Bibliography 7-15 - Forêts Tropicales Humides Le Film

Transcription

Bibliography of Congo Basin Hunter-Gatherer Research
Barry S. Hewlett and Jason M. Fancher
(Washington State University, Vancouver)
Please contact first author ([email protected]) if you want to add
a citation or if citations or information listed below are incorrect.
(Nationality of first author, Ethnic groups discussed, General topic)
Abruzzi, William S.
1979 Population Pressure and Subsistence Strategies among the Mbuti Pygmies.
Human Ecology 7:183-189.
(United States, Mbuti, Subsistence)
1980 Flux among the Mbuti Pygmies of the Ituri Forest: An Ecological
Interpretation. In Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism,
edited by E. Ross, pp. 3-31. Academic Press, New York.
(United States, Mbuti, Population dynamics)
Adé, Boris
1953/1954 Somato-Biologie du Pygmée Africain. Bulletin d. I. Soc. Suisse
d’Anthropologie et Ethnologie 30:67-74.
(Swiss, Several groups, Biological anthropology)
1954 Le Nanisme Racial. Essai d’Interpretation des Facteurs Constitutifs de la
Morphologie du Pygmée Africain. Prélude à Une Monographie. Archives Suisses
d’Anthropologie Générale 19:1-18.
(Swiss, Several groups, Biological anthropology)
Allys, B.
1938 Coutumes et Apprivoisement de Clans Babingas (Pygmées). Bulletin de la
Société des Recherches Congolaise 20:101-104.
(France, Aka, Brief description)
Althabe, Gerard
1965 Changements Sociaux Chez le Pygmées Baka de l’est Cameroun. Cahiers
d'Etudes Africaines 5:561-592.
(France, Baka, Social change)
Arioti, Maria
1985 Edible Animals of the Ituri Forest, Africa in the Ethnozoology of the Efe
Bambuti. Journal of Ethnobiology 5:21-28.
(Italy, Efe, Ethnozoology)
Arom, Simha
1987 La Musique des Pygmées. Le Courrier du CNRS 69-70:60.
(France, Aka, Ethnomusicology)
1991a African Polyphony and Polyrhythm. Musical Structure and Methodology.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1991b La Musique Omniprésente. In Encyclopédie des Pygmées Aka 1, 2, edited by
J. M. C. Thomas and S. Bahuchet, pp. 227-236. SELAF, Paris.
Arom, Simha, and Susanne Fürniss
1993 An Interactive Experimental Method for the Determination of Musical Scales
in Oral Cultures. Application to the Vocal Music of the Aka Pygmies of Central
Africa. Contemporary Music Review 9:7-12.
Aunger, Robert V.
1992a An Ethnography of Variation: Food Avoidances among Horticulturalists and
Foragers in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of
California, Los Angeles.
(United States, Efe, Subsistence)
1992b The Nutritional Consequences of Rejecting Food in the Ituri Forest of Zaire.
Babault, M. Guy
1930 Les Batwa, Pygmées du Kivu. L’Anthropologie 40:539-540.
(France, Twa, Brief description)
Bahuchet, Serge
1972 Etude Ecologique d’Un Campement de Pygmees BaBinga (Region de la
Lobaye, Republique Centrafricaine). Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de
Botanique Appliquee 19:509-559.
(France, Aka, Settlement/Ecology)
1975a Ethnozoologie des Pygmées Babinga de la Lobaye. In L’Homme et L’Animal,
1er Colloque d’Ethnozoologie, pp. Institut International d’Ethnosciences, Paris.
(France, Aka, Ethnozoology)
1975b Rapport sur Une Mission Effectuee en Saison Seche en Lobaye: Observations
sur la Vie d’Une Famille de Pygmées Bayaka. Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et
de Botanique 22:177-197.
(France, Aka, Subsistence)
1978a Introduction à la Ethnoécologie des Pygmées Aka de la Lobaye (Empire
Centrafricain). Mémoire de Diplôme, Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences
Sociales et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
(France, Aka, Ethnoecology)
1978b Contraintes Écologique en Forêt Tropicale Humide: l’Example des Pygmées
Aka de la Lobaye (Centrafrique). Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique
Appliquee 25:257-285.
(France, Aka, Ecological constraints)
1978c La Cueillette Chez les Pygmées Aka, Chasseurs-Cueilleurs de la Forêt
Centrafricaine. Bull. SEZEB 4:21-25.
(France, Aka, Gathering)
1979a Utilisation de l’Espace Forestier par les Pygmées Aka, Chasseurs-Cueilleurs
d'Afrique Centrale. Informations Sciences Sociales 18:999-1019. SAGE, London.
(France, Aka, Use of forest space)
1979b Questionnaire d’Inventaire Linguistique du Aka-Mbènzèlè de Bayanga.
LACITO-CNRS, Ivry.
(France, Aka-Mbenzele, Linguistics)
1982 Une Société de Chasseurs-Cueilleurs et Son Milieu de Vie: Les Pygmées Aka
de la Forêt Centrafricaine. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
1983 Langage, Discours et Techniques des Pygmées Aka de Centrafrique.
Techniques et Culture 1:101-120.
(France, Aka, Linguistics)
1984 Circulation et Échanges en Afrique Tropicale: Relations Entre ChasseursCueilleurs Pygmées et Agriculteurs de Forêt en Centrafrique. Revista de Préhistoria 6:86-97.
(France, Aka, Forager-farmer relations)
1985 Les Pygmees Aka et la Foret Centrafricaine. SELAF, Paris.
(France, Aka, General ethnography)
1986 Ethnoécologie Comparée des Pygmées Aka et des Villageois Ngando de la
Lobaye (R.C.A.). Ecologie Humaine 4:3-18.
1987a Le Filet de Chasse des Pygmées Aka (R.C.A.). In De la Voûte Céleste au
Terroir, du Jardin au Foyer: Mosaïque Sociographique (Textes Offerts à Lucien
Bernot), edited by B. Koechlin, F. Sigaut, J. M. C. Thomas, and G. Toffin, pp. 209226. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
(France, Aka, Net-hunting)
1987b Les Pygmées d’Afrique, Maillon de l’Histoire? Le Courrier duCNRS 69-70:
56-60.
(France, Several groups, History)
1988 Food Supply Uncertainty Among the Aka Pygmies (Lobaye, Central African
Republic). In Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, edited by I. de Garine and
G. A. Harrison, pp. 119-149. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1989a Contribution de l’Ethnolinguistique à l’Histoire des Populations Forestières
d’Afrique Centrale. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat ès Lettres et Sciences Humaines,
Université René Descartes Paris V.
(France, Aka and Baka, Linguistics)
1989b Les Pygmées Aka de la Forêt Centrafricaine. In Se Nourrir en Forêt
Équatoriale: Anthropologie Alimentaire des Populations des Régions Forestières
Humides d’Afrique, edited by C. M. Hladik, S. Bahuchet, and I. de Garine, pp. 1923. UNESCO, Paris.
1989c Les Noms d’Arbres des Pygmées de l’Ouest du Bassin Congolais. Bulletin
Museum Nationale Histoire Naturelles 11:355-365.
(France, Aka, Ethnobotany)
1990a Food Sharing Among the Pygmies of Central Africa. African Study
Monographs 11:27-53.
(France, Aka, Food sharing)
1990b The Aka Pygmies: Hunting and Gathering in the Lobaye Forest. In Food and
Nutrition in the African Rain Forest, edited by C. M. Hladik, S. Bahuchet, and I. de
Garine, pp. 19-23. UNESCO, Paris.
1991 Les Pygmées d’Aujourd’hui en Afrique Centrale. Journal des Africanistes 61:
5-35.
(France, Several groups, Culture change)
1992a Spatial Mobility and Access to Resources among the African Pygmies. In
Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial Boundaries among Foragers,
Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics, edited by M. Casimir and A. Rao, pp. 205257. Berg, New York.
(France, Aka, Mobility)
1992b Dans la Forêt d’Afrique Centrale: Les Pygmées Aka et Baka. SELAF, Paris.
(France, Aka and Baka, General ethnography)
1993a History of the Inhabitants of the Central African Rain Forest: Perspectives
from Comparative Linguistics. In Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural
Interactions and Applications to Development, edited by C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik,
O. F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A. Semple, and M. Hadley, pp. 37-54. UNESCO, Paris.
(France, Several groups, Linguistics)
1993b Situation des Populations Indigènes de Forêts Denses et Humides.
Commission Européenne, Bruxelles.
(France, Several groups, Culture change)
1993c La Rencontre des Agriculteurs: Les Pygmées parmi les Peuples d’Afrique
Centrale. Peeters-SELAF, Paris.
(France, Several groups, General)
1999 Aka Pygmies. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers, edited by
R. B. Lee and R. Daly, pp. 190-194. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
(France, Aka, General description)
Bahuchet, Serge (Editor)
1979 Pygmées de Centrafrique. Etudes Ethnologiques, Historiques et Linguistiques
sur les Pygmées BaMbenga du Nord-Ouest du Bassin Congolais. SELAF, Paris.
