Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη
Πανουργιά Κλειώ
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη , "Ephesus (Antiquity), Statues of Amazons",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8254>
Περίληψη :
A famous group of statues of wounded Amazons existed in Ephesus; it was created by the greatest Greek sculptors of the 5th century BC. These works are
known today through the numerous copies created during the Roman period.
Χρονολόγηση
5th century BC
Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός
Ephesus
1. The Amazons of Ephesus
According to Pliny,1 the greatest sculptors of the 5th century BC, Polycleitus, Phidias, Cresilas, Kydon and Phradmon, participated in a
sculpture competition in Ephesus for the commissioning of a single statue of an Amazon for the temple of Artemis. The sculptors themselves were
the judges and the sculpture finally voted as the best was the one which all sculptors thought of as second best after their own. This was the
Amazon by Polycleitus, the second place went to Phidias’ Amazon, while the third to the Amazon by Cresilas. The fourth place went to Kydon’s
and the fifth to Phradmon’s. Pliny mentions that Cresilas’ Amazon was wounded, while Lucian2 reports that Phidias’ Amazon was supported by
her spear and that her mouth and neck were very beautiful.
There has been a widespread debate on whether this sculpture competition actually took place. Of the five sculptors mentioned by Pliny, the
name “Kydon” is definitely wrong and originated from Cresilas’ birthplace Kydonia, while the sculptor Phradmon was a lesser known sculptor
from Argos.3Moreover, Pliny does not mention any outside promptitude for this competition. It seems more likely that the sculptors competed
among themselves after being commissioned for similar statues for the same monument.
Another issue of debate is the reason for the commissioning of statues of Amazons for the temple of the Ephesian Artemis during the 3rd quarter
of the 5th century BC. It is known that the Amazons were mythical heroines from the East. Their homeland however has not been clearly
defined.4The inhabitants of Ephesus, according to Tacitus,5 believed that the Amazons, hunted down by Dionysus, found refuge in the temple of
Artemis. Pausanias6 mentions that according to the poet Pindarus, the Amazons had founded the temple of Ephesian Artemis during their
campaign against the Athenians and Theseus. Pausanias himself however considers this information insufficient and mentions that the temple
predates these events and was not founded by the Amazons.7
The most plausible reasons for the commissioning of the statues are two: it is generally assumed that they were dedicated on occasion of the
completion of the Artemision which, according to Pliny,8 began during the reign of Croesus and was completed 120 years later, i.e. in around
430 BC. According to another hypothesis, the Amazons were dedicated to Artemis by the Athenians on occasion of their peace treaty with
Persia, known as the peace of Callias (449 BC), and the elimination of the Persians from the Greek coastline of Asia Minor.9
It is a group of three at least bronze statues which represent standing and wounded Amazons without their opponents. They wore girded chitons
which were lifted above the knees by means of a second belt. It was the first group to represent exclusively defeated Amazons. The same
subject was repeated later, at the end of the 3rd century BC, in votive offerings from Pergamon.
2. The Roman copies
Three of the statues of the wounded Amazons were copied during the Roman period. These copies are of the same size and have similar clothing
and, although they present stylistic differences which lead to different artists, it seems that they all come from the same group. These works, for
which various artists and dates from the 5th century BC to the age of Augustus (27 BC-14 AD) have been suggested, are generally recognized
today at the Amazons of Ephesus.10
Although many variations exist, there are three basic types of copies of Amazons with the following characteristics: a lifted chiton, a naked breast,
a lifted right arm and crimped locks parted in the middle. These three statue types are represented by numerous copies while sections have also
been identified in plaster casts from Baia, on the bay of Naples. These casts had been taken from the original works in order to be used, amongst
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη
Πανουργιά Κλειώ
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη , "Ephesus (Antiquity), Statues of Amazons",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8254>
others, in Italian copyist workshops.11
The first type of copies is known as the “Sosicles type”, from the signature of the copyist on the best preserved example of this type, in the
Capitoline Museum in Rome. This type is identified mainly from the rider’s chlamys on the Amazon’s back on top of her chiton. The Amazon is
shown uncovering the wound under her right armpit, next to her breast, with her left hand while the right hand must have rested on her head. She
leans on her left foot and turns her head towards her wound. The second type, known as “Sciarra” or “Lansdowne”, from the names of two old
collections, represents the Amazon leaning with her left elbow on a columns, lifting her right forearm revealing in this way the wound next to the
right breast. The third type, known as the “Mattei type”, shows an Amazon with a wound in her left thigh removing her bow. This type had once
been attributed to Phidias, as it was thought that the Amazon was leaning against her spear, as described by Lucian.
