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The 5th Inter.Con.on Rabbit Prod. in Hot Clim., Hurghada, Egypt, 391-401 (2007)
HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF PURE AND CROSSED RABBITS
A. S. Abdel-Azeem; A. M. Abdel-Azim; A. A. Darwish and E. M. Omar
Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514, Fayoum,
Egypt, [email protected]
The present study was conducted to evaluate physiologically 16
crosses between 4 breeds of rabbits. The breeds tested were Baladi Red (BR),
Chinchilla Giganta (ChG), French Giant Papillion (FGP) and Simenwar (S).
A total number of 6144 blood samples were collected to detect effects
of age of kits, mating type, month of kindling and sex. The traits evaluated
were; haematological parameters; (red blood cells count (RBCs), hemoglobin
concentration (Hb), haematocrit value (Ht %)) and biochemical parameters of
plasma; total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin concentration (Glo),
albumin/globulin ratio (Alb/Glo) and triglycerides (TG). Age of kits showed
effects significant (P≤ 0.001, 0.01 or 0.05 ) on RBCs, Hb, Ht %, TP and TG,
Glo, Alb/Glo ratio and Alb.BR or its crosses showed high values of RBCs, Hb
and
Ht %. The crossbred litters that obtained from mating BR and FGP
rabbits had the highest Glo values. BR or FGP with other breeds had an
obvious improvement in Glo. Rabbits which were born in May-June months
had the highest values of TP and its fractions (Alb and Glo). Sex had no
significant effect on all parameters studied.
Key words: Biochemical, crossbred, haematological, heterosis, superiority.
Different investigators found that crossing had positive effects on litter traits
and growth rate (Nofal et al., 2005 and Saleh et al., 2005 a & b). The use of
haematological and biochemical parameters could help in monitoring the genetic up
of the rabbit (Chiericato et al., 1985). Crossing between different breeds of rabbits
played an important role for increasing some biochemical traits such as total protein
and albumin (NOFAL et al. 1999).
However, Cazabon et al. (2000) reported that there is no significant
differences between New Zealand White and its crosses with Californian, Checkered
Giant or Flemish Giant breeds in Hb, Ht % and plasma protein.
The present investigation aimed to study the differences in some
haematological and blood constituents of crossbred and purebred litters. Effects of age
of kits, month of kindling and sex on the traits studied were considered.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental work of this study was carried out at Fayoum governorate,
located about 100 km southwest of Cairo. Rabbits of three exotic breeds Chinchilla
Giganta (ChG), French Giant Papillion (FGP) and Simenwar (S) and Baladi Red (BR)
local Egyptian breed, were used during the two production years of the study, started
in December 2003 and ended in August 2005 (Table 1). Descriptions of the four
breeds were reported by Abdel-Azeem (2006).
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ABDEL- AZEEM et al.
A total number of 256 does (32 does / 4 breeds / 2 years) and 64 bucks (8
bucks/ 4 breeds / 2 years) were used. Does were allowed to kindle four parities per
year. Kits were weaned at 32 days from birth, ear tagged by permanent marker and
retagged each (20-30) days of age, sexed where male tagged in the right ear and
female tagged in the left ear, and housed in wire-netted hutches with suitable space in
the second row of batteries along the Rabbitry.
Table 1. The plan of work during the different periods of the study.
Years
Starting dates
1
2
December 2003
December 2004
1
January 2004
January 2005
Kindling dates
2
3
March 2004
April 2004
March 2005
April 2005
4
May-June2004
May-June2005
The pregnant and lactating does were fed ad libitum on commercial pellets.
Composed of 17.85 % crude protein, 13.70 % crude fiber and 3.10 % ether extract.
The young rabbits were fed ad libitum until 6 weeks post weaning with a diet of
commercial pellets composed of 16.77 % crude protein, 13.85% crude fibre and
3.75% ether extract. Maximum, minimum and average air temperature (Co) and
relative humidity during the experimental period were recorded.
A total number of 6144 blood samples were collected from 2990 males and
3154 females. Blood samples were collected at 6 and 9 weeks of age from 3
rabbits/group. (3 rabbits / group X 2 times for taking the blood samples X 8 parities X 4
breeds X 32 does / breed). Blood samples were withdrawn from representative
rabbits/mating, where xylol was applied to increase blood flow (Hoppe et al., 1971)
using heparin as anticoagulant.