(France, Aka, Ethnology/History/Linguistics)
Bahuchet, Serge, and Guy Philippart de Foy
1991 Pygmées: Peuple de la Foret. Denoel, Paris.
(France, Western groups, General)
Bahuchet, Serge, and Henri Guillaume
1979 Relations Entre Chasseurs-Cueilleurs Pygmées et Agriculteurs de la Forêt du
Nord-Ouest du Bassin Congolais. In Pygmées d’Afrique Centrale, edited by S.
Bahuchet, pp. 109-139. SELAF, Paris.
1982 Aka-Farmer Relations in the Northwest Congo Basin. In Politics and History
History in Band Societies, edited by E. Leacock and R. B. Lee, pp. 189-211.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bahuchet, Serge, Doyle McKey, and Igor de Garine
1991 Wild Yams Revisited: Is Independence from Agriculture Possible for Rain
Forest Hunter-Gatherers? Human Ecology 19:213-243.
Bahuchet, Serge, and Jacqueline M. C. Thomas
1983 Réalisation d’un Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Langue des Pygmées Aka
de Centrafrique. Bulletin de l’AELIA 6:173-192.
1985 Conservation des Ressources Alimentaires en Forêt Tropicale Humide:
Chasseurs-Cueilleurs et Proto-Agriculteurs d’Afrique Centrale. In Les Techniques
de Conservation des Grains à Long Terme Volume 3, pp. 15-31. Editions du
CNRS, Paris.
(France, Several groups, Subsistence)
1986 Linguistique et Histoire des Pygmées de l’Ouest du Bassin Congolais. Sprache
und Geschichte in Afrika 7:73-103.
(France, Western groups, Historical linguistics)
1987 Pygmy Religions. In The Encyclopedia of Religions, Volume 12, pp. 107-110.
McMillan, New York.
(France, Several groups, Religion)
Bailey, Robert C.
1989 The Efe: Archers of the African Rain Forest. National Geographic 176:664686.
(United States, Efe, General description)
1991a The Behavioral Ecology of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire.
University of Michigan Anthropological Papers No. 86, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor.
(United States, Efe, Behavioral ecology)
1991b The Comparative Growth of Efe Pygmies and African Farmers from Birth to
Age 5 Years. Annals of Human Biology 18:113-120.
(United States, Efe, Biological anthropology)
Bailey, Robert C., and Robert Aunger, Jr.
1989a Significance of Social Relationships of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest,
Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:495-507.
(United States, Efe, Social relationships)
1989b Net Hunters vs. Archers: Variation in Women’s Subsistence Strategies in the
Ituri Forest. Human Ecology 17:273-297.
(United States, Mbuti, Hunting methods)
1990 Humans as Primates: The Social Relationships of Efe Pygmy Men in
Comparative Perspective. International Journal of Primatology 11:101-121.
(United States, Efe, Social relationships)
Bailey, Robert C., Serge Bahuchet, and Barry Hewlett
1992 Development in the Central African Rainforest: Concern for Forest Peoples. In
Conservation of West and Central African Rainforests, edited by K. Cleaver, M.
Munasinghe, M. Dyson, N. Egli, A. Peuker, F. Wencélius, pp. 202-211. World
Bank Environment Paper Number 1. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
(United States/France, Several groups, Economic development)
Bailey, Robert C., and Irven DeVore
1989 Studies of Efe Pygmies and Lese Horticulturalists in the Ituri Forest, Zaire.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:459-471.
Bailey, Robert C., Genevieve Head, Mark Jenike, Bruce Owen, Robert Rechtman, and
Elzbieta Zechenter
1989 Hunting and Gathering in Tropical Rain Forest: Is It Possible? American
Anthropologist 91:59-82.
(United States, Several groups, Rain forest hunting and gathering)
Bailey, Robert C., and Thomas N. Headland
1991 The Tropical Rain Forest: Is It a Productive Environment for Human Foragers?
(United States, Several groups, Rain forest hunting and gathering)
Bailey, Robert C., and Nadine R. Peacock
1988 Efe Pygmies of Northeast Zaire: Subsistence Strategies in the Ituri Forest. In
Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, pp. 88-117. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Ballif, Noël
1947 Une Expédition Française Chez le Pygmées. Connaissance du Monde 10:6-23.
(France, Aka, General)
1954a Les Danseurs de Dieu: Chez les Pygmées de la Sangha. Hachette, Paris.
(France, Aka, Dance)
1954b Observations Effectuées Chez les Pygmées Babinga: Mission Ogooué-Congo,
1946. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
(France, Aka, General description)
1954c Les Pygmées ne Sont pas des Nains. Reflets du Tourisme 4:47-52.
(France, Aka , “Pygmies are not Dwarves”)
1980 Analyse Critique et Synthèse des Connaissances sur les Pygmées Africains.
Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
(France, Western groups, Critical analysis/Synthesis)
Banier, Abbé Antoine
1729 Dissertation sur les Pygmées. Mémoire de l’Académie des Inscriptions et
Belles et Lettres 5:101-116.
(France, ?, ?)
Barbier, J. C.
1978 Les Pygmées de la Plaine Tika au Cameroun. ONAREST, Yaounde.
(France, Tikar, General ethnography)
Barham, Lawrence S.
2001 Central Africa and the Emergence of Regional Identity in the Middle
Pleistocene. In Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene, edited by
L. S. Barham and K. Robson-Brown, pp. 65-80. Western Academic and Specialist
Press Limited, Bristol.
(United States, Central African archaeology)
Barham, Lawrence S., and Peter Mitchell
2008 The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most
Recent Foragers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
(United States, General archaeological overview)
Barrai, Italo
1986 Dermatoglyphics in Western Pygmies. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L.
Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 307-310. Academic Press, Orlando.
(Italy, Aka, Fingerprint analysis)
Batini, Chiara, Valentina Coia, Cinzia Battaggia, Jorge Rocha, Maya Metni Pilkington,
Gabriella Spedini, David Comas, Giovanni Destro-Bisol, and Francesc Calafell
2007 Phylogeography of the Human Mitochondrial L1c Haplogroup: Genetic
Signatures of the Prehistory of Central Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 43:635-644.
(Italy, Western pygmies, Genetics)
Baumann, Hermann
1938 Afrikanische Wild- und Buschgeister. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 70:208-239.
(Germany, ?, “African wild bush spirits”)
Bayle des Hermens, Roger De
1975 Recherches Préhistoriques en République Centrafricaine. Labethno, Paris.
(France, Archaeology of the Central African Republic)
Bayle des Hermens, Roger De, Richard Oslisly, and Bernard Peyrot
1987 Prèmière Séries de Pierres Taillées du Paléolithique Inférior Découvertes au
Gabon, Afrique Centrale. L’Anthropologie 91:693-698.
(France, Paleolithic archaeology of Gabon)
Beauclerk, John
1993 Hunters and Gatherers of Central Africa. On the Margins of Development.
Oxfam Research Paper No. 6. Oxfam, Oxford.
(United Kingdom, Several groups, Economic development)
Ben-Ari, Eyal
1987 Pygmies and Villagers, Ritual or Play? On the Place of Contrasting Modes of
Metacommunication in Social Systems. Symbolic Interaction 10:167-185.
(Israel, Mbuti, Metacommunication)
Bentz, Bonnie
2001 Adolescent Culture: An Exploration of the Socio-emotional Development of
the Aka Adolescents of the Central African Republic. Oriental Anthropologist 1:
25-32.
(United States, Aka, Socio-emotional development)
Bernini, Luigi F.
1986 Hemoglobins, Haptoglobin, and Transferrins. In African Pygmies, edited by
L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 231-245. Academic Press, Orlando.
(Italian, Aka, Genetics)
Berry, J. W., S. Bahuchet, J. Van de Koppel, R. Annis, C. Sénéchal, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza,
and H. Witkin
1986 On the Edge of the Forest: Cultural Adaptation and Cognitive Development in
Central Africa. Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse.
(International, Aka, Child development)
Bertaut, Maurice
1943 Esquisse Ethnologique pour Servir à l’Étude des Principales Tribus des
Territoires du Cameroun sous Mandat Français. I. Les Pygmées. BSEC Année
1943:11-12.
(France, Western groups, General ethnology)
Betti, Jean L.
2004 An Ethnobotanical of Medicinal Plants among the Baka Pygmies in the Dja
Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon. African Study Monographs 25:1-27.
(Cameroon, Baka, Ethnobotany)
Bicchieri, Marco G.
1969 The Differential Use of Identical Features of Physical Habitat in Connection
with Exploitative Settlement, and Community Patterns: The BaMbuti. In
Contributions to Anthropology: Ecological Essays, edited by D. Dumas, pp. 65-72.
