Costiera Amalfitana 830

The landscape and topography of the ares are
virtually unique, and feature particular ecological
and biological characteristics. Some of the most
beautiful places in the world are to be found in the
Costiera, where there are areas that are fundamental
for the conservation of biodiversity and where
endangered species of exceptional value thrive.
Criteria i, ii, iv, v, and vi
Category of property
In terms of the categories of cultural property set out
in the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a
site. It is also a continuing cultural landscape as
defined in paragraph 39(ii) of the Operational
Guidelines for the Implementation of the World
Heritage Convention (1997).
Identification
Nomination
The Co&era Amalfitana
Location
Communes of Amalfl, Atrani, Cetara,
Conca dei Marini, Corbara, Furore,
Maiori, Minori, Praiano, Positano,
Ravello, Scala, Sant’Egidio,
Montalbino, Tramonti, and Vietri sul
Mare, which form part of the
Comunita Montana “Penisola
Amalfitana”: Salerno Province,
Campanian Region
State Party
Italy
Date
19 July 1997
Justification
History and Description
The wall of the church of Santa Maria in Positano
has a bas-relief by an unknown artist depicting a
fishing fox. This is the symbol of the Co&era
Amalfitana and the unchanging relationship between
sea and mountains, the two elements that shape this
landscape.
I
The nominated area covers 11,231ha in fifteen
communes in the Province of Salerno. Its natural
boundary is the southern slope of the peninsula
formed by the Lattari hiUs which, stretching from the
Picentmi hills to the Tyrrhenian Sea, separate the
Gulf of Naples from the Gulf of Salerno.
by State Party
Administratively,
it is part of the Penisola
Amaltitana, which corresponds almost exactly to the
territory of the ancient Republic of Amalfi. It
consists of four main stretches of coast (Amalti,
Atrani, Reginna Maior, Regimia Minor) with some
minor ones (positano, Praiano, Certaria, Hercle),
with the mountain villages of Scala, Tramonti, and
Ravello and hamlets of Conca and Furore behind and
above them.
The Amalti coast can rightly be defined as an area of
outstanding cultural value, the astonishing work of
both nature and man. In this area, nature is both
unspoihxl and harmoniously fused with the results of
man’s activity. The landscape is marked by rocky
areas, wood, and maquis, but also by citrus groves
and vineyards, grown wherever human beings could
find a suitable spot.
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic materials have been
found in the La Porta cave at Positano, and the area
was favoured by the Romans, judging from the villas
of Positano, Minori, and Gallo Lungo. However. the
area was not intensively settled until the early
Middle Ages, when the Gothic War made it a place
of refuse.
The coastal areas have retained their distinctive
features over the course of the centuries, and have
played a major role in the history and culture of
mankind. It is necessary only to mention the
economic power attained by the Maritime Republic
of Amalfi, and the refined architecture, born out of
the fusion of oriental and western elements and
known as the Arab-Norman style. Typical examples
of this style are the numerous monumental
cathedrals, full of priceless works of art, such as the
mitre of Scala.
Amalfi was founded in the 4th century AD. A new
Roman colony in nearby Lucania came under
barbarian attack and the inhabitants moved to the
fertile and welI watered hilly area around modem
Scala. In the first written reference to Amalfi (596) it
was already a fortified town and the seat of a
bishopric. It resisted Lombard attacks until 838,
when it was conquered and looted by Sicardo.
However, after his death the following year the town,
which owed only token allegiance to Byzantium,
declared its independence. The new Republic was
governed by a ruler whose title had become Doge
(Duke) by 958.
Other artistic and literary expressions of reactions to
the area may be summed up in the phrase “the Grand
Tour,” a phenomenon that continued well into the
present century. Another important feature is the
manufacture of ceramics in Vietri, where the local
style was fused with that of the famous ceramics of
Faenza, creating a ceramic style which combines the
cultures of both northern and southern Italy.
132
This political autonomy enabledAmalti to becomea
maritime trading power betweenthe early 9th and
late 11th centuries, when the sea power of
Byzantium was in decline and a free market
developed.AmalE had a near-monopoly of trade in
the Tyrrhenian Sea, with a vast networks of links,
selling Italian products (wood, iron, weapons,wine,
fruit) in easternmarkets and buying in return spices,
perFumes,pearls,jewels, textiles, and carpetsto sell
in the west.
of the area.Elsewherethere are standsof trees, such
as hohn oak, alder, beech, and chestnut. Other
biotopes shelter pantropical ferns, butterwort, dwarf
palms, and endemic carnivorousspecies.As a result
of this immensely varied vegetation,resulting from
the irregular topography of the area coupled with
proximity of the sea, three natural reserves have
beencreated.
