of resources
Few arable fields and poor agricultural skills
Little industry
No peace, stability
Death
authority
 Punishment





from God
Drought
War
Armed groups
Robbery
State and local
authority





tion
Fights
Loss of life
Cattle raiding
Diseases
Displacement
 High






food prices
Malnutrition
Poor health
Death
Theft
Abuse of poor
Migration
Possible solutions
 Government should control
water use and distribution
 A canal should be built to
supply Lou Nuer with water
 Dig boreholes near community for easier access
 Government should increase





the deployment of police
officers
Training in modern agricultural methods and tools
should be provided by government
Government should construct a canal
Encourage industry through
outside investment
Officially separate Northern
and Southern Sudan
Encourage security and stability
50
Prioritisation of security issues – Ulang
Security issue
Women
Youth
Elders
Authority
Total
Health problems
3
2
3
7
15
Rank
1-Highest
12-Lowest
1
Unemployment
5
4
7
3
19
2
Presence of firearms and
mines
Education
9
1
1
9
20
3
12
3
2
6
23
4
No mobile network
11
5
5
2
23
5
Land disputes
8
7
6
4
25
6
Cattle raiding
10
6
10
1
27
7
6
8
8
5
27
8
Hunger
2
11
4
12
29
9
No law enforcement
7
10
9
8
34
10
1
12
11
10
34
11
Early or forced
marriage
4
9
12
11
36
12
Community Action Plan – Ulang
Project
Build police posts
Action/resources
 Engineers
 Identify site
 Construction materials: sand,
roof, sheets, gravel, cement,
wood, bricks and timber
Possible partners
Start date
Follow up actors





Government
NGOs
Community
Women
Youth
15 June 2010





County commissioner
Community leaders
UNDP
State
GoSS
Land and border
demarcation (roads
and bridges)
 Engineers and surveyors
 Sign posts
 Security to protect process




Government
UNDP
NGOs
Community
15 June 2010






County commissioner
Community leaders
UNDP
State
GoSS
UNMIS
Education
 Human resources (teachers)
 Land




Government
NGOs
UN
Community
15 June 2010





County commissioner
Community
State
Ministry of Education
UNDP
Health Facilities
 Medical equipment
 Visiting doctors and nurses




Government
NGOs
UN
Community





County commissioner
Community
Government
Ministry of Health
UNDP
15 June 2010
51
6. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Although violence is undoubtedly a pervasive and destructive force, it is merely a symptom of
the area’s true underlying instability issues. Instead, the majority of the region’s insecurity stems
from its lack of natural resources – the violence being merely a manifestation of the constant battle for said resources. All of the interviewed community members understood this situation
clearly and aimed their suggested development projects appropriately: choosing to address the
root cause of instability. Generally, the security problems from county to county are quite similar and interrelated in both cause and methodology. However, despite the number of similarities, there are also a few features which are unique and localized in nature and justify a program
of context-based and individualized conflict-sensitive projects for the benefit of the state’s counties and payams. For example, the counties that border Sudan and Jonglei State tend to require
police reinforcement-oriented projects.

The influence of the Government is almost non-existent in many parts of Upper Nile due to logistical shortcomings. It has not yet reached out to the majority of the area’s counties, payams
and bomas. During the interview and consultation process, a number of county authorities expressed discontent from their state government. At the county level, the South Sudan Police Service (SSPS) remains unfunded, under-equipped and under-manned and with very limited capacity to provide basic services.

There are a number of oil fields in this state, making it a potential conflict zone.

Traditional leadership is valued across all of the major communities in Upper Nile . Unlike the
Government, their active participation in community stabilization and local conflict mitigation is
seen as central to sustainable community stability. However, in eastern Upper Nile the general
disquiet related to insufficient fertile land and water, which has led to a questioning of traditional ways of life, particularly amongst the youth who would prefer to explore more modern
lifestyles and approaches to agriculture. Although such explorations could potentially become
positive steps for these communities, their geographical remoteness makes them difficult to
achieve.

The underemployment and subsequent disenfranchisement of the state’s youth is a major concern for stability. Without incomes or the means of creating private enterprise, there is little hope
for their livelihoods and potential for productively contributing to society in the short/medium
term. In the consultations, it became clear that many were frustrated and unrealistically expected
the referendum and possible secession to solve their problems almost immediately. A programme of public awareness should be conducted to adjust expectation and provide a basis for
preparation in the communities.

More information is needed on the reported youth groups referred to by community members
as ‘Niggas,’ which were seen as a serious threat to local residents and the larger stability of the
state. Their reported activities dramatically reveal the insufficient capabilities of the local police
forces and challenge traditional methods of conflict mitigation.

Pollution of water sources from oil was a significant issue in Melut County (block 3/7) and requires immediate intervention. These communities have been expected to bear an unfair burden
and their livelihoods have been both threatened and degraded while oil revenue and its benefits
are diverted to other communities.
52

During the consultations, participating communities uniformly expressed that this was the first
time they felt that their opinions had been included in governmental decision-making process.
They were very positive about the nature and methodology of the consultations, particularly the
consultations’ female participants, who were mostly well-represented. They were open, honest
and communities had a general willingness to discuss issues affecting women.