Proceedings of the Conference on Cultural Ecology, Ottawa, 1966. National
Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
(United States, Mbuti, Settlement patterns)
Biesbrouck, Karen
1994 Bagyeli. Sedentarisation Processes and their Changing Relation to the Forest.
Internal Research Report Tropenbos Foundation. State University, Leiden.
(Netherlands, Bagyeli, Sedentarization)
1995 Bagyeli. Sedentarisation Processes and their Changing Relation to the Forest.
Unpublished intermediate research report. State University, Leiden.
1999 Agriculture among Equatorial African Hunter-Gatherers and the Process of
Sedentarization: The Case of the Bagyeli in Cameroon. In Central African HunterGatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K.
Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 189-206. CNWS, Leiden.
Bigombe Logo, Patrice
1995 Quel Developpement Pour les Pygmées du Cameroun? La Voix du Paysan 37.
(Cameroon, Baka and other Cameroon groups, Economic development)
Blench, Roger
1999 Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction? In Central African HunterGatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K.
(United Kingdom, Several groups, Critical analysis)
Bloch, Adolphe
1909 Observations sur la Nains du Jardin d’Acclimatation. Comparaison avec
d’Autres Nains Déjà Décrits et avec les Pygmées. BMAP 10:533-554.
(Germany, Several groups, General)
Bodmer, Julia, Peter Hingley, and Walter Bodmer
1986 HLA Studies on Western and Eastern Pygmies. In African Pygmies, edited by
(United Kingdom, Several groups, Genetics)
Boelaert, Edmond
1936 Waar Komen Onze Pygmoiden Vandaan? Kongo-Overzee 3:22-25.
(Belgium, Twa, General)
1945 Les Batswa de l’Equateur. Æquatoria 8:26.
1946a Quelques Notes sur les Batswa de l’Equateur. Æquatoria 9:58-63.
1946b Les Batswa de l’Equateur. Æquatoria 9:153-154.
1947 Les Batswa, Quelques Notes Démographiques. Æquatoria 10:134-136.
(Belgium, Twa, Demography)
1949a De Toekomst der Batswa. Bulletin l’Institut Royale Colonial Belge 20:199217.
(Belgium, Twa, “The Future of Batswa”)
1949b Pleidooi voor de Batswa. Zaïre 3:1091-1100.
(Belgium, Twa, “Argument for Batswa”)
1949c Klan-Exogamie der Batswa. Kongo-Overzee 15:24-33.
(Belgium, Twa, Clan exogamy)
1953 Book Review of Schebesta: Les Pygmées du Congo Belge. Æquatoria 16:8688.
(Belgium, Mbuti, Book review)
Bogmans, M.
1938 De Pygmäen vom Centraal-Afrika. Louvain.
(Belgium, Several groups, General)
Bouquiaux, Luc
2006 Les Pygmée Aka Victimes de l’Afrocentrisme? Homme: Revue Française
d'Anthropologie 179:227-235.
(France, Aka, Critical analysis)
Bouquiaux, Luc, and Jacqueline M. C. Thomas
1980 Le Peuplement Oubanguien: Hypothèse de Reconstruction de Mouvements
Migratoires dans la Région Oubanguienne d’Après des Données Linguistiques,
Ethnolinguistiques et de Tradition Orale. In L’expansion Bantoue, edited by L.
Bouquiaux, pp. 807-824. Selaf, Paris.
(France, Western groups, Historical linguistics, Bantu expansion)
Brandel, Rose
1952 Music of the Giants and Pygmies of the Belgian Congo. Journal of the African
Music Society 5:16-28.
(?, Several groups, Ethnomusicology)
Bretin-Winkelmolen, Maryvonne
1999 Appui au Développement des Pygmées: Recherches sur Une Approche
Spécifique. In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective:
Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp.
259-264. CNWS, Leiden.
(France, Several groups, Development)
Breuil, Henri
1944 La Paléolithique au Congo Belge d’Apres les Recherches du Docteur Cabu.
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 30:143-160.
(France, Paleolithic archaeology of the Belgian Congo)
Briault, Maurice
1938 Les Pygmées d’Afrique. APSE 54:91-96.
(France, Several groups, ?)
Brisson, Robert
1981 Contes des Pygmées Baka du Sud-Cameroun, 1. Histoires et Contes d’Enfants
- 2. Contes d’Enfants. Douala.
(France, Baka, Children’s stories)
1984 Lexique Français-Baka. Douala.
(France, Baka, Linguistics)
1988 Utilisation des Plantes par les Pygmées Baka. Douala.
(France, Baka, Plant use)
1995 Contes des Pygmées Baka. 3 Volumes. I. S. I. Sangmelima, Cameroun.
(France, Baka, Baka tales)
Brisson, Robert, and Daniel Boursier
1979 Petit Dictionnaire Baka-Français. Mission Catholique, Douala.
(France, Baka, Baka-French dictionary)
Broca, Paul
1874 Les Akka, Race Pygmée de l’Afrique Centrale. Revue d’Anthropologie 3:279287.
(France, Aka, Biological anthropology)
Bruel, Georges
1910 Les Populations de la Moyenne Sanga: Les Babinga. Revue d’Ethnographie et
de Sociologie 5-7:110-125.
1911 Notes Ethnographiques sur Quelques Tribus de l’Afrique Equatoriale
Française. I: Les Populations de la Moyenne Sanga: Pomo, Boumali, Babinga.
Leroux, Paris.
(France, Aka, Ethnographic notes)
1918 L’Afrique Equatoriale Française: Le Pays, Les Habitants, La Colonisation, Les
Pouvoirs Public. Larose, Paris.
1931 Anthropologie et Croyances de l’A.E.F. Bulletin de la Recherches Congolaises
13:39-49.
(France, Several groups, Anthropology of beliefs)
Bundo, Daisuke
2001 Social Relationship Embodied in Singing and Dancing Performances among
the Baka. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 26:85-101.
(Japan, Baka, Dance)
Burrows, Guy
1898 The Land of the Pigmies. New York.
(United Kingdom, Several groups, Travelogue)
Cahen, Daniel
1975 Le Site Archéologique de la Kamoa (Région du Shaba, République du Zaïre):
De L’Age de la Pierre Ancien a L’Age du Fer. Musee Royale de l’Afrique
Centrale, Tervuren.
(France, Kamoa archaeological site in Zaire)
Carels, H.
1935 Les Pygmées de l’Afrique Centrale. Revue Scientifique (Revue Rose Illustrée)
22:751-758.
Carpaneto, Giuseppe M., and Francesco P. Germi
1989 The Mammals in the Zoological Culture of the Mbuti Pygmies in NorthEastern Zaire. Hystrix 1:1-83.
(Italy, Mbuti, Ethnozoology)
Casey, Joanna
2003 The Archaeology of West Africa from the Pleistocene to the Mid-Holocene. In
Under the Canopy: The Archaeology of Tropical Rain Forests, edited by J.
Mercader, pp. 35-63. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and
London.
(United States, Archaeology of tropical West Africa)
2005 Holocene Occupations of the Forest and Savanna. In African Archaeology: A
Critical Introduction, edited by A. B. Stahl, pp. 225-241. Blackwell Publishing,
Oxford.
(United States, Archaeology of forest and savanna occupation)
Castillo-Friel, Conde de
1948 Los Bayeles: Una Tribu Pigmea en la Guinea Española. Africa 83:402-406.
(Spain, Bayeles, Spanish Guinea, General)
1949 Los Bayeles: Un Groupo de Pigmoides de la Guinea Española. Revista de
Antropologia y Etnologia 2:441-467.
(Spain, Bayeles, Spanish Guinea, General)
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca Luigi
1968 Recherches Génétiques sur les Pygmées Babinga de la R.C.A. Cahiers de la
Maboké 6:19-25.
(Italy, Aka, Genetics)
1971 Pygmies, An Example of Hunter-Gatherers, and Genetic Consequences for
Man of Domestication of Plants and Animals. In Human Genetics, 4th
International Conference of Human Genetics, pp. 79-95. Amsterdam.
1977 Biological Research on African Pygmies. In Population Structure and Human
Variation, edited by G. A. Harrison, pp. 273-284. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
(Italy, Several groups, Biological anthropology)
1986a Introduction. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 1-20.
Academic Press, Orlando.
(Italy, Several groups, Edited volume introduction)
1986b Demographic Data. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp.
23-44. Academic Press, Orlando.
(Italy, Western groups, Demography)
1986c Anthropometric Data. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp.
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1952 P. Schebesta’s Expedities Onder de Bambuti-Pygmeeën aan de Ituri-Rivier.
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1960 Note sur la Musique Vocale des Bochiman Kung et des Pygmées Babinga. In
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1994 Houses in the Rainforest: Ethnicity and Inequality among Farmers and
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1936a Bei den Ituri-Pygmäen. Ethnologischer Anzeiger 4:68-76.