About half of each blood sample was centrifuged (15 min, 3,000 rpm) and the
obtained plasma was stored frozen at -20Cº until analyzed. The rest of blood samples
were taken to determine red blood cells count and haematocrit value according to
Bauer (1970) and hemoglobin as slated by Singh (1983). Plasma total protein,
albumin, triglycerides was determined by using commercial kits. Globulin
concentrations of plasma and albumin / globulin ratio were calculated.
Heterosis and superiority percent of crossbreds:
Heterosis % = [(MF1 – MP)/MP] X 100
Where, MF1= Mean of first generation and the mid-parent value is MP = 1/2
(MP1+MP2).
Superiority % = [(MF1 – BP)/BP] X 100
Where, MF1= Mean of first generation, BP = Best-parent value.
Analysis of variance using the General Linear Model (GLM) was used to
calculate the means of the studied traits using SPSS, 1997 (version 8.00). The
following model was used for blood traits.
Yijkl = µ + Ai + Mj + Mok + Sl + eijkl
where, Yijkl = The observation on the ijklth blood traits, µ = Overall mean, Ai = The
fixed effect of the ith age of kits (i= 1 and 2), Mj = The fixed effect of the jth mating
group (j = 1,2,.. and 16), Mok = The fixed effect of the kth month of kindling (k =
1,2,..and 4), Sl = The fixed effect of the lth sex (l = 1 and 2) and eijkl = Random error.
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The 5th Inter.Con.on Rabbit Prod. in Hot Clim., Hurghada, Egypt, 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Haematological parameters
Age advancement (from 6 to 9 weeks) increased RBCs, Hb concentration and
Ht % significantly (P≤ 0.001) as shown in Table 2. This trend was similar to that
reported by Meshreky et al. (2005) on kits of 12 to 16 wk of age. This may be due to
the positive relationship between blood volume and age advancement as indicated by
Prince (1982) and Jain (1986) regarding total body weight estimates or body surface
area.
Mating type affected significantly (P≤0.001) RBCs, Hb concentration and Ht
% as shown in Table 2. Litters produced from mating of BR showed highest values of
RBCs, Hb concentration and Ht % being 4.410 X106 ± 0.02 /mm3, 11.74 ± 0.028 g/dl
and 30.83 ± 0.050 %, respectively. These results may be due to the high adaptation of
BR rabbits to the Egyptian conditions as observed by Meshreky et al. (2005). The
obvious increased in RBCs, Hb and Ht% were observed with BR crosses whatever
sires or dams were used with other breeds.
Among the other crosses, the highest values of RBCs were recorded in S X
FGP (4.402 X 106 ± 0.018 /mm3) and FGP X ChG (4.361 X 106 ± 0.018 /mm3) and with
lesser extent in S X ChG (4.321 X 106 ± 0.018 /mm3) cross. The highest value of Hb
concentration was recorded in S X ChG (11.64 ± 0.028 g/dl) litters. The Hb values
were in the normal levels as stated by Jones et al. (1975), Fekry and Shebaita (1994)
and El-Maghawry et al. (1994) who reported Hb values were between 9.0 -14 (g/100
ml). The normal rate of the haematological and biochemical parameters within as a
result of crossbreeding gave clear evidence for viability of those crossbred. The FGP
X ChG crossbreds had the highest value of Ht % (30.77 ± 0.050 %).
Month of kindling effects were significant (P≤0.01) on RBCs, Hb concentration and
Ht % as shown in Table 2. RBCs, Hb concentration and Ht % were higher in January
births and were lower in May- June births. These results agreed with those obtained
by Okab and El-Banna (2003). Shebaita (1993) reported that the number of red blood
cells decreased with increasing ambient temperature. The decrease in Ht % under high
ambient temperature conditions may be due to the increase in body water retention
and extracellular water (Meshreky et al., 2005) and / or to the increase in plasma
volume in hyperthermic animals (Othman, 1990). Abd el-Hakeam et al. (1991)
demonstrated that body water shifted between intracellular water and extracellular
water during heat induced hyperthermia in animals. The same authors concluded that
such water shift constituted a protective physiological mechanism against drastic
changes in tissue cellular temperature in response to varying environmental
temperature. The observed rise in total body water might provide water under heat
stress for intense evaporative heat loss (El-Nouty et al., 1988). In addition, the decline
in feed intake and consequently in some trace elements, which are important for
hemoglobin synthesis may be responsible of the reduction of Hb value (Marai et al.,
1994). Also the decrease in Hb concentration may be due to the decrease in RBCs in
litters born in May –June months.
