Scientific Information Literacy

Transcription

Version march 2005
Scientific Information Literacy
From knowing the sources to searching methods
Seminar held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
On behalf of the doctoral school
The mastering of scientific and technical information is an essential skill
that young researchers must acquire as soon as they start working on their
thesis.
Because knowing
-
The principles of scientific communication,
-
Publishing modalities,
-
Bibliographic or full text information sources,
-
The rules on how to present information,
Means being able to guide oneself among the huge amount of available
data and results, but also to choose the relevant dissemination channels to be
read and acknowledged … and succeed in one’s career !
Teaching objectives of the seminar
Knowledge :
Getting to know the principles, the actors, the terminology, and the
scientific information sources.
Know-how :
Getting to carry out a documentary search based upon a method.
Attitude :
Developing a critical attitude facing information sources, making the
pertinent choice of the relevant tools (avoiding the "lightning street
lamp’’ attitude)
Information Literacy Seminar - École doctorale - EPFL 2005
p1
Practical aspects
Your training staff
•
Doris Hirt, Monique Goël, Anne Ecabert, Steven Gheyselinck,
Georges Iffland
Bibliothèque centrale EPFL
•
Pierre Cuendet
Head of the BiChi, Bibliothèque de chimie
•
David Aymonin
Director of the Bibliothèque centrale
Questions
Who has attended the « Scientific communication course » given by N. Stainier ?
Who speaks
Français
Deutsch
English
p2
I – Scholarly communication
Program
Welcome address, presentation, practical aspects
9h – 9h15
9h15 – 10h30
I Scientific information : rules and trends
•
Scientific publication and evaluation of science
•
The scientific article : type structure, reading, writing
•
The cost of publications : the unbelievable increase
•
The development of electronic journals (e-journals) : a true revolution
•
New publishing models
II The researcher’s information needs
•
What are the researchers’ needs and how do the different types of
documents meet them ?
•
Why are there several types of documents ?
Break
10h30 – 10h45
10h45-12h30
III Information retrieval
•
Intelligent formulation of the question
•
Exercise on : Finding the useful bibliographic tools
IV Simple search – practical exercises on Web of Science
12h30-14h
14h-15h30
Lunch (free)
V Specialized search – Chemistry
VI Advanced search – practical exercises on specialized databases
15h30 – 15h45
Break
15h45 – 16h15 VI Obtaining the documents and managing one’s personal documentation
•
How to obtain the documents : Inter-library loan
•
How to manage one’s personal documentation
•
Dissertations and reports : writing and presentation rules
•
Putting one’s thesis on-line
16h15
Evaluation
Documents supplied :
Hand-outs, additional texts, bibliography, list of useful websites.
p3
Rules and trends
p4
Scientific publication and evaluation of science (1)
•
The scientific information process :
« Author »
Identified by
- Family Name, First name
- Affiliation (professional address)
Research
Results
Information
Patents *
Reports *
Meetings
(Brevets)
(Rapports)
(Congrès et conférences)
Articles *,
Papers,
Publications
Books *
Dissertations
*
(Thèses)
Proceedings *
Serials or Periodicals
(Actes de Congrès)
(revues ou journaux)
(Livres)
Grey literature
* primary information sources
• Researchers are both
the authors and the readers of scientific publications
• The scientific article is the most often used channel.
p5
Scientific publishing and evaluation of science (2)
•
XXth c. 90 % of the researchers having ever lived since antiquity
are alive to-day !!!!
source : La souris truquée, W Broad
•
2000
2 000 000 scientific articles per annum,
20 000 journals peer-reviewed.
source : Scientific skywriting (L'écriture scientifique dans le ciel), S Harnad
•
2004
2 500 000 scientific articles per annum,
24 000 journals peer-reviewed.
source : OAI FAQ,(http://www.eprints.org) S Harnad
•
Research evaluation is based upon publishing in renowned journals
-
comité de lecture – Editorial board
haut facteur d’impact - Impact factor.
L
To know more (fr, eng) : Autour du document scientifique écrit, Patricia VOLLAND-NAIL,
INRA de Tours, http://www.tours.inra.fr/prc/internet/documentation/redaction/docecrit.htm
•
The researcher’s fabulous destiny :
Publish or Perish
(it can drive you crazy !)
p6
The Impact Factor
Definition, by
ISI
http://www.isinet.com/essays/journalcitationreports/7.html/
The impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the
"average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period.
The annual JCR impact factor is a ratio between citations and recent
citable items published.
Thus, the impact factor of a journal is calculated by dividing the number
of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during
the previous two years (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Calculation for journal impact factor.
Example for Science (year 1995)
z Cites in literature in 1995 of articles published in Science
in 1993 = 24 979
in 1994 = 20 684
total = 45 663
z Number of articles published in Science
in1993 = 1 030
in 1994 = 1 054
total = 2 084
z Impact Factor 1995 = 45 663/2 084 =21,911 ~ 22
The average article of Science published in 1993 or 1994 has been cited 22
times in 1995.
The impact factor is useful in clarifying the significance of absolute (or
total) citation frequencies.
It eliminates some of the bias of such counts which favor large journals
over small ones, or frequently issued journals over less frequently issued
ones, and of older journals over newer ones.