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1936b Erforschung der Bambuti-Pygmaen und Ihrer Blutgruppen. Zs. f.
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1937 Zur Rassenbiologie der Kongo-Pygmäen. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift,
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1940 Die Rassenmerkmale der Bambuti-Pygmäen. Akad. Anzeinger der Akademie
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1948 Urwaldmenschen am Ituri: Anthropologisch-Biologische
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1949b Die Twa-Pygmäen in Ruanda. Forschungsergebnisse im Tropischen Afrika
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1956 Die Twiden: Pygmaen und Pygmoide Im Tropischen Afrika. Wienix-Stuttgart:
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1993 African Pygmy Settlement Pattern. Unpublished graduate seminar paper.
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1973 Pygmy Kitabu. Random Press, New York.
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1879 Essai de Coordination des Matériaux Récemment Recueillis sur l’Ethnologie
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1981 The Cultural Ecology of Hunting Behavior among Mbuti Pygmies in the
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2000 Translating the Forest: Tourism, Trophy Hunting and Transformation of
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Hardin, Rebecca, and Melissa J. Remis
2006 Biological and Cultural Anthropology of a Changing Tropical Forest: A
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1905 Life among the Pygmies of the Ituri Forest. London.
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1978 From Subsistence to Market: A Case Study of the Mbuti Net Hunters. Human
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1979 Nomadic Hunters and Village Cultivators: A Study of Subsistence
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2000 Impact and Sustainability of Indigenous Hunting in the Ituri Forest, CongoZaire: A Comparison of the Unhunted and Hunted Duiker Populations. In
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Hart, John A., and Terese B. Hart
1984 The Mbuti of Zaire: Political Change and the Opening of the Ituri Forest.
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Hart, John A., and G. A. Petrides
1987 A Study of Relationships Between Mbuti Hunting Systems and Faunal
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Hart, Terese B., and John A. Hart
1986 The Ecological Basis of Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence in African Rain Forests:
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1951 Les Pygmées Ba-Binga de l’A. E. F. Acta Geographica 16:12-13.
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1961 La Vie Secrète des Pygmées. Les Editions du Temps, Paris.
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Hasstedt, Sandra J.
1986 An Analysis of the Inheritance of Height in the Pygmies of the Central African
Republic. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 311-317.
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Hattori, Shiho
2005 Nature Conservation and Hunter-Gatherers’ Life in Cameroonian Rainforest.
African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 29:41-51.
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2006 Utilization of Marantaceae Plants by Baka Hunter-Gatherers in Southeastern
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Hauser, André
1953 Les Babinga. Zaïre 7:147-180.
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Hayashi, Koji
2000 Hunting and Gathering Activities of the Baka in Southeastern Cameroon: The
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2008 Hunting Activities in Forest Camps Among the Baka Hunter-Gatherers of
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1987 The Wild Yam Question: How Well Could Independent Hunter-Gatherers Live
in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem? Human Ecology 15:463-491.
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Headland, Thomas N., and Robert C. Bailey
1991 Introduction: Have Hunter-Gatherers Ever Lived in Tropical Rain Forest
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Headland, Thomas N., and Lawrence A. Reid
1989 Hunter-Gatherers and Their Neighbors from Prehistory to the Present. Current
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Hewlett, Barry S.
1977 Notes on the Aka and Mbuti Pygmies of Central Africa. Unpublished M. A.
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1987 Intimate Fathers: Paternal Patterns of Holding Among Aka Pygmies. In
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1988 Sexual Selection and Paternal Investment Among Aka Pygmies. In Human
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1989 Multiple Caretaking among African Pygmies. American Anthropologist 91:
186-191.
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1991 Intimate Fathers: The Nature and Context of Aka Pygmy Paternal Infant
Care. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
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1992a Husband-Wife Reciprocity and the Father-Infant Relationship among Aka
Pygmies. In Father-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts, edited by
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1992b The Parent-Infant Relationship and Social-Emotional Development among
Aka Pygmies. In Parent-Child Socialization in Diverse Cultures, edited by J. L.
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1996a Cultural Diversity Among African Pygmies. In Cultural Diversity Among
Twentieth Century Foragers: An African Perspective, edited by S. Kent, pp. 215244. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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1996b Foragers and Rural Development. Unpublished report to ECOFAC.
Composante RCA Ngotto Forest Reserve, Republique Centrafricaine.
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1997 Cultural Nexus of Aka Fatherhood. In Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective,
edited by C. B. Brettel and C. Sargent, pp. 88-112. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey.
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2000 Central African Government’s and NGO’s Perceptions of Baka Pygmy
Development. In Hunter-Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance and
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pp. 380-390. Berghahn, New York.
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2001 Cultural Nexus of Aka Father-Infant Bonding. In Gender in Cross-Cultural
Perspective, edited by C. B. Brettell and C. F. Sargent, pp. 45-56. Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River.
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2008 Fathers and Infants among Aka Pygmies. In Anthropology and Child
Development, edited by R. A. LeVine and R. S. New, pp. 84-99. Blackwell
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Hewlett, Barry S., and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza
1986 Cultural Transmission among Aka Pygmies. American Anthropologist 88:922934.
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1992 Barkcloth Designs of Mbuti Women. Human Mosaic 25:1-9.
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Hewlett, Barry S., and Michael E. Lamb
2002 Integrating Evolution, Culture and Developmental Psychology: Explaining
Caregiver-Infant Proximity and Responsiveness in Central Africa and the USA.
In Between Culture and Biology: Perspectives on Ontogenetic Development,
edited by H. Keller, Y. Portinga, and A. Schölmerich, pp. 241-269. Cambridge
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(International, Aka, Forager sharing models)
Hewlett, Barry S., Michael E. Lamb, Donald Shannon, Birgit Leyendecker, and Axel
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1998 Culture and Early Infancy among Central African Foragers and Farmers.
Developmental Psychology 34:653-661.
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Hewlett, Barry S., Jan M. H. Van de Koppel, and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
1982 Exploration Ranges of Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic. Man 17:
418-430.
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1986 Exploration and Mating Range of the Aka Pygmies of the Central African
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Hewlett, Barry S., Jan M. H. Van de Koppel, and M. Van de Koppel
1986 Causes of Death among Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic. In
African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 45-63. Academic Press,
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Hewlett, Barry S., and Phillip L. Walker
1991 Social Status and Dental Health among the Aka and Mbuti Pygmies.
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Hewlett, Bonnie L.
2001 Adolescent Culture: An Exploration of the Socio-Emotional Development of
the Aka Adolescents of the Central African Republic. The Oriental Anthropologist
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2004a Aka and Ngandu Adolescents of the Central African Republic: An Exploration
of the Inter- and Intracultural Variability of Socio-Emotional Development,
Response to Loss and Health Status. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Washington
State University.
2004b Vulnerable Lives: Death, Loss and Grief among Aka and Ngandu Adolescents
of the Central African Republic. In Culture and Ecology of Hunter-Gatherer
Children, edited by B. S. Hewlett and M. E. Lamb, pp. 322-342. Aldine de
Gruyter, New York.
(United States, Aka, Mourning)
Hewlett, Bonnie L., and Barry S. Hewlett
2008 A Biocultural Approach to Sex, Love, and Intimacy in Central African
Foragers and Farmers. In Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures, edited by
W. Jankowiak, pp. 39-64. Columbia University Press, New York.
(United States, Aka, Sex, love, and intimacy)
Hildén, Kaarlo
1953 Das Pygmäenproblem (in Finnish, mit kurzer Zusammenfassung in German).
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Hirschberg, Walter
1934 The Problem of Relationship between Pygmies and Bushmen. Africa 7:444451.
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Hladik, Annette, and Edmond Dounias
1993 Wild Yams of the African Forest as Potential Food Resources. In Tropical
Forests, People, and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to
Development, edited by C. Hladik, pp. 163-176. UNESCO, Paris.
Hladik, Claude M., and Annette Hladik
1990 Food Resources of the Rain Forest. In Food and Nutrition in the African
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1953 Der Zwergwuchs der Ituri-Pygmäen. Anzeiger der Mathem.-Naturwissenich.
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1954a Körperbau- und Wachstumsstudien an den Ituri-Pygmäen aus den
Anthropometrischen Angaben von Gusinde und Schebesta. CAEvi:324.
1954b Die Zwergformen bei Ituri-Pygmäen und Negrito. Mitteilungen der
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1954c Der Vitamin-D-Stoffwechsel bei den Ituri-Pygmäen. CAEvi:324.
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Howell, Signe, and Espen Wæhle
1992 Peoples of the Rainforests. Efe, Chewong, Araweté/I Urfolkenes Regnkog: Efe,
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Hubinont, Pierre O., and Jean Snoeck
1949 Répartition des Gènes Rh (CDEcde) Chez les Pygmées Batswa des Ntomba.
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Hudson, Jean
1990 Advancing Methods in Zooarchaeology: An Ethnoarchaeological Study
Among the Aka. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California,
Santa Barbara.
