It is all very understandable. The Aryan mind wants illumination

I t is all very understandable. The
A ryan m ind wants illum ination,
clearness, logic, definition. W hen
deity is defined, it has to be set within
special categories and thus becomes
lim ited and hum anised. A t this point
hum an divine genealogies m ay get
confused, and if to all this is added
the very com m on hum an elem ent of
racial pride, we well understand the
A ryan belief in the divine orgin o f
their race and therefore in their
divine mission. This a t the same time
m akes us understand the m entality
behind the mythological G reek and
R om an gods, the Celtic, and the
N ordic deities and their issues.
In the same light we understand
the idea o f G od as presented by
Jansenism , L utheranism , Puritanism
and Calvinism. This analysis has
been
deliberately
negative
in
emphasis, since no eulogy o f the
great and splendid m asterpieces o f
European culture could have revealed
to us the basic m etaphysical attitude
o f this great com m unity. This basic
orientation, as we have seen, is
tow ards clearness, logic, and the
Truth. In this light we cannot believe
th at the entrusting o f the fact and
doctrine of the Incarnation o f the
Divine Logos first to “ the people o f
this race” was entirely fortuitous or
arbitrary.
W hen we come to the study o f the
oldest Indian writings, we find there
again two traditions and tw o trends
o f thought which, in thousands o f
years, have mingled to give rise to
Indian Philosophy with its various
systems. The two traditions we have
alluded to represent the Indo-A ryan
and D ravidic elements.
T he typical writings o f the Indian
system o f thought are the Vedas and
the U panishads. T hough the U p­
anishads form p a rt o f the Vedic
writings yet they stand in such con­
trast with all th at precedes them , th at
they m ark a turning point in dom in­
an t Indian thought. The Vedas were
w ritten over centuries by rishi (seers).
I t is also notew orthy th a t the very
word Veda m eans knowledge. The
polytheism o f the vedic A ryans is
unm istakable. There are the myths
o f the nature gods: Indra-T hunder,
A gni—Fire V aruna— Sea, Surya—
Sun, U shas— D aw n, M aruts— storm
and others. In d ra and Agni are the
m ost favoured. T hus other Aryan
culture traits which appear in the
Vedas are this nom adic fire cult
(cfr: bonfire, vestal Olympic flame),
an d the practice o f crem ation—
the A ryan nom ads could not take
their dead along, so they burned
them and took their ashes along.
The U panishads, on the other
hand, m ark the growing fusion
between the Indo-E uropean elements
and the M elano-D ravidic factors.
H ere arise the ideas o f the Purusa and
A tm an.
In his valuable work,
H induism (Liberia G entes Editrice,
R om a, 1953), F ather B. Papali, C.D .
refers to this fusion on pages 5— 12,
m entioning specially the im portant
excavations a t M ehenjo D aro and
H arappa. A llusion to this change is
made also by F ather. P. Johanns, S.J.,
on page 5 and passim in his book,
La Pensee Religieuse de l’ln d e (59,
rue de Bruxelles, N am ur).
The
reason for the change was th a t the
m elanic
D ravidians,
like
their
m elanic b rothers in A frica and in
Oceania, were traditionally an agriculturo-pastoral people and thus
were im bued w ith the idea o f union,
life, fertility.
On this phenom enon o f fusion
between analytic A ryan th o ught and
D ravidic synthesis views, G uiseppe
Tucci, the em inent Italian orientalist,
says:
II Mondo della Fede, I I vol.,
Asia Religiosa, pp. 26—27).
In the light o f this statem ent we
can understand w hat D r. H aridas
C houdhary said in an article on the
“ Spirit o f Indian Philosophy” ( United
Asia International Review, Vol. X,
N o. 6,1958), where he affirms th at the
central principle o f Indian thought
is advaita or non-dualism , which in
practical life is translated into ahimsa
o r non-violence.
All the great H induistic m asters
were com m entators o f the Vedas.
As we said above, the Vedas under
the influence o f D ravidic gnosis,
underw ent a significant change in the
U panishads. The A ryan polytheistic
tendencies were modified by the
monistic i n c l i n a t i o n s
of the
Melanians. T h u s the Vedic
high gods such as Vishnu and
K rishna becom e B rahm a the all god
or, as F ath er Johanns com m ents:
“L'aspect impersonnelde Dieu” (ibid.,
op. cit.).
This god, however, is
characterised as being intelligence,
and bliss (saccidananda).
As the
philosopher Vailabba m aintains, the
stress is on the last quality, ananda
(bliss). O ne last rem ark, the oriental
A ryans, in a sharp contrast o f
tem peram ent
to
their
western
“ Da questo vasrissimo mondo brothers, had always represented
prevedico s’insinuano gia nei their gods as benevolent beings.
Veda alcuni m iti, come per Anyway, from the U panishads on­
esempio quello del Purusa, del wards the difference between the two
Macantropo, dal quale deriva currents o f Indian thought is cry­
tuto Vuniverso: essere assesse- stallised into a difference o f either a
suato generatore, col sacrificio static or a dynam ic representation o f
C an k ara and the whole
di se medesimo, di tutte le cose. reality.