The Costiera is also rich in wildlife. Ravens and
peregrinefalcons are residents,as are foxes, martens,
and otters. The insectfauna is extremely varied, as a
function of the diversity of the habitats that the area
offers.
The culture that developedmademajor contributions
to, inter alia, maritime law and navigation (the
nautical compasswas inventedin Amalfi) with close
links with the east.The layout of the settlementsthat
developed showed eastern influence: the closely
spacedhouses, climbing up the steep hillsides and
commted by a maze of alleys and stairs, are
reminiscent of the so&s of the Levant. A distinctive
Arab-Sicilian architecture originated and developed
in Amalfi. The easternconnectionsalso broughtnew
or improved crafts to the area- stone-dressing,paper
processing, tanning, silkworm culture and the
weaving of silk, and polychrome glazed pottery
production. Wool was also being spun and woven
and exported all over Italy, coral worked for luxury
objects,and pastamaking and cooking refined.
The higher mountain areas are noteworthy for the
characteristic mule tracks (mulattiere) which are a
notable feature of the landscape.These not only
served as means of communication between the
scattered villages and other settlements but also
constituted an effective means of catching and
channellingrainwater.They were also much usedby
smugglers after the decline of the Republic of
Amalti. There are many small streams which in
placesdrop over impressivewaterfalls; thesestreams
provided the power for the early paper and iron
industries,the remainsof which are widespread.
There is thus an immense diversity of landscapes,
ranging from the coastal settlements through the
intensively cultivated lower slopesand large areasof
openpastoralland to the dramatichigh mountains.In
addition, there are “micro-landscapes” of great
scientific interest resulting from topographical and
climatic variations, and striking natural formations in
the limestonekarst at both sealevel and above.
With the eclipse of the mercantile importance of
Amalfi by Genoa, Venice, and, above all, Pisa, and
its conquest by Spain, it fell into an uninterrupted
decline.The only significant changeto the landscape
was the reinforcementof the system of watch towers
along the coast, to give warning and protection
againstTurkish attacks.
The towns and villages of the Co&era Amahitana
are characterized by their remarkable architectural
monuments, such as the Torre Saraceuaat Cetara,
the Romanesque Cathedral of Amalfi and its
“Cloister of Paradise,” with their strong oriental
intluences,the Church of San Salvatore de’ Birecto
at Atrani, where the Dogi of Amalfi were elected,
and Ravello with its flue Cathedral and the superb
Villa Rufolo.
Management and Protection
Legal status
The area is protected by a number of legislative
instruments.The basic statute is Law No 10890939
for the protection of the cultural heritage,and this is
reinforced by a seriesof subsequentlaws on aspects
of town and country planning.
lhe Co&era has attractedtourists, Tom the grandees
who followed the Grand Tour from the Renaissance
to the thousand of more humble visitors of the late
20th century. Many literary visitors have written
eulogies of its qualities and generations of artists
have depicted it in different media. They have been
brought there to see its architecture, its natural
beautiessuch as the magical Grotta dell0 Smeraldo,
the deepljord of Furore, andthe tine beaches.
The communes concerned are subject to Law No
1497139,which relates to the conservation of the
landscape and enviromnental qualities of their
territories. Permissionto carry out any construction
work requires the permission of the relevant
Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali,
Stotici (Salernoand Avellino).
Artistici
e
A number of individual monumentsare covered by
Law No 1089/1939.In these casesthe authorization
of the Ministry of Cultural and Environmental
Property (Ministen’o per i Beni Culturalz e
Ambientali) is required for any work to be carried
out. Owners have an obligation to maintain their
properties and must notify the authorities of any
changeof ownershipunder the legal principle of the
vincolo. ‘he scopeof this law is extendedby Law
No 4310985, which imposes an obligation to
prepare landscape management plans or town
planningschemes.
Inland the steep slopes rising t?om the coast are
coveredwith terraces,revettedwith drystonewalling
and usedfor the cultivation of citrus and other fiuits,
olives, vines, and vegetablesof all kinds. Further
inland the hillsides are given over to dairy farming,
whose roots are ancient in the area, basedon sheep,
goats,cattle, and buffalo.