Particularly in the latter case such journals have a larger citable body of
literature than smaller or younger journals. All things being equal, the larger
the number of previously published articles, the more often a journal will be
cited.
p7
p8
The scientific paper : type structure, reading, writing (1)
An illuminating example
Experimental demonstration of the tomatotopic organization in the
Soprano (Cantatrix sopranica L.), by Georges Perec
http://pauillac.inria.fr/~xleroy/stuff/tomato/tomato.html
Georges Perec makes fun of the - sometimes absurd – formalistic way in which
scientific articles are presented, as well as of the random quality of the
‘’english’’ language used by the scientists.
Classical structure of research articles IMRED
•
Title
•
Authors
•
Affiliation
•
Keywords, Authors keywords
•
Summary
•
Introduction
•
Material & Methods
•
Results
•
Discussion / Conclusion
•
References
Basic principle : any other researcher must be able to
reproduce everything that I say (sic)
There exist different types of articles
Editorial - Editorial
Prépublication - Preprint
Recherche - Paper, research paper
Lettre à l'éditeur - Letter to the editor
Méta analyse - Meta analysis
Revue de littérature - Review
Biography, controversial, etc…
p9
The scientific paper : type structure, reading, writing (2)
Suggested reading mode for articles
•
Identify : Title, authors, authors’ addresses (laboratory or company)
•
Read the summary and decide whether the article is interesting or not
•
Read the conclusion
•
Read the article in full, marking the important parts (methods, results,
interesting quoted references) with a fluorescent pen
•
Look for the referenced articles that you have marked.
Scientific writing : instructions to the authors
•
Each journal has its own rules for presenting articles.
•
These rules are the - guide for…, instructions to authors
•
They are usually published once a year.
•
They can be found on the journals’ websites.
Scientific writing : stylistic rules
•
You can learn how to acquire a ‘’scientific’’ style
•
Scientific jargon and "reality" : scientific writing is coded
See A KEY TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH LITERATURE
http://www.math.utah.edu/~wisnia/scientific.html
And the bibliography mentioned at the end of this document
p 10
Economy of the journals : the unbelievable increase
•
The first scientific journals go back to the XVIIth century, with the creation of
Learning societies and Academies
•
In the last 20 years, scientific publishing has almost become a monopoly in
the hands of the publishers
•
The cost of subscriptions to journals has increased by 227% between 1986 and
2002
•
"Original" economic model : publishers ask for the maximum price their
clients can afford to pay.
•
1 article costs 4000 US $ (SPARC Europe)
p 11
Electronic journals : a true revolution (1)
•
Most of the most important journals now exist in electronic format,
with paying access
•
The economic models of scientific knowledge dissemination diversify

Existing paper journals, available online
in a format offering extra services :
search engines, e-mail alerts, …

New electronic-only journals
Free for the readers, paying for the authors or subsidized and therefore
cheaper

Pre-prints, working papers, post-prints, open archives
Self-archiving done by researchers and institutions with the help of
specific free software

Mix of the various types
Portals by discipline offering electronic versions
or summaries of paper journals + additional services
•
Electronic publishing still raises standardization, legal and archiving
problems
p 12
A new era is coming indeed ?
•
We are actually going through the post-gutenberg anomaly
Stevan Harnad :
« The scientific Skywriting », and The Self-Archiving FAQ
http://eprints.org
•
Scientific communities are currently reappropriating themselves
the publishing and dissemination process
Budapest Open Access Initiative
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/fr/index.shtml
•
Which is already transforming research evaluation,
via OPEN ACCESS and Institutional Archives
The revolution is here ! You must be part of it
Infoscience
http://infoscience.epfl.ch
p 13
II – The researcher’s information needs
p 14
II Researcher’s information needs
Researchers have DIVERSIFIED information needs (1)
Daily,
continuous,
retrospective
The daily quest for information
Everyday I search for …
Type of information source
Facts or data
Specialized dictionaries, language dictionaries
tables, chronologies, constants, …
Specific applications of a
method or technique
Specialized books, technical series, …
Theoretical or basic
knowledge
Good level handbooks
Current research (current awareness)
I want to follow the
latest developments in …
In general scientific
information
READING of a few journals of general interest
Pertinent sources, small number, publishing quickly
READING of a few specialized journals
In my area of interest
On my subject of interest
Small number, received ad personam, at the laboratory
or at the company
Weekly INTERROGATION of
databases quickly updated
Offering a personal alert service but covering only
partly the available literature (mainly articles)
PARTICIPATION in the "invisible college"
To know what the others do
and make myself known
- discussion lists and forums on the internet
- meeting people at congresses
- direct request-a-print
p 15
Researchers have DIVERSIFIED information needs (2)
Exhaustive search
•
At certain moments of his professional life, the researcher must make sure that he has
not forgotten any important publication.