Vuniverso e dunque un uomo, le civaitic school follow rigorous logic
singole parti e vicende sono le to the extremes when they affirm
advaita
(non-dualism )
sue membra e le sue funzioni: com plete
il suo coure e la m atrice dell' between Brahm a (all-god, im personal
infinito possible, il pensiero la aspects o f G od) and atm an (self).
sua fo rza magica. Per converso This is because Brahm a, according
I'uomo e un microcosmo nel to the rules o f strict logic, is con­
quale il Micantropo si riproduce; sidered as a state, a form . Therefore,
egli e un piccolo Purusa. C 'e un according to this school saccidan­
anda does n o t m ean being, intelli­
equilibrio, un equivalenza fr a
I'uno e I'altro: ebbe cosi uni gence, bliss any m ore but rather
dei presuppositi piu vitali della absolute form , intelligibility, beautireligione Indiana: analogia tra tude. N o w onder this school rejects
microsmo e macrocosmo; nel' the Sam uccay D octrine taught by
R am anuja and the other schools
individuo e incluso Vuniverso;
according to which deliverance or
il suo cuore da cui e m a n a n o
le straordinarie visioni degli ini- union with B rahm a is n o t achieved
ziati e scaturisce la potenza dei only through knowledge and good
T hus the civaitic school
maghi, contiens le infinite possi- works.
bilita della conscienza cosmica"
(Guiseppe Tucci, nella serie:
C on tinu e d on n ext p a ge
terminology K annagara-no-m inchi,
Leaving aside the fact th a t Japanese
i.e., way of nature. It is enlightening
culture" has been influenced by
to see th a t this same spirit was also
Chinese civilisation, we know th a t
expressed in term s such as yamatob o th cultures have a wealth of
gokoro (Japanese heart), yamatooriginal myths. T he m ost im portant
damshii (Japanese soul). Later under
o f their m ythical was the concepts
the influence of Chinese culture the
belief th a t there is a W ay or Bridge
writer Sugawara M ichizane coined
(A m a-no-hashidate, in Japanese, i.e.,
the Sino-Japanese expression wakonH eavenly Stairs) between heaven and
kansai (Japanese soul and Chinese
earth. O f the developm ent o f this
talent). All these expressions, how ­
em bryonic concept into a full-blown
ever; have been eclipsed by the
idea and ideal, Tucci says:
purely Japanese p h ra se ; Nippon Sei“ Questa intuitione condusse assai
shin (Japanese Spirit). This spirit is
per tempo all'idea di un indissolu­
said to consist o f shinto and of
b le principio che regge a governa
bushido (way o f the gods, way of the
le cose, una legge cui I universe e
knight, respectively).
Vuomo so tto sta n n o ----- Questa
legge o principio ebbe piu tardi
H ere we notice clearly the Chinese
un nome e f u detto T A O
influence because the real Japanese
(icapital letters mine), con parola
word michi for ‘way’ has been
tion.
che tanto le scuole taoiste quanto
But w hatever m ay have been the
dropped and the Sino-Japanese word
le confuciane accolsero, dando
difference am ong the Indian schools
do (tao) is used. T hus we find nippon
ad esso un proprio accento
in the stress they laid on the principle
seishin being explained also as koko
particulare” (p. 205, op. cit).
o f advaita (its opposite was called
(im perial way).
This
expert
tells
us
quite
reasona­
dw aita—dualism ), they all agreed
In the Review, C ultural N ippon,
bly th a t the idea o f T ao (way,
th a t the Suprem e Reality was pre­
principle,
m
ethod)
originated
from
vol.
VII N o. 1, A pril 1939, there
eminently ananda (beautitude) and if
the old m yth o f the Bridge o f
we rem em ber th e beautiful Indian
appeared
an
article
by
Ken
Heaven.
m yth o f the goddess and the lotus
Ishikaw a on E kiken’s T h o u g h t and
We notice also th a t there are two
and th e fact th a t th e gods in Indian
R easoning in Y am atozokuku.
schools
in C hina: the Confusion and
m ythology were always considered
the
T
aoist
schools.
T
he
difference
as sovereign good (ananda). T hus
between these schools was in the
the Indian mind has highly teleologiapplication o f the taoist doctrine.
cal (not theological) and mystical
To be Continued
T he C onfucians or Leggists, as they
tendencies w ith all the virtues and
came to be called
w eak points o f such a tem peram ent.
later, were m ore
M. N ehru in his speeches often
EDITORIAL
concerned w i t h
insists on th e “ M ain P o in t.” I say he
the application of
is a prophet. T h e whole o f Indian
the T ao (way,
th o u g h t is based on the idea o f the
system, order) to
“ M ain P o in t” , i.e., on the idea th at
the state, whereas
the main business o f life is the
H E 16th Session of the General Assembly
the taoists con­
achievem ent o f an ideal, and reality
of the United Nations elected Ghana to
centrated on the
is looked upon fundam entally as the
the
Security Council, by 88 votes. This was
application o f the
end o f desire.
