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978-0-521-18778-7 - The Moral Disarmament of France: Education, Pacifism, and Patriotism,
1914-1940
Mona L. Siegel
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Abd el-Krim 179
Académie française 115
Action française 23, 105, 135, 160
Africa 10, 84, 179–82, 202–203
Alain 197
Albert I, King of Belgium 225
Algeria 88, 180
Alsace-Lorraine 25, 32, 37, 60–61, 66–67,
73, 74, 92, 97, 136, 139–41, 151, 154,
172
Amalvi, Christian 143
Amicales 23, 47, 48
Anciens combatants, see Veterans
Antimilitarism, see Pacifism
Antipatriotism 1, 105, 133, 160–63, see also
Patriotism
Anti-Semitism 23, 105, 161, 195, 218
Arc, Joan of 25, 143, 164
Ardennes 88
Armistice Day ceremonies 13, 76–83,
85–86, 123, 148, 155, 156–59, see also
Collective memory, Commemoration,
Forgetting, Memorials
Asia 10, 179–82, 188
Atrocities, see Germans
Aude 203
Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane 30, 41, 44
Aulard, Alphonse 26
Austria, see also Frantz-Ferdinand 18,
175, 176, 199
Aymard, Aubin 130, 131, 138–41, 144–46,
149, 151, 167, 180–82, see also
Gauthier-Deschamps
Barbarism, see Germans
Barbusse, Henri 75
Bard, Christine 111
Barrès, Maurice 161
Basch, Victor 204
Basses-Pyrénées 206
Baudrillard, J. 130–31
Bayet, Albert 26, 205
Baylet, Jean (schoolteacher) 133
Becker, Jean-Jacques 29
Bégassat, Mademoiselle (student) 81–82
Belgium 18–19, 36, 60, 102, 112, 144, 225,
see also Albert I
Belliart, Andrée (student) 169, 178
Bellicose textbooks, see Textbooks
Bérard, Léon 133, 173–74
Bereavement, see Mourning
Bernadou, Mademoiselle
(schoolteacher) 155–56
Bernard, Paul 149, 188
Bert, Paul 162
Bertrand, Julia (schoolteacher) 30
Besseige, Pierre 146–48, 152
Bianconi, André 107
Bienvenue, Denise (student) 170, 172,
187
Bigot, Marthe (schoolteacher) 110
Blain, Louis (schoolteacher) 218
Bled, Edouard (schoolteacher) 92–93, 95,
120, 214, 216
Bloc national 97–98
Bloch, Marc 1, 8–9
Bloch, Oscar 46
Bluzat, Henri (schoolteacher) 180
Bocourt, Lucie (student) 34
Bocquillon, Emile (schoolteacher) 105,
135
Bodin, Marie (schoolteacher) 24
Boissière, André (schoolteacher) 218
Bonaparte, Napoleon 63
Bonnard, Abel 218
Bouchor, Maurice 154
Bouillot, V. 127
Boutreux, Eugénie (schoolteacher) 97
Boyé, Georgette (schoolteacher) 203
Bravery, see Courage
Briand, Aristide 102–103, 118, 157
Briand-Kellogg Pact 102
Brion, Hélène (schoolteacher) 30, 42–48,
96, 110–11, 113
Brittany 79, 142
Brochard, Monsieur (schoolteacher) 213
307
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1914-1940
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Brossolette, Léon 139, 151
Brossolette, Pierre 197
Bruno, Georges 25, 36, 139
Buisson, Ferdinand 24, 40, 165, 175, 176
Caillaux, Henriette 18
Camelots du roi 196, see also
Conservativism
Camus, Albert 148
Cantal 134
Capitalism 24, 26
Carles, Emilie (schoolteacher) 92–122,
166, 214–15, 216
Carnegie Foundation 70, 126
Cartel des gauches 101–102
Casualties 20, 69, 149
Catholicism 10, 19, 22, 26, 96, 97, 164, 173,
217
Cavalier, Marie-Louise
(schoolteacher) 106–107, 108, 195
Cavell, Edith 37
Censorship
during World War I 29, 42–43, 94
of textbooks 27, 57, 87, 133
Cercle Fustel-de-Coulanges 105, 218, see also
Conservatism, Fascism
Certificat d’études primaires 16, 34, 83–85
Chabanas, Alphonse (schoolteacher) 26
Chadeyras, F. 131
Challaye, Félicien 157, 184
Chalopin, Monsieur (schoolteacher) 28
Chamberlain, Neville 191, 200
Chanet, Jean-François 143
Chardonnet, Roger (student) 75, 169
Charente 42
Charrier (textbook author) 130–31
Chauvinism: as theme in education 59–69,
72, 87, 88–89, 126, 135, 136, 162,
171–72, 215, see also Nationalism
Chemical weapons, see Passive defense
Cher 88
Chesneau, Margueritte
(schoolteacher) 31–32, 36, 48, 81
China 188
Chinese war workers 84
Choppin, Alain 131
Civic education 12–13, 24–27, 33, 56, 60,
77, 163, 165–66, 167–73, 183–84,
186–89, see also Moral education,
School lessons, Textbooks
Clark, Linda 173
Clémendot, Gaston (schoolteacher) 27,
55–56, 126, 127–29, 130, 133–34
Cogné, Madame (schoolteacher) 154–55
Collaboration: with Nazi Germany 1, 5,
