basic grammar revision

Transcription

ISFSC - COMMU 1 & EMU 1
Basic Grammar Revision - Part 1
BASIC GRAMMAR REVISION - PART 1
1 Formation of tenses
1.1 Present simple
+
?
He goes swimming every week. (go)
He always hurries home. (hurry)
He plays basketball. (play)
3rd person singular → + S
! do → does
hurry → hurries
play → plays
rush/kiss/dress…→ - es : he rushes
watch, box …→ - es : he watches
They don’t like dancing. (not like)
Do you live in Brussels? (live)
1.2 Present continuous
+
?
It is snowing. (snow)
BE + -ING → He is eating
! hurry → hurrying
play → playing
lie → lying
It isn’t raining anymore. (not rain)
Are you listening to me? (listen)
1
1.3 Past simple
+
We rented a small house. (rent)
She admitted the truth. (admit)
He preferred tea. (prefer)
They entered the restaurant. (enter)
He developed the business. (develop)
WEAK VERBS → + ED
! Spelling rule → double last
consonant if one syllable verb ending
with a consonant placed before a
stressed vowel.
We went fishing. (go)
We took an umbrella. (take)
STRONG VERBS → STUDY LIST !
?
I didn’t buy any sugar. (not buy)
Did you take a photograph? (take)
1.4 Past continuous
+
?
It was snowing.(snow)
Past of ‘BE’ + -ING
eating/ You were eating
→ He was
It wasn’t raining anymore. (not rain)
Were you living in London when you were
a child? (live)
1.5 Future simple
+
I will call (call) you when I arrive. (arrive)
WILL + INFINITIVE
He will help (help) you when he has the
time. (have)
will → won’t
! When + NO future
?
It won’t rain anymore. (not rain)
Will you go (go) to London when you get
your degree?
2
1.6 Present perfect
+
?
He has just fallen down the stairs. (fall)
He has never come here before. (come)
They have been married for 20 years. (be)
HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
! She has gone to the bank
She has been to the bank
We haven’t seen them since 1990. (not
see)
Have you ever been to Paris? (be)
1.7 Present perfect continuous
+
?
I am tired, I have been studying (study) all
day!
HAVE BEEN + -ING
I have not been waiting for a long time.
(not wait)
Have you been working in London for a
long time? (work)
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2 Irregular verbs
Infinitive
to beat
to become
to begin
to bite
to blow
to break
to bring
to build
to burn
to buy
to catch
to choose
to come
to cost
to cut
to deal
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to fly
to forbid
to forget
to forgive
to freeze
to get
to give
to go
to grow
to hang
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to keep
to know
to lay
to lead
Past tense
beat
became
began
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
burnt / burned
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dealt
did
drew
dreamt / dreamed
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbad(e)
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
Past
participle
Translation
beaten
become
begun
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
burnt / burned
bought
caught
chosen
Come
cost
cut
dealt
done
drawn
dreamt / dreamed
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hung
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
battre
devenir
commencer
mordre
souffler
briser
apporter
bâtir
brûler
acheter
attraper
choisir
venir
coûter
couper
distribuer, trafiquer
faire
tirer, dessiner
rêver
boire
conduire, pousser
manger
tomber
se nourrir
(se) sentir, éprouver
se battre, combattre
trouver
voler, s’envoler
défendre, interdire
oublier
pardonner
geler
obtenir
donner
aller
grandir, pousser
pendre, suspendre
entendre
(se) cacher
frapper, toucher
tenir
blesser, faire mal
garder
savoir, connaître
poser, coucher
mener, conduire
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to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to pay
to put
to read
to ride
learnt / learned
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
learnt / learned
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to sell
to send
to set
to shake
to shine
to show
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to sleep
to smell
to speak
to spend
to spread
to stand
to steal
to stick
to strike
to swear
to swim
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to understand
to wake
to wear
to win
to write
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
smelt
spoke
spent
spread
stood
stole
stuck
struck
swore
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone
shown / showed
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
smelt
spoken
spent
spread
stood
stolen
stuck
struck
sworn
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written
apprendre
quitter, partir
prêter
laisser, permettre
être couché
perdre
faire, fabriquer
signifier
(se) rencontrer
payer
poser, mettre
lire
aller
à
(cheval,
vélo…)
sonner
se lever
courir
dire
voir
vendre
envoyer
poser, fixer
secouer
briller
montrer
fermer
chanter
couler, sombrer
être assis
dormir
sentir (odorat)
parler
passer, dépenser
(s’)étendre
se tenir debout
voler, dérober
coller
frapper
jurer
nager
prendre
enseigner
déchirer
dire, raconter
penser
jeter
comprendre
éveiller
porter
gagner
écrire
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3 Use of tenses
3.1 Present simple or continuous?
 Read the grammar rules:
Use the present simple for:

Permanent situations
Use the present continuous for:

Actions happening now
It’s raining.
John is washing his car.
Prices are going up.
I live in a flat.
I work as a teacher.
[Now –Today – This week...These days/Nowadays]


Habitual actions (90%!!!)