I must make sure that I
haven’t missed any
important document
To be able to evaluate the
state-of-the-art on a subject
which is new to me
Union catalogues of libraries, for books
To evaluate my current
knowledge of a research
subject
Bibliographic databases
exhaustive
-
Just before defending my
thesis
-
retrospective
covering all types of documents
For the bibliography in my
next publication
Consider Google only as ‘’complementary’’
•
Depending on the areas, the ‘’free’’ web contains from 0,1% to 99,9 % of the
available scientific information
•
It is essential to understand the difference between INTERNET SEARCH TOOLS
DIRECTORIES
SEARCH
ENGINES
CLUSTERING
SEARCH ENGINE
METASEARCHERS
INTELLIGENT
AGENTS
Yahoo
Google
Vivisimo
KARTOO
Copernic
Please see :
Recherche d'information sur Internet : approfondissement des moteurs de recherche
http://www.uhb.fr/urfist/Supports/ApprofMoteurs/ApprofMoteurs_cadre
Internet Search Engine Database. http://www.isedb.com/
•
Have as objective to spend the least possible time on the web
p 16
Everyday I look for …
Facts or data
Specialized dictionaries,
language dictionaries, tables,
chronologies, constants, …
Methods or techniques
Specialized books, technical
series, …
Theoretical or basic
information
Good level course books
I want to follow the
latest developments in
General scientific
information
Journals of general interest
My area of interest
Specialized journals
My subject of interest
Article databases quickly
updated
To know what the others
do and make myself
known
The ‘’invisible college"
discussion lists (forums)
congresses
request-a-print
I must make sure that
I haven’t missed any Type of information source
important publication
To be able to evaluate the
state-of-the-art on a
subject which is new to
me
To evaluate my current
knowledge of a subject
Just before defending my
thesis
Typical examples
Typical examples
Typical examples
Union catalogues of
Libraries, for books
Bibliographic databases
Exhaustive, retrospective,
covering all types of
documents
p 17
III – Information retrieval
p 18
Intelligent formulation of the question
•
What do I want to know on my subject ?
•
What types of information do I need ?
•
What don’t I want ?
Suggestions for getting to know the suitable information sources
•
Interrogate the ‘’old men’’, the bosses, the ‘’wise men’’
•
Interrogate information specialists
•
Read and learn about information searching
•
Practise and discover by yourself new sources
Mastering specialized search tools
•
Discover the “neigbourhood” first
Æ Central Library website
•
Learn how to use the chosen tools
Æ ‘’Discovery’’ card
•
Formulate a specific search equation
Æ ‘’Equation’’ card
p 19
IV – Practical exercises
a) Knowing the information sources available at EPFL
b) Current awareness with simple searches on Web of
Science
c) Exhaustive searches with specific databases
p 20
IV Knowing the informatin sources available
First level EXERCISES
Knowing the information sources available
EPFL libraries offer one of the richest scientific book collections in Switzerland, in
paper or electronic format.
The Central Library website is the ‘’door’’ to this library of libraries.
http://library.epfl.ch
Will you know how to navigate in our virtual library ?
Sorry, it’s in French… for a while.
Starting from the Central Library website, in less than 10 minutes :
2. find the union catalogue of books, what is it called ? How many libraries are part of
it ?
3. find the location number of a book written by Prof J. Neirynck, titled Swissmetro
and available at EPFL
4. find the address of the Chemistry library
5. find the Dissertations catalogue, how many electronic theses does it contain ?
6. find the catalogue of EPFL scientific journals, since when do we have Physical
Review in paper edition ?
7. in electronic version ?
8. find the EPFL databases list, what does Web of Science contain ?
p 21
IV Current awareness. Simple search - WOS
Second level EXERCISES
Web of Science (WOS)
- Latest news in scientific journals in all branches of learning
- Search by citation (quotation)
- NEW !!!! Direct competitor : SCOPUS (Elsevier)
Using the ‘’ Discovery card’’, learn how to use WOS and
answer to these questions :
1. What period of time is covered by the Science Citation Index ?
2. How many journals are scanned by SCI ? Is it a lot ? Not many ?
3. In WOS, TOPIC search, in which fields is the search carried out ?
4. Which truncations (wildcards) can be used in WOS ?
5. Which Boolean operators can be used in WOS ?
Third level EXERCISES
Search by author’s name and saving functions
1. Search by author : how many references of your director are indicated in WOS ?
2. Save your results
3. Save a search history and ask for an e-mail alert
Fourth level EXERCISES
Search by citation
1. Search the articles citing a paper of your director. Watch out ! How to type his/her
name ???
2. How you can know that your director is the first or second author of each paper
cited
3. Finish the search and try to show how many articles from the same journal are
citing one specific paper
4. Search the articles citing your favorite article
p 22
V – Specialized search – Chemistry
VI – Advanced search – practical exercises
in specialized databases
p 23
VI – Advanced search – Practical exercises in specialized database
How to formulate a SMART question ?
Use the card « Strategy to use in a bibliographic database ».
How to choose a specific bibliographic database ?
Get connected to the website of the Central library.
Use the subject classification (classement par thème) in order to find the useful
Databases.
Read their description.
Choose THE most useful database.
Advanced search
Adapt the search strategy to the chosen database (fields, operators, wildcards,
…).
Don’t forget to use the card “Discovering a bibliographic database“.
-
Are there references that you already knew before ?
Any references that you are discovering for the first time ?
Call a member of the training staff and validate your search together.
p 24
VII – Obtaining the documents
Managing one’s personal documentation
Putting one’s thesis online
p 25
VII Obtaining the documents, managing one’s own bibliography, online thesis
How to obtain documents : inter-library loan (PEB) and online ordering
To order articles, books or any other document not available at EPFL :
•
ILL = Inter-Library Loan / Prêt entre bibliothèques (PEB) in French
•
Practically :
1 Scientific Journals catalogue, if nothing
2 NEBIS Catalogue, if nothing
3 Request a document form on the PRESTATIONS page
How to manage one’s personal collection of documents :
•
How to manage your PDF files or Paper copies :
1° Give each article a SEQUENTIAL number written in pencil, or in the file name.
2° Note your keywords on the article (paper).