194, see also Vichy
Collective memory
definition of 53
schoolchildren’s relationship to 7–8,
53–54
as theme in education 2, 16, 37–40,
51–91, 124, see also Commemoration,
Forgetting, Memorials, Armistice
Day, Schoolchildren, Schoolteachers
Colliard, Lucie (schoolteacher) 44, 110
Colonialism 10
as a civilizing mission 4, 104, 163,
178–82
as portrayed to schoolchildren 4, 25, 84,
170–71, 180–82
as understood by schoolteachers 118,
180, 182, 198, 202–203, 214
unionized schoolteachers’ positions
regarding 104, 134, 178–79
Comberole, Jean (student) 37–38
Comité d’action pour la paix 175
Comité de vigilance des intellectuels
antifascistes 197
Commemoration: of World War I 6–7, 55,
73, 76–83, 85–86, 114, 123, 148, 155,
156–59, see also Collective memory,
Forgetting, Memorials, Armistice
Day
Communism 15, 180, 194–95, 196–97
and the teaching corps 11, 94, 96, 104,
105, 132, 134, 163, 164, 167, 173, 180,
204, see also Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement
Comont, Jeanne (student) 83
Compayré, Gabriel 24
Composition, see School lessons,
Schoolchildren
Conard, Pierre 138
Confédération générale du travail 23, 45,
98–99, 102, 196–97, 199
and the Sou du soldat campaign 23–24,
27
and the Syndicat national des
instituteurs 96, see also Syndicat
national des instituteurs, Unions
Confédération générale du travail
unitaire 196–97
and the Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement 98–99
see also Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement, unions
Conklin, Alice 179
Conservatism, see also Nationalism 14, 15,
22, 27, 173
conservative teachers 4, 11, 28, 71,
78–79, 88, 96, 104–106, 120, 129,
173–74, 194–95, 204, 207–208,
218
and criticism of the teaching corps 1,
97, 105, 125, 159, 160–63, 173–74,
182–83, 207–208
308
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Mona L. Siegel
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Considerant, Victor 47
Constantin, Andréa (schoolteacher) 103
Cornec, Jean (schoolteacher) 48, 213–14,
218
Cornec, Josette (schoolteacher) 48
Correspondance: international 174
Côte d’Or 85
Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis 216
Creuse 75, 79, 169
Crimean War: as represented to
students 177
Croix de feu 196, 226, see also Fascism
Cultural demobilization 3, see also Moral
disarmament
Curriculum: national primary school 24,
57
Czechoslovakia 191, 192, 199–201
Daladier, Edouard 191, 200
Darnige, J. (schoolteacher) 208
Darnige, Paul (schoolteacher) 218
Daussin, Raoul (schoolteacher) 205
Defeat
(French) in 1940 1, 8–10, 192, 216–17
(French) in the Franco-Prussian War 10,
25, 26, 56, 61, 66–67, 115, 141, 161, 172
(German) in World War I 72, 195
Defeatism: accusations of 1–2, 4, 5, 21, 45,
193, 194, 217
Degeneracy: of the Third Republic 9–10
Delattre, Lucette (student) 155
Delfaud, Paulette (schoolteacher) 154
Delmas, André (schoolteacher) 93, 161,
194–95, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 211,
213, 216–17, see also Syndicat national
des instituteurs
Demont, Marie-August
(schoolteacher) 180
Derouelle, Bernard (student) 123–24, 152,
157, 172, 186, 187
Désarmement moral, see Moral
disarmament
Deschanel, Paul 51
Desmoulins, R. (schoolteacher) 208
Deutscher Erziehrebund 195
Deutscher Lehrerverein 136, 195
Deux-Sèvres 123, 157, 172, 186
Dictation, see School lessons
Disarmament: military 3, 118, 185, 199,
224–26, see also Moral disarmament
Doquet, R. (schoolteacher) 183
Dordogne 13, 15–16, 32, 34, 40, 41, 48, 56,
71, 89, 99, 103, 106, 107, 108–20, 121,
130, 131, 133, 134, 148, 167, 169, 174,
175, 180, 185, 197, 198, 205–206, 208,
209, 210, 213, 218, 225–26
Dorgelès, Roland 148–49, 157
Dornissel, Jeanne (schoolteacher) 116
Doumezat, René (schoolteacher) 106
Drevet, Camille 111
Dreyfus Affair 22–23, 49, 161
Ducongé, Simone (schoolteacher) 34, 99,
117, 207
Dufrenne, Pierre 105, 135, 183
Dupuy, Madame (schoolteacher) 175,
176
Durand, Margueritte 46
Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste 9
Duvillage, G., see Clémendot, Gaston
L’Ecole de la fédération 43, see also
Fédération nationale des syndicats
d’instituteurs