(United States, Aka, Ethnoarchaeology/Zooarchaeology)
1991 Nonselective Small Game Hunting Strategies: An Ethnoarchaeological Study
of Aka Pygmy Sites. In Human Predators and Prey Mortality, edited by M. Stiner,
pp. 105-120. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
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1992 An Ethnoarchaeological Look at Settlement Patterns among Modern Aka
Pygmies. In Biannual Meeting of the Society for Africanist Archaeologists, pp. 111.
1993 The Impacts of Domestic Dogs on Bone in Forager Camps. In From Bones to
Behavior: Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Contributions to the
Interpretation of Faunal Remains, edited by J. Hudson, pp. 301-323. Southern
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Hulstaert, Gustaaf
1948 Le Dialect de Pygmoïdes Batswa de l’Equateur. Africa 18:21-28.
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1953 Que Signifie le Nom Batswa? Æquatoria 15:101-104.
Ichikawa, Mitsuo
1976 The Hunting Life of the Mbuti Pygmies. Shizen 31:26-35.
(Japan, Mbuti, Hunting)
1978 The Residential Groups of the Mbuti Pygmies. Senri Ethnological Studies 1:
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(Japan, Mbuti, Residential groups)
1979 The Net Hunting of the Mbuti Pygmies. Kikan-Minzokugaku 8:99-104.
(Japan, Mbuti, Net hunting)
1981 Ecological and Sociological Importance of Honey to the Mbuti Net Hunters,
Eastern Zaire. African Study Monographs 1:55-69.
(Japan, Mbuti, Subsistence)
1982 The Hunters of the Forest: The Mbuti Pygmies. Jinbuin-Shoin, Kyoto.
1983 An Examination of the Hunting-Dependent Life of the Mbuti Pygmies, Eastern
Zaire. African Study Monographs 4:55-76.
1986 Ecological Bases of Symbiosis, Territoriality and Intra-Band Cooperation of
The Mbuti Pygmies. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7:161-188.
(Japan, Mbuti, Cultural ecology)
1987 Food Restrictions of the Mbuti Pygmies, Eastern Zaire. African Study
Monographs, Supplementary Issue 6:97-121.
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1991a The Impact of Commoditisation on the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire. In Cash,
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Matsuyama, pp. 135-162. Senri Ethnological Studies 30.
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1991b Barter and Cash Transactions in the Ituri Forest of Zaire, with Special
Reference to the Inconsistency of Exchange Rates. In Interpretations of Other
Cultures, edited by Y. Tani, pp. 48-77. Jinbun-Shoin, Kyoto.
(Japan, Mbuti, Commoditization)
1992 Diversity and Multiplicity in the Forest Use by the African Hunter-Gatherers.
Tropics 2:107-121.
1993 Diversity and Selectivity in the Food of the Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers in Zaire. In
Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to
Development, edited by C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik, O. F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A.
Semple, and M. Hadley, pp. 621-632. UNESCO, Paris.
1996 The Co-Existence of Man and Nature in the Central African Rain Forest. In
Redefining Nature, edited by R. Ellen and K. Fukui, pp. 467-492. Berg Publishers.
(Japan, Mbuti, Forager relations with natural environment)
1998 The Birds as Indicators of the Invisible World: Ethno-Ornithology of the Mbuti
Hunter-Gatherers. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 25:105-121.
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1999 Interactive Process of Man and Nature in the Ituri Forest of the Democratic
Republic of Congo: An Approach from Historical Ecology. In Central African
Hunter-Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness,
edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 141-152. CNWS, Leiden.
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2001 The Forest World as a Circulation System: The Impacts of Mbuti Habitation
and Subsistence Activities on the Forest Environment. African Study Monographs,
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2004a The Japanese Tradition of Central African Hunter-gatherer Studies: with
Comparative Observation on the French and American Traditions. In HunterGatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology, edited by A. Barnard, pp.
103-114. Berg Publishers, Oxford.
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2004b Benefit of Foresight: From Evolutionary Interest to Global Environmental
Problems. Before Farming, 2004(4):Article 7 (On-line journal)
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2005a Food Sharing and Ownership among the Central African Hunter-gatherers: An
Evolutionary Perspective. In Property and Equality, edited by T. Widlok and W.
Tadasse, pp. 151-164. Berghahn, Oxford.
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2005b The History and Current Situation of Anthropological Studies on Africa in
Japan. The African Anthropologist (Journal of the Pan African Anthropological
Association) 12(2):158-171.
(Japan, Several groups, History of central African forager studies in Japan)
2006 Problems in the Conservation of Rainforests in Cameroon. African Study
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2007 L’évitement Alimentaire des Viandes d’Animaux Sauvages Chez les
Chasseurs-Cueilleurs d’Afrique Centrale. In Le Symbolisme des Animaux –
L’animal “Clé de Voûte” dans la Tradition Orale et les Interactions HommeNature, edited by E. Dounias, E. Motte-Florac, and M. Mesnil. Colloques et
Séminaires-IRD, Paris.
(Japan, Several groups, Symbolism of game animals)
2008 Forests and Indigenous People in Post-Conflict Democratic Republic of Congo.
Afrasian Studies, Ryukoku University.
(Japan, Several groups in DRC, Development)
Ichikawa, Mitsuo, and Daiji Kimura
2003 Recent Advances in Central African Hunter-Gatherer Research. African Study
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Ichikawa, Mitsuo, Daiji Kimura, and Hideaki Terashima
2001 AFlora: A Database of Traditional Plant Use in Africa. Systematics and
Geography of Plants, 71:749-756.
(Japan, Several groups, Ethnobotany)
Ichikawa, Mitsuo, and Hideaki Terashima
1996 Cultural Diversity in the Use of Plants by Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers in
Northeastern Zaire: An Ethnobotanical Approach. In Cultural Diversity Among
Twentieth Century Foragers: An African Perspective, edited by S. Kent, pp. 276293. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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Ivey, Paula K.
2000 Cooperative Reproduction in Ituri Forest Hunter-Gatherers: Who Cares for Efe
Infants? Current Anthropology 41:856-866.
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Ivey, Paula H, Gilda A. Morelli and Edward Z. Tronick
2005 Child Caretakers Among Efe Foragers of the Ituri Forest. In Hunter-Gatherer
Childhoods, Barry S. Hewlett and Michael E. Lamb, eds, pp. 191-213. New
Brunswick, NJ: Aldine/Transaction.
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Jackson, Dorothy
1999 Some Recent International Initiatives in Equatorial African and their Impacts
on Forest Peoples. In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary
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Jacquot, André
1959 La Langue des Pygmées de la Sangha. Essai d’Identification, (Brazzaville).
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Jadin, J.
1936a Groupes Sanguin des Pygmées et des Nègres de l’Ituri (Congo Belge).
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1936b Les Groupes Sanguins des Pygmées de l’Ituri. 16e Congrès International
d’Anthropologie et Archéologie Prehistorique 113-121.
1936c Les Pygmées de l’Ituri. 16e Congrès International d’Anthropologie et
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1938 Aperçu sur l’Etat Sanitaire des Pygmées de l’Ituri. Anthropologie 16:69-83.
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Jadin, J., and J. Matiegka
1935 Mensurations du Bassin Quelques Femmes Pygmées du Camp de Paligbo
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Jak, J.
1936 De Dwergen of Pygmeeën von Belgisch Congo. De Missie Post 11:36-44.
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Janmart, Jean
1952 Elephant Hunting as Practiced by the Congo Pygmies. American
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Jayakar, Suresh D., and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
1986 Gene Frequency Variation, Population Genetic Structure, and Natural
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1951 Pygmies-Human and Otherwise. South African Journal of Sciences 47:227233.
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1953 The Batwa: Who are They? Africa 23:45-54.
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Jenike, Mark R.
1985 Seasonal Changes in Efe Foraging Behavior Examined from the Perspective of
the Diet Breadth Model. Unpublished B.A. thesis, Harvard-Radcliffe College.
Johnson, Martin
1931 Congorilla: Adventures with Pygmies and Gorillas in Africa. New York.
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Johnston, Harry Hamilton
1903 The Pygmies of the Great Congo Forest. Annual Report of the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, for the Year Ending 1902, pp. 479-491.
1905 Pygmées et Hommes Simièsques de la Frontière de l’Ouganda. Revue
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1932c Die Zentral-Afrikanischen Pygmäen. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen
Gesselschaft in Wien 62:14-21.
1933 Among Congo Pygmies. Hutchinson and Co., London.
1934 Vollblutneger und Halbzwerge. Forschungen unter Waldnegern und
Halbpygmäen am Ituri in Belgisch-Kongo. Salzburg.
