Results printed from Oxford English Dictionary Online

Transcription

Results printed from Oxford English Dictionary Online
Oxford English Dictionary Search results for printing
10/30/08 1:27
Results printed from Oxford English Dictionary Online
Copyright © Oxford University Press 2008
Advanced search: Entries containing ("-1620" in first cited date)
and (("a. Fr*" in etymologies or "ad. Fr*" in etymologies) or "f.
Fr*" in etymologies); case-sensitive; filtered noun, preposition,
adjective, adverb, participle
Results 568 of 568
Listed by entry name
#
ENTRY
DATE
MATCH
1
aback, n.
1603
2
abandonment
1611
3
abase, adv.
1542
[ a. Fr. a bas down: see base.]
4
abature
1575
[ a. Fr. abatture, abature, throwing
5
abbreviation
1460
[ a. Fr. abreviation, ad. L. abbrevia
6
abet, n.
c1315
[ ad. Fr. abaque, ad. L. abacus.]
[ a. Fr. abandonnement, f. abandonner
aw L. abettum,
f. Fr. abet.]
7
abjection
c1410
[ a. Fr. abjection, ad. L. abjection-
8
ablative, a. and n.
c1440
[ a. Fr. ablatif, -ive, ad. L. ablati
9
abolition
1529
[ a. Fr. abolition, or ? ad. L. aboli
10
abominable, a. (and adv.)
1366
[ a. Fr. abominable, abhominable ad.
11
abomination
12
c1325
[ a. Fr. abomination (13th c. in Litt
abord, n.
1611
[ a. Fr. abord approach; f. aborde-r:
13
abordage
c1550
14
aborigen, aborigin
15
abound, a.
c1400
[ a. Fr. abonde:-L. abund-um abundant
16
absence
c1374
[ a. Fr. absence, refash. from OFr. a
17
absent, a. and n.
1382
[ a. Fr. absent, refashioned from OFr
18
absolution
c1200
[ a. Fr. absolution, ad. L. absolutio
19
absolvant
1506
[ a. Fr. absolvant, pr. pple. of abso
20
abstention
1521
21
abstergent, a. and n.
1612
22
abstersion
1543
[ a. Fr. abstersion (16th c.), n. of
23
abstersive, a. and n.
1533
[ a. Fr. abstersif, -ive, f. L. abste
24
abstinence
c1300
[ a. Fr. abstinence, refashioned on O
25
abstinent, a. and n.
c1386
[ a. Fr. abstinent, refashioned on OF
26
abstraction
1549
[ a. Fr. abstraction (14th c. in Litt
27
absurd, a. and n.
1557
[ a. Fr. absurde, ad. L. absurd-us in
28
absurdity
1528
[ a. Fr. absurdite, f. L. absurditat-
29
abuilyeit, abul eit, ppl. a.
1513
30
abuse, n.
1486
[ a. Fr. abus:-L. abusus, 1. wearing
31
abusive, a.
1583
[ a. Fr. abusif -ive:-L. abusiv-us, f
32
Academy
1474
[ a. Fr. academie, ad. L. academia, a
33
accedence
1597
[ a. Fr. accedence, f. acceder; see a
1606
[ a. Fr. abordage.]
sing. in L.);
ad. Fr. aborigene, or following the
[ a. Fr. abstention (OFr. astension),
[?
, Sc. abulghe,
a. Fr. abstergent (16th c.), ad. L.
a. Fr. habille-r to fit out, array,
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34
accent, n.
35
acceptable, a.
36
10/30/08 1:27
1538
[ a. Fr. accent, OFr. acent:-L. accen
c1386
[ a. Fr. acceptable, ad. L. acceptabi
acceptant, a. and n.
1596
[ a. Fr. acceptant adj. and n., prope
37
acceptation
1426
[ a. Fr. acceptation (14th c. in Litt
38
access, n.
39
accessible, a.
1610
[ a. Fr. accessible (in Cotgr.), ad.
40
accession
1588
[ a. Fr. accession (14th c. in Godef.
41
accessive, a.
1609
[ a. Fr. accessif, -ive; ad. late L.
1393
[ a. Fr. accidence, ad. L. accidentia
[ a. Fr. accident:-L. accidens, -ent-
c1325
1
liest in Eng.,
a. Fr. acces, OFr. aces, aceis:-L.
42
accidence
43
accident, n.
c1374
44
accidental, a. and n.
c1386
45
accommodable, a.
1603
[ a. Fr. accomodable, f. accomoder to
46
accommodation
1604
[ a. Fr. accommodation (Cotgr. 1611),
47
accompanable, -iable, a.
1548
[ a. Fr. accompagnable f. accompagner
48
accomplishment
c1460
[ a. Fr. accomplissement action of ac
49
accompter, acompter
1483
[ a. Fr. acompter, acc-, inf. used su
50
accouplement
1483
[ a. Fr. accouplement (16th c. in Lit
51
accrue, n.
1577
[ a. Fr. accrue, OFr. acreue, acrewe
52
accusant, a. and n.
1611
[ a. Fr. accusant, pr. pple. and n.:-
53
accusation
c1425
[ a. Fr. accusation ad. L. accusation
54
accusative, a.
a1400
[ a. Fr. accusatif, -ive, ad. L. accu
55
ace, n.
c1300
[ a. Fr. as:-L. as unity, a unit, (sa
56
acephal, a. and n.
1549
[ a. Fr. acephale, ad. late L. acepha
57
acerbity
1572
[ a. Fr. acerbite, ad. L. acerbitat-e
58
ache, n.2
c1300
[ a. Fr. ache:-L. apium, ad. Gr. apio
59
achievement
1475
[ a. Fr. achevement a finishing, comp
60
acidity
1620
[ a. Fr. acidite (16th c.); or of its
61
aconite
1578
[ a. Fr. aconit, ad. L. aconit-um, ad
62
acoustic, a. and n.
1605
[ a. Fr. acoustique, ad. Gr. akoustik
63
acquaintable, a.
c1400
[ a. Fr. acointable, f. acoint-er. Se
64
acquaintant
1611
[ a. Fr. acointant, later accointant,
65
acrimonious, a.
1612
66
act, n.
67
action, n.
1330
68
active, a. and n.