L’Ecole émancipée 43, see also Fédération
nationale des syndicats d’instituteurs,
Fédération unitaire de l’enseignement
L’Ecole française 105, 207–208, 218, see also
Conservatism
L’Ecole laı̈que 218, see also Syndicat national
des instituteurs
L’Ecole libératrice 101, 134, 143, 171, 179,
184, 189, 195, 197, 200, 203, 205, 212,
219, see also Syndicat national des
instituteurs
Ecole normale 26, 92, 100, 105, 112, 174, 175,
185–86, 218
L’Ecole patriote 27, see also Conservatism
Eidenschenk-Patin, A. (école normale
school professor) 112, see also Ligue
internationale des mères et des
éducatrices pour la paix
England, see Great Britain
Esperanto 173–74
Espinadel, Thérèse (schoolteacher) 210
Essays, see Schoolchildren
Essentialism 94–95, 107, 108–20, see also
Feminism, Feminist pacifism,
Feminine pacifism, Femininity,
Gender, Maternalism, Women
Ethiopia 188, 191, 197–98, 202–203
Eure 38, 72
Examinations, see Certificat d’études
primaires
Exchanges: international
between schoolteachers 174–75
between students 175–76
Exercises, see School lessons
Faisceau 196, see also Fascism
Family: as metaphor for the nation 139,
see also Fatherland
Farges (textbook author) 59
Fascism
in Europe 4–5, 6, 161, 189, 191–216
in France 196–97
see also Nazism
309
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Mona L. Siegel
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Fatherland: as theme in education 20,
168–71, see also Patriotism, Family
Fédération des officiers de réserve
républicaine 210
Fédération féministe universitaire 110, 111,
113, see also Feminism, Feminist
pacifism
Fédération internationale des associations
d’instituteurs 136, 175, 195, see also
Franco-German reconciliation,
Internationalism
Fédération nationale des syndicats
d’instituteurs
after World War I 96–97
before World War I 32
during World War I 30, 42–44, 45,
48
name changed to Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement 97
see also L’Ecole de la fédération, L’Ecole
émancipée, Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement
Fédération unitaire de l’enseignement
and campaign against bellicose
textbooks 126, 128–30, 132
and Groupes féministes 111–12
as author of the Nouvelle histoire de la
France 124–25, 132–33, 134
Membership 97–99, 214
name changed from Fédération nationale
des syndicats d’instituteurs to 97
on colonialism 104, 178–79
on military preparation 185
on pacifism 103–104
relations between Syndicat national des
instituteurs and 103–104, 194–95,
197
see also Communism, colonialism,
L’Ecole émancipée, Groupes féministes,
Pacifism, Unionism
Feminine pacifism 2, 3, 12, 16, 94–95, 107,
108, 210
Feminism: within the teaching corps 13,
110–11, see also Feminist pacifism,
Gender, Women
Feminist pacifism 2, 3, 12, 16, 94–95, 107,
108, 110–12, 124, 186, 215, see also
Feminism, Gender, Women
Femininity 6, 46, see also Essentialism,
Feminine pacifism, Gender, Women
Ferry, Jules 10, 94, 162, 164
Finistère 48, 132, 213–14
First World War, see World War I
Flag: tricolor 10, 25
as portrayed to schoolchildren 67, 93,
165–66
Foreigners
in interwar France 170–71
as portrayed to schoolchildren 26, 89,
170, 171–72
see also Refugees
Forgetting: as theme in education 2, 51,
56–57, see also Armistice Day,
Collective memory, Commemoration,
Memorials
Fouillée, Augustine, see Bruno, Georges
France, Anatole 157
Franchet, Antonin 24–26
Franco, General Francisco 193, 199, 203,
204, 214
Franco-German reconciliation 102–104
as pursued by schoolteachers 118,
124–25, 135–37, 174–76
see also Fédération internationale des
associations d’instituteurs, Germans,
History
Franco-Prussian War 10, 21, 25, 26, 58–59,
61, 66–67, 127, 172, see also Defeat,
Frankfurt Treaty, Germans
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 18, 139,
see also Austria
Freedom, see Liberty
Gallet, Roger (schoolteacher) 206, 208, 209
Gambetta, Léon 143
Gard 89
Gas attacks, see Passive defense
Gauthier-Deschamps 59, 61, 62–63, 64–67,
70–72, 87, 127, 130–31, see also
Aymard, Aubin
Gender 6, 12, 45–47, 60, 69, 94–95, 107,
108–20, 142, 151, 169–70, 186, see also
Essentialism, Femininity, Masculinity,