3° File your articles by number, in order of arrival.
Either :
4° Buy an alphabetical directory ‘’address book’’ type.
5° Note the keywords in the address book under the relevant letter and add the
numbers of the articles to which you have assigned keywords.
Or use
A ready-made software applications, cheap and used by researchers worldwide :
Endnote, Procite, Reference Manager
Get
Endnote by DISTRILOG : http://distrilog.epfl.ch
Note the keywords and the number of the article in each record of the database
To know more : Personal Bibliographic Management Software,
http://www.health.library.mcgill.ca/resource/bms.htm#com
•
Please, don’t develop a new application based upon SGBD like Access or FileMaker Pro !!!
p 26
VII Obtaining the documents, managing one’s own bibliography, online thesis
Writing and presentation rules for dissertations and reports
•
The presentation rules are defined.
•
To respect them is to be respected by one’s peers.
•
Not to respect them means being badly judged by the others, and not gaining from the
acquired know-how.
Thèses (in French)
Guide OFFICIEL français
de présentation des thèses
http://www.abes.fr/abes/documents/guideth.rtf
La Guilde des Doctorants : http://guilde.jeunes-chercheurs.org/
et notamment le CELEBRISSIME : Guide du Doctorant
Tome I : "Avant la thèse" Tome II "Pendant la thèse" Tome III "Après la thèse"
Tome IV "Jeune chercheur" Supplément « Charte des Thèses »
Dissertations (in English)
Writing Your Dissertation, University of North Carolina Writing Center
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/dissertation.html
Dissertationen (auf Deutsch)
Die Dissertation, Universität und Landesbibliothek Münster
http://lotse.uni-muenster.de/paedagogik/lernen_und_forschen/schreiben_und_veroeffentlichen/dissertationde.php
Putting one’s thesis online
Becoming a ‘star’, faster
No more pottering about
Trusting professionals
It’s possible NOW… and COMPULSORY
See : http://library.epfl.ch/theses/
p 27
Annexes
Bibliography
Useful websites
List of documents handed out
p 28
Annexes
Bibliography (books in French)
Ouvrages de base :
•
Méthodologie documentaire [Texte imprimé] : comment accéder à la littérature scientifique
à l'heure d'Internet ? : avec site Internet / Bernard Pochet. - Bruxelles : De Boeck, 2002. 141 p. - (Sciences et méthodes, 1376-2281). ISBN 2-8041-4142-X (br.)
•
La recherche documentaire / M. Darrobers, N. Le Pottier. - [Nouv. éd.].. - Paris : Nathan,
2000. - 159 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. - (Repères pratiques ; 25) . - Index. ISBN 2-09-182481-X
Très bon ouvrage servant aux professionnels comme au grand public. Très peu cher
Études, réflexion :
•
Les chercheurs et la documentation numérique : nouveaux services et usages / sous la dir.
de Ghislaine Chartron et al… - Paris : Éd. du Cercle de la librairie, 2002. - 268 p. (Collection Bibliothèques, 0184-0886). ISBN 2-7654-0840-8 (br.)
•
La souris truquée : enquête sur la fraude scientifique / W. Boad, N. Wade. - Paris : Seuil,
1987. - (Science ouverte). - ISBN 2-02-009640-4.
Pour réfléchir aux liens entre l’information et la fraude scientifique
Rédaction, présentation :
•
L'art de la thèse : comment préparer et rédiger une thèse de doctorat, un mémoire de DEA
ou de maîtrise ou tout autre travail universitaire / Michel Beaud. - en collab. avec Bernard
Chavance,.... - [Nouv.] éd. mise à jour. -Paris : Ed. la Découverte, 2003. - 196 p. - (Guides
Repères). ISBN 2-7071-4014-7
•
Lire, comprendre, rédiger des textes théoriques / Catherine Schnedecker. - Bruxelles : De
Boeck Université, 2002. - 262 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. - (Méthodes en sciences humaines). ISBN 28041-3490-3 (br.)
•
La rédaction scientifique : conception, rédaction, présentation, signalétique [Michèle
Lenoble-Pinson] . - Bruxelles : De Boeck Université, 2000. - 152 p. ; 24 cm. - (Méthodes
en sciences humaines). ISBN 2-8041-1963-7
•
Guide pratique de la communication scientifique / Marie-France Desjeux, Jean-Yves Mary,
Jehan-François Desjeux. - Paris : Ellipses, 1997. - 254 p ; 19 cm. - Bibliogr. p. 247-248.
Index. - Bibliogr.: p. 247-248. Index. - ISBN 2-7298-4721-9 (br)
•
Guide de la communication médicale et scientifique : comment écrire, comment dire (en
français et en anglais) / Roger Bénichoux ; préf. Jean Hamburger. -3e éd. entièrement
remaniée. -Montpellier : Sauramps médical, 1997. -214 p. – ISBN 2-84023-130-1 (Rel.)
p 29
Annexes
Bibliography (books in English)
Starter guides and books :
•
Communicating science the scientific article from the 17th century to the present / by Alan
G. Gross, Joseph E. Harmon, Michael Reidy. - Oxford : Oxford University Press; 2002. –
ISBN 0195134540
•
Introduction to modern information retrieval / G.G. Chowdhury. - 2nd ed. - London : Facet
Publishing, 2004. – ISBN 1-85604-480-7 (pbk.)