In some parts of the Co&era the natural landscape
survives intact, with little, if any, human
intervention. It supports the traditional Mediterraneanflora of myrtle, lentisk, broom, euphorbia,etc,
which can withstand the windswept aridity of much
133
Montana “Penisola Amaltitana” describedaboveare
actively directedtowards improving this situation.
Management
Ownership of the properties included within the
nominated areas is distributed between central,
regional, provincial, and commune administrations
and many private individuals and institutions.
Authenticity
The overall authenticity of the landscapeas a whole,
with its rich diversity of scenery and settlement,is
high. The influence of later 20th century tourist
developmentis minimal when consideredagainstthe
backgroundof the entire nominatedarea.
RegionalLaw No 350987 gave approvalto the land
coordination and landscape managementplan for
Sorrento and Amalfi, within which the nominated
area is located. The objectives of this plan are to
restore the relationship of the peninsula and its
territory, to protect the envirorunent (both natural
and man-made), soil conservation,upgradingof the
urban infrastructure,and enhancementof the role of
tourism as a positive force. General Town Plans
(Piani Regolatori GeneraZi - PRGs) ) at local level
are required to conform with standardslaid down in
the plan. So far, twelve of the fifteen communeshave
adoptedPRGs, and all will be coveredby the end of
1997. Furthermore,there is an absolute ban on any
form of unauthorizedbuilding imposed by Regional
Law No 3511987
Evaluation
Action by ICOMOS
An ICOMOS expert mission visited the nominated
property in February 1997.
Qualities
The Costiera Amalfitana is an outstanding cultural
landscape covering an area of dramatic scenery
rising steeply from the coast to rugged mountains.
Within it there is an exceptional diversity of
landscape types, ranging from ancient urban
settlementsthrough areas of intensive land-useand
cultivation and pastoralism to areas untouched by
human intervention. The complex topography and
resulting climatic variations provide habitats for an
exceptionalrangeof plant specieswithin a relatively
confinedarea.
Law No 142/1990 created the Cornunit Montana
“Penisola Amalfltana,” which is responsible for
preparing policies for the development and
enhancementof local resourcesand the coordination
of all planning, implementation,and managementof
public works and programmes.It was set up with the
objective of speedingup the decision-makingprocess
and achieving a more cost-effective managementof
public affairs. It is also chargedwith the preparation
of long-term socio-economic developmentplans so
as to strengthenand developeconomic activities and
improve social services.
Comparative analysis
This landscape is one that may be duplicated
elsewhere on the Mediterranean littoral. However,
its cultural, environmental, and scenic diversity is
suchthat it containswithin a relatively small areaan
epitome of the entire region, and one that has
changedremarkably little over many centuries.
It has developed, in collaboration with the
Sopn’ntendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Artistici e
Storici, an active and effective policy for enhancing
the Costiera, giving priority to the protection,
rehabilitation, and restoration of what is recognized
to be one of the most impressive stretches of
Mediterranean coastline. This policy provides for
retention of the status quo so far as building is
concerned,so as to prevent further construction of
unsympathetictourist facilities, but at the sametime
not inhibiting sustainabledevelopmentfor what is in
many ways an economically deprived area. Ravello
has been selected as the pilot scheme for
implementingthis policy.
ICOMOS recommendations for futwe action
The area originally nominated contained certain
areas where the essential qualities of a cultural
landscape of World Heritage class had been
irrevocably lost. ICOMOS recommendedthat these
should be excluded from the nominated area. and
this recommendation was accepted by the State
Party.
Recommendation
That this property be inscribed on the World
HeritageList on the basis of criteria ii, iv, and v:
Conservation and Authenticity
Conservation history
The Costiera Amalfitana is an outstanding
example of a Mediterranean landscape, with
exceptional cultural and natural scenic values
resulting from its dramatic topography and
historical evolution.
Becauseof the statutory role of the Soprintendenza
per
i Beni Ambientali,
Artistici
e Ston’ci the
designatedmonumentsin the area have been subject
to systematic conservation programmes for many
years. More recently, following the introduction of
the requirementto produceurban managementplans,
more attention is being paid to the towns and
villages. However, the overall level of conservation
in parts of the nominated area still remains
unsatisfactory. The programmes of the Comuniti
ICOMOS. September1997
134
style de ceramique investi des cultures de l’halie
septentrionaleet meridionale.
