First Record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus amygdali in

Short Communication
First Record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus amygdali
in Tunisia
Asma Zeiri, Mohamed Braham, Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture
et en Agriculture Biologique, Chott Mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia, Université de
Sousse, and Mohamed Braham, Institut de l’Olivier, Station of Sousse, 40 Rue Ibn
Khouldoun, 4061, Sousse, Université de Sousse, Tunisia
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ABSTRACT
Zeiri, A. Braham, M. and Braham, M. 2011. First record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus
amygdali in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 6: 43-47.
The biology and the life cycle of Scolytus amygdali collected from the Sahel of Tunisia were studied.
Adults were collected together with their natural enemies. Branches of infested almond, plum, apricot,
and peach were taken to the laboratory and insects were reared in plastic boxes at 25°C and
photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark). In November 2009, Cephalonomia hypobori was collected among
other parasitoids of S. amygdali. To our knowledge, this is the first record of this species from Tunisia.
A total of 73 Bethylidae wasps were collected. Only females of this wasp were observed.
Keywords: Cephalonomia hypobori, parasitoids, Scolytus amygdali, Tunisia
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The Almond bark beetles Scolytus
amygdali can cause a serious damage to
fruit trees. It attacks a variety of trees
such as almond, peach, apricot, plum and
even apple. The development of
integrated pest management requires the
exact identification of natural enemies
and data about their role in population
regulation. Hymenopterous parasitoids
are the most important natural enemies of
bark beetles, and have been largely
studied on scolytids in many countries (1,
2, 5, 7, 10). Parasitoids of the
Bethylidae family were recorded on
larvae and pupae of S. amygdali in
Morocco (1, 2) and Israel (7). They were
also recorded from other Scolytidae hosts
such as Hypoborus ficus Erichson (9).
The data were obtained during
2009-2010 from the center (Souassi and
Jemmel) of Tunisia. S. amygdali and its
parasitoids were reared from S. amygdali
attacked almond, peach, apricot, plum
branches putted in rearing boxes (21 × 21
× 9 cm) at 25°C and a photoperiod (16 h
light/8 h dark). Insects were maintained in
70° alcohol until identification and
morphological analysis. The diagnostic of
the species and the identification were
made according to the key proposed by
Berland (3). The identification was
confirmed by Mr. Jeroen de Rond MA
Corresponding Author : Asma Zeiri
Email: [email protected]
Accepted for publication 14 September 2011
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
43
Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011
(Freelance entomologist, writer and
designer at Natural Media, Lelystad, the
Netherlands). Photos were taken with a
Canon Power Shot S50 camera attached
to a stereomicroscope LEICA (MZ 12.5)
and by electron microscopy in SEM
(Quanta 200 FEI).
head of C. hypobori is prognathous and
arranged horizontally, the mouth being at
the end of the head directed forward and
not down. Ocelli were placed near the
edge of occiput. Antennae have 12
articles in both sexes (3). The pronotum is
relatively long and touching the tegulae
(Fig. 2a). The scutellum is not bordered
by an anterior transverse carina and
shows no sign of lateral pits. Notaulus is
present and is strongly converging
towards the scutellum (Fig. 2a). The
specimen presents a reticulate long
medial segment (Fig. 2b). The metasoma
of C. hypobori female (Fig. 2c) is with 6
or 7 exposed terga. The (Fig. 2d) shows
legs and tarsi of C. hypobori. C. hypobori
is a cryptoparasitoid attacking larvae and
pupae of S. amygdali on Prunus infested
branches. This is, to our knowledge, the
first record of this species Tunisia.
A total of 73 specimens were
collected from the center of Tunisia in
November 2009 as cryptoparasitoids
attacking larvae and pupae of S. amygdali
on Prunus infested branches. Only
females were observed. According to
Berland’s key (3), the bethyloid wasp
found on S. amygdali in Tunisia belongs
to the superfamily of Chrysidoidea,
family of Bethylidae, subfamily of
Epyrinae and genus of Cephalonomia.
The specimen was identified as
Cephalonomia hypobori (Fig. 1). The
Fig. 1. Female of Cephalonomia hypobori
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
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Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011
Fig. 2. Some morphologic characters of Cephalonomia hypobori: a. Pronotum, b. Medial Segment, c. Metasoma, d.
Leg, e. Head in lateral view, f. Female in lateral view, g. Head in dorsal view. (Not to the same scale)
The species of Bethylidae family are
parasites of larvae of beetles. Host is
paralyzed with venom from female. Eggs
are deposited on body of host. Larvae
develop as primary, gregarious external
parasites of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
larvae. C. hypobori is a cryptoparasitoid
and search its host in the galleries
entering through the egg tunnels,
ventilation holes and emergence and reemergence holes of the beetles. This
parasitoid attacks larvae and pupae
stages. The larvae are legless, small with
white spots on the body. They live in
groups of 2 to 12 individuals on a single
larva. They can detect their hosts through
the heating caused by the larval activity,
issued by the phenomena of sexual
partner’s beetles and the receptors located
in the ovipositor (4). The parasitoid was
recorded on S. amygdali from Morocco
(1, 2) and Israel (7) and on Hypoborus
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
ficus (9). C. hypobori appears to be able
to overwinter in all stages and may be
able to continue its development in
winter. The insect develops three or four
generations and has the potential to
synchronous its development with its host
(1). Mendel (7) indicates that it parasites
Ruguloscolytus mediterraneus and S.
amygdali. According to the same author,
C. hypobori could establish at least six
generations per year depending on
climatic conditions (1). C. hypobori has a
secondary importance for Phloeotribus
scarabaeoides on olive as the rate of
parasitism reported in Spain did not
exceed 0.05% (5). In almond, C. hypobori
is considered the major enemy of S.
amygdali (2). Nakládal and Turčáni (8)
have used it against Hylesinus fraxini.
Another Cephalonomia species, C. cursor
was previously reared from S. amygdali
(2). C. hypobori is known from France,
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Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr. Jeroen de
Rond (Freelance entomologist, writer and designer
at Natural Media, Lelystad, The Netherlands) for his
support in identifying the insect species =
http://www.naturalmedia.nl/NL/biodiversiteit.html.
We would like also to thank the analysis unit of
SEM, Borj –Cedria Tunisia for the help with the
photos of the specimens.
Italy, Israel, Iran and Morocco (3). In
Tunisia, C. hypobori is recorded for the
first time in this paper and if its
effectiveness will be confirmed under
field conditions, it may be included in an
integrated pest management program.
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RESUME
Zeiri A. Braham M. et Braham M. 2011. Premier enregistrement de Cephalonomia hypobori sur
Scolytus amygdali en Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 6: 43-47.
La biologie et le cycle de vie de Scolytus amygdali, insecte collecté du Sahel de la Tunisie ont été
étudiés. Les adultes ont été recueillis avec leurs ennemis naturels. Des branches infestées d'amandier,
de prunier, d’abricotier et de pêcher ont été ramenées au laboratoire et les insectes élevés dans des
boîtes en plastique sous 25°C et une photopériode (16Lum./8Obs.). En Novembre 2009, l’espèce
Cephalonomia hypobori a été remarquée parmi les parasitoïdes de S. amygdali. A notre connaissance,
il s’agit du premier enregistrement de cette espèce en Tunisie. Un total de 73 insectes Bethylidae a été
collecté. Seules les femelles ont été observées.
Mots clés: Cephalonomia hypobori, parasitoïdes, Scolytus amygdali, Tunisie
__________________________________________________________________________
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 6: 43-47
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LITTERATURE CITTED
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
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Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011
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