Court File No.: 33443 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA (ON

Transcription

Court File No.: 33443
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA
(ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL OF MANITOBA)
BETWEEN:
SUSAN WILMA SCHREYER
Appellant
(Respondent on Appeal/Petitioner)
- and ANTHONY LEONARD SCHREYER
Respondent
(Appellant on Appeal/Respondent)
APPELLANT’S FACTUM
Martin W. Mason
Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP
Barristers and Solicitors
160 Elgin Street, Suite 2600
Ottawa, ON K1P 1C3
Tel: (613) 786-0159
Fax: (613) 788-3451
Counsel for the Appellant
Gerald S. Ashcroft
Marie-France Major
Thompson Dorfman Sweatman LLP
Canwest Place
2200-201 Portage Ave.
Winnipeg, MB R3B 3L3
Tel: (204) 957-1930
Fax: (204) 934-0570
Lang Michener LLP
300 - 50 O'Connor Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2
Tel: (613) 232-7171
Fax: (613) 231-3191
E-mail: [email protected]
Counsel for the Respondent
Agent for the Respondent
-iTABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I -
Page
FACTS ................................................................................................................... 1
A.
B.
C.
D.
The Appeal............................................................................................................. 1
The Valuation Proceedings .................................................................................... 1
The Bankruptcy...................................................................................................... 2
The Judgment Below ............................................................................................. 4
PART II -
ISSUES .................................................................................................................. 4
PART III -
ARGUMENT......................................................................................................... 5
A.
B.
Overview................................................................................................................ 5
i.
The Decision of the Court of Appeal Led to an Unfair Result .................. 7
ii.
The Decision of the Court of Appeal Runs Counter to the Purposes
of Both Relevant Statutes........................................................................... 8
a.
Purposes of the Family Property Act ............................................. 8
b.
Purposes of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ............................ 9
iii.
The Bankruptcy Process Under the BIA.................................................. 10
a.
The Assignment into Bankruptcy ................................................ 10
b.
The Stay of Proceedings .............................................................. 11
c.
The Discharge From Bankruptcy................................................. 11
The Equalization Payment ................................................................................... 12
i.
Equalization Payments and Bankruptcy .................................................. 12
ii.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was not a Provable Claim in
the Respondent’s Bankruptcy .................................................................. 13
a.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was a Proprietary
Claim............................................................................................ 13
b.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was Based Primarily
on the Value of an Exempt Asset................................................. 14
c.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was an Unliquidated
Claim............................................................................................ 15
iii.
If the Appellant’s Equalization Claim was Provable, it was not
Released by the Respondent’s Discharge from Bankruptcy.................... 16
a.
Exempting the Equalization Claim from Release Furthers
the Purposes of Family Law ........................................................ 16
b.
The Respondent’s Failure to List the Appellant as a
Creditor Renders his Discharge Ineffective Against Her
Equalization Claim....................................................................... 17
(i)
The Appellant is Entitled to Pursue her Equalization
Claim................................................................................ 19
(ii)
The Equalization Entitlement May be Satisfied Out
of the Surviving Asset...................................................... 21
-iiTABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Page
iv.
C.
If the Appellant’s Equalization Entitlement is Extinguished, the
Respondent has been Unjustly Enriched.................................................. 22
a.
The Respondent has been Unjustly Enriched .............................. 23
(i)
The Enrichment................................................................ 23
(ii)
The Corresponding Deprivation ...................................... 24
(iii)
Lack of Juristic Reason.................................................... 24
b.
This Court Can Impose a Remedial Constructive Trust .............. 25
Valuation of Net Family Property........................................................................ 27
PART IV -
SUBMISSIONS ON COSTS............................................................................... 30
PART V -
ORDER SOUGHT............................................................................................... 30
PART VI -
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ............................................................................... 32
PART VII -
STATUTES RELIED ON.................................................................................... 34
-1PART I - FACTS
A.
The Appeal
1.
Susan Wilma Schreyer (“the Appellant”) and Anthony Leonard Schreyer (“the
Respondent”) were married in 1980 and were separated on December 4, 1999. At the
time of their separation they owned 160 acres of property, on which they operated a
modest farm. The Appellant was found by the Manitoba Court of Queen’s Bench to be
entitled to a payment of $55,000 from the Respondent. This payment represented the
Appellant’s share of the value of the farm property operated by her and the Respondent
until their separation.
2.
As a result of the decision of the Manitoba Court of Appeal, the Appellant has been
deprived of her entitlement to share in the family wealth and her claim for an equalization
award has been extinguished while the Respondent has retained sole ownership of the
farm, valued at $189,000.00, the family asset which was the principal source of family
wealth.
Schreyer v. Schreyer, 2009 MBCA 84 [Appeal Decision] at para. 6.
Appeal Decision, at paras. 17-18.
3.
The Appellant now appeals the decision of the Manitoba Court of Appeal to this Court.
Appeal Decision at para. 133.
B.
The Valuation Proceedings
4.
Manitoba, Ontario and Prince Edward Island use a process of valuation and equalization
to distribute family wealth on marriage breakdown. At the relevant time in Manitoba,
equalization was done pursuant to the Marital Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. M45 (MPA).
This statute has since been replaced by the Family Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. F25 (FPA),
but the relevant provisions are identical between the two statutes.
5.
On December 18, 2000, the Appellant and the Respondent consented to an order (the
“first referral order”) referring to the master an accounting and valuation of the assets of
the parties pursuant to the provisions of the MPA (now the FPA). The first referral order
was amended on consent on October 8, 2004 (the “second referral order”).
-2Appeal Decision at paras. 13-15.
6.
On October 25, 2007, Master Sharp issued her valuation and accounting report in which
she concluded that the Appellant was entitled to an equalization payment of $41,063.48.
This report was confirmed by Justice Guertin-Riley, who added pre-judgment interest for
a total amount of $54,891.76.
S.W.S. v. A.L.S., 2006 MBQB 154 [Report of Master Sharp] at para. 186.
C.
The Bankruptcy
7.
On December 20, 2001, after the first referral order, the Respondent made an assignment
into bankruptcy; he was discharged on November 29, 2002.
8.
Section 158(d) of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3 (BIA) requires
a bankrupt to prepare and submit to the Trustee in Bankruptcy a Statement of Affairs
within five days of assignment. The Statement of Affairs shows, among other things, the
particulars of the bankrupt’s assets and liabilities and the names and addresses of the
bankrupt’s creditors. This Statement of Affairs is relied upon by the trustee in the
administration of the bankrupt’s estate. In particular, the trustee uses the list of creditor’s
names and addresses to notify the estate’s creditors of the bankruptcy.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 158(d).
9.
The Statement of Affairs as prepared by the Respondent did not list the Appellant as a
creditor, even though, at the time of the Respondent’s assignment into bankruptcy, the
Appellant’s claim to an equalization of family assets had arisen and the first referral order
had issued, directing a valuation of family assets. The Respondent made no disclosure to
his trustee of the Appellant’s pending equalization claim, and the Appellant was not made
aware of the Respondent’s assignment into bankruptcy until after he was discharged.
Statement of Affairs of the Respondent, Appellant’s Record at 127
Appeal Decision, para. 14.
-310.
The Respondent retained ownership of the property despite his bankruptcy because, as a
farm property, it is exempt from seizure under the Manitoba Judgments Act, C.C.S.M. c.
J10. Section 67(1)(b) of the BIA provides that the property of a bankrupt divisible among
his creditors shall not comprise any property that is exempt from seizure under any
applicable provincial laws.
Judgments Act, C.C.S.M. c. J10, s. 13(1)(a).
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 67(1)(b).
11.
The question of whether the equalization payment owing to the Appellant was
extinguished by the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy was not addressed in the
valuation proceedings before Master Sharp, despite the fact that the second referral order
specifically directed the determination by the Master of “all issues arising out of the
bankruptcy of the respondent.” Pursuant to this order, Master Sharp considered the
Respondent’s assignment into, and subsequent discharge from, bankruptcy as a factor
involved in the accounting proceeding.
Order of Mr. Justice Clearwater, issued October 12, 2004 at para. 2.4, Appellant’s Record,
at 98.
Report of Master Sharp at para. 14.
12.
At paragraph 21 of her report, Master Sharp listed the issues which were in dispute
between the parties in the accounting proceeding. These live issues were restricted to
disagreements about the valuation of various assets.
Report of Master Sharp at para. 21.
13.
It appears from the decision of Master Sharp that the parties, their counsel and Master
Sharp all proceeded with the valuation of family property with the understanding that any
equalization payment arising out of the proceedings would be enforceable as against the
Respondent. The Respondent’s submissions were limited to issues of valuation of certain
property and he did not raise the issue of extinguishment until his written submissions
opposing the confirmation of Master Sharp’s report, heard on March 18, 2008 before
Justice Guertin-Riley.
-4D.
The Judgment Below
14.
Both the Appellant and the Respondent appealed the order of Justice Guertin-Riley to the
Manitoba Court of Appeal.
15.
The Court of Appeal allowed the Respondent’s appeal related to the bankruptcy and held
that any equalization debt that he owed to the Appellant was extinguished by his
discharge from bankruptcy notwithstanding the fact that his primary asset, the property,
was exempt from seizure.
16.
The Court of Appeal held that the equalization claim did not confer a right to the
property, but was only a personal right to require the court to determine the ownership of
family assets. According to the Court of Appeal, the equalization claim was a debt like
any other which was extinguished upon the discharge from bankruptcy.
Appeal Decision at paras. 120-125.
17.
The Court of Appeal dismissed the Appellant’s appeal related to the treatment of the
Respondent’s valuation date liabilities in light of his subsequent bankruptcy and held that
Master Sharp was entitled to deduct the value of the Respondent’s debts from the value
of his assets in arriving at the Respondent’s net family property notwithstanding the fact
that he would never be called upon to pay those debts because of his discharge from
bankruptcy.
18.
The Court of Appeal held that, as of the valuation date, the debts existed and were
properly deducted from the Respondent’s assets for the purpose of determining his net
worth.
PART II - ISSUES
19.
Whether the Manitoba Court of Appeal erred in holding that the Appellant’s equalization
entitlement was extinguished by the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy.
-520.
Whether the Manitoba Court of Appeal erred in including the value of released debts in
the calculation of the Respondent’s net family property.
PART III - ARGUMENT
A.
Overview
21.
The Manitoba Court of Appeal saw this case as a conflict between the policies underlying
bankruptcy law and family law. The Court of Appeal held that bankruptcy policy ought
to prevail and the application of that policy, while unfair to the Appellant, was required
by the BIA. The Appellant submits that the policies of bankruptcy and family law are not
in conflict here, and that the purposes of each Act can be realized without prejudice to the
other. The Appellant’s equalization entitlement can be satisfied without harming the
interests of the Respondent’s creditors or unduly interfering with his rehabilitation as a
debtor.
22.
In the context of this appeal, the purposes of the BIA and FPA are not mutually exclusive
and the Court of Appeal was not bound to the unfair result it reached. Neither the purpose
nor the letter of the relevant legislative schemes mandate the finding of the Court of
Appeal. For the reasons below, the Appellant submits that the Court of Appeal erred in
failing to arrive at a result that achieved the purposes of both family law and bankruptcy
law.
23.
It is open to this Court to correct this error in the following ways:
(a)
By declaring that the Appellant’s equalization claim was not provable in the
Respondent’s bankruptcy either because it was a proprietary claim, because it was
based primarily on exempt assets or because it was an unliquidated claim.
(b)
Alternatively, by declaring that the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy did
not completely release the Appellant’s equalization claim either because such a
discharge is contrary to the purposes of the FPA and the BIA or because the
Respondent is estopped from asserting his discharge against the Appellant.
-6(c)
In the further alternative, if the Respondent’s bankruptcy did release the
Appellant’s equalization claim, by declaring that the Respondent holds half the
property for the benefit of the Appellant by the imposition of a constructive trust.
(d)
By declaring that the Respondent’s unsecured debts ought to have been excluded
from the calculation of his net family property and by increasing the Appellant’s
equalization entitlement accordingly.
24.
The Appellant’s equalization entitlement was not released by the Respondent’s discharge
from bankruptcy because, in the circumstances, it was not a provable claim. The
equalization claim was not provable for three reasons: the claim included an unprovable
proprietary element, the claim would have been payable primarily out the value of an
exempt asset and the claim was an unliquidated one. Unprovable claims are not released
by a discharge from bankruptcy.
25.
However, if the Court of Appeal was correct in holding that the equalization claim was
provable, that claim should still not be released by the Respondent’s discharge from
bankruptcy. The Respondent failed to disclose the equalization claim to his trustee;
therefore, the Respondent is estopped from asserting his discharge against the Appellant.
If the Respondent had disclosed the equalization claim, the Appellant would have been
aware of the bankruptcy and would have sought and obtained an order lifting the stay of
proceedings in order to pursue her claim against the exempt property.
26.
In addition, the public policy behind family property equalization should not be frustrated
by a discharge from bankruptcy where the claim is founded on an exempt asset. Family
property equalization performs some of the same functions as orders for support, which
are not released by a discharge from bankruptcy. Both support orders and equalization
orders are aimed at defeating the role that divorce plays in the feminization of poverty.
An interpretation of the discharge and release provisions of the BIA which furthers this
aim is to be preferred.
27.
If the Court of Appeal was correct in holding that the Appellant’s equalization claim was
provable and was released in its entirety by the Respondent’s discharge, then the
-7Respondent has been unjustly enriched at the Appellant’s expense and this Court may
remedy this unjust enrichment by the imposition of a remedial constructive trust over half
of the farm property for the benefit of the Appellant.
i.
The Decision of the Court of Appeal Led to an Unfair Result
28.
The Court of Appeal held that the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy extinguished
the Appellant’s claim for an equalization payment pursuant to the FPA. As a result, the
Respondent is now in possession of the real property worth $189,000, and the
Appellant’s entire entitlement under the family property accounting has been erased.
29.
The unfair result which occurred here is not unique. Other courts have considered similar
results to be “blatantly unfair” and “grossly unfair, if not unconscionable.”
Schroeder v. Schroeder (1993), 19 C.B.R. (3d) 316 (Sask. Q.B.) at 293.
Rombough v. Rombough (1993), 89 Man. R. (2d) 82, [1993] M.J. No. 375 (Q.B.) at para. 9.
30.
The Court of Appeal itself recognized that the result in this case was “most unfair.”
However, the Court of Appeal considered itself bound to a narrow interpretation of the
BIA. The Court of Appeal summarized its position as follows:
On the face of it, the decision here appears to be most unfair to the
wife. She was married to the husband for approximately 19 years. They
had and raised four children. They resided together, generally, on farm
properties and worked together in the farming operation and often worked
off the farm as well to supplement the family income. Certainly, that was
more or less the case from 1991 until the date of separation in respect of
the property.
The FPA regime is such that the date for valuation of the assets and
liabilities of the parties for the purpose of determining whether or not an
equalization payment should be made and the amount, if any, of it
generally occurs as of the date of separation, which was the case here. The
claim, however, is not a claim to assets, but a claim to an equalization
payment, which, in due course, may be accomplished by the transfer of
specific assets or money, or both.
From the wife’s perspective, the unfortunate and unfair circumstances here
are that the husband’s assets were exempt assets and therefore were not
-8shareable amongst his creditors, whereas his debts, including the wife’s
equalization claim, were extinguished upon his discharge from
bankruptcy. In the result, he is left with the farm property and no
unsecured debt and her entitlement to an equalization payment is
extinguished by reason of his bankruptcy. This, however, is the result
mandated by the clear wording and intent of the relevant legislation.
[emphasis added]
Appeal Decision at paras. 127-129.
31.
An application of the relevant legislation to the facts involved in this appeal does not lead
inexorably to the conclusion reached by the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court
Appeal is not mandated by the intent of the relevant legislation. On the contrary, the
decision of the Court of Appeal frustrates the purposes of the FPA without furthering the
purposes of the BIA. The purposes of these two statutes are not mutually exclusive.
ii.
The Decision of the Court of Appeal Runs Counter to the Purposes of Both Relevant
Statutes
a.
32.
Purposes of the Family Property Act
The stated purpose of the FPA is to recognize that marriage is an institution of shared
responsibilities and obligations between parties enjoying equal rights and to provide a
means, in the event of the breakdown of the marriage or the death of a party to the
marriage, of equal sharing of the family and commercial assets of the parties to the
marriage acquired by them during the marriage.
Marital Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. M45, preamble.
33.
This Court has recognized that divorce and its economic effects play a role in the
feminization of poverty. A statutory interpretation which might help defeat this role is to
be preferred over one which does not.
Moge v. Moge, [1992] 3 S.C.R. 813 at 853-854.
Marzetti v. Marzetti, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 765 at para. 80.
34.
The decision of the Court of Appeal has left the Respondent with the entire wealth of the
Schreyer family unit and has deprived the Appellant of her statutory entitlement to share
in that wealth. This result runs counter to the purpose of the FPA.
-9b.
35.
Purposes of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act
The two fundamental purposes of the BIA are to provide for the orderly and fair
distribution of the property of a bankrupt among his or her creditors and to provide for
the financial rehabilitation of insolvent persons.
36.
The decision of the Court of Appeal does not further the first purpose because the
Respondent’s primary asset (the farm property) was not available for distribution among
his creditors, pursuant to the Judgments Act. Allowing the Appellant to pursue her
equalization claim against the farm property would not prejudice the Respondent’s
creditors.
Royal Bank of Canada v. North American Life Assurance Co., [1996] 1 S.C.R. 325 at para. 15.
Judgments Act, C.C.S.M., c. J10, s. 13.
37.
Although allowing the Respondent to retain full, unencumbered ownership of the farm
property assists in the Respondent’s rehabilitation, the goals of debtor rehabilitation and
of equitable sharing of assets upon marriage breakdown are not mutually exclusive.
Burrows (Re) (1996), 42 C.B.R. (3d) 89, [1996] O.J. No. 2825 (Gen. Div.) at paras. 10, 13.
38.
Interspousal claims and the judgment debts enforcing them are not in the same category
as trade debts or other commercial debts. Commercial creditors such as banks and
merchants may seek contractual protection to secure the moneys, goods and services they
provide, whereas women and children are more likely to rely on statutory, legal and
equitable protections to secure their rights and interests.
Re Crew (1987), 58 O.R. (2d) 575, 63 C.B.R. (N.S.) 244, [1987] O.J. No. 200 (H.C.J.). at para.
11.
Anne-France Goldwater, “Bankruptcy and Family Law”, (1998) 15 C.F.L.Q. 139 at 176.
39.
The types of property which are exempted from seizure pursuant to provincial statutes
such as section 13(1)(a) of the Judgments Act indicate an intention to protect families and
other vulnerable groups from the harsh effects of bankruptcy. Specifically, the purpose of
the farm property exemption in the Judgments Act is to protect farming families from the
harsh effects of bankruptcy by ensuring that they retain an asset that is foundational to the
family’s financial wellbeing.
-1040.
The role of bankruptcy law is to shield the exempt property from the bankruptcy process
for the benefit of families; family law can then provide guidance on how those exempted
assets ought to be distributed on the breakdown of the family unit. This approach keeps
the exempt assets in the possession of those people whom the exemption was intended to
protect.
41.
The Court of Appeal erred by finding conflict between bankruptcy law and family law
where none exists. The Appellant submits that this case could be resolved in such a way
that allows the harmonious application of bankruptcy law and family law to effect a result
that advances the purposes of both.
iii.
The Bankruptcy Process Under the BIA
42.
An overview of the mechanics of bankruptcy will be helpful in understanding the issues
between the parties on this appeal.
a.
43.
The Assignment into Bankruptcy
When a debtor makes an assignment into bankruptcy, all of his property automatically
vests in the trustee in bankruptcy. Non-exempt property is held by the trustee for
distribution among the bankrupt’s creditors. The only property that is not held in this way
is property that is held in trust for another or that is exempt from execution under the
laws of the province in which the debtor resides.
Frank Bennett, Bennett on Bankruptcy, 12th ed. (Toronto: CCH Canadian Limited, 2009) at
277.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, ss. 71, 67(1)(a), (b).
44.
The trustee becomes the legal representative of the bankrupt; for most purposes, the
trustee steps into the shoes of the bankrupt.
278.
45.
The trustee then proceeds to administer the estate of the bankrupt, relying on the
Statement of Affairs, which the bankrupt must submit within five days of assignment,
pursuant to section 158 of the BIA.
-11Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 158.
b.
46.
The Stay of Proceedings
Section 69.3 provides that on the bankruptcy of any debtor, no creditor has any remedy
against the debtor or the debtor’s property, or shall commence or continue any action,
execution or other proceedings, for the recovery of a claim provable in bankruptcy until
the trustee is discharged.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 69.3.
47.
The stay enables the orderly administration of the estate of the bankrupt and ensures that
a creditor will not benefit or improve his or her position at the expense of other creditors.
Without the stay of proceedings, the objective of providing an orderly administration
would be undermined by creditors pursuing their remedies against the debtor or the
debtor’s property.
330.
48.
For a creditor who can demonstrate that he or she will be materially prejudiced by the
stay or that it is equitable to do so, a court may grant a declaration that the stay of
proceedings does not operate against that creditor. On such applications, the creditor has
the onus to show some kind of material prejudice sufficient to convince a court to allow
the creditor to proceed.
333.
c.
49.
The Discharge From Bankruptcy
In most cases, first-time bankrupts are discharged automatically nine months after
becoming bankrupt. The trustee, the Superintendent of Bankruptcy or the creditors may
oppose this automatic discharge. The trustee is required to give notice of the impending
automatic discharge to every creditor who has proved a claim. An automatic discharge is
deemed to be an absolute and immediate order of discharge.
-1250.
The order of discharge, whether automatic or through court order, releases the bankrupt
from all claims provable in bankruptcy, with the exception of certain types of claims as
listed in subsection 178(1).
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 178.
51.
While the bankrupt is entitled to a fresh start on discharge, the purpose of subsection
178(1) is to protect creditors from the type of conduct that society considers offensive
and unjust by allowing certain types of debts to survive the discharge.
535.
52.
The list of claims not released by discharge include debts for alimony, debts respecting
support or maintenance of a spouse or former spouse and liability for the dividend that a
creditor would have been entitled to receive on any provable claim not disclosed to the
trustee.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, s. 178(1)(b), (c), (f).
B.
The Equalization Payment
i.
Equalization Payments and Bankruptcy
53.
The Family Property Act and statutes like it in Ontario and Prince Edward Island create a
system whereby an accounting is taken of each spouse’s “net family property” (NFP) on
a certain date, which is usually the date of permanent separation. Half of the difference
between the higher NFP and the lower NFP is awarded to the spouse with the lower NFP
as an equalization payment.
Family Property Act, C.C.S.M. c. F25, ss. 13-17.
Family Law Act, R.S.O., 1990, c. F.3, ss. 4, 5.
Family Law Act, R.S.P.E.I., c. F-2.1, ss. 4-6.
54.
The Court of Appeal held that the Appellant’s equalization claim was a provable claim
like any other and it was released in its entirety by the Respondent’s discharge from
bankruptcy.
-1355.
The Appellant submits that the equalization claim was not a provable claim. In the
alternative, if the Court of Appeal was correct in holding that the equalization claim was
provable, the Appellant submits that the equalization claim was not released by the
Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy.
ii.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was not a Provable Claim in the Respondent’s
Bankruptcy.
a.
56.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was a Proprietary Claim
Section 17 of the FPA provides for two methods for satisfying the equalization amount,
one monetary and one proprietary. The section provides as follows:
17. The amount shown by an accounting under section 15 to be payable by
one spouse or common-law partner to the other may be satisfied
(a) by payment of the amount in a lump sum or by
instalments; or
(b) by the transfer, conveyance or delivery of an asset or
assets in lieu of the amount; or
(c) by any combination of clauses (a) and (b);
as the spouses or common-law partners may agree or, in the absence of
agreement, as the court upon the application of either spouse or commonlaw partner under this Act may order, taking into account the effect of any
interim order made under section 18.1.
Family Property Act, C.C.S.M. c. F25, s. 17.
57.
Pursuant to this section, satisfaction of the equalization amount by payment in a lump
sum is not the only remedy which is available on a family property accounting under the
FPA. On the date of valuation, the rights under the FPA come into being; both the
monetary and proprietary rights provided by the statute come into existence at that time.
58.
Had the Respondent disclosed his assignment into bankruptcy to the Appellant, she could
have applied to the court for an order amending the first referral order to direct
satisfaction of the equalization amount by the transfer of assets.
-1459.
Despite this omission, the Appellant’s right to a proprietary remedy survives the
Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy. A claim for division of property in specie is not
provable, and therefore is not released by a discharge from bankruptcy.
Robert A. Klotz, Bankruptcy, Insolvency and Family Law, 2nd ed. Looseleaf (Scarborough:
Thompson Canada Limited, 2001) at 10-8.
60.
The FPA accounting process is conducted from the vantage point of the valuation date,
which is usually the date of permanent separation. Because of this vantage point, the
proprietary remedy provided by section 17(b) can attach to those assets which were in the
possession of either party on the valuation date.
Family Property Act, C.C.S.M. c. F25, s. 16.
61.
The farm property was not seized by the Respondent’s creditors; it has been in the
Respondent’s possession since the valuation date. Therefore it is available as an asset to
which the proprietary remedy provided for in section 17(b) can attach.
62.
The availability of both a monetary and proprietary remedy distinguishes family property
claims from ordinary debts and requires an approach to the provability of family property
claims that recognizes the purposes of family law as well as the purposes of bankruptcy
law.
b.
63.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was Based Primarily on the Value of an
Exempt Asset
The purposes of exempting certain types of assets from seizure are the “social interest in
preserving the viability of debtors so that their continued maintenance does not fall to
society” and “the humane considerations of permitting [debtors] sufficient assets so that
[they] may independently maintain themselves and their families at a reasonable
standard of living” [emphasis added].
Alberta Treasury Branches v. Samco Holdings Ltd., 2003 ABQB 963, 48 C.B.R. (4th) 1 at para.
85.
64.
Pursuant to section 67(1)(b) of the BIA, the trustee may not exercise its estate distribution
powers over exempt property.
-15Royal Bank of Canada v. North American Life Assurance Co., [1996] 1 S.C.R. 325 at para. 15.
65.
Once the trustee has determined that certain assets are exempt for the purpose of
protecting the debtor and his family, the assets pass out of the scope of bankruptcy law.
In situations where the family unit has broken down, family law assumes control over the
exempt assets for the purpose of distributing them among the members of the former
family.
66.
Therefore family property distribution claims based primarily on the value of assets
exempted from the operation of the BIA ought to be considered as unprovable in
bankruptcy, because neither the trustee nor the creditors have an interest in either the
claim or the property upon which the claim is founded.
c.
67.
The Appellant’s Equalization Claim was an Unliquidated Claim
A claim for equalization pursuant to a family property accounting is an unliquidated
claim. Distribution of family property under the Manitoba FPA is subject to many
variables such as valuation of assets and equality of division. Until an accounting is
conducted, it cannot be known with certainty which spouse will be entitled to an
equalization payment and the quantum of that payment. Even the form of satisfaction of
the amount is determined through the valuation process. This requires investigation
beyond mere mathematical calculation.
68.