1340
69
activity
1530
[ a. Fr. activite, ad. med.L. activit
70
actual, a.
c1315
[ a. Fr. actuel, ad. late L. actual-i
71
acuity
1543
[ a. Fr. acuite (16th c. in Litt.) ad
72
adage 1
1548
[ a. Fr. adage, ad. L. adagium a prov
73
adaptation
1610
[ a. Fr. adaptation, ad. late L. adap
74
addition, n.
1366
[ a. Fr. addition, ad. L. addition-em
75
address, n.
1539
76
addressment
1525
[ a. Fr. adressement; f. adresser to
77
adherence
1531
[ a. Fr. adherence, ad. L. adhaerenti
78
adherent, a. and n.
?c1400
[ a. Fr. adherent, ad. L. adhaerent-e
79
adieu, int., also adv., n., and ellipt. v.
c1384
[?
a. Fr. accidental, -el, 16th c. in
[ ad. Fr. acrimonieux, -euse, ad. med
[orig.
a. Fr. acte, but in some of the sen
[ a. Fr. action ad. L. action-em a do
[prob.
[partly
a. Fr. actif, fem. active, ad. L. a
a. Fr. adresse, f. adresse-r; partl
c1374
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79
adieu, int., also adv., n., and ellipt. v.
80
adjective, a.
1414
[ a. Fr. adjectif, -ive, ad. L. adjec
81
adjoinder
1604
[ a. Fr. adjoindre vb. inf. (see adjo
82
adjustage
1598
[ a. Fr. ajustage: see adjust and -ag
1541
[ ad. Fr. adjutoire ('the upper bone
2
c1374
[ a. Fr. adieu, f. a. to + dieu God,
83
adjutor
84
adjutrice
1609
[ a. Fr. adjutrice a female helper, a
85
adjuvant, a. and n.
1609
[ a. Fr. adjuvant (16th c. in Litt.),
86
administrant, a. and n.
1602
[ a. Fr. administrant pr. pple. of ad
87
administratrice
a1520
[ a. Fr. administratrice, ad. It. adm
88
admirable, a.
1596
[ a. Fr. admirable, in OFr. amirable:
89
admiration
1490
[ a. Fr. admiration (14th c. in Littr
90
admirative, a.
1611
[ a. Fr. admiratif, -ive; f. admirat-
91
admissible, a.
1611
[ a. Fr. admissible, ad. late L. admi
92
adolescence
c1430
[ a. Fr. adolescence (14th c., Littre
93
adolescent, n. and a.
1482
94
Adon
1592
[ a. Fr. Adon, a. L. Adon, another fo
95
adoptive, a.
c1430
[ a. Fr. adoptif, -ive, ad. L. adopti
96
adorable, a.
1611
[ a. Fr. adorable, ad. L. adorabil-em
97
adoration
1543
[ a. Fr. adoration, ad. L. adoration-
98
adulterous, a.
1470
99
adustible, a.
1611
100
advance, n.
1496
101
advancement
1297
[ a. Fr. avancement, f. avancer: see
102
advantage
1330
[ a. Fr. avantage, f. avant forward +
103
advantageous, a.
1598
[ ad. Fr. avantageux, -euse, f. avant
104
adventurer
1474
[ a. Fr. aventurier, adv-, f. aventur
105
adverb
1530
[ a. Fr. adverbe, ad. L. adverbium, f
106
advertisement
c1460
[ a. Fr. avertissement, in 5-6 advert
107
advisement
1330
[ a. Fr. a(d)visement, f. aviser: see
108
advocation
1474
[ a. Fr. advocacion, earlier avocacio
109
advower
1502
110
Æneid
1490
[ a. Fr. Eneide, f. L. Aeneid-a adj.
111
æstival, estival, a.
1386
[ a. Fr. estival (16th c. in Littre),
112
affability
1483
[ a. Fr. affabilite (14th c. in Litt.
113
affable, a.
1540
[ a. Fr. affable (14th c. in Litt.) a
114
affine, n. and a.
a1509
[ a. Fr. affin, OFr. afin:-L. affin-e
115
affined, ppl. a.
1597
[ ad. Fr. affine, f. affin, see affin
116
affinity
1303
[ a. Fr. afinite, affinite, ad. L. af
117
affirmation
a1533
[ a. Fr. affirmation (14th c. Godef.)
118
affirmative, a. and n.
c1400
[ a. Fr. affirmatif, -ive (13th c. Li
119
affirmly, affermely, adv.
1494
[ f. Fr. afferme made firm + -ly2.]
120
affix, n.
1612
[ a. Fr. affixe adj. and n., ad. L. a
121
affliction
1303
[ a. Fr. affliction, OFr. aflicion, e
122
afflictive, a.
1611
[ a. Fr. afflictif, -ive, f. afflict-
123
affluence
1447
[ a. Fr. affluence, ad. L. affluentia
124
affluent, a. and n.
1413
[as n.
anal. of words
a. Fr. adolescent (15th c.) ad. L.
ad. Fr. or L. in -ous.]
[ a. Fr. adustible; see adust a. and
[partly
ing of avower,
a. Fr. avance, n. of action, f. ava
a. Fr. avouer inf. used subst.]
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124
affluent, a. and n.
1413
[ a. Fr. affluent (14th c. Godef.), a
125
affrontment
1611
[ a. Fr. affrontement, f. affronte-r:
126
afine, adv.
127
aggravation
1481
128
aggression
1611
[ a. Fr. agression, formerly aggr- (1
129
agile, a.
c1577
[ a. Fr. agile (14th c.) ad. L. agil-
130
agility
1413
[ a. Fr. agilite (14th c.) ad. L. agi
131
agitable, a.
1548
[ a. Fr. agitable, ad. L. agitabilis,
132
aglet, aiglet
1440
[ a. Fr. aiguillette dim. of aiguille
133
agnate, n. and a.
1534
[ a. Fr. agnat, ad. L. agnat-us (adgn
134
agnation
1611
[ a. Fr. agnation, ad. L. agnation-em
135
agonious, a.
1494
[ a. Fr. agonieux (cf. It. agonioso):
136
agree, adv.
1366
[ a. Fr. a gre, f. a to, at + gre, ea
137
agreeable, a.
c1384
[ a. Fr. agreable capable of pleasing
138
agrest, a. and n.
c1420
[ a. Fr. agreste, 14th c. a. It. (and
139
ailette
c1440
[ a. Fr. ailette, OFr. alete; dim. of
140
aire, n.2
141
albification
c1386
[ a. Fr. albification, ad. med.L. alb
142
alembic
c1374
[ a. Fr. alambic, ad. (ultimately) Ar
143
alert, adv., a., and n.
c1330
1581
1
1
[ a. Fr. a fin at or to the end.]