Maternalism, Pronatalism,
Schoolboys, Schoolgirls, Women
Georgy, Guy 225–26
Gerlier, Cardinal Pierre, see also
Catholicism
Germans 21, 105
hatred of the 20, 57, 71, 79, 141
as Huns, barbarians, or boches 2, 31, 54,
61, 64, 83–84, 123–24, 141–42
as perceived by schoolchildren 123
as represented in bellicose textbooks 3,
51, 54, 59–69, 87, 127
as represented in revised
textbooks 125–26, 137–42, 146,
177–78
and World War I atrocities 31–32, 36–38,
49, 60, 64, 73, 134, 137–38
see also Alsace-Lorraine, Franco-German
reconciliation, Franco-Prussian War,
Germany, Nazism, World War I,
World War II
Germany 97, 112
French occupation of 92
310
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and pursuit of Franco-German
reconciliation 102–104, 135–37,
174–76
and rearmament 188, 193
in World War I 18–19, 29, 58
see also Alsace-Lorraine, Franco-German
reconciliation, Franco-Prussian War,
Germans, Nazism, World War I,
World War II
Glay, Emile (schoolteacher) 78–79
Glory: as portrayed to schoolchildren 49,
74, 87, 88–89, 142–43, 215, see also
Heroism
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 31
Grayzel, Susan 46
Great Britain 84, 102, 112, 141, 175,
176–78
Great War, see World War I
Groupes féministes de l’enseignement
laı̈que 112, 113, 116, 186, see also
Fédération unitaire de l’enseignement,
Feminism, feminist pacifism,
women
Guillot, Marie (schoolteacher) 110, 111
Habert, P. 127
Hagnauer, Roger (schoolteacher) 212,
213
Hagnauer, Yvonne (schoolteacher) 117
Halbwachs, Maurice 53
Handourtzel, Rémy 218, 219
Handwriting, see School lessons
Hause, Steven 120
Haute-Savoie 44
Hautes-Alpes 166
Hébert, Max (école normale professor) 103,
142, 156, 167, 168, 184
Helly, Marie (student) 26, 38
Hérault 175, 176
Heroism
as associated with the Spanish Civil
War 193, 205–206, 215
as portrayed to schoolchildren 3, 20,
25, 38–39, 40, 51, 54, 56, 59–69, 75,
87, 88–89, 120, 125–26, 127, 142–46,
153
see also Glory
Hervé, Gustave 27, 87
Hervé, Madame (schoolteacher) 218
Histoire de la Grande guerre par un
Français 86, 127
History 12–13, 86–91
lessons 20–21, 24, 31, 55–56, 84–85,
177–78
proposal to abolish 55, 87–90
textbooks 24–27, 56, 59–69, 125–26,
127–29, 132–35, 137–41, 144–48,
149–53, 167, 180–82, 188
as vehicle for Franco-German
reconciliation 136–37
see also Franco-German reconciliation,
School lessons, Textbooks
Hitler, Adolf 161, 187–88, 191, 192, 193,
195, 200, 204, 206, 207, 211, 214
Hoffman, Stanley 6, 9
Hossard, Jean (student) 75
Hugo, Victor 40, 76, 155, 157, 162, 168
Huguet, G. 71
Humanity: as portrayed to
schoolchildren 175, 176–78, see also
Internationalism
Illustrations, see Imagery
Imagery: in textbooks 3, 17, 51, 56, 57, 59,
60–62, 63–67, 71, 140, 144, 146, 149,
151, 152, 167, 180–82
Images d’Epinal 140
Imbert, G. 177
Immigrants, see Foreigners, Refugees
Imperialism, see Colonialism
Indochina 179–82
Indre 47
L’Instituteur français 105, 106, see also
Conservatism
Institutrices, see Women
International brigades, see Spanish Civil
War
International solidarity, see
Internationalism
L’Internationale 166, see also Songs
Internationalism: as theme in
education 26–27, 74, 88–90, 154, 162,
173–83, see also Humanity, Socialism
Iriye, Akira 3
Isaac, Jules 59, 61, 136–37
Italy 102, 191, 197–98, 199, 202–203, 204
Japan
Jaurès, Jean 22, 97, 102–103, 157, 168, 171,
210
Jean et Lucie 59, 60–71, 126, 127, 130
Jeanneret, Serge (schoolteacher) 218
Jeunesses patriotes 196, see also Fascism
Jews 118, 161, 217, see also Anti-semitism,
Dreyfus Affair
Joffre, General Joseph 62, 75, 144
Jourdain, Madeleine (student) 74
Journal des instituteurs 148, 170, 178, 184
Jura 208
Justafre, Lucette (schoolteacher) 206
Justice: as theme in education 26, 38, 66,
69, 88, 89, 127, 167, 177, 178, 187
Juysser, Madame (schoolteacher) 41
Kinderfreunde 175
Kuhn, M. 130–31
311
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Laborie, Pierre 5
Lacore, Suzanne (schoolteacher) 111,
198
Lagorce, Aristide (schoolteacher) 213
Lamartine, Alphonse de 155, 162, 165,
168, 171
Langevin, Paul 197
Lannou, Maurice Le 224–25
Lapie, Paul
Lapierre, Georges (schoolteacher) 126–29,