In Thow (Re), the Supreme Court of British Columbia held that a fine that was imposed
on the bankrupt after his discharge was not a provable claim even though the events
giving rise to the fine occurred before the bankruptcy. The Court held that because the
body imposing the fine had to undertake an investigation, hold a hearing, make findings
and reach a decision, the fine was a contingent debt that was not provable in bankruptcy.
Thow (Re), 2009 BCSC 1176 at para. 38.
69.
Here, before the equalization amount was established, Master Sharp had to hold a
hearing, make findings of fact and reach a decision. Before this was done, it would have
been very difficult, if not impossible, for the Appellant to prove her claim in the
Respondent’s bankruptcy.
-16Boileau v. Boileau, [2003] O.J. No. 607 at paras. 21-23.
70.
If the Appellant’s claim for an equalization payment was not provable in the
Respondent’s bankruptcy proceedings, it has not been released by the order of discharge.
Subsection 178(2) of the BIA provides that only provable claims are released by the order
of discharge.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 178(2).
iii.
If the Appellant’s Equalization Claim was Provable, it was not Released by the
Respondent’s Discharge from Bankruptcy
71.
Subsection 178(1) of the BIA lists specific categories of debts which are not released
when the bankrupt is discharged. The exemptions listed in this subsection are designed to
protect particularly vulnerable creditors.
Skytal Ltd. v. Schiber (1997), 46 C.B.R. (3d) 275, [1997] O.J. No. 2010 (C.J.) at para. 12.
72.
Paragraphs 178(1)(c) and (f) are relevant in this appeal. Paragraph (c) provides that debts
for support or maintenance of a wife or children are not released by a discharge from
bankruptcy. Paragraph (f) exempts from release the dividend which would have been
awarded on debts which are not disclosed to the trustee.
a.
73.
Exempting the Equalization Claim from Release Furthers the Purposes of
Family Law
Pursuant to section 178(1)(c) of the BIA, a discharge from bankruptcy does not release
the bankrupt from debt or liability for support or maintenance of a wife or children.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 178(1)(c).
74.
The purpose for allowing support and maintenance payments to survive discharge from
bankruptcy is to ensure financial security of the family.
75.
The legislative schemes which provide for both support and equalization payments arise
from the same basic premise of family law, that is, that both spouses make a vital and
essentially equal contribution to the family unit and hence to the acquisition of family
wealth. Spousal support orders may recognize the contributions the payee spouse has
-17made to the income-earning potential of the payor spouse, while equalization orders
recognize the contributions made by both spouses to the acquisition of family assets.
Berend Hovius, “Unequal Sharing of Net Family Properties under Ontario’s Family Law
Act”, (2008) 27 C.F.L.Q. 147.
76.
Because of the similar purposes behind both support orders and equalization orders,
section 178(1) of the BIA should be interpreted such that debts arising from equalization
orders are not extinguished by a discharge from bankruptcy, particularly where the claim
relates to an exempt asset. This interpretation is to be favoured because it assists in
defeating the role that divorce plays in the feminization of poverty.
Marzetti v. Marzetti, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 765 at para. 80.
77.
In a situation where there was an existing support order, the Ontario Superior Court of
Justice varied the support order to include a lump sum payment compensating the nonbankrupt spouse for the value of the equalization claim lost against an exempt asset.
Sim v. Sim (2009), 50 C.B.R. (5th) 295, [2009] O.J. No. 678 (S.C.J.).
b.
78.
The Respondent’s Failure to List the Appellant as a Creditor Renders his
Discharge Ineffective Against Her Equalization Claim
Section 158(d) of the BIA requires the bankrupt to list all creditors in his Statement of
Affairs. The penalties for failure to comply with the requirements of the Act are set out in
section 198(2).
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, ss. 158(d), 198(2).
79.
A court may also annul a discharge from bankruptcy, pursuant to section 180 of the BIA,
if the bankrupt fails to comply with the requirements of the Act.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 180.
80.
In Miller, Re, the Ontario Supreme Court allowed a creditor to proceed with an action
against a discharged bankrupt because the bankrupt had not disclosed the creditor’s claim
in his Statement of Affairs. The Court held that the bankrupt was estopped from relying
on his discharge because he had failed to disclose the creditor’s claim and because he had
taken steps to proceed with the action:
-18It seems to me inequitable to permit Miller to rely upon his automatic
discharge to avoid his obligation to Walton as a creditor. Walton did not
have any notice whatsoever of Miller’s assignment in bankruptcy. Miller
did not disclose Walton as a creditor in his bankruptcy. After his
assignment, Miller took active steps to lull Walton into a false belief that
the Action was continuing in the ordinary course. Various motions (in
May/September, 1999) and discoveries of all parties (2000-2001) took
place after the filing of Miller’s assignment.
Miller, Re (2001), 27 C.B.R. (4th) 107, 2001 CanLII 28479 (ON S.C.) at para. 40.
81.
This result accords with the purpose of section 178(1)(f) of the BIA, which provides that
liability for the dividend that a creditor would have been entitled to receive on any
provable claim is not disclosed to the trustee is not released by an order of discharge. The
purpose of this section is to restore rights to creditors who were denied recovery by the
bankrupt’s failure to disclose their claim.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, s. 178(1)(f).
82.
The Respondent, by failing to disclose the Appellant’s equalization claim denied her the
right to pursue her claim. Because of this failure and because the Respondent took steps
to proceed with the valuation proceedings, he is estopped from asserting his discharge
against the Appellant’s claim.
83.
Although the Appellant would not have been entitled to a dividend as would an ordinary
creditor, allowing her to proceed against the exempt property as she could have done had
she been made aware of the bankruptcy achieves the purpose behind section 178(1)(f).
This interpretation of the BIA fulfils the purposes of family law and recognizes that the
Appellant is not an ordinary creditor.
84.
If the Appellant’s claim for the equalization payment was provable in the Respondent’s
bankruptcy, he ought to have disclosed its existence to the trustee. His failure to do so
estops him from asserting the discharge against the Appellant and entitles her to pursue
the claim for the equalization as she could have done had she been made aware of the
bankruptcy. If the Appellant had been permitted to pursue her claim, she would have had
the opportunity to seek recovery for the full amount out of the value of the exempt farm
property.
-19(i)
85.
The Appellant is Entitled to Pursue her Equalization Claim
The BIA provides a mechanism whereby the Appellant can access the exempt farm
property to satisfy her equalization entitlement. Pursuant to section 69.4 of the BIA, the
Appellant can seek leave from a court to proceed with her claim against the farm property
despite the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy. This remedy would have been
available before the Respondent’s discharge had the Appellant been made aware of the
Respondent’s bankruptcy.
86.
To ensure that her equalization claim was not released and extinguished by the
Respondent’s discharge, the Appellant, had she been aware of the Respondent’s
bankruptcy, could have sought and obtained leave from the court, pursuant to section
69.4 of the BIA.
87.
Because leave to pursue a family law claim against an exempt asset does not prejudice
the rights of other creditors, it is usually granted. In Thibodeau v. Thibodeau, Backhouse
J adopted the following statement of Greer J in Hughes, Re (unreported, October 23,
1997, Ont.Gen.Div. #32-071120):
“Bankruptcy proceedings were not, in my view, intended to wipe out
property equalization claims against person under the Divorce Act and
Family Law Act, which were instituted prior to the bankruptcy. The wife’s
claim for equalization against the bankrupt’s pension has no effect on any
of the rights of the other creditors in bankruptcy, as the pension does not
form one of the assets under the control of the Trustee…The lifting of the
stay does not affect the assets controlled by the Trustee nor does it
prevent the bankrupt from making a “fresh start”, if he is
discharged…Such a declaratory order is a special remedy against exempt
assets…” [emphasis added]
Thibodeau v. Thibodeau (2009), 97 O.R. (3d) 618, [2009] O.J. No. 1965 (S.C.J.) at para. 49.
88.
In Cunningham (Re), Shelley J of the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench granted an order
lifting the bankruptcy stay and permitting the non-bankrupt spouse to pursue her
equalization claim against the bankrupt’s exempt assets. After a review of Thibodeau and
similar cases from Ontario, Shelley J. concluded as follows:
On the facts of this case I have no difficulty in adopting the rationale of
the foregoing cases to conclude that, on public policy, bankruptcy policy,
-20and equitable grounds, the stay ought to be lifted to permit Ms. Miller to
pursue her matrimonial judgment against Mr. Cunningham’s BIA exempt
assets. I also have no difficulty concluding that Ms. Miller will be
materially prejudiced by the continuance of the stay, given Mr.
Cunningham’s actions in the matrimonial proceedings and the bankruptcy
proceedings. Furthermore, these assets are not available for other
creditors, who in any event represent only a small percentage of Mr.
Cunningham’s indebtedness. This is not, therefore, a case in which the
bankruptcy proceedings may be seen as an attempt to effect a
preference in favour of Ms. Miller over Mr. Cunningham’s other
creditors. It is obvious that Ms. Miller and Mr. Cunningham are not
colluding to defeat Mr. Cunningham’s creditors (a tactic which this Court
has often taken steps to both criticize and prevent: Tinant v. Tinant (2003),
330 A.R. 148; Lecerf v. Lecerf, [2004] 2 C.B.R. (5th) 260. Accordingly, I
conclude that the stay of proceedings ought to be lifted to permit
realization by Ms. Miller against BIA exempt assets in relation to the
judgment that was awarded to her in the matrimonial proceedings.
[emphasis added]
Cunningham (Re), 2009 ABQB 758, at para. 31.
89.
In Stiles v. Stiles, the Ontario Court of Justice granted the non-bankrupt husband leave to
pursue his equalization claim against the bankrupt wife’s pension, which was an asset
exempt from seizure under the BIA.
Stiles v. Stiles (1999), 11 C.B.R. (4th) 315, [1999] O.J. No. 2622 (C.J.).
90.
Even the Manitoba Court of Appeal recognized that, had the Appellant known of the
bankruptcy, she could have obtained leave to proceed with her claim:
In this case, the wife began a marital property proceeding before the
husband’s bankruptcy. She had no knowledge of his bankruptcy prior
to his discharge and, accordingly, filed no claim in respect of it. Had
she filed a claim in the bankruptcy proceedings relating to her extant
marital property proceeding, she might have been able to obtain leave to
proceed with her claim against the husband outside of the bankruptcy
(though to what practical effect one can only speculate).
Appeal Decision, para. 118.
91.
It is not necessary to speculate as to what the practical effect of an order granting the
Appellant leave to pursue her equalization claim would have been. Had the Appellant
been given the opportunity to seek such an order, that order would have been granted.
She would have retained the right to pursue her equalization claim against the farm
-21property and this right would not have been released by the Respondent’s discharge from
bankruptcy.
92.
By failing to notify either the Appellant or the trustee, the Respondent has denied the
Appellant the benefit of the steps listed above, which would have otherwise been
available to her. It would be wrong to allow the Respondent to retain the entire farm
property and thereby profit from his nondisclosure.
Ramsey v. Proffitt (2001), 29 C.B.R. (4th) 266, 22 R.F.L. (5th) 393 at para. 45.
(ii)
93.
The Equalization Entitlement May be Satisfied Out of the Surviving Asset
In a situation where the bankrupt spouse failed to disclose his assignment into and
subsequent discharge from bankruptcy to his spouse, the Ontario Superior Court of
Justice held that the bankrupt spouse had deprived the non-bankrupt spouse of the
opportunity to take steps to protect her interest in his pension, which survived the
bankruptcy, and awarded a one-half interest in the pension to the non-bankrupt spouse,
plus pre-judgment interest and substantial costs.
Ramsey v. Proffitt (2001), 29 C.B.R. (4th) 266, 22 R.F.L. (5th) 393.
94.
Where the bankrupt spouse declared bankruptcy in the face of ongoing marital litigation
and was discharged without telling his wife, the court set aside the husband’s automatic
discharge and granted leave to the wife to continue the action against his pension. The
court allowed this even though two years had passed since the husband’s discharge from
bankruptcy.
Craig, Re (Ont. Dep. Registrar Sproat, Feb. 7, 2001, #32-060606).
95.
It is open to this Court to declare the Respondent’s discharge ineffective as against the
Appellant’s equalization claim. Such a declaration would allow the Appellant to pursue
the satisfaction of her entitlement out of the value of the farm property.
-22iv.
If the Appellant’s Equalization Entitlement is Extinguished, the Respondent has
been Unjustly Enriched
96.
If the Court of Appeal was correct in concluding that the Respondent’s discharge from
bankruptcy extinguished the Appellant’s entitlement to the equalization payment entirely,
it incorrectly considered itself bound to accept the resultant state of affairs, despite
acknowledging that this result was “most unfair.”
97.
The situation as between the Respondent and the Appellant that has resulted from the
Court of Appeal’s decision is a clear example of an unjust enrichment that this Court is
now in a position to remedy through the doctrine of the remedial constructive trust.
98.
The remedial constructive trust is an appropriate mechanism for holding persons to high
standards of trust and probity and preventing them from retaining property which in
“good conscience” they should not be permitted to retain.
Soulos v. Korkontzilas, [1997] 2 S.C.R. 217 at para. 17.
99.
In Rawluk v. Rawluk, this Court held that a constructive trust was an appropriate remedy
to an unjust enrichment which arose under the Ontario Family Law Act, 1986, which
provides for a scheme of family property equalization similar to that created by the
Manitoba FPA.
Rawluk v. Rawluk, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 70 at 97-98.
100.
McLachlin J. (as she then was), in dissent, held that a constructive trust was not an
appropriate remedy in the particular factual and statutory context of that case. However,
this did not make the remedy unavailable in all statutory contexts:
There can be no simple or universally applicable answer to the question of
whether the doctrine of constructive trust will apply in a statutory context:
in each case, the circumstances of the case and the efficacy of alternative
remedies conferred by the applicable legislation must be examined to
ascertain whether, in that situation, a declaration of constructive trust
should be declared.
Rawluk v. Rawluk, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 70 at 113.
-23101.
McLachlin J. also held in Rawluk that the court should impose the remedy of a
constructive trust only in situations where the plaintiff had exhausted her personal
remedies; this case presents such a situation.
Rawluk v. Rawluk, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 70 at 106-107.
102.
In particular, a constructive trust is an appropriate remedy to correct unjust enrichment
arising from bankruptcy:
…a constructive trust should only be awarded if there is reason to grant to
the plaintiff the additional rights that flow from recognition of a right of
property. Among the most important of these will be that it is
appropriate that the plaintiff receive the priority accorded to the
holder of a right of property in a bankruptcy. [emphasis added]
Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd., [1989] 2 S.C.R. 574 at 678.
103.
The decision of the Court of Appeal has allowed an unjust enrichment to persist, contrary
to the purpose of the FPA. In this case, a remedial constructive trust is an appropriate
method to correct this unjust enrichment.
a.
104.
The Respondent has been Unjustly Enriched
This Court has set out the requirements for a finding of unjust enrichment in Peter v.
Beblow. An action for unjust enrichment arises when three elements are satisfied: (1) an
enrichment; (2) a corresponding deprivation; and (3) the absence of a juristic reason for
the enrichment.
Peter v. Beblow, [1993] 1 S.C.R. 980 at 987.
(i)
105.
The Enrichment
An enrichment does not have to be a positive benefit. A negative benefit, such as not
having to pay an inevitable expense, also qualifies as an enrichment.
Wilson v. Fotsch, 2010 BCCA 226 at para. 12.
106.
The Respondent has been relieved of his obligation to equalize the family’s assets and
has been left in possession of the substantial portion of those assets, free from the claim
-24the Appellant would have had if the Respondent had not deprived her of her opportunity
to protect that entitlement.
107.
The Respondent is in possession of a property which Master Sharp valued at $189,000.
He holds this property free from the obligation to pay the Appellant her equalization
entitlement.
(ii)
108.
The Corresponding Deprivation
Where there is an enrichment, it will almost invariably follow that there is a
corresponding deprivation suffered by the person who provided the enrichment. Once
enrichment has been found, the conclusion that the plaintiff has suffered a corresponding
deprivation is virtually automatic. Benefit and deprivation are essentially two sides of the
same coin.
Sorochan v. Sorochan, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 38 at 45-46.
Peter v. Beblow, [1993] 1 S.C.R. 980 at 1012.
109.
The Appellant has been deprived of her entitlement under the FPA. Pursuant to the
confirmation order of Guertin-Riley J., this entitlement amounts to over $54,000,
inclusive of interest.
Order of Justice Guertin-Riley at para. 1, Appellant’s Record at 50.
(iii)
110.
Lack of Juristic Reason
In Garland v. Consumers’ Gas Co., this Court elaborated upon the analysis to be
undertaken in determining whether a juristic reason for an enrichment exists. This Court
held that the first two stages of determining enrichment and corresponding deprivation
are based on economic factors.
Moral or public policy-based arguments are more
appropriately considered at the third stage in deciding whether there is a juristic reason
for the enrichment.
Garland v. Consumers’ Gas Co., 2004 SCC 25, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 629 at para. 31.
111.
In Garland this Court established a two-step analysis for determining whether a juristic
reason exists for an enrichment. At the first stage, the onus is on the applicant to
demonstrate that there is no juristic reason within the following established categories: (i)
-25existence of a contract; (ii) disposition of law; (iii) donative intent; and (iv) other valid
common law, equitable or statutory obligations. If the applicant establishes that none of
these reasons exist to deny recovery, the onus shifts to the respondent to rebut the prima
facie case by showing there is another valid reason to deny recovery based on the
reasonable expectations of the parties and public policy concerns.
Garland v. Consumers’ Gas Co., 2004 SCC 25, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 629 at paras. 44-49.
112.
On the facts of this case, categories (i) and (iii) do not apply. Within the remaining
categories, it has been established that valid legislation can provide a juristic reason
which bars recovery in restitution.
113.
Although the Court of Appeal held that the Appellant’s equalization entitlement was
released by section 178(2) of the BIA, this section cannot constitute a juristic reason for
the Appellant’s deprivation because the BIA does not require the enrichment and
corresponding deprivation which occurred here. The discharge and release mechanism in
section 178 of the BIA is intended to allow a bankrupt to make a fresh start, not avoid his
obligations under family property distribution statutes.
114.
As described above, the BIA provides a mechanism whereby the Appellant’s entitlement
to an equalization can be preserved. The enrichment which occurred here was not
required by, or in accordance with, the purposes of the BIA. The Respondent’s failure to
disclose his assignment into bankruptcy to the Appellant denied her the opportunity to
invoke the procedures available under section 69.4 of the BIA, whereby she could have
obtained an order lifting the bankruptcy stay and granting her leave to pursue her
equalization claim against the exempt property.
115.
The Appellant’s deprivation was not caused by the operation of the BIA; rather, it was
caused by the Respondent’s failure to disclose the pending equalization claim to the
trustee.
b.
116.
This Court Can Impose a Remedial Constructive Trust
There are two possible remedies for an unjust enrichment: a money award and a
proprietary remedy in the form of a constructive trust:
-26If a defendant is required to make restitution of an unjust enrichment, this
can be achieved in different ways. The defendant might be required to pay
a sum of money measured by the value of the defective transfer; or he
might be required to return the enrichment in specie. This second
possibility is usually activated by the constructive trust. So there are two
steps. The liability in unjust enrichment is established by the proof of the
three elements of the cause of action [an enrichment, a corresponding
deprivation and lack of juristic reason for the enrichment]. There then
follows a second inquiry, into how restitution should be made.
Waters’ Law of Trusts in Canada, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Thompson Carswell, 2005) at 469.
117.
This Court used a remedial constructive trust to remedy an unjust enrichment in Pettkus
v. Becker. The constructive trust has clearly been recognized as a general remedial device
founded squarely on the principle of preventing unjust enrichment.
Pettkus v. Becker, [1980] 2 S.C.R. 834.
Maddaugh & McCamus, The Law of Restitution, (Aurora: Canada Law Book, 1990) at 79.
118.
The Manitoba Court of Queen’s Bench has held that a previous order dividing a
husband’s pension had the effect of creating a trust in favour of the wife and that the
husband’s subsequent bankruptcy did not frustrate that division.
Rombough v. Rombough (1993), 89 Man. R. (2d) 82 (Q.B.).
See also Ramsey v. Proffitt (2001), 29 C.B.R. (4th) 266, 22 R.F.L. (5th) 393.
119.
The test for which of the two remedies is appropriate was set out by this Court in Peter v.
Beblow. First, the plaintiff must show that a money award would be inadequate. As part
of this inquiry, the court may consider the probability that a money award will be paid.
Second, the plaintiff must show that there is a link between the plaintiff’s contribution
and the property over which the plaintiff now claims a trust.
Waters’ Law of Trusts in Canada, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Thompson Carswell, 2005) at 470.
Peter v. Beblow, [1993] 1 S.C.R. 980 at 995 and 999-1000.
120.
First, the inadequacy of a monetary award is precisely the issue in this appeal. The
Appellant had been granted a monetary award by Guertin-Riley J, and the Court of
Appeal considered this monetary award extinguished by the Respondent’s discharge from
bankruptcy.
-27121.
Second, the link between the Appellant’s contribution and the farm property is
recognized by the FPA. The purpose of that statute is to recognize the contribution that
each spouse makes to the accumulation of family wealth. The farm property, as the only
remaining family asset, is directly connected to the Appellant’s contribution.
122.
In this case, the imposition of a remedial constructive trust over half of the farm property
is an appropriate remedy to the Respondent’s unjust enrichment.
C.
Valuation of Net Family Property
123.
In her valuation report, Master Sharp considered whether to deduct the amount of the
Respondent’s debts from the value of his assets, notwithstanding that the majority of his
debts were extinguished by his discharge from bankruptcy while the bulk of his assets
were exempt from seizure.
Report of Master Sharp, paras. 179-184.
124.
The Appellant appealed Master Sharp’s decision to allow a deduction from the
Respondent’s net family property for the value of debts which were extinguished by his
discharge from bankruptcy. Before the Court of Appeal, the Appellant argued that the
Respondent’s extinguished debts should not form part of the family property accounting.
125.
The Court of Appeal held that, as of the valuation date (December 4, 1999), the debts
existed and ought to be included in the accounting:
The statutory regime (the FPA) under which the accounting, valuation and
ultimate determination of an equalization payment was decided is clear
and was correctly applied by the master. As at December 4, 1999, the date
for closing and valuation of the assets and liabilities of the parties, the
liabilities of the husband in question here existed and were properly
valued. As well, they were properly deducted from the husband’s assets
for the purpose of determining his net worth, which was then used to
determine the combined net worth of the parties, its division and the
equalization payment due from the husband to the wife.
Appeal Decision, at para. 55.
126.
The Court of Appeal did not consider this issue in depth, however, because it had come to
the conclusion that the amount of the equalization claim was immaterial, given its
-28decision that the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy had extinguished that claim.
The Court of Appeal held as follows:
Secondly, the treatment of the husband’s debts as occurred here is of no
practical consequence. Had they not been deducted, his net worth would
have been greater, as would the equalization payment due to the wife. But,
as will be shown shortly, the equalization payment does not, in my
opinion, survive the bankruptcy. Hence, for practical purposes, it is
immaterial.
Appeal Decision, at para. 60.
127.
The approach taken by the Court of Appeal in refusing to discount the value of the
Respondent’s extinguished debts runs counter to the principles of family law without
advancing any of the principles of bankruptcy law:
It is antithetical to the equitable sharing philosophy underlying all
equalization statutes such as Ontario’s FLA that a spouse could obtain a
deduction for debts which will never have to be paid, while retaining for
him or herself a valuable asset which will never be equalized or divided.
128.
At the time that the valuation of net family property was before Master Sharp, nearly
three years had passed since the Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy. Although the
FPA provides that the net family property be valued as of December 4, 1999, when the
valuation was before Master Sharp, there was no need to speculate as to whether the
Respondent’s debts would be paid; the debts had in fact been extinguished by the
Respondent’s discharge from bankruptcy, three years previously.
129.
Under normal circumstances, net family property is calculated by assessing the value of
all family property owned by a spouse on the valuation date and subtracting the value of
any debts outstanding. The valuation date is usually the date of permanent separation.
Family Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. M45, s. 16.
Family Law Act, R.S.O., 1990, c. F.3, s. 4(1).
130.
This approach is inappropriate when one or both of the spouses owns assets which are
exempt from seizure under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. In situations where it is
-29reasonably foreseeable that impending bankruptcy proceedings will extinguish certain
debts, while preserving exempt assets, it is appropriate to adjust the calculation of net
family property accordingly, either by discounting certain debts or by deferring the
valuation date to some time after the assignment in bankruptcy.
Balyk v. Balyk (1994), 3 R.F.L. (4th) 282, 1994 CanLii 7498 (Ont. Gen. Div.) at para. 2.
131.
It is possible to predict, by an examination of exigible assets and liabilities, when a
rational person will become a candidate for bankruptcy. The likelihood that a person will
declare bankruptcy increases as the portion of their estate which is composed of exempt
assets increases:
The likely bankruptcy candidate can be described as one whose exigible
assets – that is, excluding pensions, homesteads, exempt RRSPs and the
like – at some point fall below the level of his or her existing or impending
liabilities…If exigible assets fall below liabilities, it becomes “rational” to
utilize the bankruptcy process to make up the shortfall.
132.
In Ahmed v. Ahmed, the husband had listed debts against his net family property which,
although they existed on the valuation date, were to be released by his impending
discharge from bankruptcy. Under the husband’s accounting, he claimed he was owed an
equalization payment of $10,000. Nicholls J. held that it would be most unfair, and
indeed monstrous, not to look beyond the valuation date and see that these debts would
never be repaid because of the bankruptcy. Accordingly, Nicholls J. rejected the
husband’s accounting method and awarded the wife an equalization entitlement of
$24,000.
Ahmed v. Ahmed, 1999 CarswellOnt 4819 (Ont. C.J.).
133.
In this case, because the Respondent’s assignment into bankruptcy occurred only two
years after the valuation date, it was reasonably foreseeable on that date that the
discharge from bankruptcy would extinguish those debts.
-30134.
On the valuation date, the Respondent owned a piece of farm property that was exempt
from seizure and this property composed the bulk of his assets. In the face of mounting
debt, it was rational for the Respondent to declare bankruptcy because it would allow him
to shed his debts without giving up his primary asset. In fact, this is exactly what the
Respondent did.
135.
The Court of Appeal erred in failing to correct Master Sharp’s inclusion of the debts
which were shed in the bankruptcy in the calculation of the Respondent’s net family
property. Had Master Sharp not included these debts, the Respondent’s net family
property would have increased by the total value of his unsecured debts. Using the values
set out at paragraph 185 of Master Sharp’s report, the Appellant’s equalization
entitlement would have been $66,911.48.
136.
The Appellant submits that the issue of the inclusion of the Respondent’s unsecured debts
in the calculation of his Net Family Property was in error because, as of the valuation
date, it was reasonably foreseeable that these debts would not be repaid. The equalization
payment owing to the Appellant ought to be increased to reflect this.
PART IV - SUBMISSIONS ON COSTS
137.
The Appellant requests the costs of this appeal and in the courts below.
PART V - ORDER SOUGHT
138.
A declaration:
(a)
that the Appellant’s equalization claim was not released by the Respondent’s
discharge from bankruptcy or;
(b)
alternatively, that the Respondent holds half the farm property for the benefit of
the Appellant, pursuant to a constructive trust.
-31139.
An order varying the order of the Manitoba Court of Appeal to the effect that the order of
the Manitoba Court of Queen’s Bench directing the Respondent to pay the Appellant an
equalization payment is restored.