[Prob.
ranslated from
a. Fr. aggravation (Cotgr. 1611) ad
a French source and the Middle French wor
1598
[ a. Fr. alerte, formerly allerte, a
1589
[ a. Fr. alexandrin, the exact origin
?a1500
[ a. Fr. alexandrin, ad. L. alexandri
144
Alexandrine, a. and n.
145
Alexandrine, a. 2 and n.2
146
alidad(e
c1450
147
aliment
1477
[ a. Fr. aliment (16th c. in Littre),
148
aliquot, a. and n.
1570
[ a. Fr. aliquote, a. L. aliquot some
149
alkali
150
alkanet
1326
151
alkermes
1605
[ a. Fr. alkermes ad. (ult.) Arab. al
152
allegation
1483
[ a. Fr. allegation, ad. L. adl-, all
153
allegoric, a.
1388
[ a. Fr. allegorique, ad. L. allegori
154
alliage
c1450
[ a. Fr. al-, alliage, f. allier: see
155
alliant, a. and n.
1551
[ a. Fr. alliant, OFr. aliant, pr. pp
156
allice, allis
1620
[ a. Fr. alose:-L. alosa, alausa, the
157
allocation
1535
[ a. Fr. allocation, ad. med.L. alloc
158
allotment
1574
159
allottery
1600
160
allowable, a. and n.
1393
161
allowment
1579
ment; or perh.
a. Fr. *allouement.]
162
allurance
1580
+ -ance, as if
a. Fr. *allurance.]
163
allurant, ppl. a.
1614
+ -ant, as if
164
alluvion
1536
[ a. Fr. alluvion, ad. L. alluvion-em
165
almucantar
c1391
[ a. Fr. almicantarat or almucantarat
166
alose, n.
1591
167
Alp
1
1551
168
alpist
1597
169
alterable, a.
1526
[In mod. form,
c1386
a. Fr. alidade, in earlier, a. med.
[ a. Fr. alcali, ad. (ultimately) Ara
nt is orcanet,
a. Fr. orcanete, ad. Sp. arcaneta a
[ a. Fr. allotement, formerly al-, f.
[perh.
a. Fr. *alloterie, f. allotir (cf.
[ a. Fr. allouable, f. allouer: see a
a. Fr. *allurant; cf. OFr. alurant.
[ a. Fr. alose:-L. alosa, alausa.]
[In pl. Alps,
a. Fr. Alpes:-L. Alpes name of a mo
[ a. Fr. alpiste, a. Sp. alpiste, sup
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169
alterable, a.
1526
170
alterance
1559
171
alteration
1482
[ a. Fr. alteration (14th c.), ad. me
172
altercation
c1386
[ a. Fr. altercation, ad. L. altercat
173
alternation
1611
[ a. Fr. alternation, ad. L. alternat
174
aludel
1559
[ a. Fr. aludel, in 13th c. alutel, a
175
aluminous, a.
1541
[ a. Fr. alumineux, ad. L. aluminos-u
176
amability
1604
177
amafrose
1598
[ a. Fr. amafrose (Cotgr. 1611) for a
178
amalgam, n.
1471
[ a. Fr. amalgame (15th c. in Litt.),
179
amant
1493
[ a. Fr. amant lover:-L. amant-em, pr
180
amarant(h)
1551
[ a. Fr. amarante, f. L. amarant-us,
181
ambassade, embassade
c1450
182
ambassador, embassador
c1374
183
ambassadry
[ a. Fr. alterable: see alter and -ab
+ -ance, as if
vely; or perh.
a. Fr. *alterance.]
a. Fr. amabilite, OFr. amablete. Us
[ a. Fr. ambassade, 15th c. ambaxade,
ador, -our, is
a. Fr. ambassadeur (15th c. also am
c1386
[ a. Fr. ambassaderie; f. ambassadeur
184
1
amber, n. and a.
1398
[ a. Fr. ambre, cogn. w. Pr. ambre, P
185
ambergris
1481
[ a. Fr. ambre gris, 'gray amber,' as
186
ambiguity
c1400
187
ambition, n.
1340
[ a. Fr. ambition (14th c. in Litt.),
188
ambitious, a.
1382
[ ad. Fr. ambitieux, or its orig., L.
189
amblant, ppl. a.
c1300
[ a. Fr. amblant pr. pple. of ambler,
190
amble, n.
c1386
[ a. Fr. amble, f. vb. ambler: see pr
191
amblygon, a. and n.
1570
[ a. Fr. amblygone, or ad. its origin
192
ambrose
1440
[ a. Fr. ambroise:-L. ambrosia (see n
193
ambrosie, -y
1594
[ a. Fr. ambrosie, ad. L. ambrosia.]
194
ambulative, a.
1543
[ a. Fr. ambulatif, -ive; f. L. ambul
195
ambuscade, n.
1582
[ a. Fr. embuscade, ad. It. imboscata
196
amenance, -aunce
1591
g, conducting,
197
amenity
1432
[?
198
amiant(h
1420
199
amict, n.
1480
200
amity
?1450
[ a. Fr. amitie, 13th c. amistie, ami
201
ammoniac, a. and n.
c1386
[ a. Fr. ammoniac, armoniac, ad. L. a
202
amnesty, n.
1580
[ a. Fr. amnestie (16th c. in Litt.),
203
amollishment
204
amome
205
amort, adv. and pred. a.
206
amortizement, -ise-
207
amphibille, a.
[?
[in early use,
c1612
208
amphibole
209
amphibological, a.
210
amphibology
211
a. Fr. amict, later ad. orig. L. am
[ a. Fr. amome:-L. amom-um.]
[ a. Fr. a mort at or to death; but i
1618
[ a. Fr. amortissement: see amortize
for amphibole,
1606
1577
a. Fr. amenite (in Cotgr. 1611), or
[ a. Fr. amollissement softening, f.
c1590
?1450
f. Fr. amener to lead, bring to: se
[ a. Fr. amiante, ad. L. amiant-us.]
1382
1
a. Fr. ambiguite (16th c. in Littre
a. Fr. amphibole: see amphibole1.]
[ a. Fr. amphibole, 1. adj. 'ambiguou
+ -ical; perh.
f. Fr. amphibologique 14c.]
c1374
[ a. Fr. amphibologie, ad. late L. am
amphitheatral, a.