Definitely, Indian
achieved by secret ballot.
.
doctrine to indi­
Philosophy is n o t a philosophy of
The Ghana victory is not only a glorious
vidual m oral life.
means, it is eminently a teleological
In Japan the
vindication of her principled, militant, and
philosophy.
principle o f the
M ongolian thought has interested
progressive stand on international issues but
unity o f the ear­
th ew h o lefo r alo n g tim e .T h is philos­
also a spectacular triumph of the increasing
thly and heavenly
ophy has a rich literature to its credit
influence
of the forces of liberation in world
spheres came to
and has been ably expounded by
be
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
councils.
_ _ .
fam ous and skilled thinkers o f the ca­
openly in the say­
Since it is an open secret that 1963 is the
libre of Confucious, Laoste, M encius
ing Saisei-Itchi,
G iuang-ze, and others. If we forget
target date for Africa’s freedom the years 1962i.e., religion and
the abuses o f Yang-gui and some
1963 are the years of Africa’s destiny.
politics are one
other triflers, we have to adm it th at
Throughout the length and breadth of Africa
an d the s a m e
this tradition o f tho u g h t has a past
freedom
fighters are rejoicing that their chief
thing.
T
he
spirit
alm ost unequalled in level-headed
engendered
in
the
spokesman
on the world’s steering committee
reasoning and plain com m on sense.
Japanese by this
T he two currents o f M ongolian
should be a country committed to the upholding
p r i n c i p l e was
th o u g h t are represented by _ the
of the interests of the indigenous masses.
called in the old
Chinese and Japanese traditions.
represents the tren d in Indian
th oug h t th a t holds a static view
o f reality. Vishnuism, K rishnaism ,
and Ram aism on the oth er hand
represent a realistic m onism in which
a m oderate form o f advaita between
the A tm an and the B rahm a is
taught. T h e Divinity is qualified as
Brahm a (infinite, spirit, therefore
ubiquitous, all-penetrating), and at
the sam e tim e bhagavan (all-pow er­
ful, all-glorious, therefore personal).
A ccording to these systems therefore,
the A tm an attains deliverance or
saccidananda by the perform ance of
w orks prescribed by Scriptures
(cruti) or by trad itio n (sm irti) and by
means o f divine love (bhakti). This
on all hands is a dynam ic presenta-
Ghana on the Security Council
T
La RepubUque de
(ini nee
P a r C. L . Patterson
I E 28 Septembre 1958, la Guinee
defraya incontestablem ent la
chronique du jour. E lle v e n a itd e se
detacher d ’une fagon spectaculaire de
la C om m unaute Frangaise en votant
“ N O N ” , lors du fameux referendum.
Elle fut le seul des huit anciens territoires frangais de l’A frique Occidentale qui se determ inat ainsi, et
naturellem ent a l’etranger, on voulait
avoir tous les renseignements concernant ce pays, qui avait to u t d ’un
coup frappe 1’imagination du m onde
entier. C om m ent etait-il ce peuple
qui eut le courage d ’accom plir un tel
acte. Quelle etait son histoire et la
nature du pays q u ’il habite ?
En realite, le peuple de Guinee
ressemble aux autres peuples d ’Afrique, qui ont souffert pendant des
annees sous la dom ination coloniale.
II habite un coin de la terre d ’Afrique
d ont la structure est d'une variete
extraordinaire, puisque la Guinee
offre un echantillon de toute la
topographie africaine: cote, savane,
foret et m ontagne. A ucun autre pays
de l’A frique O ccidentale ne resum e
ainsi les phenom enes naturels de
cette partie du m onde.
11 y a to u t d ’abord la region
cotiere qu’on appelle la Basse Guinee,
et ou se trouve la capitale, C onakry.
C ’est une mince bande de terre basse,
figee dans la falaise que constitue la
retom bee des plateaux du FoutaD jalon. C ’est la que l’on trouve de
grands estuaires en to u ran t des archipels marecageux. Les explorateurs
portugais venus en G uinee vers le
milieu du quinzieme siecle les appelaient des “ rias” , (m ot portugais qui
veut dire riviere), et c'est pourquoi il
est souvent question dans leurs
recits des Rivieres du Sud.
Sauf les petits rubans rocheux du
Cap Verga et la preq u ’ile de K aloum ;
masse lateritique prolongee au large
par les iles de Loos, centre touristique
tres recherche, cette region est entierement basse et sans relief. C ’est
une des regions les plus riches de
G uinee et tres propice a la culture
rizicole. On y fait aus si de la peche,
on y cultive des fruits, des legumes,
des palmiers a hiule, des cocotiers et
des arachides.