130–31, 136–37, 179, 197, 218
Laudereau, Jeanne (schoolteacher) 117
Laval, Pierre 217
Lavenir, Monsieur (schoolteacher) 218
Lavisse, Ernest 25–26, 58–59, 61, 63–67,
70–72, 127–29, 131, 132, 138–41,
144–46, 148, 149, 152, 180
League of Nations 3, 4, 66, 74, 102, 105,
111, 151–52, 157, 174, 184, 187–89, 197,
224–26
Legigeux, P. (schoolteacher) 144, 184
Lemaire, Gustave-François
(schoolteacher) 166–67
Lempereur, Madame (schoolteacher)
209
Lenin, Vladimir I. 48, 98
Lessons, see School lessons
Leurs crimes 37, 43
Liberty
as theme in education 26, 69, 88–90,
167, 172, 187
as understood by schoolteachers 179,
204, 205–206
Ligue des droits de l’homme 204
Ligue française de l’enseignement 157
Ligue internationale des combattants de la
paix 155
Ligue internationale des mères et des
éducatrices pour la paix 112–13, 118,
see also Essentialism, Feminine
pacifism, Gender, Maternalism,
Women
Ligue souvenez-vous! 37, see also Collective
memory
Lisle, Rouget de 167, see also Marseillaise
Locarno Pact 102, 207
Lockert, Edouard (schoolteacher) 174
Loir-et-Cher 31
Loiret 132
Lomont, A. 71
Longuet, Jean 46
Loriot, Fernand (schoolteacher) 30
Loubes, Olivier 9, 162
Louette, Emile (schoolteacher) 211–12,
213
Louis, Saint 164
Lozère 88, 89
Lyonnet, A. 146–48, 152
Maine-et-Loire 97, 130, 154, 170, 172, 187
Malet, Albert 59
Manuel général de l’instruction primaire 148
Manuels scolaires, see Textbooks
Maradène, Abel (schoolteacher) 167,
225–26
Margueritte, André (schoolteacher) 27
Marne 209, see also World War I
Marraud, Pierre 133
Marseillaise 76, 93, 165, 166–67, see also
Rouget de Lisle, Songs
Martial, Louise 210
Marx, Karl 46
Masculinity 6, 47, see also Gender
Maternalism 12, 42, 107, 108–20, 211,
see also Essentialism, Feminine
pacifism, Femininity, Gender,
Pronatalism, Women
Mathiez, Albert 133
Matifas, Joséphine (schoolteacher) 180
Maurras, Charles 105, 161
Mayenne 204
Mayoux, Marie (schoolteacher) 42–44,
96
Memorials 55, 114, 115
in France 6–7, 76–77, 85–86, 123
in schools 40
see also Armistice Day, Collective
memory, Commemoration,
Forgetting, Tomb of the Unknown
Soldier
Memory, see Collective memory,
Schoolchildren, Schoolteachers
La Mère éducatrice 113, 118, 210, see also
Essentialism, Feminine pacifism,
Femininity, Gender, Maternalism,
Women, Madeleine Vernet
Méric, Victor 155
Michelet, Jules 162, 168
Militarism: as theme in education 2, 16,
20, 54, 59–69, 72, 87, 88–89, 119, 162,
215
Military service 10, 23–24, 75, 108, 183–86,
187, 189, 199
Military training 185–86, 214
Minister of Public Instruction
and censorship of schoolteachers 23,
156, 173–74
and censorship of textbooks 27, 57, 87,
133
directives from 18, 20, 32, 33, 79, 185,
212
powers of 12, 57
and praise of schoolteachers 29
Miraton (textbook author) 59
Mironneau, A. 127, 130–31
Mobilization
in 1914 18, 92
312
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in 1939 216
of schoolteachers in 1914 28, 29
of schoolteachers in 1939 213–16
of youth during World War I 2, 20,
32–42
see also World War I, World War II
Modernity 5–6, 143
Mola, General Emilio 203
Monnier, Julienne (student) 85
Montel, Marcel (schoolteacher) 28,
29–30
Monuments, see Memorials
Moral disarmament 3–4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 15,
16–17, 95–96, 107, 117, 120, 121–22,
124, 142, 160, 162, 164, 184, 185, 191,
192, 194, 202–203, 207, 215, 221, 226,
see also Pacifism
Moral education 4, 12–13, 24–27, 38–39,
56, 60, 72, 125–26, 153–54, 163, 165–66,
167–73, 175, 176–78, 183–84, 186–89,
see also Civic education, School
lessons, Textbooks
Morocco 104, 118, 179, 214
Mourning 6, 8, 40, 55, 73, 76–83,
120
Mulocheau, Georges (student) 38
Mulocheau, Monsieur (schoolteacher) 38,
72–73
Munich Crisis 189, 191, 199–201, 211, 214,
215
Musée national de l’éducation 16, 74, 141,
142, 153, 186
Mussolini, Benito 161, 191, 193, 197–98,
204, 206
Mutiny, see World War I
National defense 183–89
Jean Jaurès on 22
as portrayed to schoolchildren 69, 79,
162, 163, 183–84, 186–89
schoolteachers’ views on 104, 184–87,
198, 207–13
National identity 4, 125, see also
Patriotism
National memory, see Collective
