à travers une analyse stra..

Identification
des
impacts,
tendances
et
potentialités de parcs urbains dans Curitiba (Brésil)
à
travers
une
analyse
stratégique
de
l'environnement
Identifying impacts, tendencies and potentialities of urban
parks in Curitiba (Brazil) through Strategic Environmental
Analysis
Andréa Ferraz YOUNG, Jansle Viera ROCHA
Faculté d'Ingénierie Agricole, Université d’Etat dans Campinas - UNICAMP Cidade
Universitaria Zeferino Vaz s/n – Barão Geraldo – CEP 13083-970
Tél : 55 (0xx19) 3788.1060 - [email protected] - [email protected]
Résumé
Cette étude s’intéresse à l’application d’une Analyse Stratégique de l’Environnement par
l’utilisation d’un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG) dans des zones particulières de
Curitiba (Brésil) et principalement dans ses parcs urbains. Elle représente une aide à la
décision à travers les théories sur la détection et l’estimation des problèmes et les
opportunités du développement durable. C’est pourquoi, 5 parcs de Curibita ont été
sélectionnés selon des critères spécifiques. Ils ont été étudiés et comparés en terme
d’impacts sur des aspects environnementaux, tendances (patron de comportement) et
potentialités pour tester la structure des parcs et les conditions locales basées sur les
tendances identifiées. Une base de données a été construite ; elle contient les principaux
éléments de chaque zone servant de support à un diagnostic et ultérieurement, à des
préconisations de protection, afin de fournir les bases d’une gestion environnementale et de
contrôle des impacts causés par les changements dans le paysage. Cette étude a cherché
à préciser ce cadre analytique en mettant l’accent en particulier sur une gestion
environnementale municipale basée sur la norme ISO 14001. Cette approche qui tend à
visualiser un système de gestion environnemental basé sur des paramètres spécifiques de
la norme ISO 14001 par une analyse stratégique de l’environnement est complètement
nouvelle au Brésil. Elle fournit de nouvelles pistes recherches afin de mieux introduire
l'information écologique à l'interface de la planification et de la gestion.
Abstract
This study refers to application of Strategic Environmental Analysis through the use of
Geographic Information System (GIS) in some specific areas of Curitiba PR (Brazil), mainly
those related to urban parks. It represents a contribution for decision-making processes
through the theories on detecting, estimating problems and opportunities of sustainable
development. Therefore, five parks of Curitiba were selected by specific criteria and they
have been studied and compared in terms of impacts of some environmental aspects,
tendencies (patterns of behavior) and potentialities to improve the structure of parks and the
local conditions based on the tendencies identified. A database has been built, identifying
the main elements of each area, serving as the support for a diagnosis and subsequent
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guidelines for protection, in order to provide the basis for the environmental management
and control of impacts caused by changes in the landscape. As a result, this study sought to
refine skills of this analytical framework with particular emphasis on municipal environmental
management based on ISO 14001 principles. The idea of the visualization of an
Environmental Management System based on specific parameters of ISO 14001 through
the methodology of strategic environmental analysis is a completely new approach in Brazil.
It provides a new direction and research opportunity in order to better incorporate ecological
information into the planning and management interface.
Mots-clés : analyse stratégique de l'environnement, développement durable, système
d'information géographique, ISO 14001, gestion de l'environnement.
Keywords: strategic environmental analysis, sustainable development, geographic
information system, ISO 14001, environmental management.
Introduction
The knowledge and periodic control of the green areas, the qualitative and
quantitative survey of the forestation in the cities, the constant evaluation of the
forest which covers the cities are considered important subsidies for the planning
and monitoring of those spaces and fundamental for the public administration to
guide their actions and policies (IPPUC, 2002).
According to Spirn (1997) the benefits of green areas in the urban environment can
provide:
-
Improvement of the life quality,
Maintenance of the climate comfort,
Maintenance of hydrological balance; soil stability; biodiversity,
Reduction and control of the atmospheric pollution;,
Reduction of the visual and resonant pollution.
The total area of vegetation (public and private areas) found in the municipal
district of Curitiba is of 77.786.000 m2. According to data of the Census of 2000
from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) the population of the
municipal district is 1.587.315 inhabitants and the index of green area/inhabitant is
49 m2.
According to data from the Municipal Environmental Management Office (SMMA /
1996), including the green areas of the streets whose estimated of total area is
3.939.600 m2, the index rises for 51 m2, four times bigger than the minimum
recommended by the Pan-American Organization of Health (Gutberlet, 1998).