Le clim at de la basse Guinee est
assez hum ide. C onakry, par exemple
a un to ta l annuel moyen de pluie de
4.30 m etres: un des plus eleves de
l'A frique Occidentale. II faut aller
sur les fiancs du m ont C am eroun
pour observer un niveau plus eleve.
Bien que les pluies soient abondantes
elles se situent entierem ent entre
Juin et Novem bre. Le mois d ’aout
est le plus humide et c’est alors que
les pluies de m ousson sont amenees
p ar les vents du Sud-Ouest, se
decoupant a m esure qu’elles se jetent
contre la masse m ontagneuse du
F o u ta Djalon.
On sait que plusieurs grandes
rivieres de l’A frique Occidentale
prennent leur source dans la grande
arete q u ’est le F outa D jalon, telle
que la G am bie, le Bafind (tributaires
de la riviere Senegal) et le Niger.
Ces rivieres passent par des vallees
profondes d ’ou se degagent de
jolies cascades.
P ourtant, il faut noter que la
saison seche n ’est pas si nettem ent
accusee et que les pluies sont plus
egalem ent reparties par suite vraisem
blablem ent de l’influence des inontagnes. La region du F outa Djalon
est un des endroits les plus froids de
G uinee et, a D alaba, il y a une station
clim atique qui est tres recherchee
pendant les grandes chaleurs.
L ’elevage constitue l’occupation
principale de cette region. M alheureusem ent le problem e de la conserva­
tion du sol qui existe un peu p arto u t
en A frique est ici d ’une accute toute
particuliere. Cela est sans doute le
resultat de plusieurs facteurs dont
de m auvaishes abitudes de culture
et de pacage.
On aborde la troisiem e region:
la Haute Guinee, region de savanes
et qui rappelle un peu le N ord du
G hana au-dela de N avrongo en allant
vers la Haute Volta. Ici des plateaux
relativem ent bas et m onotones se
succedent. C ’est une region qui par
son clim at et son paysage, rappelle le
M ali. La saison seche est tres m arquee
et a Siguiri le total annuel des pluies
est tres faible pas plus de 10 mm. de
decembre en mars.
II
ne nous reste m aintenant q u ’a
p arler de la region forestiere de cote
du Liberia et de la Cote d ’Ivoire.
C ’est la que se trouve la fameuse
arete de quartz du nim ba, un des
plus grands pics de l’Afrique Occi­
dentale s’elevant a 1.752 m etres.
C ’est une tegion extrem em ent riche
en m inerais de fer. Les pluies s’etendent sur huit mois de l’annee et c’est
la raison pour laquelle cette region
est si boisee et Test encore d ’avantage
plus on avance vers Finterieur du
Liberia. Avec la basse G uinee, la
region forestiere constitue ce qu’on
peut appeler le grenier de la Guinee.
On v trouve toutes les cultures deja
nommees, et en plus, le cafe et le
copal.
C hacune de ces regions dont nous
venons de parler possede des caracteristiques particulieres egalement sur
le plan des populations. II y a par
exemple les Soussous qui se trouvent
pour la plupart en basse G uinee, les
Peuls, peuple pastorial qui dit-on
est d ’origine saharienne. On y
trouve des Tenda, les M alinkes de la
haute Guinee, et dans la zone
forestiere de petits groupem ents de
Guirze et de K ono, qui setendent
partiellem ent au Liberia et en Cote
d ’Ivoire.
Com m e la p lu p art des capitales
d ’A frique, C onakry est un carrefour
ou se confondent plusieurs races. La
preuve c’est que sa population a
passe de 26 mille en 1945 a 78 mille
aujourd’hui. M ais peu im porte la
tribu a laquelle on appartient. C ’est
meme un crime passible p ar la loi
que de chercher a le savoir car les
responsables de la Republique de
Guinee se rappelent toujours les
torts que les colonialistes ont fait a
leur pays sur ce plan.
La preoccupation qui prim e toute
autre c’est de reparer les degats du
passe colonial, et d ’elaborer une
politique qui prom ouvra le plein
epanouissem ent du pays.
Foreign Investment und
South African Struggle
by Special Correspondent
ORECISE figures of foreign
investment in South Africa
are available up to the end of
1956.
At that time foreign invest­
ment amounted to £1,396 mil­
lion and by the end of 1959 this
figure was believed to have
grown to about £1,580 million.
More than half of all foreign
investments have t a k e n the
form of investment in com­
panies c o n t r o l l e d outside
South Africa ( direct invest­
ment).
A very large proportion of
foreign money is in the private
sector of the South African
economy and in this sector
which at the end of 1957 ac­
counted for 87 per cent of all
foreign investment, direct in­
vestment was as high as 63 per
cent.
Britain was the major sup­
plier and about two-thirds of
foreign d i r e c t investments
and two-fifths of foreign in­
direct investments came from
and were held by individuals
or bodies resident in Britain.
The American stake was
s m a l l e r and concentrated
mainly in mining.
French and Swiss investors
follow a long way behind. No
other private source is of any
significance.