140.
An order varying the order of the Manitoba Court of Queen’s Bench to the effect that the
equalization payment owing to the Appellant is $66,911.48 plus pre-judgment interest.
All of which is respectfully submitted this 26th day of July, 2010.
_____________________
Martin W. Mason
Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP
Barristers and Solicitors
Counsel for the Appellant
-32PART VI - TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Authority
Ahmed v. Ahmed, 1999 CarswellOnt 4819 (C.J.).
Alberta Treasury Branches v. Samco Holdings Ltd., 2003 ABQB
963, 48 C.B.R. (4th) 1.
Anne-France Goldwater, “Bankruptcy and Family Law”, (1998) 15
C.F.L.Q. 139.
Balyk v. Balyk (1994), 3 R.F.L. (4th) 282, 1994 CanLii 7498 (Ont.
Gen. Div.).
Berend Hovius, “Unequal Sharing of Net Family Properties under
Ontario’s Family Law Act”, (2008) 27 C.F.L.Q. 147.
Boileau v. Boileau, [2003] O.J. No. 607 (S.C.J.).
Burrows (Re) (1996), 42 C.B.R. (3d) 89, [1996] O.J. No. 2825 (Ont.
Gen. Div.).
Craig, Re (Feb. 7, 2001), Ont. Dep. Registrar Sproat, #32-060606.
Cunningham (Re), 2009 ABQB 758.
Frank Bennett, Bennett on Bankruptcy, 12th ed. (Toronto: CCH
Canadian Limited, 2009).
Garland v. Consumers’ Gas Co., 2004 SCC 25, [2004] 1 S.C.R. 629.
Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd., [1989] 2
S.C.R. 574.
Maddaugh & McCamus, The Law of Restitution, (Aurora: Canada
Law Book, 1990).
Marzetti v. Marzetti, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 765.
Miller, Re (2001), 27 C.B.R. (4th) 107, 2001 CanLII 28479 (ON
S.C.).
Moge v. Moge, [1992] 3 S.C.R. 813.
Peter v. Beblow, [1993] 1 S.C.R. 980.
Pettkus v. Becker, [1980] 2 S.C.R. 834.
Ramsey v. Proffitt (2001), 29 C.B.R. (4th) 266, 2001 CanLII 28161
(ON S.C.).
Rawluk v. Rawluk, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 70.
Re Crew (1987), 58 O.R. (2d) 575, 63 C.B.R. (N.S.) 244, [1987] O.J.
No. 200 (Ont. H.C.J.).
Robert A. Klotz, Bankruptcy, Insolvency and Family Law, 2nd ed.
Looseleaf (Scarborough: Thompson Canada Limited, 2001).
Rombough v. Rombough (1993), 89 Man. R. (2d) 82, [1993] M.J.
No. 375 (Q.B.).
Royal Bank of Canada v. North American Life Assurance Co.,
[1996] 1 S.C.R. 325.
Schroeder v. Schroeder (1993), 19 C.B.R. (3d) 316 (Sask. Q.B.).
Sim v. Sim (2009), 50 C.B.R. (5th) 295, [2009] O.J. No. 678 (S.C.J.).
Skytal Ltd. v. Schiber (1997), 46 C.B.R. (3d) 275, [1997] O.J. No.
2010.
Sorochan v. Sorochan, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 38.
Citing Paragraphs
132
63
38
130
75
69
37
94
88
43, 44, 47, 48, 51
110, 111
102
117
33, 76
80
33
104, 108, 119
117
92, 93, 118
99, 100, 101
38
59, 127, 131
29, 118
36, 64
29
77
71
108
-3329. Soulos v. Korkontzilas, [1997] 2 S.C.R. 217.
30. Stiles v. Stiles (1999), 11 C.B.R. (4th) 315, [1999] O.J. No. 2622
(C.J.).
31. Thibodeau v. Thibodeau (2009), 97 O.R. (3d) 618, [2009] O.J. No.
1965 (S.C.J.).
32. Thow (Re), 2009 BCSC 1176.
33. Waters’ Law of Trusts in Canada, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Thompson
Carswell, 2005).
34. Wilson v. Fotsch, 2010 BCCA 226.
98
89
87
68
116, 119
105
-34PART VII - STATUTES RELIED ON
1. Marital Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. M45, preamble.
2. Family Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. F25, ss. 1-18.1.
3. Family Law Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, ss. 4, 5.
4. Family Law Act, R.S.P.E.I., c. F-2.1, ss. 3-6.
5. Judgments Act, C.C.S.M., c. J10, s. 13.
6. Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3, ss. 67, 69.3, 69.4, 158, 168.1, 178, 180,
198
-35Marital Property Act, C.C.S.M., c. M45, preamble
WHEREAS marriage is an institution of shared responsibilities and obligations between parties
recognized as enjoying equal rights;
WHEREAS it is advisable to provide for a presumption, in the event of the breakdown of the
marriage or the death of a party to the marriage, of equal sharing of the family and commercial
assets of the parties to the marriage acquired by them during the marriage;
Loi sur les biens matrimoniaux, C.P.L.M. c. M45
ATTENDU QUE le mariage constitue une institution au sein de laquelle les obligations et les
responsabilités sont partagées entre des parties auxquelles la jouissance de droits égaux est
reconnue;
ET ATTENDU QU'il est souhaitable de créer, en cas de rupture du mariage ou de décès d'un des
conjoints, une présomption de partage égal des éléments d'actif familiaux et commerciaux des
parties au mariage, éléments que celles-ci ont acquis durant le mariage;
-36-
MANITOBA
THE FAMILY PROPERTY ACT
LOI SUR LES BIENS FAMILIAUX
C.C.S.M. c. F25
c. F25 de la C.P.L.M.
This is an unofficial consolidation showing the provisions of the
Act in force as of the date shown below.
La présente loi est une codification non officielle indiquant les
dispositions qui sont en vigueur à la date indiquée ci-dessous.
The official sources for this Act are the original Act and any
amending Acts, as published by the Queen's Printer.
La loi originale et, le cas échéant, les lois modificatives publiées
par l'Imprimeur de la Reine sont les sources officielles de la
présente loi.
Last consolidated: 2009-06-11
Current as of: 2010-06-16
Date de codification : 2009-06-11
À jour en date du : 2010-06-16
-37LEGISLATIVE HISTORY / HISTORIQUE
C.C.S.M. c. F25 / c. F25 de la C.P.L.M.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
The Family Property Act, C.C.S.M. c. F25 (formerly The Marital Property Act, C.C.S.M. c. M45)
Enacted by
RSM 1987, c. M45
Amended by
SM 1989-90, c. 45
SM 1992, c. 46, Part 2
(am. by SM 1993, c. 48, s. 19)
SM 1998, c. 41, s. 31
SM 2002, c. 48, s. 16
SM 2004, c. 13, s. 16
SM 2008, c. 42, s. 36
SM 2009, c. 26, s. 78
Proclamation status (for provisions in force by proclamation)
whole Act: in force on 1988-02-01 (Man. Gaz. 1988-02-06)
in force on 1993-08-15 (Man. Gaz. 1993-07-03)
HISTORIQUE
Loi sur les biens familiaux, c. F25 de la C.P.L.M. (auparavant Loi sur les biens matrimoniaux, C.P.L.M. c. M45)
Édictée par
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45
Modifiée par
L.M. 1989-90, c. 45
L.M. 1992, c. 46, partie 2
(modifiée par L.M. 1993, c. 48, art. 19)
L.M. 1998, c. 41, art. 31
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16
L.M. 2004, c. 13, art. 16
L.M. 2008, c. 42, art. 36
L.M. 2009, c. 26, art. 78
État des dispositions qui entrent en vigueur par proclamation
l'ensemble de la Loi : en vigueur 1988-02-01 (Gaz. du Man. 1988-02-06)
en vigueur 1993-08-15 (Gaz. du Man. 1993-07-03)
-38-
CHAPTER F25
CHAPITRE F25
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Section
1
2
Article
Definitions and interpretation
1
PART I
APPLICATION OF ACT
PARTIE I
APPLICATION DE LA LOI
DIVISION 1
APPLICATION TO SPOUSES
SECTION 1
APPLICATION AUX CONJOINTS
Application to spouses
2
DIVISION 1.1
APPLICATION TO COMMON-LAW PARTNERS
2.1
Common-law partners
DIVISION 2
APPLICATION TO ASSETS
9
10
11
12
Assets generally
Acquired before or during marriage
Assets disposed of by agreement
Disposal and use of assets
Gift, trust benefit or inheritance
Award for personal injury or damage to
asset
Assets in form of rights
Assets already shared
Liabilities of spouse
Foreign asset
Right to accounting and equalization
Discretion to vary equal division
Accounting and division
Closing and valuation dates
Method of payment
Conjoints de fait
SECTION 2
APPLICATION À L'ACTIF
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PART II
SHARING OF ASSETS
13
14
15
16
17
Application aux conjoints
SECTION 1.1
APPLICATION DE LA LOI AUX
CONJOINTS DE FAIT
2.1
3
4
5
6
7
8
Définitions et champ d'application
Disposition générale concernant l'actif
Éléments d'actif acquis durant ou avant le
mariage
Élément d'actif aliéné par convention
Disposition et utilisation d'éléments d'actif
Donation, avantage fiduciaire et héritage
Dommages-intérêts pour préjudice ou
endommagement
Éléments d'actif sous forme de droits
Éléments d'actif déjà partagés
Dettes
Éléments d'actif situés à l'étranger
PARTIE II
PARTAGE D'ACTIF
13
14
15
16
17
Droit à la reddition de comptes et à la
compensation
Pouvoir de modification du partage égal
Reddition de comptes et partage
Dates de clôture et d'évaluation
Modes de paiement
i
-39TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIÈRES
C.C.S.M. c. F25 / c. F25 de la C.P.L.M.
PART III
ENFORCEMENT
18
18.1
19
19.1
20
21
22
23
24
Applications to court
Interim order
Limitation periods
Termination of common-law relationship
Compliance with order
Order for preservation of assets
Onus of proof
Onus in dissipation proceeding
Repealed
PARTIE III
EXÉCUTION FORCÉE
18
18.1
19
19.1
20
21
22
23
24
PART IV
ACCOUNTING AND EQUALIZATION
OF ASSETS ON THE DEATH OF A SPOUSE
OR COMMON-LAW PARTNER
25
25.1
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43.1
44
45
46
Application of Part on death of spouse
Application of Part on death of
common-law partner
Application of Parts I to III
Division of assets before death
Survivor may apply
Limitation period for application
Suspended payment of asset to third party
Notice by personal representative
Distribution
Statement of assets and liabilities
Value of assets to be included in estate
Funeral and testamentary expenses
Assets of survivor exempt from accounting
Intestate Succession Act to apply
Deduction of gifts to survivor
Court cannot alter equalization
Priority of equalization payment
Who may apply to court
Rights of survivor under will
Rights paramount
Rights in addition to Homesteads Act
Application of Dower Act
C.C.S.M. reference
Demandes à un tribunal
Ordonnance provisoire
Prescription
Dissolution de l'union de fait
Délai d'exécution du jugement
Ordonnance destinée à assurer la
conservation de l'actif
Fardeau de la preuve
Fardeau de la preuve dans une instance
pour dilapidation
Abrogé
PARTIE IV
REDDITION DE COMPTES ET
COMPENSATION DES ÉLÉMENTS D'ACTIF
AU DÉCÈS D'UN CONJOINT
OU D'UN CONJOINT DE FAIT
25
25.1
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43.1
44
45
46
Application de la présente partie
Application de la présente partie au décès
d'un conjoint de fait
Application des parties I à III
Partage des éléments d'actif
Demande du conjoint ou conjoint de fait
survivant
Prescription
Suspension de paiement
Signification d'un avis par le représentant
personnel
Distribution de la succession
État de l'actif et du passif
Éléments d'actif à inclure dans la
succession
Frais funéraires et testamentaires
Éléments d'actif non assujettis à la reddition
de comptes
Loi sur les successions ab intestat
Déduction de certains dons au conjoint ou
conjoint de fait survivant
Absence de discrétion judiciaire
Paiement du montant de la compensation
Demande au tribunal
Droits du conjoint ou conjoint de fait
survivant prévus par testament
Priorité
Ajout des droits
Application de la Loi sur le douaire
Codification permanente
ii
-40-
CHAPTER F25
CHAPITRE F25
Preamble repealed.
Préambule abrogé.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 33; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 33; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
THEREFORE, HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice
and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba,
enacts as follows:
SA MAJESTÉ, sur l'avis et du consentement de
l'Assemblée législative du Manitoba, édicte :
Definitions
1(1)
In this Act,
Définitions
1(1)
Les définitions qui suivent s'appliquent à la
présente loi.
"asset" means any real or personal property or legal
or equitable interest therein including, without
restricting the generality of the foregoing, a chose in
action, money, jewelry and a marital home, but not
including any article of personal apparel; (« élément
d'actif »)
"commercial asset" means an asset that is not a
family asset; (« élément d'actif commercial »)
« conjoint » Lorsqu'utilisé en ce qui a trait à un
autre conjoint, la personne qui est mariée à cet autre
conjoint. ("spouse")
« conjoint de fait » Personne qui, selon le cas :
a) a fait enregistrer avec une autre personne une
union de fait en vertu de l'article 13.1 de la Loi sur
les statistiques de l'état civil;
"common-law partner" of a person means
(a) another person who, with the person,
registered a common-law relationship under
section 13.1 of The Vital Statistics Act, or
(b) subject to subsection 2.1(2), another person
who, not being married to the person, cohabited
with him or her in a conjugal relationship for a
period of at least three years commencing either
before or after the coming into force of this
definition; (« conjoint de fait »)
b) sous réserve du paragraphe 2.1(2), a vécu dans
une relation maritale avec une autre personne sans
être mariée avec elle, pendant une période d'au
moins trois ans, qu'elles aient commencé à vivre
ensemble avant ou après l'entrée en vigueur de la
présente définition. ("common-law partner")
« conjoints » Deux personnes qui sont mariées
l'une à l'autre. ("spouses")
-41FAMILY PROPERTY
"common-law relationship" means the relationship
between two persons who are common-law partners
of each other; (« union de fait »)
"common-law relationship agreement" means any
written
(a) cohabitation agreement,
(b) separation agreement, or
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
« convention entre conjoints » S'entend de tout
document écrit signé par des conjoints au Manitoba
ou ailleurs, avant ou après l'entrée en vigueur de la
présente loi, durant le mariage ou en vue de celui-ci,
lequel document s'applique à l'un ou à tous les
éléments d'actif des conjoints suivant l'une des
manières décrites à l'article 5. S'entend notamment
de toute convention écrite et, entre autres :
a) d'un contrat de mariage ou d'une convention
matrimoniale;
(c) release or quit claim deed,
b) d'une convention de séparation;
or any other written agreement or other writing
between common-law partners, made within
Manitoba or elsewhere, before or after the coming
into force of this definition and either during
cohabitation, in contemplation of cohabitation or
after cohabitation ceases, affecting all or any of the
assets of the common-law partners in a manner
described in section 5; (« convention entre conjoints
de fait »)
"court" means the Court of Queen's Bench;
(« tribunal »)
"dissipation" means the jeopardizing of the
financial security of a household by the gross and
irresponsible squandering of an asset;
(« dilapidation »)
"family asset" means an asset owned by two
spouses or common-law partners or either of them
and used for shelter or transportation, or for
household, educational, recreational, social or
aesthetic purposes, including, without restricting the
generality of the foregoing,
(a) a family home,
(b) money in a savings account, chequing
account or current account with a bank, trust
company, credit union or other financial
institution where the account is ordinarily used
for shelter or transportation or for household,
educational, recreational, social or aesthetic
purposes, and saving bonds and deposit receipts
intended to be used for those purposes,
c) d'une quittance ou d'un acte de transfert par
renonciation. ("spousal agreement")
« convention entre conjoints de fait » Toute
convention ou tout document écrit qui est signé par
des conjoints de fait au Manitoba ou ailleurs, avant
ou après l'entrée en vigueur de la présente définition,
soit au cours de la période de cohabitation, soit en
vue de la cohabitation, soit après que la cohabitation
a pris fin, et qui vise l'un ou l'ensemble des éléments
d'actif des conjoints de fait suivant l'une des
manières mentionnées à l'article 5. La présente
définition vise notamment les documents écrits
suivants :
a) une convention de cohabitation;
b) une convention de séparation;
c) une quittance ou un acte de transfert par
renonciation. ("common-law relationship
agreement")
« dilapidation » Mise en danger de la sécurité
financière du foyer par le gaspillage excessif et
inconsidéré d'un élément d'actif. ("dissipation")
« élément d'actif » Tout bien, réel ou personnel,
ou droit y afférent fondé sur la Common Law ou sur
l'Équité, notamment une chose incorporelle, une
somme d'argent, des bijoux et un foyer matrimonial,
à l'exception des vêtements personnels. ("asset")
« élément d'actif commercial » Élément d'actif
qui ne constitue pas un élément d'actif familial.
("commercial asset")
2
-42BIENS FAMILIAUX
(c) where an asset owned by a corporation,
partnership or trustee would, if it were owned
by a spouse or common-law partner, be a family
asset, shares in the corporation or an interest in
the partnership or trust owned by the spouse or
common-law partner having a market value
equal to the value of the benefit the spouse or
common-law partner has in respect of the asset,
(d) an asset over which a spouse or
common-law partner has, either alone or in
conjunction with another person, a power of
appointment exercisable in favour of the spouse
or common-law partner, if the asset would be a
family asset if it were owned by the spouse or
common-law partner, and
(e) an asset disposed of by a spouse or
common-law partner but over which the spouse
or common-law partner has, either alone or in
conjunction with another person, a power to
revoke the disposition or a power to use or
dispose of the asset, if the asset would be a
family asset if it were owned by the spouse or
common-law partner; (« élément d'actif
familial »)
"family home" means property in which a spouse
or common-law partner has an interest and that is or
has been occupied by the spouses or common-law
partners as their family residence and,
(a) where the property includes the family
residence but is normally used for a purpose
other than residential only, includes only the
portion of the property that may reasonably be
regarded as necessary to the use and enjoyment
of the residence, and
(b) where the property is owned by a
corporation in which a spouse or common-law
partner owns shares that entitle him or her to
occupy the property, that spouse or
common-law partner has an interest in the
property; (« foyer familial »)
"minister" means the member of the Executive
Council charged by the Lieutenant Governor in
Council with the administration of this Act;
(« ministre »)
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
« élément d'actif familial » Élément d'actif
appartenant aux deux conjoints ou conjoints de fait
ou à l'un d'eux et utilisé soit pour le logement ou le
transport, soit à des fins domestiques, éducatives,
récréatives, sociales ou esthétiques, notamment :
a) un foyer familial;
b) une somme dans un compte d'épargne, un
compte-chèques ou un compte courant dans une
banque, une corporation de fiducie, une caisse
populaire ou toute autre institution financière,
lorsque ce compte est utilisé d'ordinaire soit
pour pourvoir à des besoins de logement ou de
transport, soit à des fins domestiques,
éducatives, récréatives, sociales ou esthétiques,
ainsi que les obligations d'épargne et les
certificats de dépôt destinés à être utilisés à ces
fins;
c) des actions d'une corporation, des parts dans
une société en nom collectif ou des droits dans
une fiducie d'une valeur marchande égale à la
valeur des avantages que tire un conjoint ou un
conjoint de fait d'un élément d'actif qui
appartient a une corporation, une société en nom
collectif ou une fiducie, respectivement, et qui,
s'il appartenait au conjoint ou au conjoint de
fait, serait un élément d'actif familial;
d) un élément d'actif à l'égard duquel un
conjoint ou un conjoint de fait détient,
exclusivement ou conjointement avec une autre
personne, un pouvoir de désignation qui peut
être exercé en sa faveur, dans le cas où l'élément
d'actif serait un élément d'actif familial s'il
appartenait au conjoint ou au conjoint de fait;
e) un élément d'actif aliéné par un conjoint ou
un conjoint de fait, mais à l'égard duquel le
conjoint ou le conjoint de fait jouit,
exclusivement ou conjointement avec une autre
personne, d'un pouvoir de révoquer l'aliénation
ou d'un pouvoir d'utiliser ou d'aliéner l'élément
d'actif, dans le cas où l'élément d'actif serait un
élément d'actif familial s'il appartenait au
conjoint ou au conjoint de fait. ("family asset")
3
-43FAMILY PROPERTY
"personal representative" means an executor, an
administrator or an administrator with will annexed;
(« représentant personnel »)
"spousal agreement" means
(a) any marriage contract or marital agreement,
or
(b) any separation agreement, or
(c) release or quit claim deed,
in writing, or any other written agreement or other
writing between spouses, made within Manitoba or
elsewhere before or after the coming into force of
this Act and either during marriage or contemplation
of marriage, affecting all or any of the assets of the
spouses in a manner described in section 5;
(« convention entre conjoints »)
"spouse" where used in relation to another spouse
means the person who is married to that other
spouse, and "spouses" means two persons who are
married to each other. (« conjoint »)
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
« foyer familial » Bien à l'égard duquel un conjoint
ou un conjoint de fait jouit d'un droit et qui est ou a
été occupé par les conjoints ou les conjoints de fait
à titre de résidence familiale. Lorsque le bien
comprend la résidence familiale mais est
normalement utilisé à d'autres fins que des fins
résidentielles, la présente définition vise uniquement
la partie du bien qui peut raisonnablement être
considérée comme nécessaire à l'utilisation et à la
jouissance de la résidence. Lorsque le bien
appartient à une corporation dont des actions
appartiennent à un conjoint ou à un conjoint de fait
et lui donnent le droit d'occuper le bien, le conjoint
ou le conjoint de fait jouit d'un droit à l'égard de ce
bien. ("family home")
« ministre » Le membre du Conseil exécutif chargé
par le lieutenant-gouverneur en conseil de
l'application de la présente loi. ("minister")
« représentant personnel »
Exécuteur,
administrateur ou administrateur testamentaire.
("personal representative")
« tribunal »
("court")
La Cour du Banc de la Reine.
« union de fait » Relation qui existe entre deux
personnes qui sont les conjoints de fait l'un de
l'autre. ("common-law relationship")
Life insurance, pension plans, etc.
1(2)
Notwithstanding the definition of family
asset but subject to subsection (3), the following assets
are family assets within the meaning and for the
purposes of this Act, whether or not the proceeds
thereof or the benefits or payments thereunder, as the
case may be, are used or intended to be used for shelter
or transportation or for household, educational,
recreational, social or aesthetic purposes:
(a) Rights under a life insurance policy.
(b) Rights under an accident and sickness insurance
policy.
Assurance-vie, régimes de pension, etc.
1(2)
Par dérogation à la définition de l'expression
« élément d'actif familial », mais sous réserve du
paragraphe (3), les éléments d'actif qui suivent
constituent des éléments d'actif familial au sens et pour
l'application de la présente loi, que le produit, les
bénéfices ou les paiements qui en découlent, selon le
cas, soient ou non utilisés ou destinés à être utilisés afin
de pourvoir à des besoins de logement, de transport ou
à des fins domestiques, éducatives, récréatives, sociales
ou esthétiques :
a) les droits en vertu d'une police d'assurance-vie;
(c) Rights under a life or fixed term annuity policy.
b) les droits en vertu d'une police d'assurance
accidents et maladie;
(d) Rights under a pension or superannuation
scheme or plan.
c) les droits en vertu d'une police à annuité à terme
fixe ou viagère;
d) les droits en vertu d'un régime ou d'un plan de
pension ou de retraite.
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Insurance for business purpose
1(3)
A life insurance policy or an accident and
sickness insurance policy is not a family asset within the
meaning and for the purposes of this Act where the
purpose of the policy is to provide funds that the
beneficiary of the policy will likely require, or
compensation for loss that the beneficiary of the policy
will likely suffer, in respect of a business undertaking,
in the event and as a result of the death, injury, illness,
disability or incapacity of the person insured.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 34; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
Assurance pour des fins commerciales
1(3)
Une police d'assurance-vie ou d'assurance
accidents et maladie ne constitue pas un élément d'actif
familial au sens et pour l'application de la présente loi,
lorsque l'objet de la police est de fournir des fonds dont
le bénéficiaire de la police aura probablement besoin
pour les fins d'une entreprise commerciale ou de fournir
une indemnité pour une perte que le bénéficiaire de la
police pourrait subir relativement à une entreprise
commerciale, par suite du décès, de blessures, de
maladie, d'incapacité ou d'infirmité de l'assuré.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 34; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
5
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R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
PART I
PARTIE I
APPLICATION OF ACT
APPLICATION DE LA LOI
DIVISION 1
SECTION 1
APPLICATION TO SPOUSES
APPLICATION AUX CONJOINTS
Married persons
2(1)
Except as herein otherwise provided, this
Act applies to all spouses, whether married before or
after the coming into force of this Act and whether
married within Manitoba or a jurisdiction outside of
Manitoba,
Personnes mariées
2(1)
Sous réserve des exceptions prévues ailleurs
dans les présentes, la présente loi s'applique à tous les
conjoints, mariés avant ou après son entrée en vigueur,
qu'ils se soient mariés au Manitoba ou ailleurs :
(a) if the habitual residence of both spouses is in
Manitoba; or
(b) where each of the spouses has a different
habitual residence, if the last common habitual
residence of the spouses was in Manitoba; or
a) si le lieu de résidence habituelle des deux
conjoints se trouve au Manitoba;
b) si le dernier lieu de résidence commune
habituelle des conjoints se trouvait au Manitoba,
lorsque chaque conjoint a un lieu de résidence
habituelle différent;
(c) where each of the spouses has a different
habitual residence and the spouses have not
established a common habitual residence since the
solemnization of their marriage, if the habitual
residence of both at the time of the solemnization
was in Manitoba.
c) si le lieu de résidence habituelle des deux
conjoints au moment de la célébration du mariage se
trouvait au Manitoba, lorsque chaque conjoint a un
lieu de résidence habituelle différent et que les deux
conjoints n'ont pas établi de lieu de résidence
commune habituelle depuis la célébration de leur
mariage.
Voidable marriages
2(2)
A voidable marriage that is annulled
subsequent to the solemnization thereof is, prior to and
until the annulment, a subsisting marriage for the
purposes of subsection (1).
Mariages annulables
2(2)
Pour l'application du paragraphe (1), un
mariage annulable qui est annulé après avoir été célébré
constitue un mariage qui subsiste jusqu'à son
annulation.
Void marriages
2(3)
This Act applies to the parties to a marriage
that is void ab initio, but applies only so long as the
parties believe the marriage to be valid; and, if either
party knows or has reason to believe when the marriage
is solemnized that it is void, that party is not entitled to
any benefit as a spouse under this Act.
Mariages nuls
2(3)
La présente loi s'applique aux parties à un
mariage qui est nul dès le début; toutefois, elle ne
s'applique qu'aussi longtemps que les parties croient que
le mariage est valide. Si l'une des parties sait ou a des
raisons de croire au moment de la célébration du
mariage que celui-ci est nul, cette partie n'a droit, en
qualité de conjoint, à aucun avantage en application de
la présente loi.