Le paysage et la topographie de la region sont
pratiquement uniques et
se
distinguent
particuli&.rement par
caracteristiques
leurs
ecologiqueset biologiques. Certains des plus beaux
endroits du monde se trouvent sur cette tote, qui
compte des zones fondamentales quant i la
conservation de la biodiversiti et dam lesquelles
prosperent des espkces menackes de t&s grande
valeur.
G-it&es i, ii, iv, v et vi
Identification
Bien proposh
La tote amalfitaine
Lieu
Communesd’AmalfI, Atrani,
Cetara, Concadei Marini,
Corbara,Furore, Maiori, Minori,
Praiano,Positano,Ravello, Scala,
Sant’Egidio,Montalbino,
Tramonti et Vietri sul Mare,
partiesintegrantesde la
CommunauteMontana
(( Pkninsuleamalfitaine)) :
province de Saleme,
region de Campanie
.
Catkgorie de bien
En termes de categoriesde biens, telles qu’elles sont
defmies a l’article premier de la Convention du
Patrimoine mondial de 1972, ce bien est un site. II
constitue egalementun paysage culture1 vivant selon
les termes du paragraphe 39(ii) des Orientations
devant guider la mise en uzwre de la Convention du
Patrimoine mondial(l997).
Histoire et Description
Etat Partie
Italie
Date
19juillet 1996
Justification
A Positano, le mur de I’eglise Santa Maria est ome
d’un bas-relief, ceuvre dun artiste anonyme.
representantun renard en train de pecher.11s’agit du
symbole de la c8te amalfitaine et de la relation
immuable entre mer et montagne,les deux elements
auxquelsle paysagedoit son aspect.
Omanant de I’Etat Partie
La c&e d’Amaffi peut i juste titre ktre definie
comme uue zone de valeur culturelle exceptionnelle,
fruit de l’ceuvre de la nature comme de celle de
I’homme. L’environnementnature1de cette zone est
rest5 a la fois vierge et en harmonie avec le produit
des activites humaines. Le paysageest ponctue de
zones rocheuses, de bois et de maquis mais
egalement de plantations de citronniers et de
vignobles, implant&es partout oh I’homme a pu
trouver un endroit approprie.
La zone proposrk pour inscription couvre 11 231ha
repartis entre quinze communes de la Province de
Saleme. Sa limite naturelle est la pente sud de la
peninsule, constituee par les collines Lattari qui
&parent le golfe de Naples du golfe de Saleme en
s’&ndant des collines de Picentini a la mer
Tyrrhenienne.
Administrativement, il s’agit d’une partie de la
pkninsule amahitaine, qui correspond presque
exactement au territoire de I’anciemre R$ublique
d’Amalfi. Elle est constituee de quatre bandes
littorales principales(Amalfi, Atrani, RegimraMaior,
ReginnaMinor) auxquelless’ajoutent des bandesde
moindre importance (Positano, Praiano, Certaria,
Hercle), avec les villages montagnards de Scala,
Tramonti et Ravello ainsi que les hameauxde Conca
et Furore, sit&s derriere et au-dessus.
Au fil des siecles, les zones c&i&es ont conserve
leursparticularitesdistinctives, tout enjouant un role
majeur dans l’histoire et la culture de l’humanite.
A&i,
il &it
de mentiomrer la puissance
economique atteinte par la Rkpublique maritime
d’ Amalfi et le raRinementde son architecture,fruits
de la symbiose entre des dlkments orientaux et
occidentauxsousle nom de <<style arabo-normand1).
Les nombreuses cathkdrales monumentales et les
inestimablesceuvresd’art dont elles regorgent,telle
la mitre de Scala, sont des exemplestypiques de ce
style.
Des objets paleolithiques et mesolithiques ont ete
trowes dam la grotte de La Porta, a Positano.
Comme en attestentles villas de Positano,Minori et
Gallo Lunge, la region jouissait de la faveur des
Romains. Cette zone est cependant restee peu
peupleejusqu’au debut du Moyen Age. lorsque la
guerredesGoths en a fait un lieu de refuge.