(Germany, Mbuti, Biological relationships)
1935 Die Religion der Bacwa-Pygmoiden am Equateur (Belgische-Kongo). Archiv
für Religionswissenschaft 32:38-51.
(Germany, Bacwa, Religion)
1936a My Pygmy and Negro Hosts. Hutchinson and Co., London.
1936b Donnees Essentielles sur la des Pygmees. Congo 1:321-331.
(Germany, Mbuti, “Essential data”)
1936c Einheit, Ursprung und Stellung der Pygmäen in der Geschichte der
Menschheitsentwicklung. Anthropos 31:659-671.
(Germany, Mbuti, “Position of pygmies in human development”)
1937a Revisiting My Pygmy Hosts. Hutchinson and Co., London.
1937b Einheit, Ursprung und Stellung der Pygmäen in der Geschichte der
Menschheitsentwicklung. Anthropos 32:276.
(Germany, Mbuti, “Position of pygmies in human development”)
1937c Physiologische Beobachtungen an den Ituri-Pygmäen. Zeitschrift für
Rassenkunde 5:113-123.
(Germany, Mbuti, Physical observations)
1938 Die Bambuti-Pygmäen vom Ituri 1: Geschichte, Geographie. Umwelt,
Demographie und Anthropologie der Ituri-Bambuti. Brussels.
(Germany, Mbuti, History/Geography/Demography/Anthropology)
1940 Les Pygmées. Gallimard, Paris.
1941 Die Bambuti-Pygmäen vom Ituri 2, Part 1: Die Wirtschaft der Ituri-Bambuti.
Brussels.
(Germany, Mbuti, Economy)
1947 Tore, le Dieu Forestier des Bambuti. Zaire 1:181-195.
1948a Die Bambuti-Pygmäen vom Ituri 2, Part 2: Das Gessellungsleben. Brussels.
(Germany, Mbuti, “Gessellungsleben”?)
1948b Benennung der Afrikanischen Pygmäengruppen. Mitteilungen der
(Germany, Mbuti, Designation of African pygmies)
1949 La Langue des Pygmees. Zaire 3:119-128.
(Germany, Mbuti, Linguistics)
1950a Die Bambuti-Pygmäen vom Ituri 2, Part 3: Die Religion. Brussels.
1950b Das Pygmäenproblem. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesselschaft in
Wien 92:261-267.
(Germany, Mbuti, “The pygmy problem”)
1952a Les Pygmées du Congo Belge. Mémoire de l’Institut Royal Colonial Belge,
Series 8, Volume 26.
1952b Das Problem der Pygmäensprache. Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und
Linguistik 9:426-451.
(Germany, Mbuti, “The problem of pygmy language”)
1954 Die Pygmäen. Geographische Rundschau 6:382-386.
(Germany, Mbuti, ?)
1955 Somato-Biologie der Afrikanischen Pygmäen. Mitteilungen der
Anthropologischen Gesselschaft in Wien 84/85:81-82.
1957 Pygmy Music and Ceremonial. Man 57:78.
(Germany, Mbuti, Ethnomusicology)
1958 Bambuti-Initiation. Kongo-Overzee 24:136-161.
(Germany, Mbuti, Initiation ceremony)
1963 Colin M. Turnbull und Die Erforschung der Bambuti-Pygmäen. Anthropos 58:
209-223.
(Germany, Mbuti, Comments on Turnbull’s work among the Mbuti)
Schebesta, Paul, and Viktor Lebzelter
1933 Anthropologie Stredoafrickych Pygmeju v Belgickém Kongu. V Praze.
(Germany/Austria, Mbuti, ?)
Schebesta, Paul, and Jindřich Matiegka
1935 Dite Sredoafrickych Pygmeju a Jeho Telesna Povaha. Anthropologie 13.
(Germany/Czech Republic, Biological anthropology)
Schlanginhaufen, Otto
1916 Pygmäenrassen und Pygmäenfrage. Vierteljahr-Schrift der Naturforsch. Ges.:
249-276.
(Switzerland, ?, ?)
Schlichter, Henry
1892 The Pygmy of Africa. The Scottish Geographical Magazine 8:289-301, 345356.
Schmidt, Emil
1905 Prähistoriche Pygmäen. Globus 87:309.
(Germany, Pygmy prehistory)
Schmidt, Wilhelm
1910 Die Stellung der Pygmäen-Völker in der Entwicklungsgeschichte der
Menschen. Stuttgart.
(Germany, ?, “Place of pygmies in human development”)
1925/1926 Die Pygmäenvölker als Älteste Derzeit uns Erreichbare
Menschheitsschicht. Hochland 23:574-592.
(Germany, ?, ?)
1936 Die Stellung der Pygmäen in der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Menschheit.
Anthropos 31:934-935.
(Germany, ?, “Position of pygmies in the development history of makind”)
Schnell, R.
1943 Les Traditions Relatives aux Pygmées en Afrique Occidentale. Notes
Africaines No. 20.
(France, ?, Pygmy traditions)
Schultz, Michael
1986 Economic Relations Between Batua and Baoto of Bibelo Village, Bikoro Zone,
Republic of Zaire: A Preliminary Report on New Fieldwork. Sprache und
Geschichte in Afrika 7:339-359.
(?, Twa, Forager-farmer relations)
1991 The Batua and the Baoto of the Central Basin of Zaïre: A Study of Changing
Subsistence Patterns and Hunter-Gatherer Farmer Interaction Under the Impact of
Colonialism. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University.
(?, Twa, Subsistence/Forager-farmer relations)
Schumacher, Peter
1925 Forschungreise zu den Pygmäen in Ruanda (Ostafrika). Anthropos 20:696-701,
1132-1135.
(Austria, Twa, “Research among Rwandan pygmies”)
1926 Quelques Tribus Pygmées du Centre Africain. Semaine Intern. d’Ethnologie
Religieuse, IVe Session, Milan 17-25 Sept. 1925:262-276.
(Austria, ?, “Central African pygmy tribes”)
1927 Familie und Gemeinschaft der Kivu-Pygmäen. Anthropos 22:530-549.
(Austria, Twa, “Family and community”)
1927/1928a Die Expedition zu den Kivu-Pygmäen in Ruanda. Anthropos 22:289290, 530-549; Anthropos 23:395-435.
(Austria, Twa, ?)
1927/1928b Les Pygmées Bagesera et Bazigaba aux Cascades du Karambo-Bikore.
Congo 2:544-554, 717-725; Congo 3:150-180, 228-240, 755-756.
(Austria, Efe, General)
1928a Rechts-, Gemeinschafts- und Eigentumsver-hältnisse,
Individualcharakteristikin der Zentralafrikanischen Kivu-Pygmäen. Anthropos 23:
395-435.
(Austria, Twa, “Justice, community, and ownership relationships”)
1928b Gottesglaube und Weltanschauung der Zentralafrikanischen Kivu-Pygmäen
Bagesera-Bazigaba. Fetschrift für P. W. Schmidt:677-692. Wien.
(Austria, Twa and Efe, Religion)
1928c La Morale Chez les Pygmées du Ruanda. Rev. Hist. Miss. 2:199-209.
(Austria, ?, Morality)
1928d L’Éthique Chez les Pygmées. Congo 2:286-301.
(Austria, ?, General)
1939 Anthropometrische Aufnahmen bei den Kivu-Pygmäen. Institut des Parcs
Nationaux du Congo Belge, Bruxelles.
(Austria, Twa, Biological anthropology)
1940 Les Pygmées du Kivu. Africa 13:165-170.
(Austria, Twa, ?)
1943 Die Kivu-Pygmäen und Ihre Soziale Umwelt im Albert-Nationalpark. Institut
des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, Bruxelles.
(Austria, Twa, Social environment)
1947a Les Twides. Zaïre 1:1049-1053.
(Austria, Twa, ?)
1947b Les Batwa sont-ils des Pygmées Authentiques? Æquatoria 10:130-133.
(Austria, Twa, “The Batwa are authentic pygmies?”)
1949a Twiden. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesselschaft in Wien 91:240-241.
(Austria, ?, ?)
1949b Encore les Twides? Zaïre 3:1023-1026.
(Austria, Twa, ?)
1950 Expedition zu den Zentralafrikanischen Kivu-Pygmäen II. Die Kivu-Pygmäen,
Twiden. Inst. Royal Colonial Belge (Mémoires Sciences Morals et Politiques 5),
Brussels.
(Austria, Twa, ?)
Schwalbe, Gustav
1910 P. W. Schmidts Arbeit “Die Stellung der Pygmäenvölker in der
Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen”. (Eine Besprechung.) Globus 98:53-56.
(Germany, ?, A review of Schmidt’s work)
Sebalinda, Gaspard
1993 The Relationship Between the Batwa and the State of Rwanda. In Never Drink
From the Same Cup, edited by H. Weber, J. Dahls, F. Wilson, and E. Wæhle, pp.