In spite of the growth of population, verified between 1960 and 2000, the amount of
green areas per inhabitants is still significant (IPPUC, 2002).
The number of parks and areas of forest conservation, which add 3.375.900 m2,
have grown in the last years (starting from 1986) with the creation of incentives to
the preservation of green areas through the Municipal Law nº 6.819. The juridical
instruments, as well as, the participation of society have been indispensable for the
satisfactory maintenance of green areas (IPPUC, 2002). However, the need of
improvement of the Environmental Management System (EMS) of these areas still
exists.
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A systematic environmental management may prove helpful to an organization to
achieve improved environmental compliance along with additional goals. The ISO
14001 is one operational tool (a guide instrument) for such system, but not the only
one. The ISO 14001 does not set specific levels of performance. The ISO 14001
provides a framework for establishing an environmental policy, setting performance
objectives for the EMS and continually improving of the system. The analysis of
impacts, the implementation plans, auditing and management feedback are all
elements within the EMS (Martin, 1998).
The hypothesis of this work is based on a premise that once ecosystem
components and the patterns of possible interaction have been identified these
relationships can be converted into expressions or conceptual models describing
this relationship. These expressions clarify what kinds of data are needed to
convert the expressions into quantitative equations. Such data are then obtained
from the literature, public institutions, from short-term observations, from monitoring
of effects of comparable actions, or from the project itself. A computer model of
ecosystem operation can be constructed and run, and the effect of various
impacts, mitigation measures, and management strategies (based on ISO 14001)
can be tested with the model to generate scenarios in quantitative or graphical
form.
1. Objective
The main objective is to propose an improvement for the actual environmental
management system with focus in parks, through the understanding of the group of
elements, some specific functions and organization patterns that compose those
units to visualize future scenarios in terms of possible impacts and corrective
measures which can be checked (measured, controlled and monitored) and
possibly audited in an EMS based on ISO 14001.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Characterization of the study area
The city of Curitiba, capital of Paraná State, is nationally known by the preservation
of green areas. Since the seventies, the municipal administration have been
interested on this issue in terms of environmental policy and legal mechanisms
destined to the preservation of them (Hildebrand et al., 2001).
The city is located in one of the most industrialized areas of Brazil, by the
coordinates - latitude 25º25’40 S and longitude 49º16’23 W, with a medium altitude
of 935 m from the sea level. The local climate is sub-tropical humid, with medium
temperatures of 19,7º C in the summer and 13,4º C in the winter. The municipal
district has an area of 432 km2 (Hildebrand et al., 2001).
According to the Municipal Environmental Management Office, the city has 14
urban parks, 2 areas of environmental protection, 12 public woods, 1111 private
woods and 660 public green areas (ex: squares, etc.). The five parks, object of this
study, are distributed in the following way:
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-
Parks
Iberê de Mattos (Bacacheri)
Tingui
São Lourenço
Tanguá
Jardim Botânico
Total
Area (ha)
15,20
38,00
20,39
45,00
27,80
146,39
2. 2 The Strategic Environmental Analysis
Based on concepts of de Groot1 (1992), the assessment consists of the
environmental analysis of factors (divided in categories of climate, geology,
hydrology, soil, vegetation, socio-economic, etc); functions2 (divided in categories
of regulation, carrier, production and information); as well as, the actions3 (plans,
programs, proposal, projects) directly related to the parks of Curitiba.
During the process of analysis was defined a matrix of interactions between each
factor (component)4 and their probable functions (human and biological activities)
to analyze the impacts and their causes, limits and levels of importance. For each
aspect were defined specific parameters of analysis and distinct values were
attributed for different types of impacts in terms of magnitude, duration and
capability to reverse (in negative cases) or to maintain (in positive cases) the
situation. The magnitude of impacts has been determined by the analysis of legal
1
According to de Groot (1992), the capacity of a given natural or semi-natural ecosystem to
provide certain goods and services depends on environmental characteristics (process and
components).
2
The functions have been important to show the interaction between the natural processes
and components and human needs and activities (functional interrelations). For instance, in
relation to regulation function, it is possible to infer that the maintenance of wood causes the
fixation of solar energy and biomass productions; storage and recycling of organic matter
and nutrients; the prevention of soil erosion and sediment control. The carrier function is
directly connected to recreation, tourism or any other human activity providing space and a
suitable substrate for it. The production function could be established in terms of oxygen
production, water, genetic and ornamental resources. And finally, the information function is
related to aesthetic, historic, cultural, scientific and educational information. This means that
one function will most likely affect other functions.