Future arrangements
I always walk to work.
I’m often late.
He must usually work late.
I don’t often/frequently eat fish.
I sometimes/occasionally read a
book.
+rarely – seldom – hardly ever
What are you doing on Friday night?
I am having dinner with friends.
He is leaving for Paris tomorrow
morning.
+ expressions of frequency:
+ future time expressions:
How often ...?
once a year, twice a month
every day, …
on Mondays
every other day / every 2 days
Tonight - This evening - tomorrow
Next week - on Saturday...
A general truth
The sun rises in the east and sets in
the west.
! Some verbs, called ‘state verbs’ (>< action verbs) are not normally used in the present
continuous → I need it now.
- Verbs of thinking and opinion: believe, understand, know, agree…
- Verbs of emotions and feelings: like, love, hope, adore…
- Verbs of having and being: belong, have, cost, seem, own…
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! Adverbs of frequency (sometimes, often, always, never…) go before the main verb but after
‘BE’.
I never go running.
I don’t often go running.
Do you often go running?
! BUT-> He is often late.
 Ex. 1: Write questions in the present simple or continuous.
Questions:
1. How often / go / cinema?
2. What / like / do / free time?
3. What time / usually / go / bed?
4. How / get / school?
5. What / do / tonight?
 Ex. 2: Present simple or present continuous? Fill in the following dialogues.
1)
2)
A
B
A
A
B
A
B
3)
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
Where’s Karl from?
He …………………. German, but I …………………. he’s Swedish. (look, think)
He …………………. very good English, doesn’t he? (speak)
What …………………. your brother ………………….? (do)
He’s a computer programmer, but he …………………. the work very much. He
…………………. a new job. (not like, look for)
What kind of job …………………. he ………………….? (want)
Well, he …………………. a part-time course in journalism at the moment, in the
evenings. He’d like to work for a newspaper. (do)
I …………………. on holiday tomorrow. (go)
Where …………………. you………………….? (go)
To Amsterdam. My wife’s Dutch, so we …………………. there every year to visit my
mother-in-law. (go)
…………………. you…………………? (fly)
No, we …………………. by car. (go)
When …………………. you …………………. back? (come)
Next Sunday.
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3.2 Past simple or continuous?
Use the past simple for:

Finished actions
Use the past continuous for:

I had an accident yesterday.
last week.
in 1980.
when I was in Spain.
a week ago.

The interest is in the past action as
such.
To describe an action in progress
at a particular moment in the past.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock
yesterday?
I was lying on the beach at this time
last week.

I had an accident yesterday.
Really?
How/When did it happen?
Any description in
(clothes, weather...)
the
past
She was wearing a red dress.
The sun was shining.

A long past action is interrupted
by a short action.
We were watching TV when John
arrived.

Two simultaneous actions
= two past continuous tenses
I was watching TV while Mary was
reading.
 Ex.: Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple:
Example: While Tom was cooking the dinner (cook), the phone rang (ring).
1. George …………………. (fall) off the ladder while he …………………. (paint) the
ceiling.
2. …………………. (you/watch) television when I phoned you?
3. I …………………. (not/drive) very fast when the accident …………………. (happen).
4. Tom …………………. (take) a photograph of me while I ………………… (not/look).
5. What …………………. (you/do) at this time yesterday?
6. I …………………. (see) Carol at the party. She ………………… (wear) a really
beautiful dress.
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3.3 Present perfect simple and past simple
Use the past simple for:


The action is finished
(Or the period referred to is finished)
Use the present perfect for:

The action started in the past but
is still going on in the present.
(Or the period referred to is finished)
How long did you live there?
I lived there for ....
from .... to ...
How long have you lived here?
I’ve lived here for (5 years).
since (2005).
I saw him yesterday.
last week.
a week ago.
in 2005.
when I was ...
I haven’t seen him today.
this week / year ...
for the past 2
years.
The stress is on the past action as
such.