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L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
Spouses living separately on May 6, 1977
2(4)
The provisions of this Act respecting an
application for an accounting and equalization of the
assets of spouses during the lives of the spouses do not
apply to spouses who were living separate and apart
from each other on May 6, 1977, unless those spouses,
after that date, resume cohabitation for a period of more
than 90 days.
Conjoints vivant séparément le 6 mai 1977
2(4)
Les dispositions de la présente loi
concernant toute demande de reddition de comptes et de
compensation des éléments d'actif des conjoints du
vivant de ceux-ci ne s'appliquent pas aux conjoints qui
vivaient séparés le 6 mai 1977, à moins que ceux-ci ne
reprennent la cohabitation après cette date pendant une
période de plus de 90 jours.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 35; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 35; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
DIVISION 1.1
SECTION 1.1
APPLICATION TO
COMMON-LAW PARTNERS
APPLICATION DE LA LOI AUX
CONJOINTS DE FAIT
Common-law partners
2.1(1)
Except as otherwise provided in this Act,
this Act applies to all common-law partners, whether
they commenced cohabitation before or after the
coming into force of this section, and whether
cohabitation began within Manitoba or in a jurisdiction
outside Manitoba,
Conjoints de fait
2.1(1)
Sous réserve des exceptions prévues ailleurs
dans la présente loi, celle-ci s'applique à tous les
conjoints de fait, que la cohabitation ait débuté avant ou
après l'entrée en vigueur du présent article, au Manitoba
ou ailleurs :
(a) if the habitual residence of both common-law
partners is in Manitoba;
(b) where each of the common-law partners has a
different habitual residence, if the last common
habitual residence of the common-law partners was
in Manitoba; or
(c) where each of the common-law partners has a
different habitual residence and the common-law
partners have not established a common habitual
residence since the commencement of their
common-law relationship, if the habitual residence
of both at the time that the common-law relationship
commenced was in Manitoba.
a) si le lieu de résidence habituelle des deux
conjoints de fait se trouve au Manitoba;
b) si le dernier lieu de résidence commune
habituelle des conjoints de fait se trouvait au
Manitoba, lorsque chaque conjoint de fait a un lieu
de résidence habituelle différent;
c) si le lieu de résidence habituelle des deux
conjoints de fait se trouvait au Manitoba au début de
leur union de fait, lorsque chaque conjoint de fait a
un lieu de résidence habituelle différent et que les
deux conjoints de fait n'ont pas établi de lieu de
résidence commune habituelle depuis le début de
leur union de fait.
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Common-law partners living separate and apart
2.1(2)
The provisions of this Act respecting an
application for an accounting and equalization of the
assets of common-law partners during the lives of the
common-law partners do not apply to parties who
cohabited in a conjugal relationship for at least three
years before the coming into force of this section but
who were living separate and apart from each other on
the day this section comes into force, unless those
common-law partners, after that date, resume
cohabitation and
(a) register their relationship under section 13.1 of
The Vital Statistics Act; or
(b) continue to cohabit for a period of at
least 90 days after the day this section comes into
force.
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
Conjoints de fait vivant séparés l'un de l'autre
2.1(2)
Les dispositions de la présente loi
concernant toute demande de reddition de comptes et de
compensation des éléments d'actif des conjoints de fait
du vivant de ceux-ci ne s'appliquent pas aux conjoints
de fait qui ont vécu dans une relation maritale pendant
au moins trois ans avant l'entrée en vigueur du présent
article mais qui vivaient séparés l'un de l'autre à la date
d'entrée en vigueur du présent article, sauf si, après
cette date, ils reprennent la cohabitation et, selon le cas :
a) font enregistrer leur union de fait en vertu de
l'article 13.1 de la Loi sur les statistiques de l'état
civil;
b) continuent de vivre ensemble pendant une
période d'au moins 90 jours après cette date.
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
DIVISION 2
SECTION 2
APPLICATION TO ASSETS
APPLICATION À L'ACTIF
Assets generally
3
Where this Act applies to a spouse or
common-law partner under section 2 or 2.1 it also
applies to every asset of the spouse or common-law
partner except as herein otherwise provided, and where
this Act does not apply to a spouse or common-law
partner by reason of any provision of section 2 or 2.1 it
also does not apply to any asset of the spouse or
common-law partner notwithstanding any other
provision of the Act.
Disposition générale concernant l'actif
3
Lorsque la présente loi s'applique à un
conjoint ou à un conjoint de fait en application de
l'article 2 ou 2.1, elle s'applique également à chaque
élément d'actif de ce conjoint ou conjoint de fait, sauf
disposition contraire de la présente loi. Lorsque la
présente loi ne s'applique pas à l'un des conjoints ou
conjoints de fait en raison d'une disposition de
l'article 2 ou 2.1, elle ne s'applique pas non plus, par
dérogation à toute autre disposition de la présente loi, à
aucun des éléments d'actif de ce conjoint ou de ce
conjoint de fait.
S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Assets acquired during marriage and cohabitation
4(1)
This Act does not apply to any asset
acquired by a spouse
(a) while married to but living separate and apart
from the other spouse; or
(b) while married to a former spouse unless the asset
was acquired while living separate and apart from
the former spouse and it can be shown that the asset
was acquired in contemplation of marriage to the
present spouse; or
Éléments d'actif acquis durant mariage et
cohabitation
4(1)
La présente loi ne s'applique pas à un
élément d'actif acquis par un conjoint :
a) alors que celui-ci était marié, mais vivait séparé
de l'autre conjoint;
b) alors que celui-ci était marié avec un ex-conjoint
à moins que l'élément d'actif n'ait été acquis alors
qu'il vivait séparé de son ex-conjoint et qu'il ne
puisse être démontré que l'élément d'actif a été
acquis en vue du mariage avec le conjoint actuel;
8
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(c) while unmarried.
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
c) alors que celui-ci n'était pas marié.
Assets acquired before marriage
4(2)
Notwithstanding clause (1)(c), this Act
applies to any asset acquired by a spouse before
marriage if
Éléments d'actif acquis avant le mariage
4(2)
Par dérogation à l'alinéa (1)c), la présente
loi s'applique à tout élément d'actif qu'un conjoint a
acquis, avant le mariage avec l'autre conjoint :
(a) the asset was acquired when the spouse was
cohabiting in a conjugal relationship with the other
spouse immediately before their marriage; or
a) soit pendant qu'il vivait dans une relation maritale
avec l'autre conjoint, immédiatement avant leur
mariage;
(b) the asset was acquired before, but in specific
contemplation of, the cohabitation with, or the
marriage to, the other spouse.
b) soit avant la cohabitation ou le mariage avec
l'autre conjoint, mais précisément en vue de leur
cohabitation ou mariage éventuel.
Transitional re assets acquired before marriage for
certain separated spouses
4(2.1)
If a spouse is living separate and apart from
the other spouse on the day that subsection (2) comes
into force, then
Disposition transitoire — éléments d'actif acquis
avant le mariage par un conjoint séparé
4(2.1)
En ce qui concerne le conjoint qui vit séparé
de son conjoint le jour de l'entrée en vigueur du
paragraphe (2) :
(a) subsection (2) does not apply; and
a) ce paragraphe ne s'applique pas;
(b) notwithstanding clause (1)(c), this Act applies to
any asset acquired by the spouse before, but in
specific contemplation of the marriage to the other
spouse.
b) par dérogation à l'alinéa (1)c), la présente loi
s'applique à tout élément d'actif acquis par le
conjoint avant le mariage avec l'autre conjoint, mais
précisément en vue de leur mariage éventuel.
Assets acquired during common-law relationship
and cohabitation
4(2.2)
acquired by a common-law partner
Éléments d'actif acquis au cours de l'union de fait et
de la cohabitation
4(2.2)
La présente loi ne s'applique pas à un
élément d'actif acquis par un conjoint de fait :
(a) while living separate and apart from his or her
common-law partner;
(b) while in a common-law relationship with a
former common-law partner unless the asset was
acquired while living separate and apart from the
former common-law partner and it can be shown that
the asset was acquired in contemplation of the
common-law relationship with the present
common-law partner; or
a) alors qu'il vivait séparé de son conjoint de fait;
b) alors qu'il était lié par une union de fait avec un
ex-conjoint de fait, à moins qu'il n'ait acquis
l'élément d'actif alors qu'il vivait séparé de son
ex-conjoint de fait et qu'il ne puisse être démontré
que l'élément d'actif a été acquis en vue de l'union de
fait avec le conjoint de fait actuel;
c) avant le début de la cohabitation.
(c) before the commencement of cohabitation.
Assets acquired before cohabitation by common-law
partner
4(2.3)
Notwithstanding clause (2.2)(c), this Act
applies to any asset acquired by common-law partners
before, but in specific contemplation of, their
common-law relationship.
Éléments d'actif acquis par un conjoint de fait avant
la cohabitation
4(2.3)
Par dérogation à l'alinéa (2.2)c), la présente
loi s'applique à tout élément d'actif acquis par des
conjoints de fait avant leur union de fait, mais
précisément en vue de leur union de fait éventuelle.
9
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Appreciation, depreciation, income
4(3)
Where by reason of any provision of
subsection (1) or (2.2) this Act does not apply to an
asset of a spouse or common-law partner, then, with
respect to all assets other than those exempted from the
application of this Act by section 7, in any accounting
under Part II, notwithstanding that provision,
(a) any appreciation in the value of the asset that
occurred while the spouse was married to and
cohabiting with the other spouse, or while the
common-law partner was cohabiting with the other
common-law partner, shall be added to the inventory
of assets of that spouse or common-law partner;
(b) any depreciation in the value of the asset that
occurred while the spouse was married to and
cohabiting with the other spouse, or while the
common-law partner was cohabiting with the other
common-law partner, shall be deducted from the
inventory of assets of that spouse or common-law
partner; and
(c) any income from the asset earned while the
spouse was married to and cohabiting with the other
spouse, or while the common-law partner was
cohabiting with the other common-law partner, shall
be treated in the same way as income from an asset
to which this Act applies.
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
Plus-value, moins-value, revenu
4(3)
Lorsque, en raison du paragraphe (1)
ou (2.2), la présente loi ne s'applique pas à un élément
d'actif d'un conjoint ou d'un conjoint de fait et qu'il
s'agit d'un élément d'actif autre que les éléments d'actif
qui sont soustraits à l'application de la présente loi par
l'article 7, par dérogation à ce paragraphe, dans toute
reddition de comptes effectuée sous le régime de la
partie II :
a) toute plus-value de l'élément d'actif qui s'est
produite pendant que le conjoint était marié et vivait
avec l'autre conjoint, ou pendant que le conjoint de
fait vivait avec l'autre conjoint de fait, est ajoutée à
l'inventaire de l'actif de ce conjoint ou de ce conjoint
de fait;
b) toute moins-value de l'élément d'actif qui s'est
produite pendant que le conjoint était marié et vivait
fait vivait avec l'autre conjoint de fait, est déduite de
l'inventaire de l'actif de ce conjoint ou de ce conjoint
de fait;
c) tout revenu provenant de l'élément d'actif et
gagné pendant que le conjoint était marié et vivait
fait vivait avec l'autre conjoint de fait, est traité de la
même manière qu'un revenu provenant d'un élément
d'actif auquel s'applique la présente loi.
Negative value
4(4)
Where under subsection (3) the combined
depreciation in all assets of a spouse or common-law
partner exceeds the combined value of any appreciation
in and income from those assets, the excessive portion
of the depreciation shall not be deducted except
pursuant to the order of the court made upon an
application under Part III.
Valeur négative
4(4)
Lorsqu'en application du paragraphe (3) la
moins-value totale de tout l'actif d'un conjoint ou d'un
conjoint de fait excède la valeur totale de toute
plus-value de cet actif ainsi que le revenu qu'il produit,
l'excédent de la moins-value ne peut être déduit qu'en
application d'une ordonnance du tribunal rendue suite à
une demande faite sous le régime de la partie III.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 36; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 36; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Assets disposed of by agreement
5(1)
disposed of by a spousal agreement or common-law
relationship agreement or as to which the Act is made
inapplicable by the terms of a spousal agreement or
common-law relationship agreement, but where a
spousal agreement or common-law relationship
agreement is silent as to an asset this Act if otherwise
applicable to the asset applies as if the spousal
agreement or common-law relationship agreement did
not exist.
Élément d'actif aliéné par convention
5(1)
La présente loi ne s'applique pas aux
éléments d'actif qui font l'objet d'une disposition dans
une convention entre conjoints ou une convention entre
conjoints de fait ou auxquels la présente loi est rendue
inapplicable par les clauses d'une convention entre
conjoints ou d'une convention entre conjoints de fait.
Toutefois, lorsqu'une convention entre conjoints ou une
convention entre conjoints de fait ne vise pas un
élément d'actif, la présente loi, si elle est autrement
applicable à l'élément d'actif, s'applique comme si la
convention entre conjoints ou la convention entre
conjoints de fait n'existait pas.
10
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L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
Provision of Act made inapplicable by agreement
5(2)
Where a spousal agreement or common-law
relationship agreement by its terms makes a provision
of this Act inapplicable to an asset, that provision does
not apply to the asset but the remaining provisions of
the Act if otherwise applicable to the asset apply as if
the spousal agreement or common-law relationship
agreement did not exist.
Disposition de la loi rendue inapplicable par
convention
5(2)
Lorsque les clauses d'une convention entre
conjoints ou d'une convention entre conjoints de fait
rendent une disposition de la présente loi inapplicable
à un élément d'actif, cette disposition ne s'applique pas
à l'élément d'actif, mais les autres dispositions de la
présente loi, si elles sont autrement applicables à
l'élément d'actif, s'appliquent tout comme si la
convention entre conjoints ou la convention entre
conjoints de fait n'existait pas.
Provision of Act varied by agreement
5(3)
Where a spousal agreement or common-law
relationship agreement by its terms varies any provision
of this Act in its application to an asset, that provision
if otherwise applicable to the asset applies as varied and
the remaining provisions of the Act if otherwise
applicable to the asset apply in unaltered form.
Disposition de la loi modifiée par convention
5(3)
Lorsque les clauses d'une convention entre
conjoints ou d'une convention entre conjoints de fait
modifient quelque disposition de la présente loi dans
son application à un élément d'actif, ladite disposition,
si elle est autrement applicable à l'élément d'actif,
s'applique dans sa forme modifiée. Les autres
dispositions de la loi, si elles sont autrement applicables
à l'élément d'actif, s'appliquent dans leur forme non
modifiée.
S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Disposal of assets
6(1)
No provision of this Act, nor the giving of
an accounting under this Act, vests any title to or
interest in any asset of one spouse or common-law
partner in the other spouse or common-law partner, and
the spouse or common-law partner who owns the asset
may, subject to subsections (7), (7.1), (8), (8.1), (9),
(9.1) and (10) and to any order of the court under Part
III or IV, sell, lease, mortgage, hypothecate, repair,
improve, demolish, spend or otherwise deal with or
dispose of the asset to all intents and purposes as if this
Act had not been passed.
Disposition d'actif
6(1)
Aucune disposition de la présente loi non
plus que la reddition de comptes effectuée sous le
régime de la présente loi n'ont pour effet d'investir un
conjoint ou un conjoint de fait de quelque titre ou droit
relatif à un élément d'actif de l'autre conjoint ou
conjoint de fait. Le conjoint ou conjoint de fait qui est
propriétaire de l'élément d'actif peut, sous réserve des
paragraphes (7), (7.1), (8), (8.1), (9), (9.1) et (10) et de
toute ordonnance rendue par le tribunal en application
de la partie III ou IV, soit vendre, donner à bail,
hypothéquer, donner en gage, réparer, améliorer,
démolir, dépenser l'élément d'actif, soit autrement agir
quant à celui-ci, soit en disposer à n'importe quelle fin,
tout comme si la présente loi n'avait jamais été adoptée.
Use of family home
6(2)
Notwithstanding subsection (1), spouses and
common-law partners each have an equal right to the
use and enjoyment of their family home, but the right is
subject to any order of a court
Utilisation du foyer familial
6(2)
Par dérogation au paragraphe (1), chaque
conjoint ou conjoint de fait a un droit égal à l'utilisation
et à la jouissance du foyer familial. Ce droit s'exerce
sous réserve de toute ordonnance d'un tribunal qui
accorde la possession du foyer familial à l'un des
conjoints ou conjoints de fait à l'exclusion de l'autre et
qui est, selon le cas :
(a) made under The Family Maintenance Act; or
a) rendue sous le régime de la Loi sur l'obligation
alimentaire;
11
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(b) made in or as incidental or ancillary to a
proceeding in a family proceeding as defined in The
Queen's Bench Act;
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
b) rendue lors d'une instance en matière familiale, au
sens de la Loi sur la Cour du Banc de la Reine, ou
rendue de manière accessoire ou ancillaire à une
telle instance.
whereby one spouse or common-law partner is given
possession of the family home to the exclusion of the
other.
Use of other family assets
6(3)
Notwithstanding subsection (1), spouses or
common-law partners each have an equal right to the
use and enjoyment of any family asset, other than their
family home, that is ordinarily used or enjoyed by both
of them, subject to any order made in respect of the
asset under
Utilisation d'autres éléments d'actif familial
6(3)
Par dérogation au paragraphe (1), les
conjoints ou les conjoints de fait ont chacun un droit
égal à l'utilisation et à la jouissance de tout élément
d'actif familial, autre que leur foyer familial, dont ils
jouissent ou qu'ils utilisent habituellement ensemble,
sous réserve de toute ordonnance rendue relativement à
l'élément d'actif en vertu :
(a) clause 17(b);
a) soit de l'alinéa 17(b);
(b) subsection 18.1(1); or
b) soit du paragraphe 18.1(1);
(c) The Domestic Violence and Stalking Act.
c) soit de la Loi sur la violence familiale et le
harcèlement criminel.
Asset transferred, etc.
6(4)
Subject to subsections (7), (7.1), (8), (8.1),
(9), (9.1) and (10) and to any order of a court made
under Part III or IV, this Act does not apply to an asset
that a spouse or common-law partner no longer owns as
at the closing date established for any accounting under
this Act in which the asset would otherwise have been
included under the Act.
Aliénation d'un élément d'actif, etc.
6(4)
Sous réserve des paragraphes (7), (7.1), (8),
(8.1), (9), (9.1) et (10) et de toute ordonnance d'un
tribunal rendue sous le régime de la partie III ou IV, la
présente loi ne s'applique pas à un élément d'actif dont
un conjoint ou un conjoint de fait n'est plus propriétaire
à la date de clôture spécifiée pour une reddition de
comptes effectuée sous le régime de la présente loi et
dans laquelle l'élément d'actif aurait été autrement
inclus en application de la présente loi.
Proceeds of sale
6(5)
Where this Act does not apply to an asset, it
does not apply as well to the proceeds of sale of the
asset or to any other asset acquired in exchange for or
purchased with the proceeds of sale of the asset, except
where
Produit de la vente
6(5)
La présente loi ne s'applique ni au produit de
la vente ni aux éléments d'actif acquis par échange ou
remploi d'éléments d'actif auxquels la présente loi ne
s'applique pas, sauf :
(a) the proceeds are used to acquire a family asset;
or
a) lorsque l'élément d'actif acquis par remploi est un
élément d'actif familial;
(b) the asset acquired in exchange is a family asset.
b) lorsque l'élément d'actif acquis par échange est un
élément d'actif familial.
Proceeds of sale
6(6)
Where this Act applies to an asset, it applies
as well to the proceeds of sale of the asset and to any
other asset acquired in exchange for or purchased with
the proceeds of sale of the asset.
Produit de la vente
6(6)
La présente loi s'applique au produit de la
vente et aux éléments d'actif acquis par échange ou
remploi d'éléments d'actif auxquels la présente loi
s'applique.
12
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Dissipation of asset by spouse
6(7)
Where
(a) a spouse, before or after the coming into force of
this Act but after May 6, 1977, dissipates an asset in
whole or in part; and
(b) the other spouse, before the expiry of two years
from the date of the dissipation referred to in
clause (a) or from the date of the discovery thereof,
makes application to the court under this Act for an
accounting and division of assets;
the value of the dissipated asset or the dissipated
portion thereof, as the case may be, shall be added to
the inventory of assets of the spouse in the accounting.
Dissipation of asset by common-law partner
6(7.1)
Where
(a) a common-law partner, after the coming into
force of this subsection, dissipates an asset in whole
or in part; and
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
Dilapidation d'un élément d'actif par un conjoint
6(7)
La valeur de l'élément d'actif dilapidé ou de
la partie de l'élément qui a été dilapidée, selon le cas,
doit être ajoutée à l'inventaire de l'actif du conjoint lors
de la reddition de comptes lorsque les conditions
suivantes sont réunies :
a) un conjoint dilapide, entièrement ou
partiellement, un élément d'actif avant ou après
l'entrée en vigueur de la présente loi, mais après
le 6 mai 1977;
b) l'autre conjoint demande au tribunal en vertu de
la présente loi une reddition de comptes et un
partage des éléments d'actif, dans un délai de deux
ans suivant la date de la dilapidation mentionnée à
l'alinéa a) ou suivant la date à laquelle la
dilapidation a été découverte.
Dilapidation d'un élément d'actif par un conjoint de
fait
6(7.1)
La valeur d'un élément d'actif dilapidé ou de
la partie d'un élément qui a été dilapidée, selon le cas,
est ajoutée à l'inventaire de l'actif d'un conjoint de fait
lors d'une reddition de comptes, lorsque les conditions
(b) the other common-law partner, before the expiry
of two years from the date of the dissipation referred
to in clause (a) or from the date of the discovery
thereof, makes application to the court under this
Act for an accounting and division of assets;
a) le conjoint de fait dilapide, entièrement ou
partiellement, l'élément d'actif après l'entrée en
vigueur du présent paragraphe;
the value of the dissipated asset or the dissipated
portion thereof, as the case may be, shall be added to
the inventory of assets of the common-law partner in the
accounting.
b) l'autre conjoint de fait demande au tribunal en
vertu de la présente loi une telle reddition de
comptes et un partage des éléments d'actif, dans un
délai de deux ans suivant la date de la dilapidation
mentionnée à l'alinéa a) ou suivant la date à laquelle
la dilapidation a été découverte.
Excessive gift by spouse
6(8)
Where
this Act but after May 6, 1977, transfers an asset to
a third person by way of gift, and the gift is
excessive in whole or in part; and
(b) the other spouse, before the expiry of two years
from the date of the transfer referred to in clause (a)
or from the date of the discovery thereof, applies to
the court under this Act for an accounting and
division of assets;
Donation excessive par un conjoint
6(8)
La valeur de l'élément d'actif aliéné ou de la
partie excessive de celui-ci, selon le cas, doit être
ajoutée à l'inventaire de l'actif du conjoint lors de la
reddition de comptes lorsque les conditions suivantes
sont réunies :
a) un conjoint aliène un élément d'actif par voie de
donation à un tiers, avant ou après l'entrée en
vigueur de la présente loi, mais après le 6 mai 1977,
et que la donation est entièrement ou partiellement
excessive;
13
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the value of the asset or the excessive portion thereof,
as the case may be, shall be added to the inventory of
assets of the spouse in the accounting.
Excessive gift by common-law partner
6(8.1)
Where
force of this subsection, transfers an asset to a third
person by way of gift, and the gift is excessive in
whole or in part; and
(b) the other common-law partner, before the expiry
of two years from the date of the transfer referred to
in clause (a) or from the date of the discovery
thereof, applies to the court under this Act for an
the value of the asset or the excessive portion thereof,
as the case may be, shall be added to the inventory of
the assets of the common-law partner in the accounting.
Transfer by spouse for inadequate consideration
6(9)
Where
this Act but after May 6, 1977, transfers an asset to
a third person for inadequate consideration;
(b) the transfer referred to in clause (a) is effected
by the spouse with the intention of defeating the
rights of the other spouse under this Act; and
(c) the other spouse, before the expiry of two years
from the date of the transfer referred to in clause (a)
or from the date of the discovery thereof, applies to
the court under this Act for an accounting and
division of assets;
the amount of the inadequacy in the consideration shall
be added to the inventory of assets of the spouse in the
accounting.
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
b) l'autre conjoint demande au tribunal en vertu de
la présente loi une reddition de comptes et un
partage des éléments d'actif, dans un délai de deux
ans suivant la date de l'aliénation mentionnée à
l'alinéa a) ou suivant la date à laquelle l'aliénation a
été découverte.
Donation excessive par un conjoint de fait
6(8.1)
La valeur d'un élément d'actif aliéné ou de
la partie excessive de l'aliénation, selon le cas, est
ajoutée à l'inventaire de l'actif d'un conjoint de fait lors
d'une reddition de comptes, lorsque les conditions
a) le conjoint de fait aliène l'élément d'actif par voie
de donation à un tiers, après l'entrée en vigueur du
présent paragraphe, et la donation est totalement ou
partiellement excessive;
b) l'autre conjoint de fait demande au tribunal en
délai de deux ans suivant la date de l'aliénation
l'aliénation a été découverte.
Aliénation par un conjoint en échange d'une
contrepartie insuffisante
6(9)
Le montant de l'insuffisance de la
contrepartie doit être ajouté à l'inventaire de l'actif du
conjoint lors de la reddition de comptes lorsque les
conditions suivantes sont réunies :
a) un conjoint aliène à un tiers un élément d'actif en
échange d'une contrepartie insuffisante, avant ou
après l'entrée en vigueur de la présente loi, mais
après le 6 mai 1977;
b) l'alinéation mentionnée à l'alinéa a) est effectuée
par le conjoint dans l'intention de frustrer l'autre
conjoint des droits qui sont siens en application de la
présente loi;
c) l'autre conjoint demande au tribunal en vertu de la
présente loi une reddition de comptes et un partage
des éléments d'actif, dans un délai de deux ans à
compter de la date de l'aliénation mentionnée à
l'alinéa a) ou suivant la date à laquelle l'aliénation a
été découverte.
14
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Transfer by common-law partner for inadequate
consideration
6(9.1)
Where
force of this subsection, transfers an asset to a third
person for inadequate consideration;
(b) the transfer referred to in clause (a) is effected
by the common-law partner with the intention of
defeating the rights of the other common-law partner
under this Act; and
(c) the other common-law partner, before the expiry
of two years from the date of the transfer referred to
in clause (a) or from the date of the discovery
thereof, applies to the court under this Act for an
the amount of the inadequacy in the consideration shall
be added to the inventory of assets of the common-law
partner in the accounting.
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
Aliénation par un conjoint de fait en échange d'une
contrepartie insuffisante
6(9.1)
Le montant de l'insuffisance d'une
contrepartie est ajouté à l'inventaire de l'actif d'un
conjoint de fait lors d'une reddition de comptes, lorsque
les conditions suivantes sont réunies :
a) le conjoint de fait aliène à un tiers un élément
d'actif en échange d'une contrepartie insuffisante,
après l'entrée en vigueur du présent paragraphe;
b) l'aliénation mentionnée à l'alinéa a) est effectuée
par le conjoint de fait dans l'intention de frustrer
l'autre conjoint de fait des droits qui sont les siens
sous le régime de la présente loi;
c) l'autre conjoint de fait demande au tribunal en
délai de deux ans suivant la date de l'aliénation
l'aliénation a été découverte.