There have been unsuccessful attempts to identify another two types of wounded Amazons. For one of these, known only from a relief figure on
a column from the theatre of Ephesus, which wears a chiton and himation and had both breasts covered, we cannot say whether it is in fact a
fourth type or if it was created to complete a group which would decorate the theatre’s columns (which also bore copies of the three basic types
of Amazons and perhaps more). It could simply be a personification of the town of Ephesus in the form of an Amazon.12 It has been supported,
finally, that only the Sosicles type of Amazon, i.e. Polycleitus’ Amazon, which according to Pliny dominated the competition, was depicted next
to a Satyr and perhaps the god of theatre, Dionysus.13
Debates for the attribution of these types to great artists continue with intensity, but a consensus of opinions remains unattainable. Polycleitus’
Amazon is identified with greater possibility with the Sosicles type.14 It has however been suggested that it could be identified with the Sciarra
type,15 traditionally attributed to Cresilas, while, finally, the Mattei type has been attributed to Phidias. These last two attributions however
present certain difficulties.
1. Pliny, HN 34.50.
2. Luc., pic. 4 and 6.
3. See Corso, A., “Phradmon: the itinerary of a classical Greek sculptor from the style of Polycletius to the rich style”, NumAntCI 30 (2001), p. 53-71.
4. See Devambez, P., “Les Amazones et l’Orient”, RA (1976), p. 265-280.
5. Tac., Annal. 3.61.
6. Paus. 7.2.7. See Papachadji, N.D., Παυσανίου Ελλάδος Περιήγησις, Αρχαϊκά και Αρκαδικά (Athens 1980), p. 28, note 1.
7. Koresos and Ephesus, local heros, were the founders of the Artemision. Paus. 7.2.7.
8. Plin., HN 36.95.
9. Gauer, W., “Die Gruppe der ephesischen Amazonen, ein Denkmal des Perserfriedens”, in Cahn, H.A. – Simon, E. (eds.), Tainia. Roland Hampe zum 70. Geburtstag am 2. Dezember 1978 dargebracht von Mitarbeitern, Schülern und Freunden (Mainz 1980), p. 201-226. The same researcher, Gauer, W., Die ephesischen Amazonen, das Bildnis des Artemon und der samische Krieg des Perikles, Kotinos. Festschrift für E. Simon (Mainz 1992), p. 188-198, supports
elsewhere that the offering should also be connected to his victory in 440-439 BC against the Samians.
10. For a comprehensive list of the copies with rich illustrations, see Bol, R., Amazones volneratae. Untersuchungen zu den Ephesischen Amazonenstatuen (Mainz 1998), who belives that there were only three Amazons in Ephesus.
11. Landsehr, C., Die antiken Gipsabgüsse aus Baiae: griechische Bronzestatuen in Abgüssen römischer Zeit (Mainz 1985), numb. 29-33 (Sciarra Type), 34-39
(Mattei type), 40-41 (Sosicles type).
12. For the various opinions, see Rolley, C., La sculpture grecque 2. La période classique (Paris 1990), p. 39-42.
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη
Πανουργιά Κλειώ
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη , "Ephesus (Antiquity), Statues of Amazons",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8254>
13. Hartwick, K.J., “The so-called ‘Ephesos Amazon’, a new identification”, JDAI 101 (1986), p. 126-136.
14. Steuben, H. Von, “Die Amazone des Polyklet”, in Beck, H. – Bol, P.C., Polykletforschungen (berlin 1993), p. 73-102.
15. Weber, M., “Die Amazonen von Ephesos”, JDAI 91 (1976), p. 28-96; Bol, R., Die Amazone des Polyklet; der Bildhauer der greichischen Klassik (Mainz
1990), p. 213-239; R., Amazones volneratae. Untersuchungen zu den Ephesischen Amazonenstatuen (Mainz 1998), p. 73-87.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Rolley C., La sculpture grecque 2. La période classique, Paris 1999, Les manuels d'art et d'archeologie antiques
Bammer A., "Amazonen und das Artemision von Ephesos", RA, 1976, 91-102
Boardman J., Greek Sculpture. The Classical Period, London 1985
Bothmer D. von, Amazons in Greek Art, Oxford 1957, Oxford Monographs in Classical Archaeology
Devambez P., Kauffmann-Samaras A., "Amazones", LIMC Ι, 1, 1981, 586-653
Eichler F., "Eine neue Amazone und andere Skulpturen aus dem Theater von Ephesos", ÖJh, 43, 1956-1958, 7-18
Bol R., Amazones volneratae. Untersuchungen zu den Ephesischen Amazonenstatuen, Mainz am Rhein 1998
Landwehr C., Die antiken Gipsabgüsse aus Baiae. Griechische Bronzestatuen in Abgüssen römischer Zeit, Berlin
1985, Archäologische Forschungen, Band 14
Poulsen V., Die Amazone des Kresilas, Bremen 1957, Opus nobile : Heft 1
Bieber Μ., "Der Chiton der ephesischen Amazonen", JDAI, 33, 1918, 49-75
Boardman J., "The Amazon’s belt", AJA, 84, 1980, 181-182
Bol R., "Die Amazone des Polyklet", H., Beck, P.C., Bol, M., Bückling (eds.), Polyklet: der Bildhauer der griechischen