163-171. IWGIA Document No. 52. IWGIA, Copenhagen.
(Denmark?, Twa, Twa and the nation-state of Rwanda)
Seitz, Stefan
1993 Pygmées d’Afrique Centrale. Peeters/SELAF, Paris.
(Germany, Twa, ?)
Seiwert, Johannes
1926 Die Bagielli, ein Pygmäenstamm des Kamerun Urwaldes. Anthropos 21:127147.
(Germany, Bagielli, Missionary report)
Sénéchal, Claude J.
1975 Entre Pygmées et BaNgandou (Exposé). Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences
Sociales, Paris.
1979 L’Identité Linguistique des Pygmées Aka de Bagandou. In Pygmées de
Centrafrique, edited by S. Bahuchet, pp. 33-50. SELAF, Paris.
Seyffert, Carl
1913 Totenbräuche und Todesvostellungen bei den Zentralafrikanischen Pygmäen,
den Buschmännern und Hottentotten. Archiv für Anthropologie 12:184-219.
(Germany, ?, Mortuary ritual of pygmies, bushmen, and hottentots)
Shannon, Donald
1996 Early Infant Care among the Aka. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Washington State
University.
(United States, Aka, Infant care)
Shea, Brian T., and Robert C. Bailey
1996 Allometry and Adaptation of Body Proportions and Stature in African Pygmies.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100:311-340.
Siccardi, Antonio G., Andrea Peracino, Santica Marcovina, and Suresh D. Jayakar
1986 Selected Immunochemical and Clinical Laboratory Data. In African Pygmies,
edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 139-141. Academic Press, Orlando.
Slanar, Hans
1943 Die Pygmäen des Östlichen Kongo-Urwaldes. Mitteilungen der
(Austria, ?, ?)
Smith, Edwin W.
1938 The Language of the Pygmies of the Ituri. Journal of the Royal African Society
37:464-470.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Linguistics)
Soors, M.
1950 Notes sur les Pygmées. Zaire 4:299-301.
(Belgium?, ?, ?)
Staffe, Adolf
1936 Zwerghaustiere und Pygmäenbastarde im Südkameruner Urwald und
Bemerkungen zur Pygmäenfrage. Forschungen und Fortschritte 12:251-253.
(Germany, ?, ?)
Struck, Bernard
1914 Über Pygmäennamen. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 46:168-171.
(Germany, ?, ?)
Takeuchi, Kiyoshi
1991 Social Identity among the Aka. In Natural History of Human Beings, edited by
J. Tanaka and M. Kakeya, pp. 415-440. Heibonsha, Tokyo.
(Japan, Aka, Social identity)
1994 Dietary Avoidance among the Aka Hunter-Gatherers, Northeastern Congo.
Journal of African Studies 44:1-28.
(Japan, Aka, Subsistence/Dietary avoidance)
1995a Ritual Aspects and Pleasure in Hunting Activity: Cooperation and Distribution
in the Net-Hunting Activity of the Aka Hunter-Gatherers in Northeastern Congo.
Journal of African Studies 46:57-76.
(Japan, Aka, Net hunting)
1995b Subsistence Hunting in African Tropical Forest: Hunting Techniques and
Activities among the Aka Hunter-Gatherers, Northeastern Congo. Zooarchaeology
4:27-52.
(Japan, Aka, Hunting)
2001 He Has Become a Gorilla: The Ambivalent Symbiosis Between Aka HunterGatherers and Neighboring Farmers. In The World Where Peoples and Forest
Coexist, edited by M. Ichikawa and H. Sato, pp. 223-253. Kyoto University Press,
Kyoto.
(Japan, Aka, Forager-farmer relations)
Tanaka, Jiro
1978 A Study of the Comparative Ecology of African Hunter-Gatherers with Special
Reference to San (Bushman-Speaking People) and Pygmies. Senri Ethnological
Studies 1:189-212.
(Japan, Several groups, Comparative ecology)
Tanno, Tadashi
1976 The Mbuti Net-hunters in the Ituri Forest, Eastern Zaire: Their Hunting
Activities and Band Composition. Kyoto University African Studies 10:101-135.
(Japan, Mbuti, Net hunting)
1981 Plant Utilization of the Mbuti Pygmies with Special Reference to their Material
Culture and Use of Wild Vegetable Foods. African Study Monographs 1:1-51.
(Japan, Mbuti, Plant use)
1991 “Distribution” as “Sharing.” In Natural History of Human Beings, edited by J.
Tanaka and M. Kakeya, pp. 35-58. Heibonsha, Tokyo.
(Japan, Mbuti, Food sharing)
Tastevin, Constant
1935 La Religion des Négrilles Ba M’Binga de l’Oubangui. 16e Congrès
International d’Anthropologie et Archéologie Prehistorique:885-891.
(France, Aka, Religion)
1942 Pages d’Ethnologie Religieuse: Les Pygmées. Année Théologienne 3, 2/3.
1949 Les Pygmées dans les Missions des Pères du St. Esrit. Missionaires 3:73-77.
Terashima, Hideaki
1980 Hunting Life of the Bambote: An Anthropological Study of Hunter-Gatherers
in a Wooded Savanna. Senri Ethnological Studies 6:223-268.
1983 Mota and Other Hunting Activities of the Mbuti Archers: A Socio-Ecological
Study of Subsistence Technology. African Study Monographs 3:71-85.
(Japan, Mbuti, Subsistence/Hunting technology)
1984 The Structure of the Band of Mbuti Archers. In Afurika Bunka no Kenkyu,
edited by J. Itani and T. Yoneyama, pp. 3-41. Academica Shuppan-kai, Kyoto.
1985 Variation and Composition Principles of the Residence Group (Band) of the
Mbuti Pygmies: Beyond a Typical/Atypical Dichotomy. African Study
Monographs, Supplemental 4:103-120.
(Japan, Mbuti, Residence groups)
1986 Economic Exchange and the Symbiotic Relationship Between the Mbuti (Efe)
Pygmies and the Neighboring Farmers. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7:391405.
(Japan, Efe, Forager-farmer relations)
1987 Why Efe Girls Marry Farmers: Socio-ecological Backgrounds of Inter-ethnic
Marriage in the Ituri Forest. African Study Monographs 6:65-84.
1991 Forest, Village and Honey: Several Levels of Interaction Between HunterGatherers and Farmers. In Natural History of Human Beings, edited by J.
Tanaka and M. Kakeya, pp. 465-486. Heibonsha, Tokyo.
1998 Honey and Holidays: The Interactions Mediated by Honey Between Efe
Hunter-Gatherers and Lese Farmers in the Ituri Forest. African Study Monographs,
2003 Names, Uses and Attributes of Plants and Animals among the Ituri Forest
Foragers: A Comparative Ethnobotanical and Ethnozoological Study. African
Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 28:7-24.
(Japan, Mbuti and Efe, Ethnobotany/Ethnozoology)
Terashima, Hideaki, and Mitsuo Ichikawa
2003 A Comparative Ethnobotany of the Mbuti and Efe Hunter-Gatherers in the
Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. African Study Monographs 24:1-168.
(Japan, Mbuti and Efe, Ethnobotany)
Terashima, Hideaki, Mitsuo Ichikawa, and Itaru Ohta
1991 AFlora Catalog of Useful Plants of Tropical Africa. Part I. Forest Areas.
African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 16:1-195.
(Japan, Regional, Ethnobotany)
Terashima, Hideaki, Mitsuo Ichikawa, Masato Sawada
1988 Wild Plant Utilization of the Balese and the Efe of the Ituri Forest, the Republic
of Zaire. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 8:1-78.
(Japan, Efe, Plant use)
Ternay, A. de
1948 Les Pygmées Baka de l’Est du Cameroun. Les Missions Catholiques 80:53-59,
73-76, 89-92, 105-111.
(France, Baka, ?)
Thomas, Jacqueline M. C.
1974 L’Aka, Langue Bantoue des Pygmées de Mongoumba (RCA), Esquisse
Grammaticale. Lexique. Textes. Paris.
1977a Approche Linguistique sans Langue Commune de Communication. In
Théories et Méthodes en Linguistique Africaine, edited by L. Bouquiaux, pp. 1725. SELAF, Paris.
1977b Classes et Genres Nominaux en Aka (Langue Bantoue des Pygmées de
Mongoumba, Centrafrique). In Théories et Méthodes en Linguistique Africaine,
edited by L. Bouquiaux, pp. 27-35. SELAF, Paris.
1979 Emprunt ou Parenté? A propos des Parlers des Populations Forestières de
Centrafrique. In In Pygmées de Centrafrique, edited by S. Bahuchet, pp. 141-169.
SELAF, Paris.
(France, Aka, ?)
1980 Interprétation “Significative” du Système de Classification Nominale en Aka.
In L’expansion Bantoue, Vol. 2, edited by L. Bouquiaux, pp. 543-554. SELAF,
Paris.