Recovery from recipient
6(10)
In the circumstances described in
subsection (8), (8.1), (9) or (9.1), where the spouse or
common-law partner effecting the transfer is unable to
satisfy any amount payable to the other spouse or
common-law partner upon an equalization of assets
under this Act, recovery of the value of the excessive
gift or excessive portion of the gift or of the amount of
the inadequacy in consideration, up to the total of the
unsatisfied amount or unsatisfied portion of the amount
payable upon the equalization, may be made from the
transferee of the asset by application to the court.
Recouvrement
6(10)
Dans les circonstances décrites au
paragraphe (8), (8.1), (9) ou (9.1), lorsque le conjoint
ou conjoint de fait qui a effectué l'aliénation est
incapable de payer quelque somme due à l'autre
conjoint ou conjoint de fait à la suite d'une
compensation des éléments d'actif effectuée en vertu de
la présente loi, la valeur de la donation excessive ou de
la partie excessive de la donation ou le montant de
l'insuffisance de la contrepartie, à concurrence du total
du montant impayé ou de la partie impayée du montant
dû par suite de la compensation, peut être recouvré de
l'acquéreur de l'élément d'actif, sur demande au tribunal.
Application of subsection (10)
6(11)
In the circumstances described in
subsection (9) or (9.1), subsection (10) does not apply
if the court is satisfied that the transferee acted bona
fide and without knowledge that the transfer was
effected with the intention described in clause (9)(b)
or (9.1)(b).
Application du paragraphe (10)
6(11)
Dans les circonstances décrites au
paragraphe (9) ou (9.1), le paragraphe (10) ne
s'applique pas si le tribunal est convaincu que
l'acquéreur de l'élément d'actif aliéné a agi de bonne foi
et sans savoir que l'aliénation a été effectuée dans
l'intention visée à l'alinéa (9)b) ou (9.1)b).
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 37; S.M. 1998, c. 41, s. 31; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16;
S.M. 2004, c. 13, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 37; L.M. 1998, c. 41, art. 31; L.M. 2002, c. 48,
art. 16; L.M. 2004, c. 13, art. 16.
Gift, trust benefit
7(1)
acquired by a spouse or common-law partner by way of
gift or trust benefit from a third person, unless it can be
shown that the gift or benefit was conferred with the
intention of benefiting both spouses or common-law
partners.
Donation, avantage fiduciaire
7(1)
éléments d'actif acquis par un conjoint ou un conjoint de
fait par voie de donation ou d'avantage fiduciaire
provenant d'un tiers, sauf s'il peut être démontré que la
donation ou l'avantage a été conféré aux deux conjoints
ou conjoints de fait.
15
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R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
Gift of insurance premiums
7(2)
This Act does not apply to the proceeds of
the surrender or the cash surrender value of any
insurance policy where the premiums of the policy were
paid by a third person by way of gift in favour of a
spouse or common-law partner, unless it can be shown
that the premiums were paid with the intention of
benefiting both spouses or common-law partners.
Donation de primes d'assurance
7(2)
La présente loi ne s'applique ni au produit
du rachat ni à la valeur de rachat au comptant de toute
police d'assurance lorsque les primes de la police ont été
payées par un tiers sous forme de donation à un conjoint
ou à un conjoint de fait, sauf s'il peut être démontré que
les primes ont été payées dans le but d'avantager les
deux conjoints ou conjoints de fait.
Inheritance
7(3)
acquired by a spouse or common-law partner by way of
inheritance, unless it can be shown that the inheritance
was devised or bequeathed with the intention of
benefiting both spouses or common-law partners.
Héritage
7(3)
éléments d'actif acquis par un conjoint ou un conjoint de
fait par voie d'héritage, sauf s'il peut être démontré que
le legs a été effectué dans le but d'avantager les deux
conjoints ou conjoints de fait.
Income, appreciation, depreciation
7(4)
Any income from, or appreciation or
depreciation in the value of, an asset acquired in the
manner described in subsection (1), (2) or (3) shall not
be included in any accounting under Part II, unless it
can be shown that the gift was conferred or the
inheritance devised or bequeathed, as the case may be,
with the intention that the income or appreciation
should benefit both spouses or common-law partners.
Revenu, plus-value, moins-value
7(4)
Aucun revenu produit par un élément d'actif,
ni la plus-value d'un élément d'actif ni la moins-value
d'un élément d'actif acquis de la manière décrite aux
paragraphes (1), (2) ou (3) ne doivent être inclus dans
une reddition de comptes effectuée sous le régime de la
partie II, sauf s'il peut être démontré que la donation a
été effectuée ou que le legs a été fait, selon le cas, afin
que le revenu ou la plus-value avantage les deux
conjoints ou conjoints de fait.
Exception
7(5)
Notwithstanding subsection (4), any income
from or appreciation in the value of an asset acquired in
the manner described in subsection (1), (2) or (3), shall
be included in any accounting under Part II, if the
income or appreciation is used for the purchase of a
family asset.
Exception
7(5)
Par dérogation au paragraphe (4), tout
revenu provenant d'un élément d'actif ou toute
plus-value d'un élément d'actif, lorsque ce dernier a été
acquis de la manière décrite aux paragraphes (1), (2)
ou (3), doit être inclus dans toute reddition de comptes
effectuée sous le régime de la partie II, si le revenu ou
la plus-value est utilisé pour l'achat d'un élément d'actif
familial.
S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Damage award for personal injury
8(1)
This Act does not apply to the proceeds of
any damage award or settlement or insurance claim
made in favour of a spouse or common-law partner for
personal injury, or disability, except to the extent that
the proceeds are compensation for loss to both spouses
or common-law partners.
Dommages-intérêts pour préjudice personnel
8(1)
La présente loi ne s'applique ni au produit
d'un jugement attribuant des dommages-intérêts ni à
scelui d'un règlement à l'amiable ou d'une réclamation
d'assurance, accordé à un conjoint ou à un conjoint de
fait à titre de compensation pour atteinte à la personne
ou incapacité, sauf dans la mesure où ces sommes
représentent une compensation des pertes subies par les
deux conjoints ou conjoints de fait.
16
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Insurance claim for damage to asset
8(2)
The proceeds of any insurance claim for loss
or damage to an asset shall be deemed to be proceeds
from the sale of the asset.
S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
Réclamation d'assurance pour élément d'actif
endommagé
8(2)
La compensation, obtenue suite à la perte ou
à l'endommagement d'un élément d'actif assuré à cet
effet, est réputée constituer le produit de la vente de
l'élément d'actif perdu ou endommagé.
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Assets in form of rights
9(1)
Where this Act applies to an asset, it applies
(a) notwithstanding that the asset consists of mere
rights, whether present, future or contingent; and
(b) notwithstanding that, as at the closing and
valuation date of an accounting under this Act in
which the rights are sought to be included as an
asset, the rights have not been realized and it is not
ascertainable whether they will ever be realized or to
what extent they will be realized;
but the Act does not apply where it is in fact
ascertained, as at the closing and valuation date, that
there is no reasonable possibility of the rights ever
being realized.
Life insurance pension plans, etc.
9(2)
In subsection (1), the expression "rights"
includes, without restricting the generality of that
expression, rights under
Éléments d'actif sous forme de droits
9(1)
Lorsque la présente loi s'applique à un
élément d'actif, elle s'applique :
a) même si l'élément d'actif consiste en de simples
droits présents, futurs ou éventuels;
b) même si, à la date de clôture et d'évaluation d'une
reddition de comptes en application de la présente
loi, dans laquelle on cherche à inclure ces droits à
titre d'élément d'actif, les droits n'ont pas été réalisés
et qu'il ne peut ni être déterminé s'ils le seront jamais
ni dans quelle mesure;
Elle ne s'applique cependant pas lorsque, à la date de
clôture et d'évaluation, il est certain qu'il ne subsiste de
fait aucun espoir raisonnable de réalisation de ces
droits.
Assurance-vie, régimes de pension, etc.
9(2)
Dans le paragraphe (1), le terme « droits »
s'entend notamment des droits en vertu :
a) d'une police d'assurance-vie;
(a) a life insurance policy; or
b) d'une police d'assurance accidents et maladie;
(b) an accident and sickness insurance policy; or
c) d'une police à annuité à terme fixe ou viagère;
(c) a life or fixed term annuity policy; or
(d) a pension or superannuation scheme or plan.
d) d'un plan ou d'un régime de pension ou de
retraite.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 38.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 38.
Asset already shared
10
This Act does not apply to any asset that has
already been shared equally between spouses or
common-law partners, or that is acquired by one spouse
or common-law partner from the other by virtue of a
sharing of assets under this Act.
Élément d'actif déjà partagé
10
éléments d'actif qui ont déjà été partagés également
entre les conjoints ou les conjoints de fait ou qui ont été
acquis d'un conjoint ou d'un conjoint de fait par l'autre
aux termes d'un partage de l'actif réalisé en application
de la présente loi.
S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
17
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R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
Liabilities
11(1)
In an accounting under this Act, the
liabilities of a spouse or common-law partner other than
those relating to assets that are exempt from the
accounting by sections 4 and 7 shall be deducted from
the total inventory of the assets of that spouse or
common-law partner.
Dettes
11(1)
Au moment d'une reddition de comptes
effectuée en vertu de la présente loi, les dettes d'un
conjoint ou d'un conjoint de fait, autres que celles
relatives aux éléments d'actif qui sont exemptés de la
reddition de comptes par les articles 4 et 7, doivent être
déduites du total de l'inventaire de l'actif de ce conjoint
ou conjoint de fait.
Negative value
11(2)
Subsection (1) does not permit a deduction
of debts and liabilities resulting in a negative value,
except where the court upon an application under
Part III or IV so orders.
Valeur négative
11(2)
Le paragraphe (1) n'autorise pas une
déduction des dettes et des obligations qui donne
comme résultat une valeur négative de l'actif, sauf
lorsque le tribunal l'ordonne à la suite de la présentation
d'une demande en vertu de la partie III ou IV.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 39; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 39; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Foreign asset
12
The value of an asset situated outside of
Manitoba shall be taken into consideration in an
accounting and equalization of assets under this Act.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 40.
Élément d'actif situé à l'étranger
12
Il doit être tenu compte de la valeur d'un
élément d'actif situé à l'extérieur du Manitoba au
moment d'une reddition de comptes et d'une
compensation des éléments d'actif effectuées en vertu
de la présente loi.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 40.
18
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L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
PART II
PARTIE II
SHARING OF ASSETS
PARTAGE D'ACTIF
Right to accounting and equalization of assets
13
Each spouse and common-law partner has
the right upon application to an accounting and, subject
to section 14, an equalization of assets in accordance
with this Part.
Droit à la reddition de comptes et à la compensation
des éléments d'actif
13
Les conjoints ou les conjoints de fait ont
chacun droit, sur demande, à une reddition de comptes
et, sous réserve de l'article 14, à une compensation des
éléments d'actif en conformité avec la présente partie.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 41; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 41; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Discretion to vary equal division of family assets
14(1)
The court upon the application of either
spouse or common-law partner under Part III may order
that, with respect to the family assets of the spouses or
common-law partners, the amount shown by an
accounting under section 15 to be payable by one
spouse or common-law partner to the other be altered if
the court is satisfied that equalization would be grossly
unfair or unconscionable having regard to any
extraordinary financial or other circumstances of the
spouses or common-law partners or the extraordinary
nature or value of any of their assets.
Pouvoir de modifier le partage égal de l'actif familial
14(1)
Sur demande d'un des conjoints ou d'un des
conjoints de fait en vertu de la partie III, le tribunal peut
ordonner qu'en ce qui concerne l'actif familial des
conjoints ou des conjoints de fait, le montant que doit
verser un conjoint ou un conjoint de fait à l'autre, suite
à une reddition de comptes effectuée en vertu de
l'article 15, soit modifié si le tribunal conclut qu'une
compensation serait manifestement injuste ou
moralement inadmissible, eu égard soit à toute
circonstance extraordinaire de nature financière ou
autre des conjoints ou des conjoints de fait, soit à la
valeur ou à la nature extraordinaire de l'un de leurs
éléments d'actif.
Discretion to vary equal division of commercial
assets
14(2)
The court upon the application of either
spouse or common-law partner under Part III may order
that, with respect to the commercial assets of the
spouses or common-law partners, the amount shown by
an accounting under section 15 to be payable by one
spouse or common-law partner to the other be altered if
the court is satisfied that equalization would be clearly
inequitable having regard to any circumstances the
court deems relevant including
Pouvoir de modifier le partage égal de l'actif
commercial
14(2)
Sur demande d'un des conjoints ou d'un des
conjoints de fait en vertu de la partie III, le tribunal peut
ordonner qu'en ce qui concerne l'actif commercial des
conjoints ou des conjoints de fait, le montant que doit
verser un conjoint ou un conjoint de fait à l'autre, suite
à une reddition de comptes effectuée en vertu de
l'article 15, soit modifiée si le tribunal conclut qu'une
compensation serait manifestement inéquitable, eu
égard à toute circonstance que le tribunal considère
pertinente, notamment :
(a) the unreasonable impoverishment by either
spouse or common-law partner of the family assets;
(b) the amount of the debts and liabilities of each
spouse or common-law partner and the
circumstances in which they were incurred;
(c) any spousal agreement between the spouses;
(c.1) any common-law relationship agreement
between the common-law partners;
a) l'appauvrissement déraisonnable de l'actif familial
du fait de l'un ou l'autre des conjoints ou conjoints
de fait;
b) le montant des dettes et des obligations de chaque
conjoint ou conjoint de fait ainsi que les
circonstances dans lesquelles elles ont été
contractées;
c) toute convention existant entre les conjoints;
c.1) toute convention existant entre les conjoints de
fait;
19
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(d) the length of time that the spouses have
cohabited with each other during their marriage and
immediately before their marriage;
(d.1) the length of time that the common-law
partners have cohabited during their common-law
relationship;
(e) the length of time that the spouses have lived
separate and apart from each other during their
marriage;
(e.1) the length of time that the common-law
partners have lived separate and apart from each
other during their common-law relationship;
(f) whether either spouse or common-law partner
has assets of an extraordinary value to which this
Act does not apply by reason of their having been
acquired by way of gift or inheritance;
(g) the nature of the assets; and
(h) the extent to which the financial means and
earning capacity of each spouse or common-law
partner has been affected by the responsibilities and
other circumstances of the marriage or common-law
relationship.
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
d) la durée de la cohabitation des conjoints pendant
leur mariage et immédiatement avant celui-ci;
d.1) la durée de la cohabitation des conjoints de fait
pendant leur union de fait;
e) la durée de la séparation des conjoints durant leur
mariage;
e.1) la durée de la séparation des conjoints de fait au
cours de leur union de fait;
f) les éléments d'actif d'une valeur extraordinaire qui
appartiennent à l'un des conjoints ou conjoints de
fait et auxquels la présente loi ne s'applique pas en
raison de leur acquisition par voie de donation ou
d'héritage;
g) la nature de l'actif;
h) la mesure dans laquelle les responsabilités et les
autres circonstances relatives au mariage ou à
l'union de fait ont influé sur les ressources
financières et la capacité de chaque conjoint ou
conjoint de fait de gagner sa vie.
Conduct not a factor
14(3)
In exercising its discretion under this
section, no court shall have regard to conduct on the
part of a spouse or common-law partner unless that
conduct amounts to dissipation.
Conduite d'un conjoint ou d'un conjoint de fait
14(3)
En exerçant sa discrétion en vertu du présent
article, nul tribunal ne tient compte de la conduite d'un
conjoint ou d'un conjoint de fait, à moins que cette
conduite n'équivaille à de la dilapidation.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 42; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 42; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Accounting and division
15(1)
In an accounting of assets between spouses
or common-law partners under this Act, there shall be
ascertained
Reddition de comptes et partage
15(1)
La reddition de comptes entre conjoints ou
conjoints de fait effectuée sous le régime de la présente
loi doit faire ressortir les éléments suivants :
(a) the value of the total inventory of assets of each
spouse or common-law partner, after adding to or
deducting from the inventory such amounts as are
required under this Act to be added or deducted;
a) la valeur de l'inventaire complet de l'actif de
chaque conjoint ou conjoint de fait après l'addition
à l'inventaire ou la déduction de celui-ci des
montants dont la présente loi exige l'addition ou la
déduction;
(b) the value of the share to which each spouse or
common-law partner is entitled upon the division, to
be determined by combining the values ascertained
under clause (a) and dividing the total into two equal
shares or, where the application for an accounting is
not under Part IV, such other shares as the court may
under section 14 order; and
b) la valeur de la part à laquelle chaque conjoint ou
conjoint de fait a droit lors du partage; cette part est
obtenue en additionnant ou en déduisant les sommes
visées à l'alinéa a) et en divisant le total en deux
parts égales ou, si la demande de reddition de
comptes n'est pas présentée en vertu de la partie IV,
en parts inégales si le tribunal l'ordonne en
application de l'article 14;
20
-60BIENS FAMILIAUX
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
(c) the amount payable by one spouse or
common-law partner to the other in order to satisfy
the share of each spouse or common-law partner as
determined under clause (b).
c) le montant que chaque conjoint ou conjoint de fait
doit à l'autre afin que chacun reçoive la part qui lui
revient en vertu de l'alinéa b).
Fair market value
15(2)
The value of any asset for the purposes of
subsection (1) shall be the amount that the asset might
reasonably be expected to realize if sold in the open
market by a willing seller to a willing buyer.
Juste valeur marchande
15(2)
Pour l'application du paragraphe (1), la
valeur d'un élément d'actif est le montant qu'un vendeur
peut raisonnablement s'attendre à réaliser si l'élément
d'actif est vendu sur le marché libre par un vendeur qui
veut vendre à un acheteur qui veut acheter.
Valuation of non-marketable assets
15(3)
Where an asset is by its nature not a
marketable item, subsection (2) does not apply and the
value of the asset for the purposes of subsection (1)
shall be determined on such other basis or by such other
means as is appropriate for assets of that nature.
Évaluation d'éléments d'actif non vendables
15(3)
Lorsqu'un élément d'actif ne peut être vendu
de par sa nature, le paragraphe (2) ne s'applique pas et
la valeur de l'élément d'actif, pour l'application du
paragraphe (1), doit être déterminée sur toute autre base
ou par tout autre moyen approprié pour des éléments
d'actif de cette nature.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 43; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 43; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
16
In any accounting under section 15, the
closing date for the inclusion of assets and liabilities in
the accounting, and the valuation date for each asset and
liability shall be as the spouses or common-law partners
may agree and, in the absence of agreement,
(a) the date when the spouses or common-law
partners last cohabited with each other; or
(b) where the spouses or common-law partners
continue to cohabit with each other, the date either
of them makes an application to the court under
Part III for an accounting of assets.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 44; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
16
Pour toute reddition de comptes effectuée en
application de l'article 15, la date de clôture pour
l'inclusion d'éléments d'actif et de passif dans les
comptes et la date d'évaluation de chaque élément
d'actif et de passif sont celles convenues entre les
conjoints ou les conjoints de fait. En l'absence d'une
convention, il s'agit :
a) soit de la date du dernier jour de cohabitation des
conjoints ou des conjoints de fait;
b) soit, lorsque les conjoints ou les conjoints de fait
continuent à cohabiter ensemble, de la date à
laquelle l'un d'entre eux présente au tribunal, sous le
régime de la partie III, une demande de reddition de
comptes.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 44; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Method of payment
17
The amount shown by an accounting under
section 15 to be payable by one spouse or common-law
partner to the other may be satisfied
(a) by payment of the amount in a lump sum or by
instalments; or
(b) by the transfer, conveyance or delivery of an
asset or assets in lieu of the amount; or
Modes de paiement
17
La dette due par un conjoint ou un conjoint
de fait à l'autre, en vertu d'une reddition de comptes
effectuée en application de l'article 15, peut être réglée
d'une des manières qui suivent, selon ce que les
conjoints ou les conjoints de fait conviennent ou, en
l'absence de convention, selon l'ordonnance du tribunal
saisi d'une demande d'un des conjoints ou d'un des
conjoints de fait présentée en vertu de la présente loi et
qui tient compte des effets de toute ordonnance
provisoire rendue en vertu de l'article 18.1 :
(c) by any combination of clauses (a) and (b);
a) par le paiement de la dette en un versement global
ou par versements échelonnés;
21
-61FAMILY PROPERTY
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
as the spouses or common-law partners may agree or, in
the absence of agreement, as the court upon the
application of either spouse or common-law partner
under this Act may order, taking into account the effect
of any interim order made under section 18.1.
b) par la cession d'un ou de plusieurs éléments
d'actif au lieu du paiement de la dette;
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 45; S.M. 1998, c. 41, s. 31; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 45; L.M. 1998, c. 41, art. 31; L.M. 2002, c. 48,
art. 16.
c) par toute combinaison des modes de paiement
visés aux alinéas a) et b).
22
-62BIENS FAMILIAUX
L.R.M. 1987, c. M45 — Chap. F25
PART III
PARTIE III
ENFORCEMENT
EXÉCUTION FORCÉE
Applications to court
18(1)
In any question or dispute arising under this
Act or where there is a breach of a provision of this Act,
the spouses or common-law partners affected or either
of them may apply to the Court of Queen's Bench and
the court may make such order or give such judgment
with respect to the application and the costs thereof as
it thinks fit, or may direct the application to stand over
from time to time and an inquiry or issue touching the
matters raised in the application to be made or tried in
such manner as it thinks fit.
Demandes à un tribunal
18(1)
Dans une affaire ou un litige se rapportant
à la présente loi, ou en cas de violation d'une disposition
de la présente loi, le ou les conjoints ou conjoints de fait
concernés peuvent présenter une demande à la Cour du
Banc de la Reine. Le tribunal peut rendre toute
ordonnance ou tout jugement qu'il estime approprié
relativement à la demande et aux dépens de celle-ci. Le
tribunal peut ordonner que la demande soit mise en
suspens et qu'une enquête ou que l'instruction d'une
question en litige relativement aux affaires soulevées
par la demande soit effectuée de la manière que le
tribunal estime appropriée.
Duration of common-law relationship
18(1.1)
Without limiting the generality of
subsection (1), the court may make an order containing
a finding as to the period of time during which the
common-law partners cohabited in a common-law
relationship, and the dates on which their common-law
relationship commenced and terminated, if the parties
to the common-law relationship have not determined
those facts, or any of them, by
Durée de l'union de fait
18(1.1)
Sans préjudice de la portée générale du
paragraphe (1), le tribunal peut, par ordonnance,
formuler des conclusions quant à la durée de la
cohabitation des conjoints de fait pendant leur union de
fait et aux dates auxquelles l'union de fait a débuté et a
pris fin, si les parties à l'union de fait n'ont pas
déterminé une partie ou l'ensemble de ces faits :
(a) registering their common-law relationship under
section 13.1 of The Vital Statistics Act; or
a) soit par enregistrement de leur union de fait en
vertu de l'article 13.1 de la Loi sur les statistiques de
l'état civil;
(b) jointly registering the dissolution of their
common-law relationship under section 13.2 of The
Vital Statistics Act.
b) soit par enregistrement conjoint de la dissolution
de leur union de fait en vertu de l'article 13.2 de la
Loi sur les statistiques de l'état civil.
Hearings in private
18(2)
At the hearing of an application under this
section, the court may exclude all or any members of
the public from the court room for all or part of the
proceedings.
Audiences à huis clos
18(2)
Au moment de l'audition de la demande
visée au présent article, le tribunal peut exclure tout ou
partie du public de la salle d'audience pendant tout ou
partie de la durée de l'instance.
Applicant's statement of assets and liabilities
18(3)
A spouse or common-law partner shall at the
time of making an application under this Part file with
the court a sworn statement disclosing all assets and
liabilities of that spouse or common-law partner
whether or not they are shareable under this Act and a
valuation thereof and shall serve the statement upon the
respondent.
Bilan du demandeur
18(3)
Au moment où un conjoint ou un conjoint
de fait présente une demande en vertu de la présente
partie, il dépose au tribunal et signifie au défendeur une
déclaration sous serment qui énumère tous ses éléments
d'actif et de passif, qu'ils soient ou non partageables en
vertu de la présente loi; il dépose aussi une évaluation
de ces derniers.
23
-63FAMILY PROPERTY
Respondent's statement of assets and liabilities
18(4)
The respondent shall within 14 days of
being served with a statement under subsection (3), or
within such further period as the spouses or
common-law partners may agree to or a judge on
application may allow, file and serve on the applicant a
sworn statement disclosing all the respondent's assets
and liabilities whether or not they are shareable under
this Act and a valuation thereof.
S.M. 1992, c. 46, s. 46; S.M. 2002, c. 48, s. 16.
R.S.M. 1987, c. M45 — Cap. F25
Bilan du défendeur
18(4)
Dans les 14 jours de la signification de la
déclaration visée au paragraphe (3) ou dans tout autre
délai supplémentaire auquel consentent les conjoints ou
les conjoints de fait ou que peut accorder un juge sur
demande, le défendeur dépose au tribunal et signifie au
demandeur une déclaration sous serment qui énumère
tous ses éléments d'actif et de passif, qu'ils soient ou
non partageables en vertu de la présente loi; il dépose
aussi une évaluation de ces derniers.
L.M. 1992, c. 46, art. 46; L.M. 2002, c. 48, art. 16.
Interim order
18.1(1)
Pending the disposition of an application
under this Act, the court may make such interim order
as it considers necessary and reasonable for the proper
application of the Act, including payment of an amount
in a lump sum or by instalments and the transfer,
conveyance or delivery of an asset or assets in lieu of
the amount.
Ordonnance provisoire
18.1(1)
Le tribunal peut, avant de trancher toute
demande visée par la présente loi, rendre l'ordonnance
provisoire qu'il juge nécessaire et raisonnable pour que
soit appliquée la Loi et prévoyant notamment un
paiement en une somme globale ou à tempérament ou le
transfert, le transport ou la remise d'un ou de plusieurs
éléments d'actif au lieu du paiement.
Conditions
18.1(2)
An interim order may be made subject to
any terms and conditions that the court considers
appropriate.
Conditions
18.1(2)
L'ordonnance provisoire peut être assortie
des modalités et conditions que le tribunal juge
indiquées.
S.M. 1989-90, c. 45, s. 2; S.M. 1998, c. 41, s. 31.
L.M. 1989-90, c. 45, art. 2; L.M. 1998, c. 41, art. 31.
Limitation period after divorce
19(1)
Subject to subsection (3), no application for
an accounting and equalization of assets under this Act
may be made after 60 days from the day a decree
absolute of divorce is granted in respect of the marriage,
or 60 days from the day on which the divorce takes
effect.
Prescription après le divorce
19(1)
Sous réserve du paragraphe (3), la demande
de reddition de comptes et de compensation des
éléments d'actif visée par la présente loi ne peut être
présentée plus de 60 jours suivant la date à laquelle un
jugement irrévocable de divorce est prononcé à l'égard
du mariage ou plus de 60 jours suivant la date à laquelle
le divorce prend effet.
Limitation period after decree of nullity
19(2)
Subject to subsection (3), no application for
an accounting and equalization of assets under this Act
may be made after 60 days from the day any appeal
against a decree of nullity is completed, or from the day
the time for appeal expires.
Prescription après un jugement de nullité
19(2)
Sous réserve du paragraphe (3), la demande
de reddition de comptes et de compensation des
éléments d'actif visée par la présente loi ne peut être
présentée plus de 60 jours suivant la date à laquelle
l'appel à l'encontre d'un jugement de nullité est terminé
ou la date à laquelle le délai d'appel expire.