The stress is on the present
experience: you don’t say / ask or
know when.
I had an accident last year and I
spent 2 months in hospital.
I’ve travelled a lot.
I’ve studied English before.
I went on a business trip to the USA
in 2006.
(?)Have you ever been to India?
Have you been to India yet?
(+)I’ve been there already.
(-)No, I have never been there.
I still haven’t been there.
I haven’t been there yet.
+ so far / up to now
just

Recent past situations: when you
want to insist on the present
result.
I’ve broken my leg, so I can’t play
tennis.
Sorry I can’t open the door for you,
I’ve lost my keys!
I have lost my mobile. Can I borrow
yours to make a call?
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! FOR and SINCE
FOR + period of time: I have known him for 10 years.
SINCE + a point in time: I have known him since September 2012.
 Ex. 1: FOR or SINCE?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It’s been raining …………… lunchtime.
Paul has lived in London …………… ten years.
Kevin has been looking for a job …………… he left school.
I wonder where Joe is. I haven’t seen him …………… last week.
The weather is dry. It hasn’t rained …………… a few weeks.
 Ex. 2: Explain the difference:
We’ve been married for 5 years.
We were married for 5 years.
3.3.1
Unfinished actions/situations: an action that started in the past but
which is still going on.
 Ex. 3 Read the situations and complete the sentences:
Ann and Sue are friends. They first met years ago. ► They have known each other for
years.
1
2
3
Joe is ill, he became ill on Sunday. He has ………………………………… Sunday.
Joe is ill, he became ill a few days ago. He has ……………………………… a few
days.
Liz
is
married.
She’s
been
married
for
a
year.
She
got
…………………………………
 Ex. 4: Make sentences using the words given.
Examples: (I / smoke / 20 cigarettes yesterday) ► I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
(how many cigarettes / you / smoke / today?) ► How many cigarettes have you
smoked today?
(I / be / ill twice so far this year) I ……………………………………….
(He / be / late three times this week) ……………………………………….
(How many games / the team / win / so far this season?)
…………………………………………………………..…………………………………….
 Ex. 5: Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect (I have done) or past
simple (I did).
I …………………………… (not / play) golf when I was on holiday last summer.
Molly lives in Dublin. She …………………………… (live) there all her life.
When we were on holiday, the weather …………………………… (be) awful.
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 Ex. 6: Correct the sentences which are wrong.
1
2
3
4
3.3.2
Tom has broken his leg yesterday.
She’s my best friend and I know her for ten years.
I haven’t played football since I was 11.
I’ve never written an application letter.
When you don’t say/ask or know when it happened: the stress is
on the present experience.
Have you EVER …?
Question: Have you ever visited an Asian country?
Answers: NO, I haven’t.
YES, I have. → When was that? What was it like?
3.3.3
Recent past situations: when you want to insist on the present
result.
 Ex. 7: Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
Example: I have lost (lose) my key. I can’t find it anywhere.
1. ………………………. (you / see) the film on television last night?
2. Jill ………………………. (buy) a new car two weeks ago.
3. Last night I ………………………. (arrive) home at half past twelve.
I………………………. (have) a bath and then I ………………………. (go) to bed.
4. ………………………. (you / visit) many museums when you were in Paris?
5. When ………………………. (you / give) up smoking?
6. I
……………………….
(not
/
eat)
anything
yesterday
because
………………………. (not / feel) hungry.
7. Brian: Hello Susan. Is Alan here?
Susan: No, I’m afraid he ………………………. (go) out.
Brian: What a pity! When exactly ………………………. (he / go) out?
Susan: About ten minutes ago.
I
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3.4 Present perfect simple or continuous
Use the present perfect continuous:

To insist on duration.
With ‘How long –for –since –all day...’
Especially with verbs such as ‘play-live-wait-study + verbs of position’
How long have you been studying English?
I’ve been waiting here all day!