1615
[ a. Fr. amphitheatral, ad. L. amphit
212
amphore
1382
[ a. Fr. amphore, ad. L. amphora, now
213
ample, a.
1481
[ a. Fr. ample:-L. ampl-us large, cap
214
amplexion
1474
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214
amplexion
1474
[ a. ? Fr. amplexion, n. of action f.
215
ampliation
1509
[ a. Fr. ampliation, ad. L. ampliatio
216
amplitude
1549
[ a. Fr. amplitude, ad. L. amplitudo,
217
amputation
1611
utation-em (or
a. Fr. amputation 16th c. in Litt.)
218
amulet
1601
h. in 15th c.,
a. Fr. amulette; but app. not in re
219
amusement
1611
220
amydon, -oun
221
anacard
1541
[ a. Fr. anacarde, ad. mod.L. anacard
222
anagram
1589
[ a. Fr. anagramme, or ad. mod.L. ana
223
anagrammatism
1605
[ a. Fr. anagrammatisme, ad. (perh. t
224
anathem, n.
c1555
[ a. Fr. anatheme (12th c. in Littre)
225
anatomist, a. and n.
1569
[ a. Fr. anatomiste (16th c.), prob.
226
anatomy
1528
[ a. Fr. anatomie, ad. L. anatomia, a
227
anchorite, -et
228
ancient, a. and n.
229
[ a. Fr. amusement, n. of action f. a
c1420
1460
1
[ a. Fr. amidon starch, cogn. w. Pg.
achorit(e were
a. Fr. anachorete and L. anachoreta
c1340
[ a. Fr. ancien (= Pr. ancian, Sp. an
ancoly
1561
[ a. Fr. ancolie, for accolie, corrru
230
andouillet
1611
[ a. Fr. andouillette (in Littre), di
231
androgyne, n.
1552
[ a. Fr. androgyne (14th c.), ad. L.
232
anet
c1265
[ a. Fr. anet, aneth:-L. anethum, a.
233
anfractuosity
1
1596
[ a. Fr. anfractuosite, f. L. anfract
234
angelic, a. and n.
1485
[ ad. Fr. angelique, ad. L. angelic-u
235
angelot
1525
[ a. Fr. angelot, dim. of OFr. angele
236
anguille, anguelle
a1500
[ a. Fr. anguille eel:-L. anguilla, d
237
angust, a.
1599
[ a. Fr. anguste (Cotgr. 1611), ad. L
238
anil
1581
[ a. Fr. or Pg. anil = Sp. anil, ad.
239
animality
1615
[ a. Fr. animalite, n. of quality f.
240
animosity
1432
[ a. Fr. animosite, f. L. animositate
241
animous, a.
1620
[ a. Fr. animeux, ad. L. animos-um sp
242
anise
c1300
[ a. Fr. anis:-L. anisum, a. Gr. anis
243
annalist
1611
244
annates
1534
[ a. Fr. annate (15th c.), ad. med. a
245
annex(e, n.
1540
[ a. Fr. annexe that which is joined:
246
annihilment
1526
[ f. Fr. annihile-r (see annihil) + -
247
annotation
1460
248
annuary, a. and n.
1550
249
annuisance
c1435
250
annuity
a1420
251
annular, a.
1571
252
annullation
1495
253
annulment
1491
254
annunciation
255
n. + -ist, or
[prob.
a. Fr. annaliste.]
a. Fr. annotation (16th c. in Littr
[ ad. Fr. annuaire, ad. L. *annuarius
ire, anuisant,
f. Fr. nuire to hurt, perh. confuse
[ a. Fr. annuite:-med.L. annuitat-em,
. Perh. immed.
ad. Fr. annulaire (16th c. in Littr
[ a. Fr. annulation:-late L. *annulla
+ -ment; prob.
a. Fr. anullement, though neither L
c1400
[ a. Fr. annonciation, ad. L. annunti
anomal, a. and n.
1569
[ a. Fr. anomal, ad. L. anomal-us, a.
256
antecedent, n.
1393
[ a. Fr. antecedent (see next), subst
257
antecedent, a.
1543
258
antethem(e
1494
259
anthonin
1536
[ a. Fr. antecedent, ad. L. anteceden
o teme, tyme),
a. Fr. theme, tesme, teme, teume:-L
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259
anthonin
1536
260
anticipation
261
[ a. Fr. Antonin, ad. L. Antonin-us,
1548
ate); or perh.
a. Fr. anticipation, 16th c. in Lit
antidote
1515
[(?
a. Fr. antidote,) ad. L. antidotum,
262
antiparle
1602
anti- + parle,
263
antiphon
c1500
264
antipope
1579
[orig.
a. Fr. antipape, ad. med.L. antipap
265
antique, a. and n.
1530
r perh. immed.
f. Fr. antique (16th c. ad. L., rep
266
antiquity
267
f. Fr. parler to speak.]
[ a. Fr. antiphone, or ad. med.L. ant
c1380
[ a. Fr. antiquite, 11th c. antiquite
antre
1604
[ a. Fr. antre:-L. antrum, a. Gr. ant
268
a-pain(e, advb. phr.
1375
[ a. Fr. a peine at or in trouble or
269
apanage, appanage
1602
[ a. Fr. apanage (appanage, appennage
270
apathy
1603
[ a. Fr. apathie, ad. L. apathia, a.
271
a-peak, adv. (a.)
1596
[ a. Fr. a pic vertically; in naval l
272
apertive, a.
1605
[ a. Fr. apertif, -ive:-late L. apert
273
aphorism
1528
[ a. Fr. aphorisme, afforisme, ad. me
274
apocryph(e, a. and n.
275
c1449
[ a. Fr. apocryphe, f. L. apocrypha:
apogee
1594
[ a. Fr. apogee (in Cotgr. 1611), f.
276
apologetic, a. and n.
1605
[ a. Fr. apologetique, ad. L. apologe
277
apologue
1552
[ a. Fr. apologue, ad. L. apologus, a
278
apology, n.
1533
1611
[(?
a. Fr. apologie), ad. L. apologia (
279
apoplectic, a. and n.
280
apoplexy
281
aporetic, a.
282
apostasy
283
apostate, n. and a.
1340
[ a. Fr. apostate and L. apostata, ad
284
apostil, -ille, n.
1527
[ a. Fr. apostille, of uncert. origin
285
apostolic, a. and n.