Les autres expressionsartistiques et litteraires que
cette zone a inspirees peuvent &e resunkes par
l’expression (<Le Grand Tour )), phenomenequi se
poursuit tris avant dans le siecle present. Autre
elementd’importance, la manufacturede ceramique
de Vietri, oh le style indigene est marie a celui des
fameusesceramiquesde Faenza, suscitant ainsi un
La fondation d’Amalfi remonte au 4b”r siecle avant
J.-C. A la suite d’une attaque barbare sur une
nouvelle et proche colonie romaine a Lucania, les
habitantsse deplacentvers la zone de collines, fertile
143
et bien arros&e, autour de la Scala actuelle. La
premiere referenceecrite a Amalfi (596) mentionne
deja une viIle fort&e ayant le statut de siege
episcopal. Amalfi resiste aux attaques lombardes
jusqu’en 838, date de sa conquete et de son pillage
par Sicard. Toutefois, aprh la mart de ce dernier
I’amke suivante, la ville, dont la sotission a
I’Empire byzantin n’est que symbolique, declareson
ind+ndance. La nouvelle republique est gouvemee
par un souveraindont le titre deviendra en 958 celui
de doge (due).
visiteurs ecrivains ayant composele panegyriquede
sesqualites,alors que des generationsd’art&es l’ont
de&e sous differentes formes. 11ssont attires par
l’architecture et les beau& naturelles telles que la
magiqueGrotta dello Smeraldo, le profond fjord de
Furoreet les magnifiquesplages.
A l’interieur desterres, les pentesescarpeess’elevant
depuisle littoral, sont couvettesde terrasses,gamies
de murs de Pierre sbche et consacreesa la culture
d’agrumes et autres fruits, d’olives, de vigne et de
toutes sortes de legumes. En s’enfonqant plus
profondement, on trouve des collines affect&es i
l’agriculture laitiere, activite dont les racines
regionales sont anciennes et reposent sur les
moutons,les chevres,les bovins et autresbustles.
Une telle autonomic politique permet h Amalfi .de
devenir une puissancemaritime commerciale du geme
siecle B la fin du llbe siecle, alors que la puissance
maritime de Byzance decline et qu’un marche libre
se developpe.Amalfi jouit quasiment du monopole
commercial en mer Tyrrheniemreg&e a son r&au
etendude liaisons. La viIle vend desproduits italiens
(bois, fer, armes,vin, fiuits) aux marches orientaux,
aupres desquels elIe se procure epices, parfnms,
perles, bijoux, etoffes et tapis qu’elle revend en
Occident.
Dam certainesparties de la chte, le paysagenature1
est rest6 intact et ne Porte que peu ou pas de traces
d’intervention humaine. Ce paysage abrite la flore
mediterran&me typique, myrte, lentisque, genet,
euphorbe, etc., especes capables de supporter
I’aridito et le vent prevalantsdans tme grandepartie
de la zone. On rencontre ailleurs des essences
d’arbrestels que le ch&re vert, l’aume, le h&e et le
chataignier.Les autres biotopes abritent des especes
tropicales telles que fougeres,grassetteset pahniers
nains ainsi que des especescarnivores endemiques.
Trois reservesnaturellesont ottdetablies en raison de
cette vegetation, qui doit son immense diversitd i
l’irrigularite topographique locale associee i la
proximitd de la mer.
La culture qui se developpe apporte entre autres
d’importantes contributions h la legislation maritime
et L la navigation (le compasnautique a et4 inventd a
Amalfi), g&e i des liens etroits avec 1’Orient.
L’agencement des etablissements qui s’y sont
developpest&noigne de l’infhmnce orientale, avec
ses maisons trbs rapprocheesgravissant les collines
escarpees et reliees par un d&dale d’allQs et
d’escaliers evoquant les souks du Levant. Une
architecturearabo-siciliennecaracteristiquetrouve sa
source a AmaIfi et s’y developpe.Les liaisons avec
1’Orient apportent a la region des techniques
nouveIles ou amdliorees telles que la taiIIe de la
Pierre, la fabrication du papier, le tannage,l’elevage
du ver i soie et le tissage de la soie ainsi que la
production de poterie polychrome emaillee. La lame
est elle aussi filee et tissee puis export&edanstoute
l’Italie, le corail est ouvrage en de luxueux objets
alors que la confection des pates alimentaires et la
gastronomicse rafEinent.
La tote est egalementriche en termes de vie sauvage.
Le grand corbeau comme le faucon pelerin y
resident,de m&meque le renard,la martre et l’otarie.
La grande diversiti d’habitats qu’ofbe la region se
traduit par la presence d’espices d’insectes
extremementvari&es
Les zones montagneuses plus ilevees sold
remarquablespar leurs caracteristiquessentiers de
mules (mr&ftiere), un element notable du paysage.