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ABDEL- AZEEM et al.
Table 2. Least square means and standard errors (LSM ± S.E) of
haematological parameters as affected by age of kits, mating type, month of
kindling and sex.
Factors
Age of kits:
6 wks
9 wks
Mating type ♂X ♀:
BR X BR
ChG X ChG
FGP X FGP
S XS
BR X ChG
BR X FGP
BR X S
ChG X BR
ChG X FGP
ChG X S
FGP X BR
FGP X ChG
FGP X S
S X BR
S X ChG
S X FGP
Month of kindling:
January
March
April
May-June
Sex:
Male
Female
Haematological Parameters
Hb(g/dl)
RBCs (X106 /mm3)
HT %
***
3.609 ± 0.006b
4.710 ± 0.006a
***
***
10.89 ± 0.010b
11.54 ± 0.010a
***
**
29.71 ± 0.018b
30.21 ± 0.018a
***
4.410 ± 0.018a
3.761 ± 0.018j
3.842 ± 0.018i
3.911 ± 0.018h
4.242 ± 0.018d
4.123 ± 0.018e
4.250 ± 0.018d
3.912 ± 0.018h
3.854 ± 0.018i
4.042 ± 0.018f
4.133 ± 0.018e
4.364 ± 0.018bc
3.961 ± 0.018g
4.260 ± 0.018d
4.322 ± 0.018c
4.401 ± 0.018ab
11.74 ± 0.028a
10.68 ± 0.028i
10.74 ± 0.028hi
10.86 ± 0.028g
11.42 ± 0.028c
11.22 ± 0.028d
11.46 ± 0.028c
10.86 ± 0.028g
10.80 ± 0.028gh
11.09 ± 0.028e
11.20 ± 0.028d
11.61 ± 0.028b
10.96 ± 0.028f
11.60 ± 0.028b
11.64 ± 0.028b
11.62 ± 0.028b
30.83 ± 0.050a
28.96 ± 0.050i
29.12 ± 0.050h
29.33 ± 0.050g
30.31 ± 0.050d
30.08 ± 0.050e
30.38 ± 0.050d
29.43 ± 0.050g
28.99 ± 0.050hi
29.82 ± 0.050f
30.06 ± 0.050e
30.77 ± 0.050ab
29.47 ± 0.050g
30.53 ± 0.050c
30.59 ± 0.050c
30.66 ± 0.050 bc
**
4.182 ± 0.009a
4.136 ± 0.009b
4.069 ± 0.009c
4.050 ± 0.009c
**
11.31 ± 0.014 a
11.25 ± 0.014b
11.17 ± 0.014 c
11.15 ± 0.014 c
**
30.21 ± 0.025 a
30.04 ± 0.025 b
29.82 ± 0.025 c
29.76 ± 0.025 c
ns
4.106 ± 0.006
4.111 ± 0.006
ns
11.22 ± 0.010
11.22 ± 0.010
ns
29.95 ± 0.018
29.96 ± 0.018
Least- squares means ± S.E in the same column within each effect bearing different small letters
differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05.
RBCs = Red blood cells count (X106 /mm3); Hb (gm/dl) = Hemoglobin concentration was measured
by gram in deciliter and HT % = Haematocrit percent.
*** = P ≤ 0.001; ** = P ≤ 0.01 and ns = Insignificant.
Sex showed no significant effects on RBCs, Hb concentration and Ht % as
shown in Table 2. This was mainly due to that rabbits at 6 and 9 weeks of age were
still in the infantile stage. Androgen hormone (Darwish and El-Habbak, 2003) and
testosterone hormone (Khalil, 1997) increase red blood cells formation rate through
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The 5th Inter.Con.on Rabbit Prod. in Hot Clim., Hurghada, Egypt, 2007
increase erythropoietin formation rate in kidney therefore, increase RBC formation in
bone medulla.