1477
[ a. Fr. apostolique, ad. L. apostoli
1588
[ a. Fr. apostrophe, ad. L. apostroph
[ ad. Fr. apoplectique (16th c. in Li
c1386
[ a. Fr. apoplexie, ad. L. apoplexia
1605
c1380
2
[ a. Fr. aporetique (Cotgr.), ad. Gr.
[(?
a. Fr. apostasie), ad. L. apostasia
286
apostrophe
287
apozem
1603
[ a. Fr. apozeme, ad. late L. apozema
288
apparition, n.
1481
[ a. Fr. apparition (15th c. in Litt.
289
appast
1580
[ a. Fr. appast (mod. appat) food, ba
290
appellant, a. and n.
1480
[ a. Fr. appellant, pr. pple. (also u
291
appellation
1447
[ a. Fr. appellation (13th c.), ad. L
292
appellee
1531
[ a. Fr. appele, pa. pple. of appeler
293
appendance, -ence
1523
[ a. Fr. appendance, f. a(p)pendre: s
294
appendant, -ent, a. and n.
1509
[ a. Fr. appendant, pr. pple. of appe
295
appentice
1616
[ a. Fr. appentis, OF. apentis, nom.
296
appetence
1610
[ a. Fr. appetence desire, ad. L. app
297
appetitive, a.
1577
[ a. Fr. appetitif, -ive, ad. L. *app
298
applausion
1576
[ a. Fr. applausion (16th c. in Litt.
299
appreciation
300
apprenticeage
1592
[ a. Fr. apprentissage: see apprentic
301
apprest
1443
[ a. Fr. appreste (mod. appret), OFr.
302
approachment
1544
[ a. Fr. approchement, n. of action f
303
approbation
1393
[ a. Fr. approbation, ad. L. approbat
304
approbative, a.
1611
c1400
mod. use prob.
a. Fr. appreciation, n. of action f
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304
approbative, a.
1611
305
apron, n.
1307
306
armoire
1571
[ a. Fr. armoire, refashioned from OF
307
armosie
1578
[ ad. Fr. armoise, synonym of armoisi
308
artificial, adj. and n.
c1425
c 1425 (a1420) Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (A
1589
[ a. Fr. aspre, or ad. It. aspero, ad
1604
[ a. Fr. aspic (in huile d' aspic vul
1485
[ a. Fr. assemblance, taken in sense
[ a. Fr. balance (= Sp. balanza, Pr.
309
310
asper, n.
aspic
2
2
2
311
assemblance
312
balance, n.
1297
313
baldmoney
1393
314
bemol
315
[ a. Fr. approbatif, -ive, ad. L. app
appa are prob.
forms point to
f. French. In Eng., initial n has b
a Fr. *baudemoin(e; with the terminat
a1327
[ a. Fr. Bemol (med.L. B mollis) 'sof
besogne
1615
[ a. Fr. bisogne, 'bisongne, a filthi
316
bilboquet
1616
[ a. Fr. bilboquet, in same senses an
317
blancmange, -manger
1377
garnished with
318
blaunner
c1330
turn suggests
319
bongrace
1530
nging taile of
320
1
bourdon , burdoun
a1300
321
bowrugie
c1470
of burgess or
c1360
be referred to
a French origin (though the later braggar
1
a French nasal, by those who know French.
a Fr. *blanc de mer 'sea white,' thou
a French-hood (whence belike our Boon-gra
[ a. Fr. bourdon 'pilgrim's staff', P
ad. Fr. burgeoisie.]
322
brag, n.
323
brut, n.
c1450
was taken from
a French title, as the Brut of Wace, or t
324
bullion 2
1336
with billioen,
a. Fr. billon. The conjecture that
325
burlet
1490
326
busket
1579
327
capitoulate
1586
[ ad. Fr. capitoulat, f. capitoul: se
328
champignon, -pinion
1578
[ a. Fr. champignon (14th c. in Littr
329
chevelure
1470
se, treated as
a French loan-word, and pronounced accord
330
chimney, n.
a1330
s n. occurs in
a Frankish document anno 584 'solarium cum
1
331
clary, n.
c1300
332
cocket, a.
[ a. Fr. bourlet or bourrelet.]
n.1 + -et1, or
ad. Fr. bosquet: cf. also bushet, b
later med.L. ( f. Fr.), whence claret n.1 in the s
c1460
[perh. orig.
a. Fr. coquet, coquette coquettish,
333
cockle, n.
4
1608
[app.
f. Fr. coquille shell, or L. coclea
334
colonel, n.
1548
l or Coronell,
335
combourgeoisie, -y
1602
[ a. Fr. combourgeoisie, f. combourge
336
combustible, a. and n.
1529
[ a. Fr. combustible, f. late L. comb
337
compossessor
1611
[ a. Fr. compossesseur (Cotgr.), a. L
338
countermark, n.
1502
[ ad. Fr. contremarque (15th c. in se
339
cubeb
c1300
[ a. Fr. cubebe (14th c. in Littre) =
340
discernance
341
douceur
1
a French word, is the commander of a regi
1592
ce: perh. from
a French original.]
13..
since 17th c.,
a French loan-word.]
1380
word suggests
342
dudgeon, n.
343
eaglet
344
easy, a. and adv.
345
ebate
c1515
346
Ecclesiast
c1386
[(?
a. Fr. ecclesiaste), ad. (through L
347
egret
1411
. of aigrette:
a. Fr. aigrette, dim. of *aigr-, a.
348
eigne, a.
1586
lling of ayne,
ad. Fr. aine.]
1572
c1200
a French origin; but no corresp. word has
[ a. Fr. aiglette, dim. of aigle eagl
distinct word,
a. Fr. aise at ease.]
[ a. Fr. ebat.]
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349
elective, a. and n.
350
elegance
351
10/30/08 1:27
1530
[ a. Fr. electif (cf. It. elettivo, S
c1510
[ a. Fr. elegance, ad. L. elegantia,
elegy
1514
[ ad. Fr. elegie, ad. L. elegia, ad.
352
eligible, a.
1561
[ a. Fr. eligible, as if ad. L. *elig
353
ellan
1613
[ a. Fr. elan, a. Ger. elend; the Ger
354
eloge
c1566
[ a. Fr. eloge, ad. L. elogium (see e
355
eloquence
1382
[ a. Fr. eloquence, ad. L. eloquentia
356
eloquent, a.