For an action that lasted in the past / has recently finished / whose result you
can see.
You’re very dirty! What have you been doing?
I have been playing football.
! The present perfect continuous is not used with be, have (possession) and
know.
→ I’ve known her for ten years.
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3.5 Revisions: mixed tenses.
 Ex. 1: Put the verbs in the right tenses:
Hello. My name is David Nelson.
I ……………………. (to be born) in England but I …………………….
(live) in South America when I was a child. I …………………….
(live) there for ten years. Then I …………………….
(come) back to England. I’m a journalist. I …………………….
(work) for a London newspaper for 5 years and I …………………….
(work) in television for the past 2 years. I don’t work for the EBC (= English Broadcasting
Corporation). I work for another company. The EBC ……………………. (just offer) me a
job. I ……………………. (think) about the offer. I ……………………. (consider) it very
carefully.
 Ex. 2: Choose the right tense: simple past, past continuous or present perfect.
I didn’t hear you, I …………………………. (listen) to the radio.
What ………………………… (you, do) so far?
He (not, do) …………………………anything since he ………………………… (arrive).
I ………………………… (speak) to him yesterday afternoon.
I ………………………… (see) Alexandra at the party. She …………………………
(wear) a dark blue dress.
6. The water ………………………… (be cut off) when I ………………………… (have) a
shower. It was really unpleasant!
7. ………………………… (you, fall, ever) from a tree?
8. They ………………………… (live) in Madeira for some time now.
9. ………………………… (you, watch) the film on BBC last night?
10. What happened to you? I ……………………….(fall) from my bike and ………………..
(break) my elbow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Ex. 3: Verbs (basic use) – Mixed Exercises: choose the right tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(he, ever, try) to stop smoking?
They (be) friends since they (do) that work together.
I’ll buy a car as soon as I (have) my driving licence.
The Simpsons (live) here for years.
Agatha Christie (die) in 1992.
He (fall) from a tree when he was five.
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4 Understanding modals
4.1 An overview of modals
Modals
Ability (= capacité)
Translation
Elle sait nager
Elle savait nager
Elle saura bientôt nager
She can swim
She could swim
She will soon be able to
swim
Vous devez répondre au
téléphone. (ordre)
You must answer the phone
Obligation
Will of the speaker
(=I feel it’s necessary).
Elle doit répondre au tél.
External obligation
(train / appointment / legal (Elle est toute seule au
obligation...)
bureau).
Elle devait répondre au tél.
Prohibition (= Interdiction)
She has to answer the
phone
Elle ne devait pas…
Elle devra répondre au tél.
She had to answer the
phone.
She didn’t have to….
She will have to…
Vous ne pouvez pas fumer
ici !
You mustn’t (can’t / may
not) smoke here
Absence of obligation (ce Il ne doit pas faire les
n’est pas nécessaire)
courses. (le frigo est rempli.)
He doesn’t have to…
Vous ne deviez pas faire les
courses.
You didn’t have to…
Vous ne devrez pas faire les
courses.
You won’t have to…
14
Permission
Pourrais-je emprunter ta
voiture ?
Puis-je emprunter ta
voiture ?
Could I? (May I?) borrow…?
Tu peux conduire la voiture.
You may drive the car.
Il pouvait conduire la
voiture.
He was allowed to drive…
Il pourra conduire la voiture.
He will be allowed to…
Strong
Il se peut qu’il pleuve.
It may rain.
Weak
Il se pourrait qu’il pleuve.
It might rain.
Advice - Recommendation
Il devrait arrêter de fumer.
He should stop smoking.
Il ne devrait pas brosser les
cours.
He shouldn’t skip school.
Moral obligation
Tu devrais rendre visite à ta
grand-mère
You ought to visit your…
Logical deduction
Il y a longtemps qu’il est
parti, il doit être à la maison.
He must be at home.
Elle vient de partir, elle ne
peut pas être à la maison.
She can’t be at home.
Voulez-vous que je vous
aide?
Shall I help you?
Voulez-vous que nous
fermions la porte ?
Shall we close the door?
Voulez-vous venir avec
nous ?
Will you come with us?
Voulez-vous du gâteau ?
Will you have some cake?
Questions
Giving permission
Can I borrow…?
Possibility (= probabilité)
Offers and requests
15
4.2 Understanding modals – EXERCISES: Translate
1. Tu dois me le rendre.
2. Les professeurs doivent aider leurs élèves.
3. Tu devras le relire. (future obligation)
4. Ils ont dû changer de vêtements pour dîner. (past obligation)
5. Je ne veux pas être obligé de travailler toute ma vie. (obligation)
6. Elle ne peut pas rentrer seule. C’est trop dangereux. (prohibition)
7. Non, tu ne dois pas partir tout de suite, tu as encore un peu de temps. (absence of