Biochemical parameters:
Age of kits affected significantly TG (P≤ 0.001), Glo, Alb/Glo ratio and Alb
(P≤ 0.01 or 0.05) as shown in Table 3. The TP, Alb, Glo, Alb/Glo and TG levels
tended to increase by advancing age from 6 to 9 weeks of age. These results agreed
with those obtained by Jain (1986), Chiericato et al. (2000) and Meshreky et al.
(2005).
Mating type had significant effects (on TP and TG P≤ 0.001), Alb (P≤ 0.01)
and affected Glo and Alb/Glo ratio (P≤ 0.05), as shown in Table 3. The present range
of TP was (5.316 to 5.403 g/dl) is within the range of 2.87 to 10.13 g/dl as reported by
Jain (1986). The TP and its fractions (albumin and globulin values) were high in
crossbred litters. Within the purebred litters, highest value of TP was recorded in FGP
X FGP (5.369 ± 0.001 g/dl). Such results may give evidence that crossbreds were
more able to metabolize protein more efficiently in other purebred litters. These
results agreed with those obtained by Nofal et al. (1999) and Meshreky et al. (2005).
The Alb was higher in crossbred litters than purebred rabbits. These findings
suggested that metabolic rate may be higher in crossbred rabbits. The change in
albumin level reflected the change in liver function (Azoz and El-Kholy, 2005). The
liver is the site of albumin synthesis; meanwhile lymphatic tissues form globulin
(Jones and Bark, 1979). Glo was higher in crossbred litters obtained by mating BR or
FGP rabbits with other breeds. The highest values (2.225 ± 0.004 g/dl) were recorded
FGP X BR crossbreds. Ismail et al. (2002) globulin can be taken as a good indicator of
immunity response. The Alb/Glo ratio was the lowest when sire of FGP rabbits,
followed by BR were used as sires with other breeds. Ismail et al. (2002) clarified the
decrease in Alb/Glo ratio is a good indicator for increase of immunoglobulin. The
crossbred litters had higher value of TG. However, the progeny of ChG X ChG had
higher value of TG (16.20 ± 0.008 mg/dl) than other purebred litters. The mating of
FGP X ChG had higher value of TG (16.38 ± 0.008 mg/dl) than other crossbred litters.
Month of kindling affected significantly (P≤ 0.001) TP, Glo, Alb/Glo ratio,
TG and Alb (P≤ 0.05) as shown in Table 3. The increase in ambient temperature as
associated with the increase in the total plasma protein and its fractions. Plasma
protein importance during heat stress is verified from its function in holding adequate
percentage of water in the intravascular fluids and maintaining the viscosity of blood.
It thus provides an efficient way of transferring the heat from the inside of the body to
the outer surface in the skin for heat dissipation by non-evaporative processes (Kamal
et al., 1982). Although, the increase in the vascular fluid volume may be considered
as a symptom of heat stress it may also be a mean of ameliorating heat stress by
transferring heat from the body core to the peripheral, so that it can be dissipated
396
ABDEL- AZEEM et al.
Table 3. Least square means and standard errors (LSM ± S.E) of biochemical
parameters of plasma as affected by age of kit, mating type, month of kindling and sex.