1393
[ a. Fr. eloquent, ad. L. eloquent-em
357
emaunché, a.
1586
[ a. Fr. emmanche.]
358
emperatrice
1542
359
enclose, pple.
360
endive
361
*imperatrice,
a. Fr. imperatrice, ad. L. imperatr
?c1475
[ a. Fr. enclos, pa. pple. of enclore
c1440
[ a. Fr. endive = Pr., Sp. and It. en
enfantement
1483
[ a. Fr. enfantement child-bearing, f
362
engastrimyth
1598
[ ad. Fr. engastrimythe, ad. Gr. egga
363
engineer, n.
364
enmanché, emmanché
1586
[ a. Fr. emmanche, f. en- (see en-1)
365
enorm
1481
[ a. Fr. enorme:-L. enormis, f. e out
366
enormity
1475
[ ad. Fr. enormite, ad. L. enormitate
367
ensemble, adv. and n.
c1440
[ a. Fr. ensemble:-late L. insimul, f
368
entendant, a.
c1340
[ a. Fr. entendant, pr. pple. of ente
369
enter, prep.
c1420
[ ad. Fr. entre:-L. inter.]
370
enter-deux
1602
[ a. Fr. entre-deux 'between two'.]
371
enterfeat
1614
[ ad. Fr. entrefaite, f. entrefaire t
372
entermeter
1491
[ ad. Fr. entremetteur, f. entremettr
373
entermise
1490
[ a. Fr. entremise, f. entremettre to
374
entry
1297
375
envined, ppl. a.
c1386
[ ad. Fr. envine, f. en (see en-1) +
376
environ, adv. and prep.
c1375
[ a. Fr. environ, f. en in + OF. *vir
377
epact
1552
[ ad. Fr. epacte, L. epacta, Gr. epak
378
epidemic, a. and n.
1603
[ ad. Fr. epidemique, f. epidemie (se
379
episcopal, a. and n.
1485
[ a. Fr. episcopal, ad. late L. episc
380
epitaph, n.
1393
381
equanimity
1607
[ ad. Fr. equanimite, ad. L. aequanim
382
equiangle, a. and n.
1570
[ a. Fr. equiangle, f. equi- equi- +
383
equidistant, a.
1570
[ a. Fr. equidistant, ad. late L. aeq
384
equilater, a. and n.
1570
[ ad. Fr. equilatere, ad. late L. aeq
385
equipage, n.
1579
386
equiparable, a.
1611
387
erminites
1562
[ ad. Fr. herminite.]
388
erosion
1541
[ a. Fr. erosion, a. L. erosion-em, n
389
errant, a. (n.)
c1369
[ a. Fr. errant, originally two disti
390
ers
1578
[ a. Fr. ers = Pr. ers, app. cogn. wi
391
escalade, n.
1598
[ a. Fr. escalade, ad. Sp. escalada =
392
escarmouche, n.
1475
[ a. Fr. escarmouche = Pr. escarmussa
393
escort, n.
1579
[ a. Fr. escorte, ad. It. scorta, f.
394
escrimer
1572
c1325
n; they may be
[ME. entre(e,
b forms prob.
quipaggio, are
ad. Fr. ingenieur, or perh. ad. It.
a. Fr. entree, corresp. to Pr. intr
a. Fr. epitaphe.]
ad. Fr.)]
[ a. Fr. equiparable, ad. L. aequipar
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394
escrimer
1572
[ a. Fr. escrimeur, f. escrimer to fe
395
espece
1602
[ a. Fr. espece, corresp. to Pr. e)sp
396
esprite
1591
[ a. Fr. esprit: see prec. Cf. esperi
397
essence, n.
1398
[ a. Fr. essence, ad. L. essentia, f.
398
esthiomene
1541
[ a. Fr. esthiomene, ad. Gr. esqiomen
399
estimable, a. and n.
c1460
400
eternity
c1374
401
etui, etwee
1611
402
evangelist
c1175
403
evaporation
1398
[ a. Fr. evaporation, ad. L. evaporat
404
evasion
c1425
[ a. Fr. evasion, ad. late L. evasion
405
evolution, n.
1616
406
exclamation
1382
1
1605
[ a. Fr. estimable, ad. L. aestimabil
[ME. eternite,
a. Fr. eternite, ad. L. aeternitat[ a. Fr. etui, OF. estui = Pr. estui,
[ a. Fr. evangeliste, = Pr., Sp. and
euolution, in
a French translation of Aelian; for other
[ a. Fr. exclamation, ad. L. exclamat
407
excretion
408
excusable, a.
409
excusation
410
exempt, ppl. a. and n.
c1374
[ a. Fr. exempt = Pr. exempt, ad. L.
411
exemption
c1380
[ a. Fr. exemption, ad. L. exemption-
412
expectant, ppl. a. and n.
1393
[ a. Fr. expectant, or perh. ad. its
413
expedience
1593
[ a. Fr. expedience, f. expedient: se
414
expedient, a. and n.
1398
[ a. Fr. expedient, ad. L. expedient-
415
experience, n.
1377
[ a. Fr. experience, ad. L. experient
416
explicit, a.
1613
[ a. Fr. explicite, ad. L. explicit-u
c1325
[ ad. Fr. expres (fem. expresse) = Pr
1
[(?
a. Fr. excretion) ad. L. excretion-
c1374
[ a. Fr. excusable, ad. L. excusabili
a1300
[ a. Fr. excusation, ad. L. excusatio
417
express, a., adv., and n.
418
exquised, a.
1521
419
extensible, a.
1611
[ a. Fr. extensible, ad. L. *extensib
420
extraction
c1477
[ a. Fr. extraction (OF. also in semi
421
extrait, pa. pple.
1480
[ a. Fr. extrait, pa. pple. of extrai
422
eyas
1486
form of nyas,
423
eyelet, n.
1382
[ME. oilet,
424
fabric, n.
1483
425
faburden
14..
426
face, n.
427
facetious, a.
1592
[ ad. Fr. facetieux (cited from 16th
428
facile, a.
1483
[ a. Fr. facile, ad. L. facil-is easy
429
factor, n.
1485
[ ad. Fr. facteur, ad. L. factor, age
430
faggot, fagot, n.
a1300
[ a. Fr. fagot, of unknown origin; cf
431
fait, n.