Reflexion :
•
Betrayers of the truth/ W. BROAD, N. WADE. – New-York : Simon & Schuster, 1982. –
ISBN 0671447696. (in ETHBIB)
(Reflections on links between information and scientific fraud)
Writing, presentation :
• How to write & illustrate a scientific paper / by Björn Gustavii - Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press, 2003.- ISBN 0-521-82323-4 (hc), 0-521-53024-5 (pb)
• The essence of technical communication for engineers writing, presentation, and meeting
skills / Herbert L. Hirsch. - New York : IEEE Press , 2000. - ISBN 0-7803-4738-2
•
How to write and publish a scientific paper / by Robert A. Day. - 5th ed. - Phoenix (Az) :
Oryx Press, 1998. - xvi, 275 p ; 23 cm. - Bibliogr.: p. 257-259. Index ISBN 1-573-56164-9
•
Writing research papers : a complete guide / James D. Lester. - 11th ed. - New York [etc.]
: Longman, cop.2005. - xiv, 385 p ; 23 cm. - Index ISBN 0-321-23646-7 (pbk) ISBN 0-32123647-5 (spiral)
•
Guide to the successful thesis and dissertation a handbook for students and faculty / James
E. Mauch and Jack W. Birch. - 5th ed. - New York Basel [etc.] : Dekker, cop. 2003. - ISBN
0-8247-4288-5
•
An outline of scientific writing for researchers with English as a foreign language / Jen Tsi
Yang; with editing contrib. from Janet N. Yang. - Singapore [etc.] : World Scientific, 1996. ISBN 981-02-2466-4 pbk
p 30
Annexes
Useful websites
[SAPRISTI !] Sentiers d'Accès et Pistes de Recherche d'Informations Scientifiques et
Techniques sur l'Internet ! : Une méthode de recherche d'information conçue par des
professionnels de la documentation.
Joly Monique, Mermet Jean-Michel, avec la participation de Bion Nicole, Burlat Jeanne-Marie,
Pradal Thérèse et Prudhomme Brigitte. Villeurbanne (Fr) : Inst. Nat. Sci. Appl., Doc'INSA, Sep.
1997, maj permanente. [visité le 08/02/2005] - http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/sapristi/
[CERISE] Conseils aux Etudiants pour une Recherche d'Information Spécialisée Efficace [guide
de formation pour les sciences humaines et les lettres]. Martine Duhamel, Claire Panijel, et al. :
URFIST de Paris, Sept 99, maj permanente. [visité le 08/02/2005] http://web.ccr.jussieu.fr/urfist/cerise/
[REPERE] Ressources Electroniques Pour les Etudiants, la Recherche et l’Enseignement,
[Groupe FORMIST] ; Janvier 2003, maj permanente [Visité le 15/01/03] - http://repere.enssib.fr
Références bibliographiques - Rédaction et lecture. Burlat Jeanne-Marie, Prudhomme Brigitte.
5ème éd. Villeurbanne (Fr) : Inst. Nat. Sci. Appl., Doc'INSA, Sep. 2004, maj permanente [visité le
08/02/2005] - http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/refbibli/index.php
Analyse des publications scientifiques : caractéristiques, structures et langages / Mohamed BEN
ROMDHANE : ENSSIB, DEA Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, Note de
synthèse, Année univ. 1995-1996, - [Visité le 4/02/02] http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dea/nsromdhane.pdf
The Internet Guide to Engineering, Mathematics and Computing. EEVL, Heriot Watt University. [Visited 08/02/2005]. - http://www.eevl.ac.uk/engineering/index.htm
The Sources Web site: how to cite sources. Dartmouth College, 1998 - [Visited 08/02/2005]
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sources/contents.html
LOTSE: Library Online Tour & Self-Paced Education.
„LOTSE navigiert Sie einfach und sicher zu den elektronischen Ressourcen, die Sie für
Ihr Fachgebiet benötigen. Es wurde speziell für Studierende und Wissenschaftler/innen entwickelt. Der Aufbau von LOTSE orientiert sich an den Schritten
wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens. LOTSE sagt Ihnen für jeden Arbeitsschritt, welche Art
Ressourcen Sie benötigen und führt Sie dorthin“
[Besucht 08/02/2005]. - http://lotse.uni-muenster.de/paedagogik/index-de.php
p 31
Annexes
List of documents distributed
1. Tomatotopic organisation… article by G. Perec
2. A key to scientific literature
3. The Post gutenberg anomaly
4. Memo : types of documents
5. Create Change / Open Access
6. Information sources
7. Database Discovery Chart
8. Search strategy Chart
9. American/British Dictionary
p 32
A KEY TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH LITERATURE
http://www.math.utah.edu/~wisnia/scientific.html
What he said
What he meant
It has been long known that...
I haven't bothered to look the original reference,
but...
Of great theoretical and practical importance...
Interesting to me...
While it has not been possible to provide
definite answer to these questions...
The experiment didn't work out, but I figured I
could at least get a publication out of the
project...
The operant conditioning technique was chosen The fellow in the next lab already had the
to study the problem...
equipment set up...
Three of the S's were chosen for detailed
study...
The results of the others didn't make sense...
Typical results have shown...
The best results have shown...
Agreement with the predicted curve is :
• Excellent
• Good
• Satisfactory
• Fair
Agreement with the predicted curve is :
• Fair
• Poor
• Doubtful
• Imaginary
It is suggested... It is believed that...It may be
that
I think...
It is generally believed...