Biochemical parameters of plasma
Factors
TP(g/dl)
Alb(g/dl)
Glo(g/dl)
Alb/Glo
TG(mg/dl)
Age of kits
6 wks
9 wks
Mating type
BR X BR
ChG X ChG
FGP X FGP
S XS
BR X ChG
BR X FGP
BR X S
ChGX BR
ChG X FGP
ChG X S
FGP X BR
FGP X ChG
FGP X S
S X BR
S X ChG
S X FGP
***
4.891 ± 0.001b
5.885 ± 0.001a
***
5.348 ± 0.001e
5.316 ± 0.001f
5.369 ± 0.001d
5.328 ± 0.001e
5.376 ± 0.001d
5.399 ± 0.001a
5.389 ± 0.001b
5.401 ± 0.001a
5.403 ± 0.001a
5.400 ± 0.001a
5.376 ± 0.001d
5.386 ± 0.001bc
5.375 ± 0.001d
5.400 ± 0.001a
5.401 ± 0.001a
5.398 ± 0.001a
*
3.051 ± 0.001b
3.345 ± 0.001a
**
3.123 ± 0.003f
3.196 ± 0.003cd
3.150 ± 0.003ef
3.145 ± 0.003ef
3.199 ± 0.003cd
3.195 ± 0.003cd
3.123 ± 0.003f
3.238 ± 0.003b
3.228 ± 0.003c
3.254 ± 0.003a
3.151 ± 0.003ef
3.163 ± 0.003d
3.155 ± 0.003e
3.236 ± 0.003b
3.225 ± 0.003c
3.197 ± 0.003cd
**
1.840 ± 0.001b
2.540 ± 0.001a
*
2.225 ± 0.004a
2.120 ± 0.004d
2.219 ± 0.004a
2.183 ± 0.004bc
2.177 ± 0.004bc
2.204 ± 0.004ab
2.176 ± 0.004bc
2.163 ± 0.004cd
2.175 ± 0.004cd
2.146 ± 0.004d
2.225 ± 0.004a
2.223 ± 0.004a
2.220 ± 0.004a
2.164 ± 0.004bc
2.176 ± 0.004ab
2.201 ± 0.004a
**
1.472 ± 0.001a
1.231 ± 0.001b
*
1.423± 0.002d
1.524 ± 0.002a
1.446 ± 0.002cd
1.512 ± 0.002ab
1.486 ± 0.002bc
1.463 ± 0.002bc
1.492 ± 0.002bc
1.516 ± 0.002ab
1.507 ± 0.002ab
1.539 ± 0.002a
1.416 ± 0.002d
1.453 ± 0.002cd
1.451 ± 0.002cd
1.510 ± 0.002ab
1.446 ± 0.002cd
1.420 ± 0.002d
***
15.63 ± 0.003b
16.75 ± 0.003a
***
16.02 ± 0.008k
16.20 ± 0.008f
16.03 ± 0.008k
16.14 ± 0.008h
16.06 ± 0.008j
16.10 ± 0.008i
16.12 ± 0.008h
16.17 ± 0.008g
16.37 ± 0.008ab
16.28 ± 0.008d
16.22 ± 0.008e
16.38 ± 0.008a
16.19 ± 0.008fg
16.08 ± 0.008ij
16.35± 0.008bc
16.33 ± 0.008c
Month of kindling
***
5.06 ± 0.001d
5.30 ± 0.001c
5.45 ± 0.001b
5.75 ± 0.001a
*
3.158 ± 0.002b
3.145 ± 0.002b
3.150 ± 0.002b
3.350 ± 0.002a
***
1.902 ± 0.002d
2.155 ± 0.002c
2.300 ± 0.002b
2.400 ± 0.002a
***
1.523 ± 0.001a
1.493 ± 0.001b
1.392 ± 0.001d
1.417 ± 0.001c
***
16.90 ± 0.004a
16.33 ± 0.004b
15.87 ± 0.004c
15.65 ± 0.004d
January
March
April
May-June
Sex
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
F
5.390 ± 0.0001
3.200 ± 0.001
2.190 ± 0.001
1.506 ± 0.001 16.19 ± 0.003
M
5.395 ± 0.0001
3.206 ± 0.001
2.189 ± 0.001
1.510 ± 0.001 16.19 ± 0.003
Least square means ± S.E in the same column within each effect bearing different superscripts differ
significantly at P ≤ 0.05.
TP (g/dl) = total protein of plasma was measured by gram in deciliter; Alb (g/dl) = albumin
concentration of plasma was measured by gram in deciliter; Glo (g/dl) = globulin concentration of
plasma was measured by gram in deciliter and TG (mg/dl) = triglycerides of plasma was measured by
milligram in deciliter.
BR = Baladi Red rabbits, ChG = Chinchilla Giganta rabbits, FGP = French Giant Papillion rabbits and
S = Simenwar rabbits.