3
In practical terms the infrastructure and operation of each park, as well as, the main
activities and programs developed inside of them were examined (considering the public
involved in terms of use of the installations).
4
Environmental factor: soil (vulnerable to erosion), Impact: erosion (medium to high
level),Function: fundamental importance to the biogeochemical cycles (classified as
sedimentary), Intensity: soil that needs intensive and complex conservation, Cause:
previous deforestation and commercial exploration of quarries, reinforcing the need of new
and efficient mechanisms of protection, regulation and control, Inclusion area: a large
artificial hole in the ground where stone and sand were dug out of the ground for use as
building material – Park Tanguá,Actual use: tourism and leisure.
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aspects by means regulatory and municipal requirements of the pertinent aspects
to the environment.
According to Vitora (1995), in terms of magnitude evaluation, it is not possible to
quantify global results in function of heterogeneous units. Therefore, the different
units of measure were homogenized expressing all of them in abstract units of
environmental value and transformed in a quality index that represents the
magnitude as an indicator of the environmental state.
All these aspects have been mapped and evaluated in the software ArcView GIS
2.3 based on principles of Strategic Environmental Analysis
(Figure 1).
Figure 1: Strategic Environment Analysis
In order to provide an understanding of the most relevant functional interrelations
between municipal actions and the natural environment, one example of previous
analysis is presented in the following box:
Functions Categories: Regulation functions (one ex: Storage and recycling of
waste)
Municipal Programs into the parks: actions together with society to control
the urban solid residues and water quality: “Eye on the water” Project; “The garbage that
isn’t garbage” Project; “Green Exchange” Program; “The purchase of the garbage”
Program
Resume of Principal Effects: In the last five years about 365 thousand tons of
garbage were collected (annual average - with an inclusion of 90% of the collection in
the whole municipal system, which represents 99,5% of the homes collections). In 2002,
30.281 tons of residues of vegetation were collected in the parks and reused. Annually,
55 tons of recyclable residues are collected.
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Once identified the different levels of the interaction between the natural processes
and components and human needs and activities (functional interrelations) could
be determined the potential (opportunity of improvement) and critical aspects of
each park. Based on these aspects, the conditions and needs could be appraised
in terms of internal adjustments (of each park) to identify the best alternatives, in
other words, those that could be adapted for EMS. During the EMS design the ISO
14001 serves as a guide instrument (an operational tool) which addresses (in a
systematic way) the whole process and defines that the environmental aspects
should be appraised in terms of minimization of impacts and should necessarily be
in compliance with the effective legal aspects. Actually, all the process has been
guided by this guideline (since the beginning of the analyses).
Conclusions and challenges
As there is a great flexibility in the ISO 14001 standard, the understanding of the
EMS design process is critical and of great interest. In the case of parks, the
strategic analysis allows an assessment of the facilities existing in the actual
environmental management practices and procedures. The evaluation matrix
permit identify which areas of the actual management might be enhanced to
improve environmental performance and comply with the standard.
However, it is important to realize that this may involve modifying existing
procedures, adapting other procedures such as those designed for health and
safety, accounting or risk management to environmental utilization. Moreover, an
effective EMS process for any park may require constant modifications. At certain
points, new procedures will be required.
This Municipal Parks System based on this approach of the environmental
management (internationally recognized) allows the establishment of criteria to the
operational control performance that must be verified and should include
procedures for monitoring process. The results of this self-critical analysis should
be reviewed and used as indicators of success and reliability of the system to
ensure that innovative solutions were fully tested and implemented, as well as,
identified those areas that need corrective action or improvement.
Bibliographie
De Groot R. S., 1992. Functions of nature - Evaluation of nature in environmental
planning, management and decision-making. Wolters - Noordhoff. 315 p.
Gutberlet J., 1998. Desenvolvimento desigual: impasses para a sustentabilidade.
Centro de Estudos. Konrad- Adnauer. Stiftung, 14 : 62.
Hildebrand E., Graça L., Milano M.S., 2001. Distância de deslocamento dos
visitantes dos parques urbanos em Curitiba –PR. Floresta e Ambiente, 8 (1) 7683.
IPPUC, 2002. Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba, 2001.
Atualizações 2002. Indicadores de Qualidade de Vida em Curitiba.
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Martin R., 1998. ISO 14001 Guidance Manual. National Center for Environmental
Decision Making Research. Technical Report NCEDR 98-106.
Spirn A., 1997. O Jardim de Granito. Edusp. São Paulo. Brasil. 341 p.
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