A couple of other guys think so, too.
It is clear that much additional work will be
required before a complete understanding...
I don't understand it.
Unfortunately, a quantitative theory to account
for these results has not been formulated...
I can't think of one and neither has anyone else.
Correct within an order of magnitude.
Thanks are due to Joe Glotz for assistance with
the experiment and to John Doe for valuable
discussion.
Wrong.
Glotz did the work and Doe explained what it
meant.
For Whom the Gate Tolls?
How and Why to Free the Refereed Research Literature
Online Through Author/Institution Self-Archiving, Now
Stevan Harnad, Intelligence/Agents/Multimedia Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southampton, [email protected], http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Tp/resolution.htm
Abstract
All refereed journals will soon be available online; most of them already are. This means
that anyone will be able to access them from any networked desk-top. The literature will all be
interconnected by citation, author, and keyword/subject links, allowing for unheard-of power and
ease of access and navigability. Successive drafts of pre-refereeing preprints will be linked to the
official refereed draft, as well as to any subsequent corrections, revisions, updates, comments,
responses, and underlying empirical databases, all enhancing the self-correctiveness, interactivity
and productivity of scholarly and scientific research and communication in remarkable new ways.
New scientometric indicators of digital impact are also emerging (http://opcit.eprints.org) to chart
the online course of knowledge.
But there is still one last frontier to cross before science reaches the optimal and the inevitable:
Just as there is no longer any need for research or researchers to be constrained by the accessblocking restrictions of paper distribution, there is no longer any need to be constrained by the
impact-blocking financial fire-walls of Subscription/Site-License/Pay-Per-View (S/L/P) tolls for this
give-away literature. Its author/researchers have always donated their research reports for free
(and its referee/researchers have refereed for free), with the sole goal of maximizing their impact
on subsequent research (by accessing the eyes and minds of fellow-researchers, present and
future) and hence on society….
An Anomalous Picture / The post-Gutemberg anomaly
1. A brand-new PhD recipient proudly tells his mother he has just published his first article. She asks him
how much he was paid for it. He makes a face and tells her "nothing," and then begins a long, complicated
explanation...
2. A fellow-researcher at that same university sees a reference to that same article. He goes to their library
to get it: "It's not subscribed to here. We can't afford that journal. (Our subscription/license/loan/copy
budget is already overspent)"
3. An undergraduate at that same university sees the same article cited on the Web. He clicks on it. The
publisher's website demands a password: "Access Denied:Only pre-paid subscribing/licensed institutions
have access to this journal."
4. The undergraduate loses patience, gets bored, and clicks on Napsterto grab an MP3 file of his favourite
bootleg CD to console him in his sorrows.
5. Years later, the same PhD is being considered for tenure. His publications are good, but they're not cited
enough; they have not made enough of a "research impact." Tenure denied.
6. Same thing happens when he tries to get a research grant: His research findings have not had enough of
an impact: Not enough researchers have read, built upon and cited them. Funding denied.
7. He decides to write a book instead. Book publishers decline to publish it: "It wouldn't sell enough copies
because not enough universities have enough money to pay for it. (Their purchasing budgets are tied up
paying for their inflating annual journal subscription/license/loan costs...)"
8. He tries to put his articles up on the Web, free for all, to increase their impact. His publisher threatens to
sue him and his server-provider for violation of copyright.
9. He asks his publisher: "Who is this copyright intended to protect?" His publisher replies: "You!"
What is wrong with this picture?
(And why is the mother of the PhD whose give-away work people cannot steal, even though he
wants them to, in the same boat as the mother of the recording artist whose non-give-away work
they can and do steal, even though he does not want them to?)
Five Essential PostGutenberg Distinctions:
In order to understand what is wrong with the picture, you first have to make five critical
distinctions. If you fail to make any one of these distinctions, it will be impossible to make sense of
the picture or to resolve the anomaly, an anomaly completely unique to the online era of
"Scholarly Skywriting" (Harnad 1990) in the "PostGutenberg Galaxy" (Harnad 1991).
1.1. Distinguish the non-give-away literature from the give-away literature
1.2. Distinguish income (arising from article sales) from impact (arising from article use)
1.3. Distinguish between copyright protection from theft-of-authorship (plagiarism) and
copyright protection from theft-of-text (piracy)
1.4. Distinguish self-publishing (vanity press) from self-archiving (of published, refereed
research)
1.5. Distinguish unrefereed preprints from refereed postprints
("eprints" = preprints + postprints)
Lecture et écriture scientifique “dans le ciel” : Une anomalie postgutenbergienne et comment la résoudre
Stevan Harnad, Intelligence/Agents/Multimedia Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Science
University of Southampton, [email protected], http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/cielographie.pdf
Une ligne de partage, profonde et essentielle, va se creuser dans la galaxie postgutenbergienne entre les oeuvres en accès payant (livres, magazines, logiciels, musique) et les
œuvres en accès libre (dont léxemple le plus représentatif est celui des articles scientifiques
soumis à l´évaluation des pairs). Ignorer cette distinction provoque la confusion et retarde
línéluctable transition, ságissant des travaux en accès libre, vers ce qui constitue la meilleure
solution pour les chercheurs : que les quelques deux millions dárticles scientifiques publiés
chaque année à travers le monde, toutes disciplines et langues confondues, dans les quelques
vingt mille revues à comités de lecture existantes, soient libérés en ligne par l'auto-archivage des
auteurs et des institutions : http://www.eprints.org.