*** = P ≤ 0.001; ** = P ≤ 0.01; * = P ≤ 0.05 and ns = Insignificant.
(Shebaita, 1993). The increase in serum total protein and its fractions in hyperthermic
animals are in agreement with those reported by Okab and El-Banna (2003) and
Meshreky et al. (2005) who found that plasma protein was higher in summer months
than in winter months, which help the animals to withstand heat stress by aiding in
body water retention to provide water for intense evaporative heat loss. Chailyabutr et
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The 5th Inter.Con.on Rabbit Prod. in Hot Clim., Hurghada, Egypt, 2007
al. (1987) reported an increase in plasma water under heat stress conditions by aiding
water retention coinciding with an increase in plasma protein. The same authors
suggested that the increase in body water retention due to the increase in blood total
protein could help animal to tolerate heat stress. The effect of ambient temperature on
blood constituents may be due to the increase water loss (temporary decrease in body
water) and the consequent concentration of body fluids (extracellular and
intracellular) that induces the thirst centre in the hypothalamus through the nerve
impulses to simulate thirst and drinking centers to increase water consumption. The
consumed water passes from the intestine to the vascular compartment thus resulting
in an increase in plasma volume. The aforementioned heat stress seemed to induce
some destruction in body tissues may also occur. The decrease in red blood cells
count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values by this way (Darwish et al.,
1995). TG recorded higher values in litter through January and decreased with the rise
of temperature. The low temperature stimulates increase in feed consumption,
therefore, increasing fat metabolism rate.
Sex showed no significant effects on biochemical parameters studied. These
results agreed with those obtained by Cazabon et al. (2000) and Meshreky et al.
(2005).
Heterosis% and superiority% of haematological and biochemical parameters:
Heterosis % and superiority % of haematological and biochemical parameters
in crossbred rabbits are presented in Tables 4 and 5. The positive and negative
heterosis or superiority shown indicated simple crossing between any two of the
studied breeds could improve some haematological and biochemical parameters,
especially if the genetic bases were different. The superiority of crossbred rabbits in
some blood metabolites may be due to their ability to maintain their normal set-up
biological functions under Middle Egypt conditions especially Fayoum city.
Conclusively, it may be recommended to mate Baladi Red bucks with does
from the other breeds, to maintain the normal set-up biological functions under
Middle Egypt conditions especially in Fayoum Provice. The variations in some blood
components may be due to the genetic variations, which play an important part in the
productive and reproductive traits, as well as, coloured fur of the progeny (more than
fifty percent) are advantages, under such conditions.
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ABDEL- AZEEM et al.
Table 4. Heterosis % and superiority % of hematology parameters in crossbred rabbits.
Heterosis %
Mating types
BR X ChG
BR X FGP
BR X S
ChG X BR
ChG X FGP
ChG X S
FGP X BR
FGP X ChG
FGP X S
S X BR
S X ChG
S X FGP
Superiority %
RBCs
Hb
HT
RBCs
HB
HT
3.79
-0.12
5.99
-4.28
1.32
9.63
0.12
14.74
6.31
6.23
17.23
15.79
1.87
-0.18
1.42
-3.12
0.84
2.97
-0.36
8.4
1.48
2.65
8.08
8.5
1.41
0.35
0.99
-1.55
-0.15
2.3
0.31
5.6
0.85
1.48
4.96
4.9
-3.85
-6.58
-3.63
-11.3
0.26
7.45
-6.35
-1.13
3.13
-3.4
14.89
14.58
-2.73
-4.43
-2.39
-7.5
0.56
2.12
-4.6
8.1
0.92
-1.19
7.18
7.00
-1.66
-2.43
-1.46
-4.53
-0.43
1.65
-2.47
5.67
0.48
-0.97
4.29
4.52
Table 5. Heterosis and superiority percentages of biochemical parameters in plasma
Mating
types
TP
Alb
Heterosis %
Glo
TG
TP
-0.31
0.47
0.25
0.37
1.58
0.68
1.22
1.64
0.65
0
1.11
1.52
0.52
0.56
0.77
0.99
0.63
1.35
0.13
0.32
0.11
0.97
1.37
0.54
Superiority %
Alb
Glo
TG
crossbred rabbits.