Non contents de constituer un moyen de
communication entre les villages et autres
peuplementsi+arpillis, ces sentiers representaient
egalement un moyen efficace de recuperation et
canalisationdes eaux de pluie. Apris le d&lin de la
RepubliquedAmal& ils &Gent aussitres empruntes
par les contrebandiers. On trouve de nombreux
suscitent
endroits,
NiSSeallx
W,
par
d’impressionnanteschutes d’eau 11s foumissaient
l’energie necessaireaux premieres manufacturesde
papieret defer, dont les vestigessonttres r+ndus.
Supplanteecommercialementpar Genes, Venise et
surtout Pise et conquise par I’Espagne, Amalfi
decline inexorablement.Le seul changementnotable
apporteau paysageest le renforcementdu r&au de
tours de guet implante le long de la ci5teet destine21
avertir des agressionsturqueset 1 les contrer.
Les villes et villages de la tote amalfitaine se
caracterisent par leurs remarquables monuments
architecturauxtels que la Torre Saracenade Cetara,
la cathidrale romane d’Amalfi et son <(cloitre du
Paradis>), toutes deux fortement impregn&es
d’influence orientale, I’eglise San Salvatore de
Birecto, i Atrani, theatre de l’election des doges
dAmal& et Ravello, avec sa belle cathedraleet la
superbeVilIa Rufolo.
11y a done une trbs grande diversite de paysages,
alhurt des peuplements cotiers aux majestueuses
hautes montagnesen passantpar les pentes deuces
t&s cultiveeset les vasteszonespastoralesouvertes:
On trouve egalement des (( micro-paysagesx dun
grand i&ret scientifque et procedantdes variations
topographiqueset climatiques, ainsi que d’etomrantes
formationskarstiquesnaturelles,aussi bien au niveau
de la mer queplus en altitude.
Depuis les grands de ce monde, qui suivaient le
Grand Tour pendant la Renaissance, jusqu’aux
visiteurs moins en vue de la tin du 20We si&cle, la
tote a toujours attire les tomistes. Nombreux sont les
144
consacreeH la preparationde plans de developpement
socio-economiques a long terme ainsi qu’au
renforcement et au developpement d’activites
kconomiques et a l’amdlioration des services
sociaux.
Gestion et Protection
Statut juridique
La zone est protegee par plusieurs instruments
juridiques. La legislation fondamentaleest la loi No
1089/1939 relative a la protection du patrimoine
culturel. Elle est renforctk par une serie de lois
uherieures couvrant certains aspects de la
planification urbaine et rurale.
En collaboration avec la Soprintendenza per i Beni
Ambientali, Artistici e Storici, cette loi a susciteune
politique active et efficace de mise en valeur de la
tote, prior& &ant donned a la protection, la
rehabilitation et la restaurationde ce qui est reconnu
comme l’une des portions les plus impressionnantes
du littoral mediterraneen.Cette politique prevoit le
maintien du statu quo en ce qui conceme la
construction,dam le but d’empecherl’idification de
nouvellesinstalIationstouristiques peu respectueuses
du site, sarispour autantemp6cherle renouvellement
des ressourcesdarts une region qui reste a bien des
egards defavoriseeCconomiquement.Ravello a ete
choisie en tant que plan pilote de mise en auvre de
cettepolitique.
Les communes concemees sont soumises h la loi
N” 1497139, relative a la conservation des
caractkktiques du paysageet de l’enviromrementsur
leur territoire. Tous les travaux de construction
doivent recevoir l’accord de la Soprintendenza per i
Beni Ambientali, Artistici
e Ston’ci concern&a
(Salemeet Avellino).
Certains monuments sont couverts individuellement
par la loi N” 10890939, qui exige l’autorisation du
Mink&e des Biens Culturels et Naturels (Ministeri
per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali) avant toute
execution de travaux. Les proprietaires sont terms
d’entretenir leurs biens et doivent avertir les autorites
de tout changementde proprietaire selon le principe
juridique du vincoZo. La couverture de cette loi est
&endue par la loi N” 431/1985, qui impose
l’elaboration de plans de gestion paysagereou de
programmesde planification urbame.