obligation)
8. Où est-elle ? Elle doit être à la maison. (deduction)
Elle ne peut pas être sortie. (negative deduction)
9. Il peut arriver à tout moment. (strong possibility)
10. Peux-tu faire mieux que cela ? (ability)
11. Elle était capable de lire à quatre ans. (past ability)
12. Dans quelques semaines, il saura comprendre la BBC. (future ability)
13. Puis-je prendre ta voiture ? (permission)
14. Tu pouvais venir quand tu voulais. (past permission)
15. Pourrais-tu me prêter £5 ? (polite request)
16. Veux-tu que je fasse la vaisselle ? (offer - suggestion)
17. Veux-tu venir avec moi au cinéma ? (invitation)
5 Interrogative sentences
5.1 Word order
(Question word) + Auxiliary (have, do/did, be, modals) + Subject + Verb
e.g.: Have you seen John?
Can you come with us?
Do you like football?
Who did you meet at the party?
16
5.2 Subject and object questions
Some question words (what, who, which, how many…) can ask about the subject or the
object.
-
Asking about the object:
Frank loves someone. -> Who does Frank love?
Tina phoned someone. -> Who did Tina phone?
-
Asking about the subject:
Someone loves Frank. -> Who loves Frank?
Someone phoned Tina. -> Who phoned Tina?
When question words ask about the subject, the verb has the same form as a statement
(e.g.: loves, phoned), and no auxiliary is being used.
5.3 Question words
Where -> où
Where… to -> où (direction)
Where… from -> d’où (origine)
When -> quand
What time/day -> à quelle heure/…
What + noun (colour, size…)
Which -> lequel (limited choice)
Whose -> à qui
Why -> pourquoi
Where can I find this book?
Where are you going to?
Where are you coming from?
When do you go on holiday?
What time/day do you leave?
What size do you take? What sort of music do you like?
Which is your husband? The blond one or the dark one?
Whose is this coat? Whose coat is this?
Why are you angry?
How -> comment
How does she go to work?
How long -> combien de temps
How long do you stay here?
How + adj (old/deep/high/tall/hot…) How long is the coast? How deep is the river?
How often -> à quelle fréquence
How often do you go to the cinema?
How much + uncountable
How much money is it?
How many + countable
How many dogs has she got?
What is/are… like? -> description What is your mother like? She’s tall and slim.
How is/are...?-> health or progress How’s your mother? She’s fine.
5.4 Questions with prepositions
In a question with a preposition, the preposition is usually the last word.
He is talking to his wife. -> Who is he talking to?
He is thinking of his work. -> What is he thinking of?
They are talking about their jobs. -> What are they talking about?
I’m looking for my friend. -> Who are you looking for?
17
 Ex.: Fill in or ask a question about the underlined word
1. W……….. car is this? Is it John’s?
2. It takes 30 minutes to come here.
3. I’ve been waiting for two hours.
4. He visits his grandparents once a month.
5. I think this one is the cheapest.
6. I found the address by calling at every house.
7. I’m looking for my ring.
8. John came here yesterday.
9. John likes ice-cream.
10. A car means freedom to me. (2 sentences)
6 Question tags (= n’est-ce pas ?)
You are English,
aren’t you ?
You will come,
won’t you?
You won’t come,
will you?
You didn’t come,
did you?
You came yesterday,
didn’t you?
You like him,
don’t you?
! Special cases:
Don’t tell him,
will you?
Let’s tell him,
shall we?
You’ll never tell him,
will you?
18
7 Short answers
Can you swim?
Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
Will you come?
Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
Do you like it?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
! Expressing a parallel:
I can ski.
So can I.
I can’t ski.
Neither can I.
I like tea.
So do I.
I don’t like tea.
Neither do I.
7.1 Question tags and short answers: exercises
 Ex. 1: Answer
Can you swim? (-)
Have you got a car? (+)
Who will be there? (Peter)
Who doesn’t like tea? (my friend)
 Ex. 2: Express a parallel with John.
I’m afraid.
I have seen the film.
They came by train.
They can’t come.
 Ex. 3: Short answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Did he run away? No, I don’t think so (to think / negatively)
Mark loves Simon. No, he …………
I’m not thirsty. …………………… (neg. parallel: the same is true for me)
We came late. ………… (pos. parallel: the same is true for me)
Who’s sung that song? Tom …………
Who read my letter? Tom …………
 Ex. 4: Question tags
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It freezes every night now, …………….?
She’d eaten, …………….?
He’s become a doctor, …………….?
They are never on time, …………….?