memory
Nationalism
and the teaching corps 23, 79, 94,
120
as theme in education 2, 16, 20–21,
24–26, 49, 54, 59–69, 87, 88–89, 119,
154, 172, see also Chauvinism,
Conservatism
Nazi regime
and consolidation of power 187–88,
191, 195
and expansionism 188, 191, 193,
199–201, 215
and German education 136–37,
195–96
German schoolteachers under
195–96
and the occupation of France 216–17
and racism 170, 193, 195, 214
and rearmament 188, 193, 202,
207–13
and remilitarization of the
Rhineland 198, 207–208
and the Spanish Civil War 199, 204
and World War II 1
see also Fascism, Germany, Munich
crisis, World War II
Nesle, Anna (student) 85
Nord 112, 148, 204, 209
November 11 see Armistice Day
Pacifism
and commemoration 77–78, 79–80
and conscientious objection 30, 185,
186
integral pacifism 6, 104, 192, 198, 208,
211–12, 215, 218
in interwar France 6–7, 175, 226
and patriotism 2, 5, 22, 125–26, 152–53,
158–59, 161–65, 167, 172–73, 178,
182–83
of schoolteachers during late 1930s 4–5,
191–216
of schoolteachers during World
War I 21, 28, 30–32, 42–50, 214
of schoolteachers generally 3–5, 8, 9–10,
16, 73, 124, 167, 174
of schoolteachers’ unions 2, 3, 11–12,
78–79, 103–104, 124, 155–56, 160,
184–85, 198–202
as theme in education 88–90, 123–24,
125–26, 137–59, 224–26
see also Defeatism, Feminist pacifism,
Feminine pacifism, Moral
disarmament, Schoolteachers,
World War I
Panis, Cécile (schoolteacher) 47
Paris see Seine
Patriotism
and pacifism 2, 5, 22, 125–26, 152–53,
158–59, 161–65, 167, 172–73, 178,
182–83
of schoolteachers 9, 10–11, 23, 27, 28–29,
92–93, 105, 161–62, 182–83, 193, 194,
215
as theme in education 4, 13, 17, 21, 26,
40, 59–69, 75, 77, 87, 88–89, 161–73,
175, 176–78
see also Antipatriotism, Fatherland,
National identity, Nationalism
Paul Defrance 141–42
313
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Payot, Jules 27
Peace: virtues of 151–58, 159
Péchin, Eugène (student) 83
Péguy, Charles 10
Péron, Monsieur (schoolteacher) 89
Pertegaz, Martinez Vincente (Spanish école
normale assistant) 203–204
Pétain, Marshal Philippe 1, 160–62, 189,
217, 219, see also Collaboration,
conservatism, Vichy, World War I,
World War II
and condemnation of schoolteachers
Petits Français n’oubliez pas 51, 56, 58,
59–60, 62, 64, 70–71, 81, 126, 130
Peugeot, Caporal (schoolteacher) 28
Pichorel, Marthe (schoolteacher) 110, 111,
118
Pictures, see Imagery
Pillette, J. (schoolteacher) 89–90
Pivert, Marceau (schoolteacher) 129
Poincaré, Raymond 97
Poland 174, 201
Popular Front 118, 194–95, 196–97,
198, 199, 200, 204, 207–208,
211
Prigent, Marguerite (schoolteacher) 129,
130
Primaire, E. 26
Prisoners of War
in World War I 60, 93, 118, 213
in World War II 217
Pronatalism 114–15, 116, see also Gender,
women
Propaganda
during World War I 21, 32, 33, 36, 48,
110, 137
schoolteachers’ wariness of 21, 127, 172,
185, 186, 209
Prost, Antoine 7, 77–78, 101
Quéhen, Marcel (schoolteacher) 211–12
Radical Party 14, 15, 22, 96, 97, 102,
197
Reading 36–37, 56, 59–69, 125–26, 127, 138,
141, 153, see also School lessons,
Textbooks
Redon, Frantz 149, 188
Refugees
during World War I 19, 31, 36, 60
Jewish 214
Spanish 205–206, 214
see also Foreigners
Réginbart, Suzanne (schoolteacher)
117
Reimann, Arnold Dr. 136
Remarque, Erich Maria 123
Renouvin, Pierre 134
Republicanism
of schoolteachers 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 21, 94, 96,
101, 103, 161–62, 163–73, 182–83, 193,
194, 215
as theme in education 10–11, 17, 177
see also Revolution of 1789
Resistance 1
role of schoolteachers in 5, 194,
218–19
see also Vichy, World War II
Revolution of 1789 64, 77, 96, 214
revolutionary tradition and
education 4, 22, 103, 161–62, 163–73,
177, 179, 183, 199, 215, 225
La Revue de l’école 105, see also
Conservatism
La Revue de l’enseignement primaire et
primaire supérieur 26, 80, 88
Rhône 130, 218
Richard, Albert (schoolteacher) 28
Richepin, Jean 115–16
Riff War 104, 118, 179, 214
Rivaud, Albert 217
Rivet, Paul 197
de la Roque, Colonel François 196, see also
Fascism
Roger, Odette (student) 35–36
Rolland, Romain 44, 157
Rongau, Monsieur (école normale