Ce texte tente de montrer comment les questions de copyright, de l'évaluation par les pairs
entre autres thèmes controversés peuvent être éclaircies à condition de bien faire la distinction
entre accès libre et accès payant.
Une anomalie post-gutenbergienne
1. Un jeune chercheur ayant tout juste obtenu son doctorat annonce fièrement à sa mère qu'il vient de
publier son premier article. Elle lui demande combien il a été payé. Il grimace, répond : « Rien » et se lance
alors dans une explication longue et compliquée...
2.Un chercheur de la même université voit une référence à cet article. Il se rend à la bibliothèque pour
l'obtenir. On lui répond : « Nous ne sommes pas abonnés à cette revue, trop chère pour nous (notre budget
d'abonnements, de droits, de prêt et de reproduction est déjà largement dépensé). »
3. Un étudiant, dans la même université, voit le même article cité sur le Web. Il clique sur la citation. Le site
de l'éditeur demande un mot de passe : « Accès refusé : seules les institutions autorisées et ayant souscrit
un abonnement payable d'avance ont accès à la revue. »
4. L'étudiant perd patience, s'ennuie et clique sur Napster pour mettre la main sur la version MP3 de son CD
pirate favori et se consoler ainsi de ses malheurs.
5. Des années plus tard, la titularisation du docteur du point 1 est envisagée. Ses publications sont bonnes,
mais pas assez citées ; leur « impact sur la recherche » n'est pas suffisant. Titularisation refusée.
6. Le même scénario se répète lorsquíl essaie d'obtenir des crédits de recherche. Ses résultats scientifiques
n'ont pas eu un impact suffisant. Trop peu de chercheurs les ont lus, s'en sont inspirés et les ont cités.
Financement refusé.
7. Il essaie alors plutôt d'écrire un livre. Les éditeurs refusent de le publier : « On n'en vendrait pas assez
d'exemplaires car il y a trop peu d'universités ayant suffisamment d'argent pour en payer le prix (leurs
budgets d'achat sont limités par le coût annuel, sans cesse croissant, de leurs abonnements, droits et
prêts).»
8. Il essaie de mettre ses articles sur le Web, en accès libre pour tous, afin d'augmenter leur impact. Son
éditeur menace de le poursuivre, ainsi que son fournisseur d'accès, pour violation du copyright.
9. Il demande à son éditeur : « Qui le copyright est-il censé protéger ? » Son éditeur lui répond : « Vous ! »
Qu'est-ce qui ne va pas dans cette histoire ?
(Et pourquoi la mère du jeune docteur dont les gens ne peuvent voler les œuvres qu'il a données
gratuitement, et alors même qu'il souhaiterait qu'ils le fassent, se retrouve-t-elle dans la même
galère que la mère du musicien dont l'œuvre en accès payant peut être volée, et l'est de fait, bien
qu'il ne le veuille pas ?)
1. Cinq distinctions post-gutenbergiennes essentielles :
Pour comprendre ce qui ne va pas dans cette histoire, on doit d'abord faire cinq distinctions
essentielles. Qu'une seule de ces distinctions manque, et il sera impossible de tirer au clair cette
histoire ou de résoudre l'anomalie - une anomalie qui n'appartient qu'à l'ère en ligne de l'écriture
scientifique « dans le ciel » [c'est-à-dire lisible par tous, comme les slogans publicitaires tracés par
des avions dans le ciel. NdT] dans la « galaxie post-gutenbergienne ».
1.1. Distinguer les textes en accès payant des textes en accès libre…
1.2. Distinguer les revenus (provenant de la vente des publications) de l'impact (provenant de
l'utilisation des publications)…
1.3. Distinguer entre la protection que donne le copyright contre le vol de la qualité d'auteur
(plagiat) et la
protection que donne le copyright contre le vol du texte (piratage)…
1.4. Distinguer l'auto-publication (à compte d'auteur) de l'auto-archivage (de recherches publiées
après évaluation par des pairs)…
1.5. Distinguer les prépublications non évaluées des publications après évaluation
MEMO : Why are there so many different types of scientific documents ?
Each type has a
•
Primary information sources
Articles publiés dans les revues professionnelles et
scientifiques - articles, papers, in serials
Dictionnaires, encyclopédies techniques, ouvrages de base,
manuels, ouvrages spécialisés - Dictionaries,
Encyclopaedias, handbooks, manuals, books
Thèses, rapports et comptes-rendus de congrès -
dissertations, reports, proceedings
Congrès et Listes de discussion – meetings, discussion lists
Brevets d’invention - patents
Normes - standards
Current events, research results,
reproducible results
Essential data and state-of-the-art
Detailed research or most recent
developments
Direct dialogue between
researchers
Disclosure of innovations in order
to protect them
Common rules to a profession
Notices techniques et catalogues de fournisseurs - data
Products
sheets & catalogs
Répertoires et annuaires de coordonnées d’entreprises et
d’organismes - directories, yellow pages
•
specific objective
Companies and suppliers
Secondary information sources
Catalogues de bibliothèques - library catalogs
Bases de données bibliographiques généralistes et
spécialisées - bibliographic databases
Outils de recherche sur Internet : annuaires et moteurs -
directories & search engines
Monograph references (books,
theses and reports)
Article references (mainly)
A little bit of everything
Fix this MEMO over your office desk
Discovering a bibliographic database
a) Launch the search with using a simple word
Example : choose a single word specific to your subject, ...
b) Understand the number of answers you have obtained
The number of answers means : the number of records containing the searched term in
one or several fields (title, summary, most often keywords)
c) Visualise the answers
There are often several display formats.