You’d help her if you could, …………….?
You didn’t lie, …………….?
19
8 Relative clauses
DEFINING
(S)HE
IT
Subj
who, that
which, that
Object
that, 0
that, 0
Preposition
that….. about
0……about
that ….. about
0 …….. about
Possessive
whose
whose, of which
NON-DEFINING
i.e. just providing additional info / can be left out
….., WH-……………………….,
E.g.: Mr. Jones, who you met yesterday, is her husband.
He said he had been ill, which was true.
 Ex.: Add the correct relative pronoun, making sure you provide a complete
sentence:
The reporter …………… is filming is very famous.
Have you found the umbrella …………… you lost?
He’s the man ……………..…married Claudia Schiffer. (his son married Claudia
Schiffer)
20
9 Pronouns
9.1 Personal & possessive pronouns
Singular
Plural
Personal pronouns
Subject
Object
I
me
you
you
he
him
she
her
it
it
we
us
you
you
they
them
Possessive
Adjective Pronoun
my
mine
your
yours
his
his
her
hers
its
*
our
ours
your
yours
their
theirs
Reflexive pronoun
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Some examples:
- ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes I know him, but I can’t remember his name.’
- She was very pleased because we invited her to stay with us at our house.
- ‘Where are the children? Have you seen them?’
‘Yes, they are playing with their friends in the park.’
- ‘Is this your umbrella?’ ‘No, it’s yours.’
- He didn’t have an umbrella, so she gave him hers. (= she gave her umbrella to him.)
- I’m going out with a friend of mine this evening. (not a friend of me)
 Ex. 1: Complete the sentences about the Pharaoh Tutankhamun with personal
pronouns and possessive adjectives.
1. ………….. has been famous ever since ……………………. tomb was discovered in 1922.
2. …………………. began ………………….. reign with the name of Tutankhaten at the age of
nine.
3. Because of his youth, it was probably ……………… chief minister Ay who ruled instead of
…..…
4. As a result of political changes, both ……………… names were later changed.
5. Tutankhamun’s death took place when ………………………. was still a teenager.
6. In modern times these objects have been seen by thousands of tourists and ……………..
have made Tutankhamun famous.
 Ex. 2: Complete the sentence with a possessive or an object pronoun.
1. This CD belongs to me. This CD is …………………….
2. That bike belongs to her. That bike’s ……………………….
3. This ball is ours. This ball belongs to ………………………..
21
10 Numbers and dates
10.1
Cardinal numbers
10.2
Ordinal numbers
22
10.3
Dates
10.3.1
General: how to say the year
You write
1900
1901
1995
2000
2002
2010
You say
nineteen hundred
nineteen hundred (and) one
nineteen oh-one
nineteen ninety-five
two thousand
twenty hundred
two thousand (and) two
twenty oh-two
two thousand (and) ten
twenty ten
You normally "split up" the year in tens. 1985 is split up in 19 and 85. (You say: nineteen
eighty-five). From 2000 until 2009 the year is normally not split up. You say: two thousand;
two thousand (and) one. The word >and< is often left out. From 2010 on the year is split up
again. 2010 is split up in 20 and 10. (You say: twenty ten).
10.3.2
Writing and saying the date in British English
rule: day - month - year
You write:
You say:
The
Day
Month
year
1st
January,
2010
January
twenty ten
First
Of
Note: The two letters at the end of the number and the comma are often left out.
10.3.3
Writing and saying the date in American English
rule: month - day - year
Month
day
year
You write:
January
1st,
2010
You say:
January
first
twenty ten
(the)*
* The definite article >the< can be left out.
10.3.4
Sample sentences and the correct prepositions:
I was born in 1999. (Use in with the year.)
I was born in August. (Use in with the month.)
I was born on 12th May, 2000. I was born on the 12th of May. (Use on in the complete date.)
My birthday is on September the 7th.
23
How to ask the day or date:
What day is it please? It’s Tuesday.
What date is it please? It’s the 1st of April.
What’s the date today please? It’s the 1st of April.
11 Articles
!! We use a(n) to describe somebody’s job.
Ex: NOT: He is doctor!! BUT -> He is a doctor.
!! We do NOT use ‘the’ in generalizations.
Ex: I like music, poetry & art in general.
I am interested in nature.
Books are expensive.
 Ex.: Put the, a(n) or 0 in each blank.
1. …………. woman you see there is ………… farmer.
2. She wants to become ……….. hairdresser.
3. Can you turn off ……………. music?
4. …………. people usually think that ….…babies are sweet and ………… teenagers
annoying.
5. His father is ….. mechanic.
6. I hate …… poetry he is writing.
7. ……… teachers are all the same!
24

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