24
-64Family Law Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, ss. 4, 5
PART I
FAMILY PROPERTY
Definitions
4. (1) In this Part,
“court” means a court as defined in subsection 1 (1), but does not include the Ontario Court of Justice; (“tribunal”)
“matrimonial home” means a matrimonial home under section 18 and includes property that is a matrimonial home
under that section at the valuation date; (“foyer conjugal”)
“net family property” means the value of all the property, except property described in subsection (2), that a spouse
owns on the valuation date, after deducting,
(a) the spouse’s debts and other liabilities, including, for greater certainty, any contingent tax liabilities in respect
of the property, and
(b) the value of property, other than a matrimonial home, that the spouse owned on the date of the marriage, after
deducting the spouse’s debts and other liabilities, other than debts or liabilities related directly to the
acquisition or significant improvement of a matrimonial home, calculated as of the date of the marriage;
(“biens familiaux nets”)
“property” means any interest, present or future, vested or contingent, in real or personal property and includes,
(a) property over which a spouse has, alone or in conjunction with another person, a power of appointment
exercisable in favour of himself or herself,
(b) property disposed of by a spouse but over which the spouse has, alone or in conjunction with another person,
a power to revoke the disposition or a power to consume or dispose of the property, and
(c) in the case of a spouse’s rights under a pension plan that have vested, the spouse’s interest in the plan
including contributions made by other persons; (“bien”)
Note: On a day to be named by proclamation of the Lieutenant Governor, clause (c) is repealed and the following substituted:
(c) in the case of a spouse’s rights under a pension plan, the imputed value, for family law purposes, of the
spouse’s interest in the plan, as determined in accordance with section 10.1, for the period beginning with the
date of the marriage and ending on the valuation date; (“bien”)
See: 2009, c. 11, ss. 22 (4), 53 (2).
“valuation date” means the earliest of the following dates:
1. The date the spouses separate and there is no reasonable prospect that they will resume cohabitation.
2. The date a divorce is granted.
3. The date the marriage is declared a nullity.
4. The date one of the spouses commences an application based on subsection 5 (3) (improvident depletion) that
is subsequently granted.
5. The date before the date on which one of the spouses dies leaving the other spouse surviving. (“date
d’évaluation”) R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 4 (1); 2006, c. 19, Sched. C, s. 1 (2); 2009, c. 11, s. 22 (1-3).
Excluded property
(2) The value of the following property that a spouse owns on the valuation date does not form part of the
spouse’s net family property:
1. Property, other than a matrimonial home, that was acquired by gift or inheritance from a third person after the
date of the marriage.
2. Income from property referred to in paragraph 1, if the donor or testator has expressly stated that it is to be
excluded from the spouse’s net family property.
3. Damages or a right to damages for personal injuries, nervous shock, mental distress or loss of guidance, care
and companionship, or the part of a settlement that represents those damages.
-654. Proceeds or a right to proceeds of a policy of life insurance, as defined under the Insurance Act, that are
payable on the death of the life insured.
5. Property, other than a matrimonial home, into which property referred to in paragraphs 1 to 4 can be traced.
6. Property that the spouses have agreed by a domestic contract is not to be included in the spouse’s net family
property.
7. Unadjusted pensionable earnings under the Canada Pension Plan. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 4 (2); 2004, c. 31,
Sched. 38, s. 2 (1); 2009, c. 11, s. 22 (5).
Onus of proof re deductions and exclusions
(3) The onus of proving a deduction under the definition of “net family property” or an exclusion under
subsection (2) is on the person claiming it. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 4 (3).
Close of business
(4) When this section requires that a value be calculated as of a given date, it shall be calculated as of close of
business on that date. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 4 (4).
Net family property not to be less than zero
(5) If a spouse’s net family property as calculated under subsections (1), (2) and (4) is less than zero, it shall be
deemed to be equal to zero. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 4 (5).
Equalization of net family properties
Divorce, etc.
5. (1) When a divorce is granted or a marriage is declared a nullity, or when the spouses are separated and there
is no reasonable prospect that they will resume cohabitation, the spouse whose net family property is the lesser of
the two net family properties is entitled to one-half the difference between them. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 5 (1).
Death of spouse
(2) When a spouse dies, if the net family property of the deceased spouse exceeds the net family property of the
surviving spouse, the surviving spouse is entitled to one-half the difference between them. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3,
s. 5 (2).
Improvident depletion of spouse’s net family property
(3) When spouses are cohabiting, if there is a serious danger that one spouse may improvidently deplete his or her
net family property, the other spouse may on an application under section 7 have the difference between the net
family properties divided as if the spouses were separated and there were no reasonable prospect that they would
resume cohabitation. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 5 (3).
No further division
(4) After the court has made an order for division based on subsection (3), neither spouse may make a further
application under section 7 in respect of their marriage. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 5 (4).
Idem
(5) Subsection (4) applies even though the spouses continue to cohabit, unless a domestic contract between the
spouses provides otherwise. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 5 (5).
Variation of share
(6) The court may award a spouse an amount that is more or less than half the difference between the net family
properties if the court is of the opinion that equalizing the net family properties would be unconscionable, having
regard to,
(a) a spouse’s failure to disclose to the other spouse debts or other liabilities existing at the date of the marriage;
(b) the fact that debts or other liabilities claimed in reduction of a spouse’s net family property were incurred
recklessly or in bad faith;
(c) the part of a spouse’s net family property that consists of gifts made by the other spouse;
(d) a spouse’s intentional or reckless depletion of his or her net family property;
(e) the fact that the amount a spouse would otherwise receive under subsection (1), (2) or (3) is
disproportionately large in relation to a period of cohabitation that is less than five years;
-66(f) the fact that one spouse has incurred a disproportionately larger amount of debts or other liabilities than the
other spouse for the support of the family;
(g) a written agreement between the spouses that is not a domestic contract; or
(h) any other circumstance relating to the acquisition, disposition, preservation, maintenance or improvement of
property. R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 5 (6).
Purpose
(7) The purpose of this section is to recognize that child care, household management and financial provision are
the joint responsibilities of the spouses and that inherent in the marital relationship there is equal contribution,
whether financial or otherwise, by the spouses to the assumption of these responsibilities, entitling each spouse to
the equalization of the net family properties, subject only to the equitable considerations set out in subsection (6).
R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 5 (7).
-67droit de la famille (Loi sur le), L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, ss. 4,5
PARTIE I
BIENS FAMILIAUX
Définitions
4. (1) Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent à la présente partie.
«bien» Droit, actuel ou futur, dévolu ou éventuel, sur un bien meuble ou immeuble. Sont compris :
a) le bien sur lequel le conjoint possède, seul ou avec une autre personne, un pouvoir de désignation qu’il peut
exercer en faveur de lui-même;
b) le bien aliéné par un conjoint mais sur lequel il possède, seul ou avec une autre personne, le pouvoir de
révoquer l’aliénation ou celui de consommer ou d’aliéner le bien;
c) dans le cas du droit du conjoint, en vertu d’un régime de retraite, qui a été acquis, le droit du conjoint y
compris les contributions des autres personnes. («property»)
Remarque : Le jour que le lieutenant-gouverneur fixe par proclamation, l’alinéa c) est abrogé et remplacé par ce qui suit :
c) dans le cas des droits du conjoint prévus par un régime de retraite, la valeur théorique, aux fins du droit de la
famille, du droit du conjoint sur le régime, déterminée conformément à l’article 10.1, pour la période qui
commence à la date du mariage et qui se termine à la date d’évaluation. («property»)
Voir : 2009, chap. 11, par. 22 (4) et 53 (2).
«biens familiaux nets» Valeur de tous les biens, à l’exception des biens décrits au paragraphe (2), dont le conjoint
est le propriétaire à la date d’évaluation, après déduction des éléments suivants :
a) ses dettes et autres éléments de passif, notamment les dettes fiscales éventuelles afférentes aux biens;
b) la valeur des biens, à l’exception d’un foyer conjugal, dont le conjoint était le propriétaire à la date du
mariage, après déduction de ses dettes et autres éléments de passif, à l’exception des dettes ou des éléments
de passif directement liés à l’acquisition ou à l’amélioration importante d’un foyer conjugal, calculée à la date
du mariage. («net family property»)
«date d’évaluation» La première des dates suivantes :
1. La date à laquelle les conjoints se séparent et qu’il n’existe aucune perspective raisonnable qu’ils cohabitent
de nouveau.
2. La date à laquelle le divorce est accordé.
3. La date à laquelle le mariage est déclaré nul.
4. La date à laquelle un des conjoints introduit une requête visée au paragraphe 5 (3) (dilapidation) qui est
accordée par la suite.
5. La date avant la date à laquelle l’un des conjoints décède et l’autre lui survit. («valuation date»)
«foyer conjugal» Foyer conjugal au sens de l’article 18. S’entend en outre du bien qui est un foyer conjugal au sens
de cet article à la date d’évaluation. («matrimonial home»)
«tribunal» Tribunal au sens du paragraphe 1 (1), à l’exclusion de la Cour de justice de l’Ontario. («court») L.R.O.
1990, chap. F.3, par. 4 (1); 2006, chap. 19, annexe C, par. 1 (2); 2009, chap. 11, par. 22 (1) à (3).
Biens exclus
(2) La valeur des biens suivants dont le conjoint est le propriétaire à la date d’évaluation ne fait pas partie de ses
biens familiaux nets :
1. Le bien, à l’exception d’un foyer conjugal, qui est un don ou un héritage que le conjoint a acquis d’un tiers
après la date du mariage.
2. Les revenus provenant d’un don ou d’un héritage visé au point 1, si le donateur ou le testateur a expressément
indiqué qu’ils doivent être exclus des biens familiaux nets du conjoint.
3. Les dommages-intérêts au titre de lésions corporelles, de choc nerveux, de souffrances morales ou de perte de
conseils, de soins et de compagnie, le droit à ces dommages-intérêts ou la partie d’une transaction qui
représente ces dommages-intérêts.
-684. Les sommes dues d’une police d’assurance-vie au sens de la Loi sur les assurances qui sont à verser lors du
décès de l’assuré, ou le droit de les recevoir.
5. Les biens, à l’exception d’un foyer conjugal, qu’on peut faire remonter aux biens visés aux dispositions 1 à 4.
6. Le bien qui, d’après le contrat familial conclu entre les conjoints, doit être exclu des biens familiaux nets du
conjoint.
7. Les gains non ajustés ouvrant droit à pension au sens du Régime de pensions du Canada. L.R.O. 1990, chap.
F.3, par. 4 (2); 2004, chap. 31, annexe 38, par. 2 (1); 2009, chap. 11, par. 22 (5).
Fardeau de la preuve en ce qui concerne les déductions et exclusions
(3) Le fardeau de prouver une déduction aux termes de la définition du terme «biens familiaux nets» ou une
exclusion aux termes du paragraphe (2) revient à la personne qui la demande. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 4 (3).
Fermeture des bureaux
(4) Lorsque le présent article prévoit qu’une valeur soit calculée à une date donnée, le calcul se fait à la fermeture
des bureaux à cette date. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 4 (4).
Biens familiaux nets non inférieurs à zéro
(5) Si le résultat du calcul des biens familiaux nets prévu aux paragraphes (1), (2) et (4) est inférieur à zéro, il est
réputé être égal à zéro. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 4 (5).
Égalisation des biens familiaux nets
Divorce, etc.
5. (1) Si un jugement conditionnel de divorce est prononcé, que le mariage est déclaré nul ou que les conjoints
sont séparés et qu’il n’existe aucune perspective raisonnable qu’ils cohabitent de nouveau, le conjoint qui possède le
moins de biens familiaux nets a droit à la moitié de la différence entre les biens familiaux nets de son conjoint et les
siens. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (1).
Décès du conjoint
(2) Si un conjoint décède et que ses biens familiaux nets excèdent ceux du conjoint survivant, ce dernier a droit à
la moitié de la différence entre eux. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (2).
Dilapidation des biens familiaux nets
(3) Si les conjoints cohabitent et qu’il existe un grave danger que l’un d’eux puisse dilapider ses biens familiaux
nets, l’autre conjoint peut, par voie de requête présentée en vertu de l’article 7, obtenir que la différence entre les
biens familiaux nets des deux conjoints soit divisée comme si les conjoints étaient séparés et qu’il n’existait aucune
perspective raisonnable qu’ils cohabitent de nouveau. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (3).
Aucun autre partage
(4) Après que le tribunal a rendu une ordonnance de partage fondée sur le paragraphe (3), aucun des conjoints ne
peut présenter une autre requête en vertu de l’article 7 à l’égard du mariage. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (4).
Idem
(5) Le paragraphe (4) s’applique même si les conjoints continuent de cohabiter, sauf disposition contraire d’un
contrat familial conclu entre les conjoints. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (5).
Modification du montant
(6) Le tribunal peut accorder à un conjoint un montant qui est inférieur ou supérieur à la moitié de la différence
entre les biens familiaux nets qui appartiennent à chacun des conjoints si le tribunal est d’avis que l’égalisation des
biens familiaux nets serait inadmissible, compte tenu des facteurs suivants :
a) le défaut d’un conjoint de révéler à l’autre des dettes ou d’autres éléments de passif qui existaient à la date du
mariage;
b) le fait que des dettes ou d’autres éléments de passif réclamés en faveur de la réduction des biens familiaux
nets d’un conjoint ont été contractés de façon inconséquente ou de mauvaise foi;
c) la partie des biens familiaux nets d’un conjoint qui se compose de dons faits par l’autre conjoint;
d) la dilapidation volontaire ou inconséquente par un conjoint de ses biens familiaux nets;
e) le fait que le montant qu’un conjoint recevrait autrement en vertu du paragraphe (1), (2) ou (3) est
excessivement considérable par rapport à une période de cohabitation qui est inférieure à cinq ans;
-69f) le fait qu’un conjoint a contracté des dettes ou d’autres éléments de passif excessivement considérables par
rapport à ceux de l’autre conjoint pour subvenir aux besoins de la famille;
g) un accord écrit entre les conjoints qui n’est pas un contrat familial;
h) n’importe quelle autre circonstance concernant l’acquisition, l’aliénation, la conservation, l’entretien ou
l’amélioration des biens. L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (6).
But
(7) Le but du présent article est de reconnaître que les soins à donner aux enfants, la gestion du ménage et
l’apport financier constituent des responsabilités communes aux conjoints, et d’affirmer que la contribution de
chacun des conjoints, financière ou autre, en vue d’assumer ces responsabilités est implicite dans une relation
matrimoniale. Par le fait même, chacun des conjoints a droit à l’égalisation des biens familiaux nets, sous réserve
seulement des considérations équitables énoncées au paragraphe (6). L.R.O. 1990, chap. F.3, par. 5 (7).
-70-
PLEASE NOTE
This document, prepared by the Legislative Counsel Office, is an office
consolidation of this Act, current to May 19, 2010. It is intended for
information and reference purposes only.
This document is not the official version of the Act. The Act and the
amendments as printed under the authority of the Queen’s Printer for the
province should be consulted to determine the authoritative statement of the
law.
For more information concerning the history of this Act, please see the
Table of Public Acts.
If you find any errors or omissions in this consolidation, please contact:
Legislative Counsel Office
Tel: (902) 368-4291
Email: [email protected]
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CHAPTER F-2.1
FAMILY LAW ACT
1. (1) In this Act
Definitions
(a) “child” includes a person whom a parent has demonstrated a
settled intention to treat as a child of his or her family, except under
an arrangement where the child is placed for valuable consideration
in a foster home by a person having lawful custody;
child
(a.1) “child support guidelines” means the guidelines established by
the regulations;
child support
guidelines
(b) “cohabit” means to live together in a conjugal relationship,
whether within or outside marriage;
cohabit
(c) “court” means the Family Section of the Supreme Court;
court
(d) “domestic contract” means a domestic contract as defined in Part
IV;
domestic contract
(e) “parent” includes a person who has demonstrated a settled
intention to treat a child as a child of his or her family, except under
an arrangement where the child is placed for valuable consideration
in a foster home by a person having lawful custody;
parent
(f) “parental agreement” means a parental agreement as defined in
Part IV;
parental agreement
(g) “spouse” means an individual who, in respect of another person,
(i) is married to the other person, or
(ii) has entered into a marriage with the other person that is
voidable or void;
spouse
(2) In this Act, a reference to marriage includes a marriage that is
actually or potentially polygamous, if it was celebrated in a jurisdiction
whose system of law recognizes it as valid.
Polygamous
marriage
(3) For the purposes of determining when spouses are living separate
and apart,
(a) spouses shall be deemed to have lived separate and apart for any
period during which they lived apart and either of them had the
intention to live separate and apart from the other; and
(b) a period during which spouses have lived separate and apart shall
not be considered to have been interrupted or terminated
(i) only because either spouse has become incapable of forming or
having an intention to continue to live separate and apart or of
Living separate and
apart
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Cap. F-2.1
Family Law Act
continuing to live separate and apart of the spouse’s own volition
if it appears to the court that the separation would probably have
continued if the spouse had not become so incapable, or
(ii) only because the spouses have resumed living together during
a period of, or periods totalling, not more than ninety days with
reconciliation as the primary purpose. 1995,c.12,s.1;
1997,c.16,s.1 {eff.} Nov. 27/97; 2008,c.8,s.10(2).
PROCEDURE
Staying application
2. (1) If, in an application under this Act, it appears to the court that for
the appropriate determination of the spouses’ affairs it is necessary or
desirable to have other matters determined first or simultaneously, the
court may stay the application until another proceeding is brought or
determined as the court considers appropriate.
Application as
prescribed in rules
of court
(2) An application under this Act may be made in the manner
prescribed in the rules of court.
Extension of times
(3) The court may, on motion, extend a time prescribed by this Act if it
is satisfied that
(a) there are apparent grounds for relief;
(b) relief is unavailable because of delay that has been incurred in
good faith; and
(c) no person will suffer substantial prejudice by reason of the delay.
Closed hearings
(4) The court may exclude the public from a hearing, or any part
thereof, where, in the opinion of the presiding judge, the desirability of
protecting against the consequences of possible disclosure of intimate
financial or personal matters outweighs the desirability of holding the
hearing in public and the court may by order prohibit the publication of
any matter connected with the application or given in evidence at the
hearing.
Incorporation of
contract in order
(5) A provision of a domestic contract in respect of a matter that is
dealt with in this Act may be incorporated in an order made under this
Act.
Act subject to
contracts
(6) A domestic contract dealing with a matter that is also dealt with in
this Act prevails unless this Act provides otherwise.
Registration of
orders
(7) An order made under this Act that affects real property does not
affect the acquisition of an interest in the real property by a person acting
in good faith without notice of the order, unless the order is registered in
the proper land registry office. 1995,c.12,s.2.
2
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Family Law Act
Cap.F-2.1
2.1 A spouse is not entitled to any rights, or to enforce any rights, under
sections 6 or 20 or Part III, if
(a) the marriage is voidable or void; and
(b) the spouse did not enter into the marriage in good faith.
2008,c.8,s.10(3).
3
Voidable or void
marriage not in
good faith
MEDIATION
3. (1) In an application under this Act, the court may, on motion,
appoint a person whom the parties have selected to mediate any matter
that the court specifies.
(2) The court shall appoint only a person who
(a) has consented to act as mediator; and
(b) has agreed to file a report with the court within the period of time
specified by the court.
(3) The mediator shall confer with the parties, and with the children if
the mediator considers it appropriate to do so, and shall endeavour to
obtain an agreement between the parties.
(4) Before entering into mediation, the parties shall decide whether
(a) the mediator is to file a full report on the mediation, including
anything that he or she considers relevant; or
(b) the mediator is to file a limited report that sets out only the
agreement reached by the parties or states only that the parties did
not reach agreement.
Mediation
Consent to act
Duty of mediator
Full or limited
report
(5) The mediator shall file with the deputy registrar of the court a full
or limited report, as the parties have decided, and shall give a copy to
each of the parties.
Filing and copies of
report
(6) If the parties have decided that the mediator is to file a limited
report, no evidence of anything said or of any admission or
communication made in the course of the mediation is admissible in any
proceeding, except with the consent of all parties to the proceeding in
which the mediator was appointed.
Admissions, etc., in
the course of
mediation
(7) The court shall require the parties to pay the mediator’s fees and
expenses and shall specify in the order the proportions or amounts of the
fees and expenses that each party is required to pay.
Fees and expenses
(8) The court may require one party to pay all the mediator’s fees and
expenses if the court is satisfied that payment would cause the other
party or parties serious financial hardship. 1995,c.12,s.3;
2008,c.20,s.72(31).
Idem, serious
financial hardship
3
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Cap. F-2.1
Family Law Act
PART I
FAMILY PROPERTY
Definitions
4. (1) In this Part
family home
(a) “family home” means a family home under section 19 and
includes property that is a family home under that section at the
valuation date;
net family property
(b) “net family property” means the value of all the property,
including the income from the property, that a spouse owns on the
valuation date after deducting
(i) the spouse’s debts and other liabilities on the valuation date,
(ii) the value of property that the spouse owned on the date of the
marriage, valued at the date of the marriage, less the spouse’s
debts and other liabilities on the date of the marriage,
(iii) the value of the following kinds of property acquired by the
spouse after the date of the marriage and owned by the spouse on
the valuation date:
1. A gift or inheritance from a third person.
2. Damages or a right to damages for personal injury, nervous
shock, mental distress or loss of guidance, care and
companionship, or the part of a settlement that represents those
damages.
3. Proceeds or a right to proceeds of a contract of life, accident
or sickness insurance, as defined in the Insurance Act
R.S.P.E.I. 1988, Cap. I-4, if the insurance was not purchased
with intent to defeat a claim under this Part.
(iv) the value of property owned by the spouse on the valuation
date into which property of a kind described in paragraph 1, 2 or
3 of subclause (iii) acquired by the spouse after the date of the
marriage can be traced, and
(v) the value of property owned by the spouse on the valuation
date that the spouses have agreed by a domestic contract is not to
be included in the spouse’s net family property;
pension benefit
(b.1) “pension benefit” means any pension, allowance, annuity,
return of contributions or other benefit or amount payable under a
pension plan to a spouse;
property
(c) “property” means any interest, present or future, vested or
contingent, in real or personal property and includes
(i) property over which a spouse has, alone or in conjunction with
another person, a power of appointment exercisable in favour of
himself or herself,
(ii) property disposed of by a spouse but over which the spouse
has, alone or in conjunction with another person, a power to
4
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Family Law Act
Cap.F-2.1
5
revoke the disposition or a power to consume or dispose of the
property, if the power may be exercised to benefit himself or
herself, and
(iii) pension benefits, whether vested or not;
(d) “valuation date” means the earliest of the following dates:
1. The date the spouses begin to live separate and apart.
2. The date a divorce is granted.
3. The date the marriage is declared a nullity.
4. The date one of the spouses commences an application based
on subsection 6(2) (improvident depletion) that is subsequently
granted.
valuation date
(2) For the purposes of the definition of “net family property” in
subsection (1), except subclauses (iii), (iv) and (v), the value of property
that a spouse owns on a given date and the debts and other liabilities of a
spouse on a given date shall be calculated as of close of business on that
date.
Date and time of
valuation
(3) For the purposes of subclause (iii) of the definition of “net family
property” in subsection (1), the value of property acquired by a spouse
after the date of the marriage is the lesser of
(a) the value calculated as of close of business on the date of
acquisition; and
(b) the value calculated as of close of business on the valuation date.
Idem
(4) For the purposes of subclause (iv) of the definition of “net family
property” in subsection (1), the value to be deducted is the lesser of
(a) the value of the property described in paragraph 1, 2 or 3 of
subclause (iii) of the definition of “net family property”, calculated
as of close of business on the date of acquisition; and
(b) the value of the property owned on the valuation date, to the
extent that the property referred to in clause (a) can be traced into it,
calculated as of close of business on the valuation date.
Idem
(5) For the purposes of subclause (v) of the definition of “net family
property in subsection (1), the value of property that the spouses have
agreed by a domestic contract is not to be included in a spouse’s net
family property shall be calculated as of close of business on the
valuation date, unless a contrary intention appears from the contract.
Idem
(6) If a spouse’s net family property as calculated under this section is
less than zero, it shall be deemed to be equal to zero.
Net family property
never less than zero
(7) The onus of proving a deduction under subclauses (i) to (v) of the
definition of “net family property” in subsection (1) is on the person
claiming it. 1995,c.12,s.4; 1997,c.15,s.1; 1998,c.84,s.9 {eff.} Aug. 5/00.
Onus of proving
deduction
5
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Cap. F-2.1
Family Law Act
Transfers to defeat
claims
5. (1) Where a spouse transfers property during his or her lifetime for
inadequate consideration or for no consideration and with intent to defeat
a claim under this Part, the property shall be deemed to have been owned
on the valuation date by the transferor spouse for the purpose of
determining his or her net family property.
Presumption of
intent to defeat
claim
(2) The fact that a spouse transferred property during the ninety day
period ending with the date on which the spouses began to live separate
and apart is proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the
transfer was made with intent to defeat a claim under this Part.
Revesting orders
(3) The court may, on an application under section 7, make an order
against the transferee or a subsequent transferee revesting all or part of
the transferred property in the transferor spouse, or in the spouse’s
personal representative, where
(a) the value of the transferred property has been included in the
spouse’s net family property as a result of subsection (1);
(b) there are insufficient assets to satisfy an order made under
section 9; and
(c) the transferee or subsequent transferee had notice that the
transfer was made with intent to defeat a claim under this Act.
Compensation for
transferee
(4) Where property is revested in accordance with subsection (3), the
transferee or subsequent transferee is entitled to compensation from the
transferor spouse, or from the spouse’s estate, for any value given as
consideration for the transfer
(a) less any depreciation in the value of the asset since the transfer;
(b) less any amount the court considers just on account of use or
enjoyment of the property by the transferee;
(c) plus any amount the court considers just on account of
improvements to the property by the transferee.
Transferee a party
(5) A transferee who would be affected by an order made under
subsection (3) shall be named as a party to the application. 1995,c.12,s.5.
Equalization of net
family properties
6. (1) When a divorce is granted or a marriage is declared a nullity, or
when the spouses are living separate and apart, the spouse whose net
family property is the lesser of the two net family properties is entitled to
one-half the difference between them.
Improvident
depletion of net
family property
(2) When spouses are cohabiting, if there is a serious danger that one
spouse may improvidently deplete his or her net family property, the
other spouse may on an application under section 7 have the difference
between the net family properties divided as if the spouses were living
separate and apart.
6
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Family Law Act
Cap.F-2.1
7
(3) After the court has made an order for division based on subsection
(2), neither spouse may make a further application under section 7 in
respect of their marriage.
No further division
(4) Subsection (3) applies even though the spouses continue to cohabit,
unless a domestic contract between the spouses provides otherwise.
Idem
(5) The court may award a spouse an amount that is more or less than
half the difference between the net family properties if the court is of the
opinion that equalizing the net family properties would be
unconscionable, having regard to
(a) a spouse’s failure to disclose to the other spouse debts or other
liabilities existing at the date of the marriage;
(b) the fact that debts or other liabilities claimed in reduction of a
spouse’s net family property were incurred recklessly or in bad faith;
(c) the part of a spouse’s net family property that consists of gifts
made by the other spouse;
(d) a spouse’s intentional or reckless depletion of his or her net
family property;
(e) the fact that the amount a spouse would otherwise receive under
subsection (1) or (2) is disproportionately large in relation to a
period of cohabitation within the marriage that is less than five
years;
(f) the fact that one spouse has incurred a disproportionately larger
amount of debts or other liabilities than the other spouse for the
support of the family;
(g) a written agreement between the spouses that is not a domestic
contract; or
(h) any other circumstance relating to the acquisition, disposition,
preservation, maintenance, improvement, deterioration, destruction,
division or transfer of property.