South A f r i c a
could be
attacked economically in three
w ays:
(1) by denying it fresh ca­
pital and withdrawing
existing capital,
(2) by cutting off supplies of
essential commodities,
and
(3) by boycotting S o u t h
African exports.
Since Sharpeville investors
have taken increased alarm
on political grounds, and ca­
pital has begun to flow out
more rapidly.
Following March 21, 1960,
French, Belgian and Swiss
shares sold at once and at
rapidly falling p r i c e s . On
March 30, date of declara­
tion of state of emergency,
shares on the Johannesburg
stock exchange fell by £70
miilion, gold shares losing 5
per cent of their market value.
By May 15, the loss since
January was £600 million.
Total damage caused by
t h e Cape Town strike to
industry was £10 million.
By end of May the public
was a verse to investing their
m o n e y s and new ventures
both home and abroad had to
be postponed.
In April 1961, £500,000 a day
was the net capital outflow
from the country.
The voluntary withdrawal
of all capital from the Union
and refusal to advance fresh
capital would lead to the col­
lapse of the South Africa set­
tler regime, and here again
investors in Britain and the
U.S.A. hold the key to the si­
tuation. They have made the
Verwoerd regime and can un­
make it.
The South African reserves
stood at £153.2 million on the
e v e of Sharpeville. T w o
months
after Sharpeville
these reserves had fallen by
£34.1 million.
A year later these reserves
had fallen to £76 million. Since
Sharpeville the South Africa
exchange reserves had fallen
by more than one-half.
Increased political pressure
both at home and abroad
would lead to the complete
disappearance of all exchange
reserves. The stay-at-home
campaign organised on the
eve of the proclamation of the
settler republic failed to
affect both the fall in capital
investments and the drop in
reserves since it was a mise­
rable flop.
Cutting off oil supplies to
South Africa would serious­
ly injure her economy. In 1959
86 per cent of South African
oil supplies came from the
Middle East.
Most of South Africa’s oil
comes from Iran (69 per cent
in 1959) and Saudi Arabia (42
per cent in 1956). The oil mo­
nopolies are controlled main­
ly by U.S. and British capital.
These rest from Iran over
70,000 million rials in oil pro­
fits every year. The United
States and British investors
therefore hold the key to the
cutting off of supplies.
Other commodities through
which the South A f r i c a n
economy can be injured are
metals, metal manufacturing,
machinery and vehicles.
South Africa gets one-third
of its outside needs from the
United Kingdom and less
than one-fifth from U.S.A.
South Africa’s gold, ura­
nium and diamonds are bought
mainly by Britain and the
U.S.A. Boycott of these would
help to disrupt the South
Africa’s economy.
Boycott of South African
goods involving gold, and ura­
nium would be more effective
with the co-operation of Bri­
tain and the U.S.A. govern­
ments.
In t h e field of capital
investment, cutting off essen­
tial supplies and boycotting
South African goods the will­
ingness of the British and the
American investors or gov­
ernments to co-operate would
lead to the total collapse over­
night of the South African
economy.
C o n tin u e d on page 4 U
D a rk clouds over Mozambique (IMM)
Mozambique as a
Nation
by Dr. E d w in M unger
T F P ortugal loses control over this
1 huge country, will perm anent p ar­
tition ensue or will M ozam bique
retain its present geographical iden­
tity in a new natio n ? One doubts
w hether purely African nationalism
could now hold the country together.
It is one of the weaker strains of
such nationalism on the continent
because o f the lack of African
education, p oor com m unications,
and the suppression of African
organizations. The Swahili-speaking
M acuas o f the n o rth are drawn to
Swahili-speaking Tanganyikans, and
other tribal pulls affect N hanga,
C aranga, an d T onga tribesmen. How­
ever, politically conscious M ozam ­
bique A fricans have been successful
in rising above tribalism . P ortugal’s
non-tribal direct adm inistration has
encouraged this.
Furtherm ore, o f all the countries
in southern A frica, M ozam bique has
the least specifically racial tension.
T he strides Portugal has made
tow ard a non-racial Portuguese
nationality m ay contribute signifi­
cantly tow ard a non-racial M ozam ­
bique nationality, especially if an
African leadership emerges com para­
ble to th at o f Julius Nyerere’s in
Tanganyika.
For
M ozam bique
nationalism n o t only reaches beyond
tribe, it reaches beyond race. M any
factors favour the creation o f a new
nation. Should one be set up, the
Portuguese born in Europe would
naturally lose their superior position
and some w ould leave. But m any o f
them have developed a real identifi­
cation with M ozam bique signifi­
cantly different from , say, th a t which
the Belgians had for the Congo.
Portuguese businessm en keep more
o f their assets in Africa and retire
here. It is unusual for a civil servant
who has served for long in M ozam ­
bique to retire to Portugal and never
return. W hatever racial prejudice
m ay be institutionalized here is so
m inor com pared with South A frica
th at it would disappear overnight.
M ozam bique also has a growing
population of locally-born whites.