Throughout the consultation, participants doubted that any concrete action would be taken on
their suggested reform programmes. Although many community members were thrilled to be
included in the discussion of positive steps to address local security concerns, they also had
trepidations about whether or not any of those suggestions would actually be implemented.
Constant engagement with the communities and the timely completion of identified projects
would partially address this concern. For maximum efficacy, Government stakeholders should
also be checked to ensure they do not only value the information-gathering aspect of the process,
but also deliver on the ground.

Five years into the CPA, the security and conflict situation in the state still remains very fluid
and potentially volatile. It has historically existed as an entity of both Sudan and South Sudan, a
fact which has affected both the psychology and expectations of its inhabitants. The adjustment
between the two has not been easy, particularly on the dynamics of referendum and the citizen’s
need for reassurance that their concerns can be addressed under the leadership of the new Government. Any positive action in this area must begin by addressing security issues (and their
underlying causes), as well as provide access to rule of law. This is undoubtedly the most efficient way to begin a course of progressive and effective development programming.
53
7. NEXT STEPS
Across Upper Nile State, communities proposed conflict-sensitive projects that will address insecurity in their respective counties.
Police posts
Communications equipment and vehicles
Army deployment/barracks
Dialogues on border demarcation
Schools
Vocational training centres
Roads
Health centres
Boreholes
Water catchments
Water pipe extension
Water truck vehicles and
tankers
White Nile
Agriculture project
Food security project
State capital
Sennar
Manyo
Renk
Southern Kordofan
Blue Nile
Melut
Maban
Fashoda
Panyikang
Makal
Bailet
Longochuk
Akoka
Ulang
Nasser
Maiwut
Jonglei
Ethiopia
54
Annex 1 – Summary of Proposed Conflict-Sensitive Projects in Upper Nile
County
Nature of project
Rationale/comments
Akoka
 Construct boreholes
 Construct health centres
Bailet
 Deploy police and army along strategic border areas, create police post
 Agricultural tools, manpower, engineers, tools fencing and barbed
Akoka is a new county and is underdeveloped, which explains the highly prioritized issues of borehole construction
and health centres.
This county borders Makal and Fashoda Counties to the
west, Manyo and Melut to the north, Maban, Longochuk
and Nasser Counties to the east, Ulang County to the south
and Nyirol County in Jonglei State to the south. Due to the
large number of contested borders, its residents clearly expressed the need to deal with external threats before other
development projects.
Fashoda is one of the oldest counties. It is underdeveloped
and has no reliable source of revenue. The construction of
police posts was prioritized because the county’s major
issue is the prevalence of land/border disputes with their
neighbors.
The majority of conflicts occur during the dry season. It is
hoped that if boreholes and water catchments are provided,
conflict between communities will decrease.
wire, and water pumps
Fashoda
 Construct four police posts on the eastern bank of the river
 Establish an agricultural scheme and fishing project
 Construct nine water stations in the following locations: Akuc, Dobe,
Olam, Padekur, Abynay, Atar, Kalagany, Pabo and Oriny
Longochuk
 Create water sources such as boreholes and catchments in each of the

Maban

 Establish an agricultural scheme using advanced farming tools in Jin


Maiwut
county’s seven payams; Jangok, Pamach, Dajo, Mathiang, Malual,
Guelguk and Udier
Construction of roads from Malut to Maiwut Counties, Mathiang and
to every payam
Establish an agricultural scheme using advanced farming tools
mada and Bugaya
Construct boreholes and water catchments in each of the county’s five
payams
Construct boarding schools in each of the county’s five payams
Dialogue meeting among conflicting counties (to take place in Malakal)
and establish border demarcation committees
 Construct vocational training centres in each payam
 Construct roads from Mathiang Fagak to Maiwut County and extend-
Manyo
Melut



 Water truck vehicles and tankers
Nasser
Panyikang
Renk
Ulang














Job creation for the youth and the poor, as well as infrastructural development dominated discussion in this county.
ing to all payams
Construct water catchments for animals - two in each payam
Construct boreholes and create a distribution network in each payam









Makal
Socioeconomic factors, and livelihood considerations dominated in this county.
Construct army barracks out of town
Small army disarmament
Demarcate borders/land
Agricultural project
Vocational training center
Extend water pipes
Persistent harassment of civilians by the military and incidence of armed robberies concerned most residents of this
county.
Establish fifteen water stations (water pumps, boreholes and reservoirs)
Build 10 police posts
Agricultural scheme
Fire lines or roads for cattle
Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations dominated in this county.
Food security projects
School construction
Clear border/land demarcation
Establish industries, vocational training and schools
Provide meals for children
Lack of water is severe; reaching water tables is also difficult
during the construction of boreholes.
Food security projects
Build six police posts
Clearing of Lol River
Construct police posts in: Kumchuer, Tibin, Gongbar, Samara, Dungkem and Latham payams
Equip police with communication tools and vehicles
Insecurity is a major concern and the reason why police
posts were requested.
Construct police posts
Demarcate land and borders
Construct schools
Construct health centres
Insecurity resulting from land/border disputes and poor
infrastructural facilities explains their prioritized issues.
South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan
http://www.goss-online.org
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission
http://www.goss-online.org
UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan
Phone/+211 811 820 146 E-mail: [email protected]
http://ss.undp.org
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Government of the Netherlands
European Union Compound
Juba, South Sudan
http://www.minbuza.nl
http://eeas.europa.eu

Upper Nile State - UNDP in South Sudan

Transcription

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