professor) 203–204
Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 200
Rotten, Elisabeth 135
Roulet, F. (schoolteacher) 106, 175
Rouquié, Jean 174
Rouquier, Henriette (schoolteacher) 97
Ruhr Occupation 97–98, 102, 104
Russia 18, 48, 84, 98, 169, 177
Sacred Union 19, 21, 28, 32, 33
Saône-et-Loire 110
Saunier, Madame (schoolteacher) 74, 165
Scandinavia 131
Scholastic battalions 25, 183
School lessons 2, 13, 16, 20, 31–42, 54,
224–26
composition 31, 34–36, 37–38, 39, 83–84,
123–24, 126, 156
dictation 31, 72, 157–59, 167–73
handwriting 157–59
math 31, 72
reading 31, 148–49
regarding World War I 3–4, 13, 16, 51,
59–91, 125–26, 127, 134, 137–59,
177–78
spelling 38, 141
see also Civic education, History, Moral
education, Reading, Schoolchildren,
Textbooks
314
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Schoolboys: lessons directed at 33, 69, 79,
187
Schoolchildren 18
and collective memory 7–8, 76–78,
80–86
essays written by 4, 13, 16, 34, 35–36,
37–38, 39, 83–84, 123–24, 156
and personal memories of World
War I 55, 80–86
Schoolgirls: lessons directed at 33, 69, 74,
84
Schoolhouses 8, 18, 19, 83–84
Schoolmistresses, see Women
Schoolteachers
during World War I 2, 16, 18–21,
28–50
during World War II 194
on eve of World War II 191, 193,
213–16
general characteristics of 2, 8, 22, 100
and personal memories of World
War I 55, 80, 88, 94, 224–26
role in the Resistance 5, 194, 218–19
see also Colonialism, School lessons,
Unions, Women, Pacifism, Patriotism,
Republicanism, Spanish Civil War
Schoolwork, see School lessons,
Schoolchildren
Scize, Pierre 143
Second World War, see World War II
Seine 13, 15, 47, 70–71, 72, 100, 106, 110,
126, 128, 129–30, 133, 177, 197, 205,
208, 210–11, 212
Paris 13, 15, 19, 23, 26, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45,
75, 78–79, 81, 92–93, 99, 111, 117–18,
135, 148, 175, 180, 218
Parisian suburbs 15, 31, 42–43, 154, 157,
166, 169, 175–76, 178
Seine-et-Marne 89
Seine-et-Oise 155, 157
Seine-Inférieure 38, 74, 165
Seine-Maritime 85
Les Semailles 44
Senegal 180
Sénillou, Jeanne (schoolteacher) 210
Serbia 18, 60, 84
Séverine 46
Sherman, Daniel 6, 53, 78
Singer, Barnett 9
Singing, see Songs
Socialism 14, 15, 22, 27, 45, 98, 175,
194–95, 196–97
and schoolteachers 21, 86, 94, 96, 164,
173
socialist internationalism 2, 93, 96,
102–103, 124, 215
see also Syndicat national des
instituteurs
Somme 13–16, 28, 33–36, 40, 41, 83–85, 89,
99, 130, 131, 144, 149, 174, 184, 197,
199, 205, 208, 209, 211–12
Songs 10, 26, 93, 116, 119, 126, 154–55,
see also Internationale, Marseillaise
Souché, A. 177, 187, 188
Spain 175, 176, see also Spanish
Civil War
Spanish Civil War 188, 191, 198
French schoolteachers’ response to 191,
193, 199, 202–207, 209, 211, 215
refugees of 193, 205–206
see also Heroism, Spain, refugees
Stalin, Joseph 214
Students, see Schoolchildren
Sudret, Marguerite (schoolteacher) 99,
148, 169, 213
Suffrage, see Feminism
Surrealist movement 6, 143, 180
Syndicat national des instituteurs 94,
96–107, 118, 124–25, 135–37,
174–76
and 12 February 1934 strike 196–97
annual congresses of 87, 89–90,
106–107, 127, 160, 184–85, 198–99,
208–209
bureau of the 12, 194, 214
and campaign against bellicose
textbooks 124–25, 126–32, 160
on colonialism 104, 134, 178–79
during World War II 218–19
and fascism 191–92, 194–202
and Franco-German reconciliation 118,
124–25, 135–37, 174–76
membership of 99–100, 195
on military training 185
and Munich Crisis 191, 199–201
and pacifism 2, 3, 11–12, 78–79, 124,
155–56, 160, 184–85, 198–202
and proposal to abolish history 87
and rearmament 193, 207–13
relations with Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement 103–104, 194–95,
197
and return of war 191–92, 201–202,
207–16
and Spanish Civil War 191, 192, 198,
199, 202–207
and teaching of passive defense 212
and union-sponsored films 157
and union-sponsored textbooks 124–25,
133–34
see also Confédération générale du travail,
André Delmas, L’Ecole laı̈que, L’Ecole
libératrice, Socialism, Unions
Syndicat professionnel des instituteurs et
institutrices publics de la Seine 106,
see also Conservatism