The most frequent ones are : list of titles and full format.
Learn how to go from one to the other and how to move within the answers.
Most of the time, the answers appear in antichronological order (the most recent ones
first).
d) Understand the basic structure.
It is necessary to analyze the content of an answer in order to know the FIELDS in each
record. The most frequent ones are :
Author
Title
Source
Address
Summary
Keywords or Authors keywords
The visualisation of an answer in full format will show you the existing fields. Also check
the questionable INDEXES
e) Write an equation using wildcards, operators and brackets
to specify the logic of the question.
Ex : I am interested in air and water pollution
Pollution AND (AIR or Atmospher* or water or sea* or river*)
Shipbuilding AND (shipyard* OR worker* OR accident*)
f) Test this equation in the database
If too many
answers
If not enough
- limit by language or type of documents :
- delete all records of documents in Chinese or Russian
- limit the search to BOOKS or JOURNALS
- look at the answers to see whether other words might be used :
- the keywords which appear may be of help
ex : in the PASCAL database, the French keyword for "grossesse" is GESTATION.
g) Save
The answers – it’s handy !
You must save or print AT LEAST :
- the title
- the authors
- the ‘source’ field which contains the exact
references of the document and will allow you
to obtain it in a library
The questions raised – it’s ESSENTIAL
To remember how you obtained the answers.
It is thus possible to reload the archived
question a fortnight, a month or a year later,
without having to go through all the sequences
again.
An answer without question is worth nothing.
Strategy to use in a bibliographic database
or a search engine on the Internet
a) Write your question on a sheet of paper, in your mother tongue.
Imagine that you are going to meet tomorrow the leading world expert on your subject of interest and put
your question before him.
I’d like to know…
b) Identify the important concepts and classify them from the most specific to the most
general.
c) For each concept, find synonyms and variants,
Think in the plural, in the singular, in English, in your mother tongue. Make a list.
d) Write a search equation according to the syntax of the search tool used
Using wildcards, operators and brackets to specify the logic of the question.
Découverte d'une base de données bibliographique
a) Lancez la recherche sur un mot simple
Exemple : un mot décrivant votre sujet, ...
b) Comprenez combien vous avez obtenu de réponses
Le nombre de réponses signifie : le nombre de références contenant le terme cherché
dans un ou plusieurs champs (titre, résumé, mots clés le plus souvent)
c) Visualisez les réponses
Il y a souvent plusieurs formats d'affichage.
Les plus courants sont : liste des titres et format complet
Apprenez à basculer de l'un à l'autre et à vous déplacer dans les réponses.
Le plus souvent les réponses s'affichent dans l'ordre antichronologique (Les plus récentes
d'abord)
d) Comprenez la structure de la base.
il faut analyser le contenu d'une réponse pour connaître les CHAMPS de chaque fiche. Les
plus courants sont :
Auteur
Titre
Source
Adresse
Résumé
Mots clés ou descripteurs
La visualisation d'une réponse en format complet vous montrera quels sont les champs
existants. Vérifiez aussi les INDEX interrogeables.
e) Écrivez une équation en utilisant les troncatures , les opérateurs
et des parenthèses pour bien préciser la logique de la question.
Ex : Je m'intéresse à la pollution de l'air et de l'eau
Pollution AND (AIR or Atmospher* or water or sea* or river*)
Construction navale ET (arsena* OU ouvrier* OU accident*)
Shipbuilding AND (naval shipyard OR worker* OR accident)
f) Testez cette équation dans la base
si trop de réponses - limitez par la langue ou le type de documents :
- Éliminez les références de documents en chinois ou en russe
- Limitez la recherche aux OUVRAGES ou aux REVIEWS
si pas assez
g) Sauvegardez
- regardez les réponses pour voir si il y aurait d'autres mots à utiliser :
- les mots clés qui apparaissent peuvent vous aider
ex : dans la base PASCAL, le mot clé français pour "grossesse" est GESTATION.
Les réponses - c'est bien pratique
Il faut sauvegarder ou imprimer au minimum :
- le titre
- les auteurs
- le champ source qui contient les références exactes du
document et permettra de se le procurer dans une
bibliothèque
les questions posées - c'est
INDISPENSABLE
pour se souvenir de la façon dont on a obtenu
les réponses. On peut ainsi relancer la question
archivée 15 jours, 1 mois ou 1 an après, sans
avoir à recommencer toutes les étapes.
Une réponse sans question ne vaut rien
Équation de recherche pour l’interrogation d’une base de données
bibliographique ou d’un moteur de recherche sur Internet
a) Écrivez votre question sur une feuille de papier, dans votre langue maternelle.
Imaginez que vous allez rencontrer demain l'expert mondial sur votre sujet et lui poser votre question.
Je voudrais savoir…
b) Identifiez les concepts importants et ordonnez-les du plus spécifique au plus général
c) Pour chaque concept trouvez les synonymes et formes variantes,
pensez au pluriel, au singulier, en anglais, dans votre langue. Faites une liste.
d) Ecrivez une équation de recherche en fonction de la syntaxe de l’outil de recherche utilisé
en utilisant les troncatures , les opérateurs et des parenthèses pour bien préciser la logique de la question.