1562
[ a. Fr. fait deed, act: see the vari
432
fanal
1471
[ a. Fr. fanal, It. fanale, med.L. fa
433
farcin
a1425
[ a. Fr. farcin:-L. farciminum: see p
434
fard, n.2
1540
[ a. Fr. fard (OF. fart masc., farde
435
fardage
1578
[ a. Fr. fardage (= Sp. fardaje, Pg.
436
faubourg
1470
, according to
437
fayllard, a. (quasi-n.)
c1310
[? AF.
438
feculent, a.
439
feint, a.
[?
a. Fr. niais (= Pr. nizaic, It. nid
a. Fr. oeillet, dim. of oeil eye: t
[ a. Fr. fabrique (= Pr. fabriga, It.
[ a. Fr. faux-bourdon (Ch. D'Orleans
c1290
1471
f. Fr. exquis, pa. pple. of OF. exq
[ a. Fr. face, corresp. to Pr. fassa,
a French translation given by Laguille (1
f. Fr. faillir: see fail v. Cf. Fr.
[ a. Fr. feculent, ad. L. faeculentus
c1340
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439
feint, a.
1
10/30/08 1:27
c1340
[ a. Fr. feint, pa. pple. of feindre
c1290
[ ad. Fr. felonie = Pr. fellonia, fel
[ ad. Fr. fente, f. fendre:-L. finder
440
felony, n.
441
fent, n.
c1430
442
fenugreek
c1000
443
ferial, a. and n.
1387
[ a. Fr. ferial, ad. med.L. ferialis,
444
ferine, n.
1538
[ ad. Fr. farine farina.]
445
ferment, n.
446
ater forms are
ad. Fr. fenugrec = Pr. fenugrec, fe
c1420
[ a. Fr. ferment, ad. L. fermentum, f
ferocity
1606
[ ad. Fr. ferocite, ad. L. ferocitat-
447
fertility
1490
[ a. Fr. fertilite, ad. L. fertilitat
448
fiction, n.
1398
[ a. Fr. fiction (= Pr. fiction, ficx
449
figurative, a.
1398
[ a. Fr. figuratif, -ive, ad. late L.
450
figure, n.
a1225
[ a. Fr. figure (= Pr., Sp., It. figu
451
fildor
a1310
[ a. Fr. fil d'or thread of gold.]
452
file, n.2
1525
etymology: (1)
a. Fr. fil = Pr. fil, It. filo, Sp.
453
fillet, n.
1
a1327
[ a. Fr. filet = Pr. filet, Sp. filet
454
filtration
1605
[ a. Fr. filtration, f. filtrer to fi
455
finality
1541
[ ad. Fr. finalite, ad. late L. final
456
finery
2
1607
[ a. Fr. finerie, f. finer to refine,
457
fisc, fisk
1598
[ a. Fr. fisc, or independently ad. L
458
fiscal, a. and n.
1539
[ a. Fr. fiscal, Sp. fiscal, It. fisc
459
fitché, -ée, a.
1572
[ ad. Fr. fiche, fichee, pa. pple. of
1578
[ ad. Fr. flasque one of the cheeks o
3
460
flask, n.
461
florin
1303
[ a. Fr. florin = Pr., Sp. florin, It
462
flotant, a.
1610
[ ad. Fr. flottant, pres. pple. of fl
463
fluid, a. and n.
1603
[ a. Fr. fluide, ad. L. fluid-us, f.
464
flute, n.2
1567
[ a. Fr. flute, a. Du. fluit (whence
465
flux, n.
1377
[ a. Fr. flux, = Pr. flux, Sp. fluxo
466
fluxion
1541
[ a. Fr. fluxion, ad. L. fluxion-em,
1578
[ ad. Fr. fonte, f. fondre to melt, c
2
467
font, n.
468
fontanelle, fontanel
1541
[ a. Fr. fontanelle (OF. fontanele, f
469
forsar(y
1546
[ ad. Fr. forsaire, -caire, now super
2
470
foy, n.
1496
471
fracture, n.
1525
[ a. Fr. fracture, ad. L. fractura, f
472
Frankish, a. (n.)
1594
[ f. Frank n.1 + -ish.]
473
frask
1524
[ ad. Fr. frasque, of same meaning.]
474
French, a. and n.
475
Frenchly, (a.) adv.
476
Frenchman
477
fretten
c1205
lian suggests,
a. Fr. voie way, journey.]
cisc, f. franc- a Frank n.1 + -isc, -ish; the suffix pro
1513
[ f. French a. + -ly.]
c1205
[ f. French a. + man. In early use tw
1477
[ ad. Fr. fretin broken pieces, ultim
478
frieze, n.
1
1418
[ a. Fr. frise (from 15th c.), f. fri
479
frieze, n.2
1563
[ a. Fr. frise fem., which (with Sp.
480
frigate
1585
[ ad. Fr. fregate, ad. It. fregata, f
481
fripper
1598
[ ad. Fr. fripier, f. friper to tear
482
Frisian, a. and n.
1598
Fresa wk. n.,
1303
e L. frison-em
483
Frison
1
a Frisian) + -an.]
a Frisian.]
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484
frit, n.1
485
fritter, n.1
486
froise, fraise
1338
487
frontispiece, n.
1597
488
fruitery
489
fumishing
1527
nalogy of vbs.
490
galanta gaye, adv.
1558
[app.
491
giglet, giglot
a1340
ms to point to
492
grand, a. and n.
a1400
493
guze
494
haggis
495
harlequin, n.
1590
496
harpooneer
1613
d date suggest
a. Fr. *harponnier.)]
497
hobbledehoy, hobbadehoy, hobbedehoy
1540
ally suggested
a French origin. Jamieson held that 'hobe
498
hot cockles, n.
a1586
nce either for
a French plural noun *hautes coquilles de
499
Jacquerie
1523
, old term for
a French villein or peasant: cf. Jack n.1
500
John Dory
1609
ry, captain of
a French privateer: see Nares. The guesse
1377
lings indicate
a French origin, no trace of the word has
1523
d Littre cites
a Fr. dial. form empas, which is due
c1290
ives lectus as
a Fr. form, and a vocabulary of c1475
1594
[Corruptly
a1382
s specifically
501
jordan
14..
[ a. Fr. frit, pa. pple. of frire to
c1420
[ a. Fr. friture = Sp. fritura, It. f
em to point to
[ a. Fr. frontispice, ad. med.L. fron
16..