315
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Taittinger, Pierre 196, see also Fascism
Teachers, see Schoolteachers
Teachers’ unions, see Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement, Syndicat national des
instituteurs, unions
La Terre libre, see also Syndicat national des
instituteurs 197
Textbooks 10, 13
authors of 58–59
bellicose 36–37, 51, 54, 56–72, 76, 126–32
campaign against bellicose 3, 74
commissions overseeing selection
of 57, 71, 130
pre-World War I 24–27
publishers of 57, 69, 70, 129, 132, 146
revised 4, 16, 124–25, 131, 132–41,
144–48, 149–53, 160, 180–82, 184
schoolteachers’ control over 12, 57–58,
59–72
see also Civic education, History, Moral
education, Reading, School
lessons
Tissier, Yvonne (schoolteacher) 112, 116
Tolerance: as theme in education 73,
171–72
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 78–79,
see also Memorials
Touchard, Jean 102
Tour de la France par deux enfants, see
G. Bruno
Treaty of Versailles, see Versailles Treaty
Trench warfare, see also World War I 19,
33–42, 62, 69, 146
Triumphalism: as theme in education 16,
64–67, 80, 87, 88–89, 98, 124, 126,
142–43
Union coopérative des instituteurs 105,
see also Conservatism
Union des instituteurs patriots 27, see also
Conservatism
Union française pour le suffrage des
femmes 110, see also Feminism
Union fraternelle des femmes contre la
guerre 129, 130, see also Feminist
pacifism
Unions: schoolteachers’ 13, 15
and bellicose textbooks 71
during World War I 21, 28, 42–44
emergence of 23, 31, 94, 96–99
and pacifism 2, 16
and return of war 4–5
see also Confédération générale du travail,
Confédération générale du travail
unitaire , Fédération unitaire de
l’enseignement, Syndicat national des
instituteurs
United States 1, 31, 35, 114, 155
Vaillant, Madame (schoolteacher) 157–59,
178
Valois, Georges 196
Vernet, Madeleine 45, 113, 118, see also
Feminine pacifism, La Mère
éducatrice
Versailles Treaty 51, 97, 102, 198, 199,
207–208
as portrayed to schoolchildren 61,
66–67, 73, 127, 138–39
Veterans: of World War I 7, 8, 58, 59, 75,
77–78, 80, 114, 119, 143, 148–49, 152,
157, 167, 196
Vichy: government 1
schoolteachers under 161, 214,
217–18
see also Collaboration, Resistance,
World War II
Vidal, Augusto (Spanish
schoolteacher) 199
Vivès, R. (schoolteacher) 199
Vosges 30
War: as portrayed to schoolchildren
horrors of 4, 88–90, 123, 125–26,
144, 146, 152, 155, 156–59, 186,
188
as national triumph 16, 64–67,
80, 87, 88–89, 98, 124, 126,
142–43
as tragedy 125–26, 152–53, 160
see also World War I, World War II
War culture 2, 16, 20, 21, 40, 42, 48, 55,
59
War toys 116, 118, 119
Weber, Eugen 9, 164
Winock, Michel 161–62
Winter, Jay 80
Women 7, 44, 58–59, 69, 74, 75, 142, 143,
174, 180
female schoolteachers 2, 7, 12, 21, 22,
29, 30, 33, 45–47, 94–95, 106–20, 129,
154, 186, 210, 211
and feminization of teaching corps
108
see also Essentialism, Feminism,
Femininity, Feminist pacifism,
Feminine pacifism, Gender,
Maternalism
Women’s International League for Peace
and Freedom 111
World War I 5–8
amnesty of pacifists after 47
and armistice 2, 16
and the Battle of the Marne 19, 62,
84–85, 144
and the Battle of the Somme 14,
85
316
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and the Battle of Verdun 62, 64, 85, 144,
146, 160
and devastated regions of France 58,
71, 149–53, 211
and the Eastern front 151
and Gallipoli 151
and mutiny of French troops
43
as perceived by schoolchildren 4,
123–24, 202
rationing during 34–36
school lessons during 31–42
school lessons regarding 3–4, 13, 16, 51,
59–91, 125–26, 127, 134, 137–59,
177–78
schoolteachers during 2, 16, 18–21,
28–50
and wartime strikes 43–44
see also Defeat, Germans, Mobilization,
Propaganda, Trench warfare,
Veterans
World War II
and the French defeat 216–17
outbreak 1
schoolteachers during 194
schoolteachers on eve of 191, 193,
213–16
see also Collaboration, Defeat, Germany,
Mobilization, Nazism, Prisoners of
war, Resistance, Vichy
Yonne 86, 89, 130, 204
Zamenhof, Ludovic 174, see also
Esperanto
Zay, Jean 198
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