Conservation et Autbenticiti
Historique de la conservation
Grace au role juridique de la Soprintendenza per i
e Storici, les monuments
d&goes au sein de la zone font, depuis de
nombreuses an&es, l’objet de programmes de
conservationsystematique.Plus recemment.et suite
B l’introduction de l’obligation d’elaboration de plans
de gestion urbaine, une plus grande attention est
accord&eaux villes et villages. Le niveau generalde
conservationde certainespatties de la zone proposde
pour inscription reste n&nmoins insatisfaisant. Les
programmes de la Comunita Montana (( Penisola
Amaltitana >) d&-its ci-dessus visent activement a
ameliorer cette situation.
Beni Ambientali, Artistici
Gestion
La propriete des biens inclus darts les zones
propokes pour inscription est rkpattie entre des
administrations centrales,regionales,provinciales et
commtmales ainsi que de nombreuses personnes
physiqueset institutions.
La loi regionaleN” 35/1987 a approuveun plan pour
la coordination du territoire et la gestion du paysage
pour Sorrento et Amalfi, i l’int&ieur desquellesse
trouve la zoneproposdepour inscription. Ce plan vise
a retablir la relation entre la pkninsule et son
territoire, proteger l’environnement tant nature1que
cre& par I’homme, la conservation du sol,
Pam&oration de l’infrastructure urbaine ainsi que le
renforcementdu r6le du tourisme en tant que force
positive. Des Plans urbains gkneraux (Piani
Regolatori Generali,PRG) sont imp&at& au niveau
local afin de satisfaire aux normes &ablies par le
plan. A ce jour, douze des quinze communes ont
adopti des Plans urbains g&nerauxet l’ensembledes
communesseracouvertpour la fin 1997.Par ailleurs,
la loi regionaleNo 35/1987 interdit strictementtoute
forme de constructionnon autoriske.
Authenticitd
Le degre d’authenticitd du paysage envisage
globalement,avec sa grande diversite de points de
vue et d’etablissements,est eleve. Dam le contexte
de la totalite de la zone propok pour inscription,
l’influence du developpementtouristique de la fin du
20&“’ siecle est minime.
Evaluation
Action de 1 ‘ICOMOS
Une mission d’expert de I’ICOMOS a visitd le bieu
proposeen fevrier 1997.
La loi N” 1420990 a instaure la Comunita Montana
<<PenisolaAmaltitana )), responsablede l’elaboration
des politiques relatives au developpement et i
l’amelioration des ressources locales et a la
coordination de toutes les planitications, mises en
ceuvreet gestion de travaux publics et programmes.
Son objectifconsiste a accelererle processusde prise
de decision et a atteindreune gestionmoms coiiteuse
des affaires publiques. Cette loi est egalement
La tote amalfitaine est un paysage culture1
exceptionnel couvrant une zone de panoramas
saisissants s’blevant brutalement depuis la tote
jusqu’aux montagnesescarpees.A l’interieur de cette
zone, on note une exceptiomrelle diversite de
paysages,allant des antiques peuplements urbains
aux zonesvierges d’intervention humaine en passant
145
par des perimetresd’exploitation intensivedu terrain
(activites de culture et pastorales). La complexite
topographiqueet les fluctuations climatiques qui en
decoulent ont suscite un habitat convenant i une
extraordinaire variete d’espkces &g&ales au sein
d’un territoire relativementrestreint.
Analyse comparative
Ce paysagepeut etre retrouve ailleurs le long du
littoral m&literra&n. Toutefois, son environnement
culture1et sa diversite physique sont tels que dans
une zone assezrestreinte, il constitueuu apergude la
region en&e et n’a subi que * tres peu de
transformationsau til de nombreux sikcles.
Recommandations de I ‘ICOMOS pour des actions
futures
Le bien proposepour inscription i l’origine comptait
quelqueszones qui ont irrem&liablement perdu les
caracteresfondamentaux d’un paysage culture1 de
qualite Patrimoine mondial. L’ICOMOS avait
recommandeque ces zonessoient excluesde la zone
propoke pour inscription sur la Liste du Patrimoine
mondial. Cette recommandationa et6 accept& par
l’Etat Partie.
Recommandation
Que ce bien soit inscrit sur la Liste du Patrimoine
mondial sur la basedescrihes ii, iv Edv :
Avec ses exceptiomrellesvaleurs culturelles et
naturelles issues d’une topographie t&s
accident&eet de l’evolution historique, la tote
amaltitaineconstitue un exempleexceptionnelde
paysagemkditerraneen.
ICOMOS, septembre1997
146