Variation of share
(6) The court may award a spouse an amount that is more or less than
half the difference between the net family properties if the court is of the
opinion that equalizing the net family properties would be inequitable
because of a substantial change after the valuation date in the value of
any property included in either spouse’s net family property.
Changes in value
after the valuation
date
(7) Where there is no difference between the net family properties of
the spouses, the court may award a spouse either or both of the
following:
1. An amount in order to avoid a result that would, in the court’s
opinion, be unconscionable, having regard to the factors mentioned
in clauses (5)(a) to (h).
2. An amount in order to avoid a result that would, in the court’s
opinion, be inequitable because of a substantial change after the
Equal net family
properties
7
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8
Cap. F-2.1
Family Law Act
valuation date in the value of any property included in either
spouse’s net family property.
Purposes
(8) The purpose of this section is to recognize that child care,
household management and financial provision are the joint
responsibilities of the spouses and that inherent in their relationship there
is equal contribution, whether financial or otherwise, by the spouses to
the assumption of these responsibilities, entitling each spouse to the
equalization of the net family properties, subject only to the equitable
considerations set out in subsections (5) to (7). 1995,c.12,s.6.
Application to court
7. (1) The court may, on the application of a spouse or former spouse,
determine any matter respecting the spouse’s entitlement under section 6.
Personal action,
estates
(2) Entitlement under subsections 6(1) and (2) is personal as between
the spouses but an application based on subsection 6(1) or (2) and
commenced before a spouse’s death may be continued by or against the
deceased spouse’s estate.
Limitation
(3) An application based on subsection 6(1) shall not be brought after
the earlier of
(a) two years after the day the marriage is terminated by divorce or
judgment of nullity;
(b) six years after the day the spouses begin to live separate and
apart. 1995,c.12,s.7.
Statement of
property
8. (1) In an application under section 7, each party shall serve on the
other and file with the court, in the manner and form prescribed by the
rules of the court, a statement verified by oath disclosing particulars of
(a) the party’s property and debts and other liabilities,
(i) as of the date of the marriage,
(ii) as of the valuation date, and
(iii) as of the date of the statement;
(b) the deductions that the party claims under subclauses (i) to (v) of
the definition of “net family property” in subsection 4(1); and
(c) all property that the party disposed of during the two years
immediately preceding the making of the statement, or during the
marriage, whichever period is shorter.
Costs related to
failure to disclose
(2) Where a spouse, without reasonable cause, fails to comply fully
and accurately with subsection (1), the court shall award the costs related
to the failure against the spouse. 1995,c.12,s.8.
Powers of court
9. (1) In an application under section 7, the court may order
(a) that one spouse pay to the other spouse the amount to which the
court finds that spouse to be entitled under this Part;
8
-79Judgments Act, C.C.S.M., c. J10, s. 13
Exemptions
13(1)
Subject to subsections (2), (3) and (4), unless otherwise provided, no proceedings shall be taken under
a registered judgment or attachment against
(a) the farm land upon which the judgment debtor or his family actually resides or which he cultivates, either
wholly or in part, or which he actually uses for grazing or other purposes, where the area of the land is not
more than 160 acres;
(b) the house, stables, barns, and fences, on the judgment debtor's farm, subject, however, as aforesaid;
(c) the actual residence or home, not held in joint tenancy or tenancy in common, of any judgment debtor,
other than a farmer, where the value thereof does not exceed the sum of $2,500.;
(d) the actual residence or home held in joint tenancy or tenancy in common, of any judgment debtor, other
than a farmer, where the value of the interest of the judgment debtor does not exceed the sum of $1,500.
Sale of surplus farm land
13(2)
Where the area of land to which clause (1)(a) applies is more than 160 acres, the surplus may be sold,
subject to any lien or encumbrance thereon.
Sale of house
13(3)
Where the value of a residence or home or interest therein
(a) to which clause (1)(c) applies exceeds $2,500.; or
(b) to which clause (1)(d) applies exceeds the sum of $1,500.;
it may be offered for sale.
Minimum price
13(4)
No residence or home or interest therein of a judgment debtor shall be sold unless the amount offered
after deducting all costs and expenses
(a) exceeds $2,500. in the case of a home or residence to which clause (1)(c) applies; or
(b) exceeds $1,500. in respect of the interest of each judgment debtor in the case of a home or residence or
interest therein to which clause (1)(d) applies;
and no such sale shall be carried out, or possession given to any person thereunder, until the amount of the
exemption is paid over to the judgment debtor entitled to the exemption; and that sum, until paid over to the
judgment debtor, shall be exempt from seizure under execution, garnishment, attachment for debt, or any other
legal process.
-80Loi sur les jugements, C.P.L.M. c. J10, s. 13
Biens insaisissables
13(1)
Sous réserve des paragraphes (2), (3) et (4) et sauf disposition contraire, des procédures ne peuvent
être engagées en vertu d'un jugement ou d'un bref de saisie enregistré, contre les biens suivants :
a) le fonds agricole sur lequel le débiteur judiciaire ou sa famille réside réellement, qu'il cultive en totalité ou
en partie ou qu'il utilise réellement pour le pâturage ou pour d'autres fins, lorsque la superficie du bien-fonds
n'est pas supérieure à 160 acres;
b) la maison, les étables, les granges et les clôtures qui se trouvent sur la ferme du débiteur judiciaire, sous
réserve toutefois de ce qui précède;
c) la résidence ou le foyer réel, non détenu en propriété conjointe ou en commun, qu'un débiteur judiciaire qui
n'est pas un agriculteur possède, lorsque sa valeur ne dépasse pas 2 500 $;
d) la résidence ou le foyer réel, détenu en propriété conjointe ou en commun, qu'un débiteur judiciaire qui
n'est pas un agriculteur possède, lorsque la valeur de son intérêt ne dépasse pas 1 500 $.
Vente du fonds agricole excédentaire
13(2)
Lorsque la superficie du fonds agricole visé à l'alinéa(1)a) est supérieure à 160 acres, l'excédent peut
être vendu, sous réserve des privilèges ou des charges qui le grèvent.
Vente d'une maison
13(3)
Lorsque la valeur d'une résidence ou d'un foyer ou d'un intérêt dans la résidence ou le foyer :
a) visé à l'alinéa (1)c) est supérieure à 2 500 $;
b) visé à l'alinéa (1)d) est supérieure à 1 500 $,
cette résidence ou ce foyer peut être mis en vente.
Conditions de la vente
13(4)
La vente d'une résidence ou d'un foyer ou d'un intérêt dans la résidence ou le foyer d'un débiteur
judiciaire est subordonnée à la condition que le montant offert, après déduction des frais et des dépenses, soit
supérieur à l'un ou l'autre des montants suivants :
a) 2 500 $, dans le cas d'une résidence ou d'un foyer visé à l'alinéa (1)c);
b) 1 500 $, pour l'intérêt de chaque débiteur judiciaire, dans le cas d'une résidence ou d'un foyer ou d'un droit
dans la résidence ou le foyer visé à l'alinéa (1)d).
Une telle vente ne peut être exécutée ou la possession ne peut, en vertu de la vente, être remise à quiconque tant
que le montant de l'exemption n'est pas versé au débiteur judiciaire bénéficiaire de l'exemption. Tant que cette
somme n'est pas versée au débiteur judiciaire, elle demeure insaisissable par suite d'une procédure d'exécution,
de saisie-arrêt, de saisie pour une créance ou par suite d'autres procédures judiciaires.
-81-
CANADA
CONSOLIDATION
CODIFICATION
Bankruptcy and
Insolvency Act
Loi sur la faillite et
l’insolvabilité
CHAPTER B-3
CHAPITRE B-3
Current to June 30, 2010
À jour au 30 juin 2010
Published by the Minister of Justice at the following address:
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
Publié par le ministre de la Justice à l’adresse suivante :
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
-82-
Faillite et insolvabilité — 30 juin 2010
(a) the consumer proposal must be approved
by the inspectors, if any, before any further
action is taken thereon;
a) la proposition doit être approuvée par les
inspecteurs, le cas échéant, avant que toute
autre mesure ne soit prise à son égard;
(b) the consumer debtor must have obtained
the assistance of a trustee who shall act as
administrator of the proposal in the preparation and execution thereof;
b) le débiteur consommateur doit avoir obtenu les services d’un syndic pour agir comme
administrateur dans le cadre de la préparation et de l’exécution de la proposition;
(c) the time with respect to which the claims
of creditors shall be determined is the time at
which the consumer debtor became
bankrupt; and
c) le moment par rapport auquel les réclamations des créanciers sont déterminées est
celui où le débiteur consommateur est devenu un failli;
(d) the approval or deemed approval by the
court of the consumer proposal operates to
annul the bankruptcy and to revest in the
consumer debtor, or in such other person as
the court may approve, all the right, title and
interest of the trustee in the property of the
consumer debtor, unless the terms of the
consumer proposal otherwise provide.
d) l’approbation — effective ou présumée
— de la proposition par le tribunal a pour effet d’annuler la faillite et de réattribuer au
débiteur consommateur, ou à toute autre personne que le tribunal peut approuver, le
droit, le titre et l’intérêt complets du syndic
aux biens du débiteur, à moins que les conditions de la proposition ne soient à l’effet
contraire.
1992, c. 27, s. 32; 1997, c. 12, s. 58.
1992, ch. 27, art. 32; 1997, ch. 12, art. 58.
Property of
bankrupt
PART IV
PARTIE IV
PROPERTY OF THE BANKRUPT
BIENS DU FAILLI
67. (1) The property of a bankrupt divisible
among his creditors shall not comprise
67. (1) Les biens d’un failli, constituant le
patrimoine attribué à ses créanciers, ne comprennent pas les biens suivants :
(a) property held by the bankrupt in trust for
any other person;
a) les biens détenus par le failli en fiducie
pour toute autre personne;
(b) any property that as against the bankrupt
is exempt from execution or seizure under
any laws applicable in the province within
which the property is situated and within
which the bankrupt resides;
b) les biens qui, selon le droit applicable
dans la province dans laquelle ils sont situés
et où réside le failli, ne peuvent faire l’objet
d’une mesure d’exécution ou de saisie contre
celui-ci;
(b.1) goods and services tax credit payments
that are made in prescribed circumstances to
the bankrupt and that are not property referred to in paragraph (a) or (b);
b.1) dans les circonstances prescrites, les
paiements qui sont faits au failli au titre de
crédits de taxe sur les produits et services et
qui ne sont pas des biens visés aux alinéas a)
ou b);
(b.2) prescribed payments relating to the essential needs of an individual that are made
in prescribed circumstances to the bankrupt
and that are not property referred to in paragraph (a) or (b); or
b.2) dans les circonstances prescrites, les
paiements prescrits qui sont faits au failli relativement aux besoins essentiels de personnes physiques et qui ne sont pas des biens
visés aux alinéas a) ou b);
(b.3) without restricting the generality of
paragraph (b), property in a registered retirement savings plan or a registered retirement
income fund, as those expressions are defined in the Income Tax Act, or in any prescribed plan, other than property contributed
b.3) sans restreindre la portée générale de
l’alinéa b), les biens détenus dans un régime
enregistré d’épargne-retraite ou un fonds enregistré de revenu de retraite, au sens de la
107
Biens du failli
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Bankruptcy and Insolvency — June 30, 2010
to any such plan or fund in the 12 months before the date of bankruptcy,
Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu, ou dans tout régime prescrit, à l’exception des cotisations
au régime ou au fonds effectuées au cours
des douze mois précédant la date de la
faillite,
but it shall comprise
(c) all property wherever situated of the
bankrupt at the date of the bankruptcy or that
may be acquired by or devolve on the
bankrupt before their discharge, including
any refund owing to the bankrupt under the
Income Tax Act in respect of the calendar
year — or the fiscal year of the bankrupt if it
is different from the calendar year — in
which the bankrupt became a bankrupt, except the portion that
mais ils comprennent :
c) tous les biens, où qu’ils soient situés, qui
appartiennent au failli à la date de la faillite,
ou qu’il peut acquérir ou qui peuvent lui être
dévolus avant sa libération, y compris les
remboursements qui lui sont dus au titre de
la Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu relativement à
l’année civile — ou à l’exercice lorsque celui-ci diffère de l’année civile — au cours de
laquelle il a fait faillite, mais à l’exclusion de
la partie de ces remboursements qui :
(i) is not subject to the operation of this
Act, or
(ii) in the case of a bankrupt who is the
judgment debtor named in a garnishee
summons served on Her Majesty under the
Family Orders and Agreements Enforcement Assistance Act, is garnishable money
that is payable to the bankrupt and is to be
paid under the garnishee summons, and
(i) soit sont des sommes soustraites à
l’application de la présente loi,
(ii) soit sont des sommes qui lui sont dues
et qui sont saisissables en vertu d’un bref
de saisie-arrêt signifié à Sa Majesté en application de la Loi d’aide à l’exécution des
ordonnances et des ententes familiales
dans lequel il est nommé comme débiteur;
(d) such powers in or over or in respect of
the property as might have been exercised by
the bankrupt for his own benefit.
d) les pouvoirs sur des biens ou à leur égard,
qui auraient pu être exercés par le failli pour
son propre bénéfice.
Deemed trusts
(2) Subject to subsection (3), notwithstanding any provision in federal or provincial legislation that has the effect of deeming property to
be held in trust for Her Majesty, property of a
bankrupt shall not be regarded as held in trust
for Her Majesty for the purpose of paragraph
(1)(a) unless it would be so regarded in the absence of that statutory provision.
(2) Sous réserve du paragraphe (3) et par dérogation à toute disposition législative fédérale
ou provinciale ayant pour effet d’assimiler certains biens à des biens détenus en fiducie pour
Sa Majesté, aucun des biens du failli ne peut,
pour l’application de l’alinéa (1)a), être considéré comme détenu en fiducie pour Sa Majesté
si, en l’absence de la disposition législative en
question, il ne le serait pas.
Fiducies
présumées
Exceptions
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply in respect
of amounts deemed to be held in trust under
subsection 227(4) or (4.1) of the Income Tax
Act, subsection 23(3) or (4) of the Canada Pension Plan or subsection 86(2) or (2.1) of the
Employment Insurance Act (each of which is in
this subsection referred to as a “federal provision”) nor in respect of amounts deemed to be
held in trust under any law of a province that
creates a deemed trust the sole purpose of
which is to ensure remittance to Her Majesty in
right of the province of amounts deducted or
withheld under a law of the province where
(3) Le paragraphe (2) ne s’applique pas à
l’égard des montants réputés détenus en fiducie
aux termes des paragraphes 227(4) ou (4.1) de
la Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu, des paragraphes
23(3) ou (4) du Régime de pensions du Canada
ou des paragraphes 86(2) ou (2.1) de la Loi sur
l’assurance-emploi (chacun étant appelé « disposition fédérale » au présent paragraphe) ou à
l’égard des montants réputés détenus en fiducie
aux termes de toute loi d’une province créant
une fiducie présumée dans le seul but d’assurer
à Sa Majesté du chef de cette province la remise de sommes déduites ou retenues aux
termes d’une loi de cette province, dans la me-
Exceptions
108
-84-
(a) that law of the province imposes a tax
similar in nature to the tax imposed under the
Income Tax Act and the amounts deducted or
withheld under that law of the province are
of the same nature as the amounts referred to
in subsection 227(4) or (4.1) of the Income
Tax Act, or
sure où, dans ce dernier cas, se réalise l’une des
conditions suivantes :
a) la loi de cette province prévoit un impôt
semblable, de par sa nature, à celui prévu par
la Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu, et les
sommes déduites ou retenues aux termes de
la loi de cette province sont de même nature
que celles visées aux paragraphes 227(4) ou
(4.1) de la Loi de l’impôt sur le revenu;
(b) the province is a “province providing a
comprehensive pension plan” as defined in
subsection 3(1) of the Canada Pension Plan,
that law of the province establishes a
“provincial pension plan” as defined in that
subsection and the amounts deducted or
withheld under that law of the province are
of the same nature as amounts referred to in
subsection 23(3) or (4) of the Canada Pension Plan,
and for the purpose of this subsection, any provision of a law of a province that creates a
deemed trust is, notwithstanding any Act of
Canada or of a province or any other law,
deemed to have the same effect and scope
against any creditor, however secured, as the
corresponding federal provision.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 67; 1992, c. 27, s. 33; 1996, c. 23, s.
168; 1997, c. 12, s. 59; 1998, c. 19, s. 250; 2005, c. 47, s.
57; 2007, c. 36, s. 32.
b) cette province est « une province instituant un régime général de pensions » au
sens du paragraphe 3(1) du Régime de pensions du Canada, la loi de cette province institue un « régime provincial de pensions » au
sens de ce paragraphe, et les sommes déduites ou retenues aux termes de la loi de
cette province sont de même nature que
celles visées aux paragraphes 23(3) ou (4) du
Régime de pensions du Canada.
Pour l’application du présent paragraphe, toute
disposition de la loi provinciale qui crée une fiducie présumée est réputée avoir, à l’encontre
de tout créancier du failli et malgré tout texte
législatif fédéral ou provincial et toute règle de
droit, la même portée et le même effet que la
disposition fédérale correspondante, quelle que
soit la garantie dont bénéficie le créancier.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 67; 1992, ch. 27, art. 33; 1996, ch.
23, art. 168; 1997, ch. 12, art. 59; 1998, ch. 19, art. 250;
2005, ch. 47, art. 57; 2007, ch. 36, art. 32.
Directives re
surplus income
68. (1) The Superintendent shall, by directive, establish in respect of the provinces or one
or more bankruptcy districts or parts of
bankruptcy districts, the standards for determining the surplus income of an individual
bankrupt and the amount that a bankrupt who
has surplus income is required to pay to the estate of the bankrupt.
68. (1) Le surintendant fixe, par instruction,
pour les provinces ou pour un ou plusieurs districts ou parties de district, des normes visant
l’établissement du revenu excédentaire du failli
qui est une personne physique et de la somme
que celui-ci doit verser à l’actif de la faillite.
Instructions du
surintendant —
revenu
excédentaire
Definitions
(2) The following definitions apply in this
section.
(2) Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent
au présent article.
Définitions
“surplus
income”
« revenu
excédentaire »
“surplus income” means the portion of a
bankrupt individual’s total income that exceeds
that which is necessary to enable the bankrupt
individual to maintain a reasonable standard of
living, having regard to the applicable standards established under subsection (1).
« revenu excédentaire » Le montant du revenu
total d’une personne physique en faillite qui excède ce qui est nécessaire au maintien d’un niveau de vie raisonnable, compte tenu des
normes applicables mentionnées au paragraphe
(1).
« revenu
excédentaire »
“surplus
income”
“total income”
« revenu total »
“total income”
« revenu total » Malgré les alinéas 67(1)b) et
b.3), revenus de toute nature ou source gagnés
ou reçus par le failli entre la date de sa faillite
et celle de sa libération, y compris les sommes
« revenu total »
“total income”
(a) includes, despite paragraphs 67(1)(b)
and (b.3), a bankrupt’s revenues of whatever
nature or from whatever source that are
109
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Idem
(3) Subsection (1) does not apply where an
amendment to a consumer proposal is filed
within six months after the filing of a previous
amendment to the same consumer proposal.
(3) Le paragraphe (1) ne s’applique pas si
une modification de la proposition de consommateur est déposée dans les six mois suivant le
dépôt d’une autre modification de la même proposition de consommateur.
Idem
Secured
creditors
(4) Subject to sections 79 and 127 to 135
and subsection 248(1), the filing of a consumer
proposal under subsection 66.13(2) does not
prevent a secured creditor from realizing or
otherwise dealing with his security in the same
manner as he would have been entitled to realize or deal with it if this section had not been
passed, unless the court otherwise orders, but in
so ordering the court shall not postpone the
right of the secured creditor to realize or otherwise deal with his security, except as follows:
(4) Sous réserve des articles 79 et 127 à 135
et du paragraphe 248(1), le dépôt d’une proposition de consommateur aux termes du paragraphe 66.13(2) n’a pas pour effet d’empêcher
un créancier garanti de réaliser sa garantie ou
de faire toutes autres opérations à son égard
tout comme il aurait pu le faire en l’absence du
présent article, à moins que le tribunal n’en ordonne autrement. Tout report ordonné à cet
égard doit toutefois être conforme aux règles
suivantes :
Créanciers
garantis
(a) in the case of a security for a debt that is
due at the date of the approval or deemed approval of the consumer proposal or that becomes due not later than six months thereafter, that right shall not be postponed for
more than six months from that date; and
a) dans le cas d’une garantie relative à une
dette échue à la date de l’approbation — effective ou présumée — de la proposition ou
qui le devient dans les six mois suivants,
l’exercice des droits du créancier ne peut être
reporté à plus de six mois après cette date;
(b) in the case of a security for a debt that
does not become due until more than six
months after the date of the approval or
deemed approval of the consumer proposal,
that right shall not be postponed for more
than six months from that date, unless all instalments of interest that are more than six
months in arrears are paid and all other defaults of more than six months standing are
cured, and then only so long as no instalment
of interest remains in arrears or defaults remain uncured for more than six months, but,
in any event, not beyond the date at which
the debt secured by the security becomes
payable under the instrument or act, or law,
creating the security.
b) dans le cas d’une garantie relative à une
dette qui ne devient échue que plus de six
mois après la date de l’approbation — effective ou présumée — de la proposition,
l’exercice des droits du créancier peut être
reporté à plus de six mois après cette date —
mais en aucun cas au-delà de la date à laquelle la dette devient exigible en vertu de
l’acte ou de la règle de droit instituant la garantie — seulement si tous les versements
d’intérêts en souffrance depuis plus de six
mois sont acquittés et si tous les autres manquements de plus de six mois sont réparés, et
seulement tant qu’aucun versement d’intérêts
ne demeure en souffrance, ou tant qu’aucun
autre manquement ne reste sans réparation,
pendant plus de six mois.
(5) No order may be made under subsection
(4) if the order would have the effect of preventing a secured creditor from realizing or
otherwise dealing with financial collateral.
(5) L’ordonnance visée au paragraphe (4) ne
peut avoir pour effet d’empêcher le créancier
garanti de réaliser la garantie financière ou
d’effectuer à l’égard de celle-ci toute autre opération.
Exception
1992, c. 27, s. 36; 1997, c. 12, s. 64; 2004, c. 25, s. 43(E);
2007, c. 29, s. 95.
Stays of
proceedings —
bankruptcies
69.3 (1) Subject to subsections (1.1) and (2)
and sections 69.4 and 69.5, on the bankruptcy
of any debtor, no creditor has any remedy
against the debtor or the debtor’s property, or
shall commence or continue any action, execu-
Exception
1992, ch. 27, art. 36; 1997, ch. 12, art. 64; 2004, ch. 25, art.
43(A); 2007, ch. 29, art. 95.
69.3 (1) Sous réserve des paragraphes (1.1)
et (2) et des articles 69.4 et 69.5, à compter de
la faillite du débiteur, ses créanciers n’ont aucun recours contre lui ou contre ses biens et ils
ne peuvent intenter ou continuer aucune action,
124
Suspension des
procédures en
cas de faillite
-86-
tion or other proceedings, for the recovery of a
claim provable in bankruptcy.
mesure d’exécution ou autre procédure en vue
du recouvrement de réclamations prouvables en
matière de faillite.
End of stay
(1.1) Subsection (1) ceases to apply in respect of a creditor on the day on which the
trustee is discharged.
(1.1) Le paragraphe (1) cesse de s’appliquer
à tout créancier le jour de la libération du syndic.
Fin de la
suspension
Secured
creditors
(2) Subject to subsection (3), sections 79
and 127 to 135 and subsection 248(1), the
bankruptcy of a debtor does not prevent a secured creditor from realizing or otherwise dealing with his or her security in the same manner
as he or she would have been entitled to realize
or deal with it if this section had not been
passed, unless the court otherwise orders, but in
so ordering the court shall not postpone the
right of the secured creditor to realize or otherwise deal with his or her security, except as follows:
(2) Sous réserve du paragraphe (3), des articles 79 et 127 à 135 et du paragraphe 248(1),
la faillite d’un débiteur n’a pas pour effet d’empêcher un créancier garanti de réaliser sa garantie ou de faire toutes autres opérations à son
égard tout comme il aurait pu le faire en l’absence du présent article, à moins que le tribunal
n’en décide autrement. Tout report ordonné à
cet égard doit toutefois être conforme aux
règles suivantes :
Créanciers
garantis
a) dans le cas d’une garantie relative à une
dette échue à la date où le failli est devenu
tel ou qui le devient dans les six mois suivants, l’exercice des droits du créancier ne
peut être reporté à plus de six mois après
cette date;
(a) in the case of a security for a debt that is
due at the date the bankrupt became bankrupt
or that becomes due not later than six months
thereafter, that right shall not be postponed
for more than six months from that date; and
b) dans le cas d’une garantie relative à une
dette qui ne devient échue que plus de six
mois après la date où le failli est devenu tel,
l’exercice des droits du créancier peut être
reporté à plus de six mois après cette date —
mais en aucun cas au-delà de la date à laquelle la dette devient exigible en vertu de
l’acte ou de la règle de droit instituant la garantie — seulement si tous les versements
d’intérêts en souffrance depuis plus de six
mois sont acquittés et si tous les autres manquements de plus de six mois sont réparés, et
seulement tant qu’aucun versement d’intérêts
ne demeure en souffrance, ou tant qu’aucun
autre manquement ne reste sans réparation,
pendant plus de six mois.
(b) in the case of a security for a debt that
does not become due until more than six
months after the date the bankrupt became
bankrupt, that right shall not be postponed
for more than six months from that date, unless all instalments of interest that are more
than six months in arrears are paid and all
other defaults of more than six months standing are cured, and then only so long as no instalment of interest remains in arrears or defaults remain uncured for more than six
months, but, in any event, not beyond the
date at which the debt secured by the security becomes payable under the instrument or
law creating the security.
Exception
(2.1) No order may be made under subsection (2) if the order would have the effect of
preventing a secured creditor from realizing or
otherwise dealing with financial collateral.
(2.1) L’ordonnance visée au paragraphe (2)
ne peut avoir pour effet d’empêcher le créancier garanti de réaliser la garantie financière ou
d’effectuer à l’égard de celle-ci toute autre opération.