1
1
a Fr. etymon, OF. *freis, *freise, re
[ ad. Fr. fruiterie, f. fruit fruit.]
a. Fr. vbs. in -iss-, -ir) + -ing1.
a. Fr. phrase galant et gai.]
a Fr. (or AFr.) etymon, but nothing s
a 1400-50 Alexander 5668 Baxe, Bayon,
1562
1 has guses as
a Fr. word, with the same gloss as in
c1420
okery suggests
a French source; but no corresp. F. word
[ a. Fr. harlequin (1585 in Hatz.-Dar
502
lampas, n.
503
lettuce
504
level-coil
505
male, adj. and n.1
506
manifest, n.
1561
the letter of
507
marmalade, n. and adj.
1480
atum (1588, in
508
marmottane, n.
1601
509
marshal general, n.
1594
510
mazer, n.1
511
mediocre, adj. and n.
512
mirror, n.
513
moccasin, n.
514
14th cent. in
e
1 refers to
ad. Fr. phrase (faire) lever le cul
a French commentary on Mattioli).]
a French envoy in Venice); Italian manife
a French text), German Marmelade (c1600,
a French source), and note on post-classi
a French rank).]
a1225
(9th cent. in
a French charter; in various forms in Bri
1586
its status as
a French loan.]
a1300
ranslated from
a French translation (image du monde, mid
1612
1a translates
a French mention of the Micmac cognate. Q
monkey, n.
1530
ted earlier in
a French context as Monnekin, Monnequin (
515
monseigneur, n.
1561
the speech of
a French speaker.With forms in moun- comp
516
mote, n.2
a1300
(9th cent. in
a French source), castle (12th cent.); th
517
mourning, n.2
1523
alteration of
a French name for glanders: see mortechie
a1616
the speech of
a French soldier; perhaps punningly after
c1450
rhaps suggests
a French origin, if it is not simply a re
1484
12th cent. in
a French source) is probably unrelated (p
a1420
Old French (in
a Franco-Occitan context) in form natiz i
a Frankish source), Northmannus (11th cent.
518
519
moy, n.
2
murgeon, n.
1
2
520
muse, n.
521
native, adj.
522
Northman, n.
eOE
e 9th cent. in
523
nuche, n.
1528
as translating
a French translation of Pliny's Latin ori
524
obstructive, adj. and n.
1583
medical use in
a French source; classical Latin obstruc
525
occasional, adj. and n.
a1398
(10th cent. in
a French source, where it may represent a
1585
quot. 1585 at
c1175
ource; 1283 in
a Frankish source in sense 'willow-bed')),
1340
agger (1335 in
a French source), Old Occitan penart two-
1
526
oke, n.
527
osier, n. and adj.
528
panade, n.
1
a), French oquea (1628 in the passa
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529
passable, adj., adv., and n.
10/30/08 1:27
1483
bilis (1438 in
a French source), Italian passabile (a165
530
2
perse, n. and adj.
c1387
(8th cent. in
a French source), of uncertain origin (se
531
Philip, n.
?1482
cal Latin also
a French coin (a1142 in a British source)
532
Philip and Cheyney, n.
1542
alteration of
a French phrase *phelpe et chaine ( Old F
533
Picard, n.3
1537
e derives from
a Frenchman named Picard is now generally re
534
pigment, n.
c1150
(10th cent. in
a French source) pig-, stem of pingere p
535
pique-devant, n.
1587
ear to reflect
a French form pique, whereas forms in pic
536
pitot, n.
1
1611
g reference to
a French form pitaut: 1800 E. Donovan Nat
537
plaint, n.
c1230
ancta (1313 in
a French source), Old Occitan planta (14t
538
pledge, n.
1348
urety (1080 in
a French source; also plicare (9th cent.)
539
ploy, n.2
c1600
etymology from
a French ploit, variant of plait, plaid p
540
plume, n.
se
a French model, although the French word
541
podage, n.
c1450
agium (1259 in
a French source), variant of pedagium ped
542
poplar, n.
c1384
iller (1413 in
a French source). Compare also Middle Dut
543
poppin, n.
1440
pina (c1200 in
a French source). Perhaps compare also Mi
544
portment, n.
1485
arms (1313 in
545
prayer, n.1
c1300
rayer (1305 in
a French source). Compare Old Occitan pre
546
presidential, adj.
1603
king (c1120 in
a French source in praesidentialis curia
547
pronotary, n.
1563
hurch (1513 in
a French source)), perhaps an alteration
548
prossyllogism, n.
1620
gisme (1555 in
a French version of the Latin source tran
549
protopathy, n.
1610
se) gives also
a French form protopathie.N.E.D. (1909) g
550
pumpet, n.
1611
thing (1485 in
a French source). Compare pumping ball n.
551
quadruple, n., adj., and adv.
?a1425
ble pistole or
a French coin worth four ecus (1594) and
552
quandary, n.
1576
he argued for
a French origin of the word, proposing an
1322
(9th cent. in
a French source, in an apparently isolate
c1405
affla (1362 in
a French source), Dutch rafel, raffel (16
a French source).]
OE
1
5 suggests
a French source).N.E.D. (1907) gives the
553
quiver, n.
554
raffle, n.1
555
rambour, n.
1600
mbura (1536 in
556
rame, n.1
1578
(9th cent. in
a French source).N.E.D. (1903) gives the
557
rampion, n.2
1573
iolum (1564 in
a French source), which is used by 16th-
1599
the 18th c. to
a French fashion of gown then worn by lad
1589
word suggests
4
558
sack, n.
559
scoundrel, n. and a.
560
smithe
561
tablet, n.
562
thyrse
1603
563
tinsel, n.3 and a.
1502
564
toise, n.
a900
c1300
2
565
tramp, trampe, n.
566
Tuesday, n. and adv.
1
567
vie, n.
568
widgeon, wigeon, n.
a Fr. origin; it might conceivably re
Fris. smitte, - a (Fris. smitte), MDu. smitte, smit
metal (1376 in
a French source), tabuletta, tablettum (g
[ a. Fr. thyrse (a 1502 in Hatz.-Darm
. representing
a Fr. satin etincele (with -e mute in
1598
1598 Dallington Meth. Trav. Bivb, T
1566
[ ad. Fr. trempe temper of steel (15t
OE
inscription by
a1200
1513
a Frisian military unit in Britain; of unc
a 1200 St. Marher. 34 Here i mai tell
form suggests
a French origin (cf. pigeon), but no appr
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