1987a Relations Sociales et Projections Idéologiques; Exemples des Ngbaka-Ma’bo
et des Pygmées Aka de l’Afrique Centrale. Cahiers du LACITO 2:15-30.
(France, Aka, Social relations and ideological projection)
1987b Des Goûts et Dégoûts Chez le Aka, Ngbaka et Autres… In De la Voûte
Céleste au Terroir, du Jardin au Foyer: Mosaïque Sociographique (Textes
Offerts à Lucien Bernot), edited by B. Koechlin, F. Sigaut, J. M. C. Thomas,
and G. Toffin, pp. 489-504. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
1991 La Langue. Constitue le Livre I (Fasc. 4) de Encyclopédie des Pygmées Aka.
Techniques, Langage et Société des Chasseurs-Cueilleurs de la Forêt
Centrafricaine. SELAF, Paris.
Thomas, J. M. C., and S. Bahuchet
1981 Encyclopédie des Pygmés Aka II Dictionnaire Aka-Francais. Paris: SELAF.
(France, Aka, Aka-French dictionary)
1988 La Littérature Orale Pour l’Histoire de l’Afrique Centrale Forestière. In Die
Oralliteratur in Afrika als Quelle zur Erforschung der Traditionellen Kulturen,
edited by Möhlig, Jungraithmayr, and Thiel, pp. 301-327. Collectana Instituti
Anthropos 36. D. Reimar Vg, Berlin.
(France, Aka, Oral history)
1991 L’Organisation Religeuse. In Encyclopédie des Pygmées Aka. Techniques,
Langage et Société des Chasseurs-Cueilleurs de la Forêt Centtrafricaine, Volume
I, Fasc. 2 Le Monde des Aka, edited by J. M. C. Thomas and S. Bahuchet, pp. 169214. SELAF, Paris.
(France, Aka, Religious organization)
Thuret, Manuel
1995 Enquête d’Identité: Une Étude de cas Chez les Mbenzele du Nord-Congo.
Unpublished M. A. thesis, Universite de Paris X.
(France, Aka, Identity)
1999 A Propos de la Situation Actuelles des Aka.Mbenzele Sédentarisés: Un Essai
Comparatif Entre le Mode de Vie *Baakaa et le Mode de Vie Actuel des Aka.
Mbenzele de la Région de la Sangha (Nord-Congo). In Central African HunterGatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K.
(France, Aka, Historical changes in mobility)
Torday, Emil
1910 Pigmies of the Southern Part of the Kasai Basin. American Geographic
Society, Geographic Record 42:347.
(Hungary, ?, ?)
Trilles, Henri
1932 Les Pygmées de la Forêt Équatoriale. Paris.
(France, ?, ?)
1935 Contes et Légendes Pygmées. Bruges.
(France, ?, Pygmy stories and legends)
1936a Les Pygmées, leur Langue et leur Religion. 16e Congrès International
d’Anthropologie et Archéologie Prehistorique:789-821.
(France, ?, Language and religion)
1936b Magie et Remèdes Magiques Chez les Pygmées. 16e Congrès International
d’Anthropologie et Archéologie Prehistorique:842-885.
(France, ?, “Magic and magical remedies”)
1945 L’Âme du Pygmée d’Afrique. Paris.
(France, ?, “The soul of the African pygmy”)
Tronick, Edward Z., Gilda Morelli, and Steve Winn
1987 Multiple Care-Taking of Efe (Pygmy) Infants. American Anthropologist 89:96106.
(United States, Efe, Infant care)
Tronick, Edward Z., Steve Winn, and Gilda A. Morelli
1985 Multiple Caretaking in the Context of Human Evolution: Why Don’t the Efe
Know the Western Prescription for Child Care? In The Psychobiology of
Attachment and Separation, edited by M. Reite and T. Field, pp. 293-322.
Academic Press, New York.
Tsuru, Daisaku
1998 Diversity of Ritual Spirit Performances among the Baka Pygmies in SouthEastern Cameroon. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 25:47-84.
(Japan, Baka, Religion)
2001 Generation and Transaction Processes in the Spirit Ritual of the Baka Pygmies
in Southeastern Cameroon. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 27:
103-123.
(Japan, Baka, Religion)
Turnbull, Colin M.
1955 Pygmy Music and Ceremonial. Man 55:31.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Music)
1957a Pygmy Music and Ceremonial. Man 57:157.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Music)
1957b Initiation among the BaMbuti Pygmies of the Central Ituri. Journal of the
Royal Anthropological Institute 87:191-216.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Initiation)
1959 Legends of the BaMbuti. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 89:4560.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Mbuti legends)
1960a The Molimo: A Men’s Religious Association among the Ituri Bambuti. Zaire
14:307-340.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Religion)
1960b The Elima: A Premarital Festival among the Bambuti Pygmies. Zaire 14:75192.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Elima festival)
1960c Some Recent Developments in the Sociology of the BaMbuti Pygmies.
Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 22:267-274.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, General)
1961 The Forest People. Simon and Schuster, New York.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Popular ethnography)
1963 The Lesson of the Pygmies. Scientific American 208:28-37.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, ?)
1964 Forest Hunters and Gatherers: The Mbuti Pygmies. In The Ecology of Man in
the Tropical Environment, pp. 38-42. International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Ecology/Subsistence)
1965a The Mbuti Pygmies: An Ethnographic Survey. Anthropological Papers of the
American Museum of Natural History 50:139-282.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Ethnographic survey)
1965b Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies. The Natural
History Press, New York.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, General ethnography)
1965c The Mbuti Pygmies of the Congo. In Peoples of Africa, edited by J. Gibbs,
pp. 281-317. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Ethnographic overview)
1968 The Importance of Flux in Two Hunting Societies. In Man the Hunter, edited
by R. B. Lee and I. DeVore, pp. 132-137. Aldine de Gruyter, Chicago.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Social organization)
1981 Mbuti Womanhood. In Woman the Gatherer, edited by F. Dahlberg, pp. 205220. Yale University Press, New Haven.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Mbuti women)
1983 The Mbuti Pygmies: Change and Adaptation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
New York.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, General ethnography)
1986 Survival Factors among Mbuti and Other Hunters of the Equatorial African
Rain Forest. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 103-123.
(United Kingdom, Mbuti, Survival factors)
Twiesselmann, François
1942 Contribution à l’Étude Anthropologique des Pygmées de l’Afrique Occidentale.
Mémoires du Musée R. d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Sér. II, Fasc 27:1-32.
(France, ?, ?)
1952 Les Pygmées de l’Afrique Centrale. Reflets du Monde 4:1-20.
(France, ?, ?)
Vallois, Henri V.
1934/1935 La Signification Anthropologique des Pygmées. Revue Lorraine
d’Anthropologie. Nancy.
(France, Baka, Anthropological significance of pygmies)
1948 Chez les Pygmies du Cameroun. La Nature 3152:17-20, 3153:44-47.
(France, Baka, ?)
1949 Les Pygmées. Inventaire Ethnique du Sud-Cameroun. Dakar.
(France, Baka, Survey of ethnic groups)
1954 Los Pigmeos Baká. Memor. de la R. Acad. de Ciencias y Artes 31. Madrid.
(France, Baka, ?)
Vallois, Henri V., and Paulette Marquer
1976 Les Pygmées Baká du Cameroun: Anthropologie et Ethnographie Avec une
Annexe Démographique. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Mémoires,
Série A Zoologie Tome C).
(France, Baka, Anthropology/Ethnography/Demography)
Valšík, J. A.
1938 The Finger-prints of Central African Pygmies, Negroes and their Cross-breeds.
(France?, ?, Fingerprint analysis)
Van Bulck, G.
1935 Kmvoen, het Opperste Wezen bij de Gaboen Pygmeeën. Xavieriana 142.
Louvain.
(Belgium, ?, Religion)
1948a Où en est le Problème des Pygmées de l’Ituri? Zaire 2:423-436.
(Belgium, Mbuti, “What is the pygmy problem?”)
1948b Het Problem der Pygmëeetaal Volgens Schebesta. Kongo-Overzee 14:305309.
(Belgium, Mbuti, “The pygmy problem according to Schebesta”)
1949 Het Problem van het Pygmëeenras Volgens Gusinde. Kongo-Overzee 15:4558.
(Belgium, Mbuti, “The pygmy problem according to Gusinde”)
1952 Existe-t-il une Langue des Pygmées en Afrique Centrale? Wiener Beiträge zur
Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik 9:365-396.
(Belgium, General pygmy, Linguistics)
1953 Les Pygmées Asiatiques et les Pygmées Africains Constituent-ils une Race
Unique? Zaïre 7:845-850.
(Belgium, General pygmy, “Are Asian and African pygmies a unique race?”)
Van de Koppel, Jan M. H.
1977 A Preliminary Report on the Central African Differentiation Project. In
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