In the last decade they have ceased
to be considered socially inferior to
E uropean-born Portuguese or, as
was once true, to whites born in G oa.
M any o f those b o rn in M ozam bique
feel a strong identification with
Portugal b u t a stronger one with the
territory. Their anti-Salazar feelings
reflect this. Because o f the high cost
o f visits to Europe—the annual
E uropean holiday o f highly paid
Congo Belgians has no parallel here
—and the lack o f jobs in Portugal
for citizens o f any race, the P o rtu ­
guese feel com m itted to M ozam ­
bique.
Blended with the “white P or­
tuguese” are the “ w hite foreigners”
o f whom 1,500 speak English. Those
locally-born o f G erm an, Italian,
South A frican and other descent
have an attachm ent for M ozam bique
but not necessarily for Portugal.
Foreign businessmen have long pres­
sed for consideration o f M ozam ­
bique’s econom y before th at of
Portugal.
By their relatively tolerant racial
attitudes the Portuguese have drawn
tow ard them the m inority groups
which are repelled, for example, by
the South African G overnm ent. The
8,000 odd G oans in M ozam bique
have a strong religious, occupational
and national identification with the
m etropolitan Portuguese. W hen I
m ade a door-to-door survey in
Pangim (G oa) a few years ago, there
was no m istaking the loyalty to
Lisbon o f the m any G oans who had
been in Africa. This has roots in the
days when M ozam bique was a
dependency o f G oa and came under
the Suprem e C ourt there. However,
the influx into M ozam bique of
m etropolitan Portuguese has m eant
th a t fewer G oans occupy im portant
positions in M ozam bique than they
did even a decade ago. The resulting
dissatisfaction works tow ard a bond
with other dissident elements, pri­
marily white.
“ Indians” and “ Pakistanis” have
less loyalty to the Portuguese. They
have been actively ham pered in their
commercial dealings and their n u m ­
bers have dropped to less th an onehalf o f the G oans. A few Indian m er­
chants are m aking secret deals with
the African underground— as much
to cover all bets as out o f enthusiasm .
The Portuguese-African mixed
population of over 25,000 is partially
assim ilated by the Portuguese but
suffers from lack o f education and
economic opportunity.
A lthough
the group is probably loyal en
masse to the adm inistration, a few
brainy and energetic individuals are
active underground.
Stories of
“ m ulattoes” organizing plots in
Angola have made the M ozam bique
Portuguese nervous.
In a new
A frican-led nation the mixed group
would blend in easily. There is not
the same distrust between it and the
purely A frican population th a t exists
between the C oloured and the A fri­
can masses in South Africa.
The Assimilado System
Since 1917 the liberal Portuguese
answ er to problem s of nationalism
has been the assimilado system. To
qualify as an assimilado an African
m ust live as Portuguese in language,
custom s, etc. A lthough it has added
a thin layer o f support for the
adm inistration, the “ solution” of
gradually assim ilating “ civilized”
A fricans is a failure. By 1956 there
were only 4,555 and o f those only
206 had been added after 1950. The
G overnm ent is strangely reticent
these days on the num bers of
assimilados. The G overnor-G eneral
evaded a direct question on the total
when it was p u t by the representative
o f a foreign governm ent. O n p re­
vious visits to M ozam bique, I had
found th a t the num ber and rate of
increase o f assim ilados were a source
o f pride and open discussion for some
governm ent officials. T he gates have
now been widened to include Africans
with higher incom es but shy o f some
cultural requirem ents such as the
ability to w rite Portuguese. B ut a
policy o f granting rights to indi­
genous people o f a territo ry which
em braces less than one-tenth of one
per cent after 44 years is w orthless
in Africa 1961. The assimilados will
have to provide the bulk o f African
leadership in a new nation. A lthough
there is an understandable tension
between some o f them and their less
favoured fellow Africans, the wind
o f change will blow this away.
Actually, the Portuguese have
been aw are for some years th a t the
wide gap between so-called “ civili­
zed” A fricans and the “ trib al”
A fricans
required
a
separate
approach. Professor M arcelo Caetano, form er M inister o f Colonies, has
been pushing since 1955 for a
category o f rights for Africans who
have left tribalism b u t are not
assimilados. N o announcem ent has
been m ade o f a m ajor policy switch
but striking changes in M ozam bique
date from the beginning o f this year.
N on-assim ilated Africans can now be
on the streets after 9.00 p.m . w ithout
passes. In practice they now attend
certain cinemas and restaurants
where they were formerly unwelcome.
R acial discrim ination is now pro­
secuted. The Conselho A dm inistra­
tor, Sr. G. Pires, told me in his
office th a t he had ju st punished a
“ m u latto ” restaurant owner for re­
fusing to serve tw o non-assim ilated
but well-dressed Africans. Sr. Pires
said “ the m ulatto deserves to be
sent to Johannesburg or Little
R ock.” H e also spoke o f fining two
“ w hite” Portuguese cinema operators
for a similar offence.