BR X ChG
BR X P
BR X S
ChGX BR
ChG X FGP
ChG X S
FGP X BR
FGP X ChG
FGP X S
S X BR
S X ChG
SXP
0.83
0.76
0.96
1.29
1.13
1.47
0.33
0.81
0.50
1.16
1.48
0.93
1.25
1.87
-0.35
2.48
1.73
2.63
0.46
-0.32
0.24
3.25
1.72
1.57
0.21
-0.81
-1.27
-0.44
0.25
-0.26
0.14
2.47
0.86
-1.81
1.14
0
0.09
1.43
-0.70
1.31
1.00
1.81
0.03
-1.03
0.16
2.89
0.91
1.49
-2.16
-0.94
-2.20
-2.79
-1.98
-1.69
0
0.18
0.05
-2.74
-0.32
-0.81
-0.86
0.44
-0.12
-0.19
1.049
0.49
1.19
1.11
0.31
-0.37
0.93
1.17
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‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺪم و اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻮآﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸراﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ و اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻔﺘﺎح ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ دروﻳﺶ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺼﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ‪ ،‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻮم‪ ،63514،‬اﻟﻔﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫‪[email protected]‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ 6144‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ دم ﺑﻬﺪف دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻠ ﻂ ﺑ ﻴﻦ أرﺑﻌ ﺔ أﻧ ﻮاع ﻣ ﻦ اﻷراﻧ ﺐ واﻷﻧ ﻮاع ه ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪي اﻷﺣﻤ ﺮ و اﻟﺸﻨ ﺸﻴﻼ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻼق و اﻟﺒ ﺎﺑﻴﻮن اﻟﻔﺮﻧ ﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻼق و اﻟ ﺴﻴﻤﻨﻮار ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻔ ﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬و ﺿ ﻤﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﺎهﺮ اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪ -:‬ﻋﺪد آﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء و ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠ ﻮﺑﻴﻦ و ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳ ﺔ‬
‫و اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ و اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ و اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ /‬اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ و اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﺪات اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ و ﻗ ﻮة اﻟﻬﺠ ﻴﻦ‬
‫و ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻔ ﻮق ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻧ ﺐ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻄ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷ ﻬﺮ اﻟﻤ ﻴﻼد وﻋﻤ ﺮ اﻻراﻧ ﺐ واﻟﺠ ﻨﺲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬آﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤ ﺮ اﻷراﻧ ﺐ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳ ﺔ )ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ‪ (% 0.001‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪد آ ﺮات اﻟ ﺪم اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء وﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ و اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ و اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﺪات اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ و آﺎن اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨ ﻮي )ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ‪ (% 0.01‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻟﺒﻴ ﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ /‬اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴ ﻮﻟﻴﻦ وﻣﻌﻨ ﻮي )ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ‪(% 0.05‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺳﺠﻠﺖ اﻷراﻧﺐ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ 9‬أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠ ﻚ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ‪ 6‬أﺳ ﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻟﺘﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻣﻼت اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪا ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ /‬اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬آ ﺎن ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺰاوج ﻋ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳ ﺔ )ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ‪ ( % 0.001‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪد آ ﺮات اﻟ ﺪم اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء و‬
‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ و اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻰ و اﻟﺠﻠﻴ ﺴﺮﻳﺪات اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴ ﺔ وآ ﺎن ﻣﻌﻨ ﻮي )ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ‪ ( % 0.01‬ﻣﻊ اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮي )ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ‪ ( % 0.05‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴ ﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ .‬و آﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺰاوج اﻟﺒﻠ ﺪي اﻷﺣﻤ ﺮ ه ﻲ اﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ ﻟﻌ ﺪد آ ﺮات اﻟ ﺪم اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء و ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺰاوج اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ و اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻄﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬آ ﺎن ﻟ ﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﻤ ﻴﻼد ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳ ﺔ )ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ‪ (%0.001‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺒ ﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻰ و اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴ ﻮﻟﻴﻦ و‬
‫اﻟﺠﻠﻴ ﺴﺮﻳﺪات اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴ ﺔ و ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻟﺒﻴ ﻮﻣﻴﻦ ‪ /‬اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴ ﻮﻟﻴﻦ وآ ﺎن اﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨ ﻮي )ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ‪ (%0.01‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺪد آﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء و ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮي )ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ‪(%0.05‬‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻟﺒﻴ ﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ .‬وآﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻷراﻧ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻬﺮ ﻳﻨ ﺎﻳﺮ ه ﻲ اﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻟﻌ ﺪد آ ﺮات اﻟ ﺪم اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء و ﺗﺮآﻴ ﺰ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳ ﺔ و اﻟﺠﻠﻴ ﺴﺮﻳﺪات اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ آﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻷراﻧ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ )ﻣ ﺎﻳﻮ –‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ( هﻲ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ و اﻷﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ و اﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ اى ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ‪.‬‬