Klassik, Mainz 1990, 213-239
Corso A., "Phradmon: the itinerary of a classical Greek sculptor from the style of Polycleitus to the rich style", NumAntCl,
30, 2001, 53-71
Devambez P., "Les Amazones et l’Orient", RA, 2, 1976, 265-280
Devambez P., "Le groupe statuaire des Amazones à Ephèse", CRAI, 1976, 162-170
Dohrn T., "Altes und Neues über die ephesischen Amazonen", JDAI, 94, 1979, 112-126
Floren J., "Die Amazone des Phidias", Μουσικός Ανήρ. Festschrift für Max Wegner zum 90. Geburtstag, Bonn 1992,
119-141
Gauer W., "Die Gruppe der ephesischen Amazonen, ein Denkmal des Perserfriedens", H.A., Cahn, E., Simon (eds.),
Tainia. Roland Hampe zum 70. Geburtstag am 2. Dezember 1978 dargebracht von Mitarbeitern, Schülern und
Freunden, Mainz am Rhein 1980, 201-226
Gauer W., "Die ephesischen Amazonen, das Bildnis des Artemon und der samische Krieg des Perikles", H. Froning (ed.),
Kotinos. Festschrift für E. Simon, Mainz 1992, 188-198
Harrison Ε., "Two Phidian Heads: Nike and Amazon", D., Kurtz – B. Sparkes (eds.), The Eye of Greece. Studies in the
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη
Πανουργιά Κλειώ
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη , "Ephesus (Antiquity), Statues of Amazons",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8254>
Art of Athens, Cambridge 1982, 53-88
Hartwick K.J., "The so-called ΄Ephesos Amazon΄, a new identification", JDAI, 101, 1986, 126-136
Hölscher T., "Die Amazonen von Ephesos: ein Monument der Selbstbehauptung", P. Linant de Bellefonds (ed.), Agathos
Daimon. Mythes et Cultes. Études d'Iconographie en l’Honneur de Lilly Kahi, Athènes – Paris 2000, BCH. Suppl. 38,
205-218
Muss U., "Das Wiener Amazonenrelief", JbKHSWien, 80, 1984, 7-34
Ridgway B.S., "A story of five Amazons", AJA, 78, 1974, 1-17
Richter G.M.A., "Pliny’s Five Amazons", Archaeology, 12, 1959, 111-115
Picard Ch., "L’Ephésia, les Amazones et les Abeilles", F . Chapoutier , W . Seston (eds.), Mélanges d’Etudes anciennes
offerts à G. Radet, Paris 1940, REA 42, 270-284
Ridgway B.S., "The Amazon’s Belt: An Addendum to a Story of Five Amazons", AJA, 80, 1976, 82
Ridgway B.S., "The Five Ephesian Amazons", E. Akurgal (ed.), Τhe proceedings of the Xth International Congress of
Classical Archaeology, Ankara – Ismir 23-30.IX.1973, τομ. 2, Ankara 1978, 761-770
Schmaltz B., "Zu den ephesischen Amazonen", AA, 1995, 335-343
Steuben H. von, "Die Amazone des Polyklet", H. Beck, P.C. Bol (eds.), Polykletforschungen, Berlin 1993, 73-102
Steuben H. von, "Noch einmal die Amazone des Polyklet", Pöhlmann, E., Gauer, W (eds.), Griechische Klassik.
Vorträge bei der interdisziplinären Mommsengesellschaft, Blaubeuren 24.-27.10.1991, Nürnberg 1994, 275-282.
Weber M., "Die Amazonen von Ephesos", JDAI, 91, 1976, 28-96
Weber M., "Der Kopf der Amazone Mattei. Ein Nachtrag", JDAI, 93 , 1978, 112-126
Weber M., "Die Amazonen von Ephesos", JDAI, 99, 1984, 75-126
Weber M., "Die Amazonen in der Villa Hadriana in Tivoli", N. Basgelen, M. Lugal (eds.), Festschrift für Jale Inan,
Istanbul 1989, 31-37
Wimmer H.H., "Die Amazonen von Ephesos. Ein politisches Denkmal?", NumAntCl, 29, 1999, 145-165
Zschietzschmann W., "Die Amazone des Polyklet", Giessener Hochschulblätter, 14, 1967, 45-47
Δικτυογραφία :
Amazonenreliefs (Ephesos)
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/forum1202/25amazon.htm
Socicles' type Amazon, no. MC0651
http://en.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_temi/dei_eroi_e_figure_mitiche/statua_di_amazzone_ferita_firmata_da_sosikles
Statue of a wounded Amazon (roman copy)
http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/god1/hod_32.11.4.htm
Γλωσσάριo :
chiton, the
Item of clothing consisting of a square woollen textile seamed on both sides.
chlamys, the
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη
Πανουργιά Κλειώ
Λέκα Ευρυδίκη , "Ephesus (Antiquity), Statues of Amazons",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8254>
an ancient greek piece of clothing. It was a rectangular woollen mantle typically bordered.It could be worn over another piece of clothing in order to
offer additional protection when travelling or riding. It was fastened with a fibula in front or on one shoulder. It is usually worn by warriors or
messengers.
himation, the
Rectangular woolen (mainly) cloth that was worn over the chiton (cloak). It could be wrapped around the shoulders and the body in different ways and was
fastened with a belt or with brooches.
Πηγές
Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, 34.50, 95
Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.2. 7
Tacitus, Annals, 3.61
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