F o re ig n In vestm en t
C ontinu ed from p a g e 3 8
The collapse of the economy
would lead to the collapse of
the fascist settler republic of
S o u t h Africa which was
ushered in on May 31 to the
founding of a truly national
republic.
The governments of Britain
and the United States are
under the control of forces
that put economics before
humanity. It is, therefore,
a foregone conclusion that
nothing short of a political
miracle can induce them to
disrupt South Africa’s econo­
my.
The British and American
investors will continue not
only to be a party to the op­
pression of the African people
in South Africa but also to
condone the monstrous atro­
cities of the settler regime and
to give them their explicit or
tacit support. Even when forc­
ed to pay lip-service to the
struggle for ‘freedom it can
safely be predicted that they
cannot go beyond that.
The revolutionary task of
the African masses therefore
becomes that of positive ac­
tion directed towards total
disruption of the South Afri­
can economy.
This eventually is desired by
nobody but if it must be it
must be. The P.A.C. as the
mass political organisation of
the people, is today committed
to a peaceful solution of the
problem.
The time is now overdue for
them to review that commit­
ment.
Whatever measures t h e
South African masses take to
redeem themselves from their
slavery the only source where
they could expect material and
moral support seems to be
from the peoples and govern­
ments of Africa and Asia and
from the democrats of the
world.
A nother example o f the new policy
is in the Polana H otel where I am
writing. In deference to Rhodesian
and South African visitors the hotel
has long been segregated. T he late
Aly K han caused a flutter a few
years ago when he proposed having a
cocktail party on the lawn. B ut a
few hours ago, when I was having
tea with a local couple, the G hanaian
A m bassador to Ethiopia, Miguel
Augustus Ribeiro, came iti with an
aide and a Portuguese official. M y
com panions said they had seen a
few “ m ulattoes” and Asians at the
Polana in the last tw o years b u t
never before a “ pure A frican.”
To be Continued
S T R IK E I T OUT
T T happened in Settler South
Africa. The scene was the interior
o f the settler H ouse o f Assembly in
Cape Tow n during the 1949 session.
The debate centred around the
Prohibition o f M ixed M arriages
A ct sponsored by the settler govern­
ment.
“ This Bill, to my m ind is the
im m oral offspring o f an illicit union
between racial superstition and bio­
logical ignorance,” said one unofficial
opposition M.P.
“ U nfortunately for the M inister of
the Interior, who is South A frica’s
leading political m isanthropologist,
hum anity has been in the m elting pot
for unknow n millennia, and it is too
late for any section o f m ankind now
to seek to give the sanction o f law to
the pseudo-biological phantasies
about race purity which are in co r­
porated in the Bill before the
House.”
The settler governm ent ordered
this p a rt o f the speech to be struck
out o f the records. And th a t was
done.
This time it happened a t Lake
Success. A representative o f settler
South Africa told the U N Assembly
th at the result o f their enslaving the
A fricans in their m idst has been to
make them better off than those in
the Independent African States!
By an overwhelming m ajority
settler South Africa was censured
and the offending passage struck off
the record.
--- VOICE OF AFRICA ---R a d io G hana
Transm ission Tim es and Wavelengths
E N G L I S H SE R V I C E
(i) S U D A N ,
P O R T U G U E S E SERVICE
E T H IO P IA , S O M A L IA
1415— 1500 G M T
1830— 1915 G M T
(/) A N G O L A ,
21.545 M cs
11.805 M cs
13.92 M etres
25.41 M etres
21.545 Mcs
13.92 M etres
M O Z A M B IQ U E
1415— 1500 G M T
1630— 1715 G M T
(if) E A S T A F R IC A
17.740 M cs
17.740 M cs
1630— 1715 G M T
(iii) S O U T H , S O U T H - W E S T A N D
A F R IC A
17.740 M cs
15.285 M cs
1545
1745
2045
2215
GMT
GMT
GMT
GMT
9.545
9.545
9.545
9.545
6.070
M cs
Mcs
M cs
M cs
Mcs
16.91 M etres
19.62 M etres
1545— 1630 G M T
1830— 1915 G M T
31.43
31.43
31.43
31.43
49.42
3 1.43 M etres
49.42 M etres
M etres
M etres
M etres
M etres
M etres
AR A B IC SERVICE
(i) U N IT E D A R A B R E P U B L IC , S U D A N , L IB Y A
1630— 1715 G M T 21.545 M cs
13.92 M etres
(ii) M O R O C C O , A L G E R IA , T U N IS IA
1745— 1830 G M T
1915— 2000 G M T
2005— 2049 G M T
11.805 M cs
11.805 M cs
1745— 1830 G M T
1915— 2000 G M T
2045— 2130 G M T
25.41
9.545
9.545
9.545
6.070
M cs
M cs
M cs
Mcs
M ETRES
D IM A N C H E
11.805 M cs
25.41
M etres
15.285 M cs
21.545 M cs
21.545 M cs
19.62 M etres
13.92 M etres
13.92 M etres
S W A H I L I SE R V I C E
25.41
25.41
M etres
M etres
(i) E A S T A F R IC A
1415- -1500 G M T
1715- -1800 G M T
1830— 1915 G M T
(ii) W E S T A F R IC A
31.43
3 1.43
31.43
49.42
M etres
M etres
M etres
M etres
S P E C I A L E N G L I S H S E R V I C E — U.K. A N D
2045— 2130 G M T
11.805 M cs
11.805 Kcs. ( A F R IQ U E O C C ID E N T A L E ) ; 31.43 M E T R E S 9.545 Kcs. ( A F R IQ U E C E N T R A L E ,
LUNDI
1744
1745
9.545 Mcs
6.070 Mcs
(i) W E S T A F R IC A
(i) C O N G O , C E N T R A L A F R IC A ,
M A DA G A SC A R
SU R
31.43 M etres
H A U S A SERVICE
F R E N C H SE R V I C E
A O R A IR E
9.545 Mcs
SO U T H -E A ST
(iv) W E S T A F R IC A
1500—
1700—
2000—
2130—
M etres
M etres
(//) G U IN E A , A N G O L A
1500— 1545 G M T
1500— 1545 G M T
200 0 — 2045 G M T
16.91
16.91
MARDI
M ERCREDI
IN D IC A T IF
D ’A P P E L (IC I L A
JEU D I
V O IX
DU
25.41
EUROPE
M etres
C O N G O ).
VENDREDI
SAM EDI
GHANA)
Bulletin
d ’lnformation
Bulletin
d ’lnformation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
1755
Com m en taire
du jour
Com m entaire
du jour
C om m en taire
du jou r
C om m en taire
du jour
Com m entaire
du jour
C o m m en taire
du jour
C om m e n taire
du jo ur
1805
Le D isq u e des
A u d ite u rs
A lb u m Musical
1820
28/30
1914
Le D isq u e des
A udite urs
U n C on tine nt
U n Peuple
Rendez-vous
musical avec
M u siqu e
Populaire
A frique d ’H ie r
et d ’A u jo u rd ’hui
M u siqu e du
nouveau monde
Tribu ne
africaine
M agazine du
Jou rn a Parle
Voyage
musical
Ghana
d 'A u jo u r d ’hui
Voulez-vous
danser?
Voulez-vous
danser?
S I G N A L D ’IN T E R V A L L E
25.41 M etres 11.805 Kcs. (A frique Occidentale); 31.43 M e tre s 9.545 Kcs. (2) C o n go
— A friq u e C e n tra ls — Madagascar
I N D IC A T IF
1915
Bulletin
d’lnformation
1925
C om m en taire
du Jou r
1932
Les G rands
M usiciens
1950
Magazine du
Dim anche
Bulletin
d’lnform ation
Com m entaire
du Jou r
D ’A P P E L (IC I L A
DU
GHANA)
Bulletin
d ’lnformation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
C om m entaire
du Jo u r
C o m m en taire
du Jo u r
C om m en taire
du Jou r
C o m m en taire
du Jou r
C om m e n taire
du Jou r
M usique
africaine
C hants du
Ghana
O rch e stre a
C o rd e s
V o s Highlifes
preferes
T ribu ne
africaine
P o u r votre
Plaisir
V o s Highlifes
preferes
Ghana
d ’A u jo u rd ’hui
*959
S IG N A L
3143
2047
V O IX
Bulletin
d’lnform ation
M usique
africaine
A frique d ’H ie r
et d ’A u jo u rd ’hui
U n continent
U n Peuple
V o s Highlifes
preferes
D ’IN T E R V A L L E
M E T R E S 9 545 Kcs
(3) A F R IQ U E
I N D IC A T IF
D ’A P P E L (IC I L A V O I X
O C C ID E N T A L E
DU
GHANA)
2045
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnformation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
2055
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
Bulletin
d ’lnform ation
C om m en taire
du Jour
C om m entaire
du Jou r
C om m entaire
du Jour
C om m entaire
du Jou r
C o m m en taire
du Jou r
C o m m en taire
du Jo u r
C om m en taire
du Jo u r
2105
preferes
2 12 0
2 12 8
Les G rands
africaine
V o s Highlifes
Ghana
Magazine du
Dim anch
Ghana
d ’A u jo u r d ’hui
M usique
africaine
T ribu ne
africaine
C h a nts du
Ghana
P o u r vo tre
Plaisir
F IN
DES
M u siqu e
africaine
A friq u e d ’H ie r
et d ’A u jo u r d ’hui
E M IS S IO N S
O rch e stre a
C o rd e s
U n continent
U n Peuple
V o s H ighlife
preferes
V o s Highlife
preferes
Collection Number: AD1715
SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS (SAIRR), 1892-1974
PUBLISHER:
Collection Funder:- Atlantic Philanthropies Foundation
Publisher:- Historical Papers Research Archive
Location:- Johannesburg
©2013
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