Exception
Secured
creditors —
aircraft objects
(3) If a secured creditor who holds security
on aircraft objects under an agreement with the
bankrupt is postponed from realizing or otherwise dealing with that security, the order under
which the postponement is made is terminated
(3) Dans le cas où le créancier titulaire, au
titre d’un contrat conclu avec le failli, d’une garantie portant sur un bien aéronautique voit reporter son droit de réaliser sa garantie ou de
faire toutes autres opérations à son égard, l’ordonnance opérant le report prend fin :
Créanciers
garantis — biens
aéronautiques
(a) if, after the order is made, the trustee defaults in protecting or maintaining the air-
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craft objects in accordance with the agreement;
a) si, après son prononcé, le syndic manque
à l’obligation prévue au contrat de préserver
ou d’entretenir le bien;
(b) 60 days after the day on which the order
is made unless, during that period, the trustee
b) si, à l’expiration d’un délai de soixante
jours suivant son prononcé :
(i) remedied the default of every other
obligation under the agreement, other than
a default constituted by the commencement of proceedings under this Act or the
breach of a provision in the agreement relating to the bankrupt’s financial condition, and
(i) il n’a pas remédié aux manquements
aux autres obligations prévues au contrat,
exception faite du manquement résultant
de l’introduction d’une procédure intentée
au titre de la présente loi ou de la contravention d’une stipulation du contrat relative à la situation financière du failli,
(ii) agreed to perform the obligations under the agreement, other than the
bankrupt’s obligation not to become insolvent or an obligation relating to the
bankrupt’s financial condition, until the
day on which the secured creditor is able
to realize or otherwise deal with his or her
security; or
(ii) il ne s’est pas engagé à se conformer
jusqu’à la date où le créancier peut réaliser
sa garantie ou faire toutes autres opérations à son égard à toutes les obligations
qui sont prévues au contrat, sauf l’obligation du failli de ne pas devenir insolvable
ou toute autre obligation relative à la situation financière de celui-ci;
(c) if, during the period that begins 60 days
after the day on which the order is made and
ends on the day on which the secured creditor is able to realize or otherwise deal with
his or her security, the trustee defaults in performing an obligation under the agreement,
other than the bankrupt’s obligation not to
become insolvent or an obligation relating to
the bankrupt’s financial condition.
c) si, pendant la période commençant à l’expiration du délai de soixante jours et se terminant à la date où le créancier peut réaliser
sa garantie ou faire toutes autres opérations à
son égard, il manque à l’une des obligations
prévues au contrat, sauf l’obligation du failli
de ne pas devenir insolvable ou toute autre
obligation relative à sa situation financière.
1992, c. 27, s. 36; 2005, c. 3, s. 14, c. 47, s. 62; 2007, c. 29,
s. 96, c. 36, s. 36.
1992, ch. 27, art. 36; 2005, ch. 3, art. 14, ch. 47, art. 62;
2007, ch. 29, art. 96, ch. 36, art. 36.
Stay of
proceedings —
directors
69.31 (1) Where a notice of intention under
subsection 50.4(1) has been filed or a proposal
has been made by an insolvent corporation, no
person may commence or continue any action
against a director of the corporation on any
claim against directors that arose before the
commencement of proceedings under this Act
and that relates to obligations of the corporation
where directors are under any law liable in their
capacity as directors for the payment of such
obligations, until the proposal, if one has been
filed, is approved by the court or the corporation becomes bankrupt.
69.31 (1) Entre la date où une personne morale insolvable a déposé l’avis d’intention prévu au paragraphe 50.4(1) ou une proposition et
la date d’approbation de la proposition ou celle
de sa faillite, nul ne peut intenter ou continuer
d’action contre les administrateurs relativement
aux réclamations contre eux qui sont antérieures aux procédures intentées sous le régime
de la présente loi et visent des obligations dont
ils peuvent être, ès qualités, responsables en
droit.
Suspension des
procédures —
administrateurs
Exception
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect
of an action against a director on a guarantee
given by the director relating to the corporation’s obligations or an action seeking injunctive relief against a director in relation to the
corporation.
(2) La suspension ne s’applique toutefois
pas aux actions contre les administrateurs pour
les garanties qu’ils ont données relativement
aux obligations de la personne morale ni aux
mesures de la nature d’une injonction les visant
au sujet de celle-ci.
Exception
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Resignation or
removal of
directors
(3) Where all of the directors have resigned
or have been removed by the shareholders
without replacement, any person who manages
or supervises the management of the business
and affairs of the corporation shall be deemed
to be a director for the purposes of this section.
1997, c. 12, s. 65.
(3) Si tous les administrateurs démissionnent ou sont destitués par les actionnaires
sans être remplacés, quiconque dirige ou supervise les activités commerciales et les affaires
internes de la personne morale est réputé un administrateur pour l’application du présent article.
Démission ou
destitution des
administrateurs
1997, ch. 12, art. 65.
Court may
declare that
stays, etc., cease
69.4 A creditor who is affected by the operation of sections 69 to 69.31 or any other person affected by the operation of section 69.31
may apply to the court for a declaration that
those sections no longer operate in respect of
that creditor or person, and the court may make
such a declaration, subject to any qualifications
that the court considers proper, if it is satisfied
(a) that the creditor or person is likely to be
materially prejudiced by the continued operation of those sections; or
(b) that it is equitable on other grounds to
make such a declaration.
69.4 Tout créancier touché par l’application
des articles 69 à 69.31 ou toute personne touchée par celle de l’article 69.31 peut demander
au tribunal de déclarer que ces articles ne lui
sont plus applicables. Le tribunal peut, avec les
réserves qu’il estime indiquées, donner suite à
la demande s’il est convaincu que la continuation d’application des articles en question lui
causera vraisemblablement un préjudice sérieux ou encore qu’il serait, pour d’autres motifs, équitable de rendre pareille décision.
Déclaration de
non-application
1992, ch. 27, art. 36; 1997, ch. 12, art. 65.
1992, c. 27, s. 36; 1997, c. 12, s. 65.
Non-application
of certain
provisions
69.41 (1) Sections 69 to 69.31 do not apply
in respect of a claim referred to in subsection
121(4).
69.41 (1) Les articles 69 à 69.31 ne s’appliquent pas aux réclamations visées au paragraphe 121(4).
Précision
No remedy, etc.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), no creditor with a claim referred to in subsection
121(4) has any remedy, or shall commence or
continue any action, execution or other proceeding, against
(2) Malgré le paragraphe (1), le créancier
d’une réclamation mentionnée au paragraphe
121(4) n’a aucun recours et ne peut intenter ou
continuer d’actions, exécutions ou autres procédures relativement aux biens du failli dévolus
au syndic ou aux montants à verser à l’actif de
la faillite au titre de l’article 68.
Recours interdits
(a) property of a bankrupt that has vested in
the trustee; or
(b) amounts that are payable to the estate of
the bankrupt under section 68.
1997, ch. 12, art. 65.
1997, c. 12, s. 65.
No stay, etc., in
certain cases
69.42 Despite anything in this Act, no provision of this Act shall have the effect of staying
or restraining, and no order may be made under
this Act staying or restraining,
(a) the exercise by the Minister of Finance
or the Superintendent of Financial Institutions of any power, duty or function assigned
to them by the Bank Act, the Cooperative
Credit Associations Act, the Insurance Companies Act or the Trust and Loan Companies
Act;
69.42 Malgré les autres dispositions de la
présente loi, aucune disposition de la présente
loi ne peut avoir pour effet de suspendre ou restreindre et aucune ordonnance ne peut être rendue, pour suspendre ou restreindre :
a) l’exercice par le ministre des Finances ou
par le surintendant des institutions financières des attributions qui leur sont conférées
par la Loi sur les banques, la Loi sur les associations coopératives de crédit, la Loi sur
les sociétés d’assurances ou la Loi sur les
sociétés de fiducie et de prêt;
(b) the exercise by the Governor in Council,
the Minister of Finance or the Canada De-
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Restrictions
-89-
agreement with the trustee to pay the trustee’s
fees and disbursements if the total amount required to be paid under the agreement is not
more than the prescribed amount and that total
amount is to be paid before the expiry of the
12-month period after the bankrupt’s discharge.
The agreement may be enforced after the
bankrupt’s discharge.
avec le syndic un accord prévoyant le paiement
par elle, avant l’expiration de la période de
douze mois suivant sa libération, d’une somme
au titre des honoraires et débours du syndic
n’excédant pas la somme prescrite. Cet accord
peut être exécuté après la libération du failli.
2005, ch. 47, art. 95.
2005, c. 47, s. 95.
All other
provisions of
Act to apply
Counselling
157. Except as provided in section 155, all
the provisions of this Act, in so far as they are
applicable, apply with such modifications as
the circumstances require to summary administration.
157. Sauf dans les cas prévus à l’article 155,
toutes les dispositions de la présente loi, dans la
mesure où elles sont applicables, s’appliquent,
compte tenu des adaptations de circonstance, à
l’administration sommaire.
R.S., c. B-3, s. 128.
S.R., ch. B-3, art. 128.
PART VI
PARTIE VI
BANKRUPTS
FAILLIS
COUNSELLING SERVICES
SERVICES DE CONSULTATION
157.1 (1) The trustee
(a) shall provide, or provide for, counselling
for an individual bankrupt, and
157.1 (1) Dans les cas où le failli est une
personne physique, le syndic :
Consultations
a) est tenu de lui offrir des consultations, ou
de voir à ce qu’il lui en soit offert;
(b) may provide, or provide for, counselling
for a person who, as specified in directives of
the Superintendent, is financially associated
with an individual bankrupt,
in accordance with directives issued by the Superintendent pursuant to paragraph 5(4)(b), and
the estate of the bankrupt shall pay the costs of
the counselling, as costs of administration of
the estate, according to the prescribed tariff.
Toutes les autres
dispositions
s’appliquent
b) peut offrir des consultations aux personnes qui, selon les instructions du surintendant, ont des rapports financiers avec le
failli.
Le syndic s’acquitte des tâches que lui confie le
présent paragraphe conformément aux instructions émises par le surintendant aux termes de
l’alinéa 5(4)b); les frais des consultations sont à
la charge de l’actif, à titre de frais d’administration, selon le taux prescrit.
Idem
(2) Where counselling is provided by a
trustee to a debtor who is not a bankrupt, that
counselling must be provided in accordance
with directives issued by the Superintendent
pursuant to paragraph 5(4)(b).
(2) Les consultations offertes par le syndic à
un débiteur qui n’est pas un failli doivent être
offertes conformément aux instructions données par le surintendant aux termes de l’alinéa
5(4)b).
Idem
Effect on
automatic
discharge
(3) Subsection 168.1(1) does not apply to an
individual bankrupt who has refused or neglected to receive counselling under subsection (1).
(3) Le paragraphe 168.1(1) ne s’applique
pas au failli qui est une personne physique,
dans la mesure où il a refusé ou omis de se prévaloir des consultations offertes aux termes du
paragraphe (1).
Effet sur la
libération
d’office
1992, c. 27, s. 58; 1997, c. 12, s. 93; 2005, c. 47, s. 96.
96.
DUTIES OF BANKRUPTS
Duties of
bankrupt
OBLIGATIONS DES FAILLIS
158. A bankrupt shall
158. Le failli doit :
187
Obligations des
faillis
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(a) make discovery of and deliver all his
property that is under his possession or control to the trustee or to any person authorized
by the trustee to take possession of it or any
part thereof;
a) révéler et remettre tous ses biens qui sont
en sa possession ou sous son contrôle, au
syndic ou à une personne que le syndic autorise à en prendre possession en tout ou en
partie;
(a.1) in such circumstances as are specified
in directives of the Superintendent, deliver to
the trustee, for cancellation, all credit cards
issued to and in the possession or control of
the bankrupt;
a.1) dans les circonstances prévues par les
instructions du surintendant, remettre au syndic, pour annulation, toutes les cartes de crédit délivrées au failli et en sa possession ou
sous son contrôle;
(b) deliver to the trustee all books, records,
documents, writings and papers including,
without restricting the generality of the foregoing, title papers, insurance policies and tax
records and returns and copies thereof in any
way relating to his property or affairs;
b) remettre au syndic tous les livres, registres, documents, écrits et papiers, notamment les documents de titre, les polices d’assurance et les archives et déclarations
d’impôt, ainsi que les copies de ce qui précède, se rattachant de quelque façon à ses
biens ou affaires;
(c) at such time and place as may be fixed
by the official receiver, attend before the official receiver or before any other official receiver delegated by the official receiver for
examination under oath with respect to his
conduct, the causes of his bankruptcy and the
disposition of his property;
c) aux date, heure et lieu que peut fixer le
séquestre officiel, se présenter devant ce dernier ou devant tout autre séquestre officiel
délégué par le séquestre officiel, pour y subir
un interrogatoire sous serment sur sa
conduite, les causes de sa faillite et la disposition de ses biens;
(d) within five days following the bankruptcy, unless the time is extended by the official
receiver, prepare and submit to the trustee in
quadruplicate a statement of the bankrupt’s
affairs in the prescribed form verified by affidavit and showing the particulars of the
bankrupt’s assets and liabilities, the names
and addresses of the bankrupt’s creditors, the
securities held by them respectively, the
dates when the securities were respectively
given and such further or other information
as may be required, but where the affairs of
the bankrupt are so involved or complicated
that the bankrupt alone cannot reasonably
prepare a proper statement of affairs, the official receiver may, as an expense of the administration of the estate, authorize the employment of a qualified person to assist in
the preparation of the statement;
d) dans les cinq jours suivant sa faillite, à
moins que le séquestre officiel ne prolonge le
délai, préparer et soumettre en quatre exemplaires au syndic un bilan en la forme prescrite attesté par affidavit et indiquant les détails de ses avoirs et de ses obligations, ainsi
que les noms et adresses de ses créanciers,
les garanties qu’ils détiennent respectivement, les dates auxquelles les garanties ont
été respectivement données, et les renseignements supplémentaires ou autres qui peuvent
être exigés; si les affaires du failli sont mêlées ou compliquées au point qu’il ne peut
adéquatement lui-même en préparer un relevé convenable, le séquestre officiel peut,
comme dépenses d’administration de l’actif,
autoriser l’emploi d’une personne compétente pour aider à la préparation du relevé;
(e) make or give all the assistance within his
power to the trustee in making an inventory
of his assets;
e) dresser un inventaire de ses avoirs ou
donner au syndic toute l’assistance qu’il peut
donner pour dresser l’inventaire;
(f) make disclosure to the trustee of all property disposed of within the period beginning
on the day that is one year before the date of
the initial bankruptcy event or beginning on
such other antecedent date as the court may
f) révéler au syndic tous les biens aliénés au
cours de la période allant du premier jour de
l’année précédant l’ouverture de la faillite,
ou de la date antérieure que le tribunal peut
fixer, jusqu’à la date de la faillite inclusive-
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direct, and ending on the date of the
bankruptcy, both dates included, and how
and to whom and for what consideration any
part thereof was disposed of except such part
as had been disposed of in the ordinary manner of trade or used for reasonable personal
expenses;
ment, et comment, à qui et pour quelle considération toute partie des biens a été aliénée,
sauf la partie de ces biens qui a été aliénée
dans le cours ordinaire du commerce, ou employée pour dépenses personnelles raisonnables;
g) révéler au syndic tous les biens aliénés
par donation ou par disposition sans contrepartie valable et suffisante au cours de la période allant du premier jour de la cinquième
année précédant l’ouverture de la faillite jusqu’à la date de la faillite inclusivement;
(g) make disclosure to the trustee of all
property disposed of by gift or settlement
without adequate valuable consideration
within the period beginning on the day that is
five years before the date of the initial
bankruptcy event and ending on the date of
the bankruptcy, both dates included;
h) assister à la première assemblée de ses
créanciers, à moins d’en être empêché par la
maladie ou pour une autre cause suffisante,
et s’y soumettre à un interrogatoire;
(h) attend the first meeting of his creditors
unless prevented by sickness or other sufficient cause and submit thereat to examination;
i) lorsqu’il en est requis, assister aux autres
assemblées de ses créanciers ou des inspecteurs, ou se rendre aux ordres du syndic;
(i) when required, attend other meetings of
his creditors or of the inspectors, or attend on
the trustee;
j) se soumettre à tout autre interrogatoire
sous serment au sujet de ses biens ou de ses
affaires, selon qu’il en est requis;
(j) submit to such other examinations under
oath with respect to his property or affairs as
required;
k) aider de tout son pouvoir à la réalisation
de ses biens et au partage des produits entre
ses créanciers;
(k) aid to the utmost of his power in the realization of his property and the distribution of
the proceeds among his creditors;
l) exécuter les procurations, transferts, actes
et instruments qu’il peut être requis d’exécuter;
(l) execute any powers of attorney, transfers,
deeds and instruments or acts that may be required;
m) examiner l’exactitude de toutes preuves
de réclamations produites, s’il en est requis
par le syndic;
(m) examine the correctness of all proofs of
claims filed, if required by the trustee;
n) s’il a connaissance que quelqu’un a produit une réclamation fausse, rapporter immédiatement le fait au syndic;
(n) in case any person has to his knowledge
filed a false claim, disclose the fact immediately to the trustee;
n.1) aviser le syndic de tout changement important de sa situation financière;
(n.1) inform the trustee of any material
change in the bankrupt’s financial situation;
o) d’une façon générale, accomplir, au sujet
de ses biens et du partage du produit parmi
ses créanciers, tous actes et toutes choses que
le syndic peut raisonnablement lui demander
de faire, ou que les Règles générales peuvent
prescrire, ou qu’il peut recevoir l’ordre de
faire du tribunal par une ordonnance spéciale
rendue à l’égard d’un cas particulier, ou rendue à l’occasion d’une requête particulière
du syndic, d’un créancier ou d’une personne
intéressée;
(o) generally do all such acts and things in
relation to his property and the distribution
of the proceeds among his creditors as may
be reasonably required by the trustee, or may
be prescribed by the General Rules, or may
be directed by the court by any special order
made with reference to any particular case or
made on the occasion of any special application by the trustee, or any creditor or person
interested; and
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Where bankrupt
is a corporation
(p) until his application for discharge has
been disposed of and the administration of
the estate completed, keep the trustee advised at all times of his place of residence or
address.
p) jusqu’à ce qu’il ait été disposé de sa demande de libération et jusqu’à ce que l’administration de son actif ait été complétée, tenir
le syndic constamment informé de son
adresse ou de son lieu de résidence.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 158; 1992, c. 27, s. 59; 1997, c. 12, s.
94; 2004, c. 25, s. 73.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 158; 1992, ch. 27, art. 59; 1997,
ch. 12, art. 94; 2004, ch. 25, art. 73.
159. Where a bankrupt is a corporation, the
officer executing the assignment, or such
159. Lorsque le failli est une personne morale, le fonctionnaire qui exécute la cession ou
tout dirigeant de la personne morale ou toute
personne qui, directement ou indirectement, en
a, ou en a eu, le contrôle de fait, désigné par le
séquestre officiel, doit se présenter devant lui
pour être interrogé et doit remplir toutes les
obligations que l’article 158 impose à un failli,
et, s’il omet de le faire, il est susceptible d’être
puni comme s’il était le failli.
(a) officer of the corporation, or
(b) person who has, or has had, directly or
indirectly, control in fact of the corporation
as the official receiver may specify, shall attend
before the official receiver for examination and
shall perform all of the duties imposed on a
bankrupt by section 158, and, in case of failure
to do so, the officer or person is punishable as
though that officer or person were the bankrupt.
Lorsque le failli
est une personne
morale
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 159; 1992, ch. 27, art. 60.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 159; 1992, c. 27, s. 60.
Performance of
duties by
imprisoned
bankrupt
160. If a bankrupt is undergoing imprisonment, the court may, in order to enable the
bankrupt to attend in court in bankruptcy proceedings at which the bankrupt’s personal presence is required, to attend the first meeting of
creditors or to perform the duties required of
the bankrupt under this Act, direct that the
bankrupt be produced in the protective custody
of an executing officer or other duly authorized
officer at any time and place that may be designated, or it may make any other order that it
deems proper and requisite in the circumstances.
160. Lorsqu’un failli subit un emprisonnement, le tribunal peut, afin de lui permettre
d’assister devant le tribunal aux procédures en
faillite auxquelles sa présence personnelle est
requise, ou de lui permettre d’assister à la première assemblée des créanciers, ou de remplir
les obligations que la présente loi lui impose,
ordonner qu’il soit amené sous la garde d’un
huissier-exécutant ou d’un autre fonctionnaire
dûment autorisé, à tels date, heure et lieu qui
peuvent être désignés, ou le tribunal peut
rendre toute autre ordonnance qu’il juge utile
dans les circonstances.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 160; 2004, c. 25, s. 74(E).
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 160; 2004, ch. 25, art. 74(A).
Exécution de
fonctions par un
failli emprisonné
EXAMINATION OF BANKRUPTS AND OTHERS
INTERROGATOIRE DES FAILLIS ET AUTRES
Examination of
bankrupt by
official receiver
161. (1) Before a bankrupt’s discharge, the
official receiver shall, on the attendance of the
bankrupt, examine the bankrupt under oath
with respect to the bankrupt’s conduct, the
causes of the bankruptcy and the disposition of
the bankrupt’s property and shall put to the
bankrupt the prescribed question or questions
to the like effect and such other questions as the
official receiver may see fit.
161. (1) Avant la libération du failli, le séquestre officiel, lorsque celui-ci se présente devant lui, l’interroge sous serment sur sa
conduite, les causes de sa faillite et la disposition de ses biens, et lui pose les questions prescrites ou des questions au même effet, ainsi que
toutes autres questions qu’il peut juger opportunes.
Interrogatoire du
failli par le
séquestre
officiel
Record of
examination
(2) The official receiver shall make a record
of the examination and shall forward a copy of
the record to the Superintendent and the trustee.
(2) Le séquestre officiel établit le compte
rendu de l’interrogatoire et le transmet au surintendant et au syndic.
Compte rendu
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Arrest of
bankrupts under
certain
circumstances
ARREST OF BANKRUPTS
ARRESTATION DES FAILLIS
168. (1) The court may by warrant cause a
bankrupt to be arrested, and any books, papers
and property in his possession to be seized, and
the bankrupt, books, papers and property to be
safely kept as directed until such time as the
court may order, under the following circumstances:
168. (1) Le tribunal peut, par mandat, faire
arrêter et détenir un failli, et faire saisir tous les
livres, papiers et biens en sa possession et les
faire mettre en lieu sûr, tel qu’il est ordonné,
jusqu’à la date que le tribunal peut prescrire,
dans les circonstances suivantes :
a) si, après la production d’une requête en
faillite contre lui, le tribunal juge qu’il y a
des raisons de croire qu’il s’est évadé ou
qu’il est sur le point de s’évader du Canada
en vue d’éviter le paiement de la dette qui a
occasionné la présentation de la requête,
d’éviter sa comparution au sujet de celle-ci,
d’éviter d’être interrogé sur ses affaires, ou
d’autre façon éviter, retarder ou gêner les
procédures en matière de faillite contre lui;
(a) if, after the filing of a bankruptcy application against the bankrupt, it appears to the
court that there are grounds for believing that
the bankrupt has absconded or is about to abscond from Canada with a view of avoiding
payment of the debt in respect of which the
bankruptcy application was filed, of avoiding
appearance to the application, of avoiding
examination in respect of their affairs or of
otherwise avoiding, delaying or embarrassing proceedings in bankruptcy against them;
b) si, après avoir fait une cession, le tribunal juge qu’il y a des raisons de croire qu’il
s’est évadé, ou qu’il est sur le point de s’évader, du Canada, en vue d’éviter le paiement
de ses dettes ou d’éviter d’être interrogé sur
ses affaires;
(b) if, after making an assignment, it appears
to the court that there are grounds for believing that the bankrupt has absconded or is
about to abscond from Canada with a view
of avoiding payment of his debts or of avoiding examination in respect of his affairs;
c) si, après la production d’une requête en
faillite ou d’une cession, le tribunal juge
qu’il y a des motifs raisonnables de croire,
selon le cas :
(c) if, after the filing of a bankruptcy application or an assignment, it appears to the
court that there are reasonable grounds for
believing that the bankrupt
(i) qu’il est sur le point d’enlever ses
biens en vue d’empêcher ou de retarder
leur prise de possession par le syndic,
(i) is about to remove their property with
a view to preventing or delaying possession being taken of it by the trustee, or
(ii) qu’il a caché ou qu’il est sur le point
de cacher ou de détruire une partie de ses
biens ou de ses livres, documents ou écrits
qui pourraient servir au syndic ou à ses
créanciers au cours des procédures relatives à la faillite;
(ii) has concealed or is about to conceal or
destroy any of their property or any books,
documents or writings that might be of use
to the trustee or to the creditors of the
bankrupt in the course of the bankruptcy
proceedings;
d) s’il soustrait des biens en sa possession
d’une valeur de plus de vingt-cinq dollars
sans la permission du tribunal après la signification d’une requête en faillite, ou sans la
permission du syndic après qu’une cession a
été faite;
(d) if the bankrupt removes any property in
their possession above the value of twentyfive dollars without leave of the court after
service of a bankruptcy application, or without leave of the trustee after an assignment
has been made; or
e) si, après que des procédures ont été intentées aux termes de la présente loi, il n’a
pas obéi à une ordonnance du tribunal.
(e) if, after the commencement of proceedings under this Act, he has failed to obey an
order of the court.
Payments after
arrest
(2) No payment or proposal made or security given after arrest made under this section is
Arrestation d’un
failli en certains
cas
(2) Aucun paiement ou proposition faite, ni
aucun cautionnement donné après une arresta-
194
Paiements après
arrestation
-94-
exempt from the provisions of this Act relating
to fraudulent preferences.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 168; 2004, c. 25, s. 80.
tion opérée sous l’autorité du présent article,
n’est soustrait à l’application des dispositions
de la présente loi concernant les préférences
frauduleuses.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 168; 2004, ch. 25, art. 80.
Automatic
discharge
DISCHARGE OF BANKRUPTS
LIBÉRATION DES FAILLIS
168.1 (1) Subject to subsections (2) and
157.1(3), the following provisions apply in respect of an individual bankrupt other than a
bankrupt referred to in subsection 172.1(1):
168.1 (1) Sous réserve des paragraphes (2)
et 157.1(3), les dispositions qui suivent s’appliquent au failli qui est une personne physique
— autre que le failli visé au paragraphe
172.1(1) :
(a) in the case of a bankrupt who has never
before been bankrupt under the laws of
Canada or of any prescribed jurisdiction, the
bankrupt is automatically discharged
Libération
d’office
a) s’il fait faillite pour la première fois sous
le régime du droit canadien ou de tout pays
prescrit, il est libéré d’office :
(i) on the expiry of 9 months after the
date of bankruptcy unless, in that 9-month
period, an opposition to the discharge has
been filed or the bankrupt has been required to make payments under section 68
to the estate of the bankrupt, or
(i) à l’expiration des neuf mois suivant la
date de la faillite sauf si, pendant ces neuf
mois, il a été tenu de faire des versements
à l’actif de la faillite au titre de l’article 68
ou si un avis d’opposition à sa libération a
été donné,
(ii) on the expiry of 21 months after the
date of bankruptcy unless an opposition to
the discharge has been filed before the automatic discharge takes effect; and
(ii) à l’expiration des vingt et un mois suivant la date de la faillite sauf si un tel avis
a été donné;
b) s’il a déjà fait faillite une fois sous le régime du droit canadien ou de tout pays prescrit, il est libéré d’office :
(b) in the case of a bankrupt who has been a
bankrupt one time before under the laws of
Canada or of any prescribed jurisdiction, the
bankrupt is automatically discharged
(i) à l’expiration des vingt-quatre mois
suivant la date de la faillite sauf si, pendant ces vingt-quatre mois, il a été tenu de
faire des versements à l’actif de la faillite
au titre de l’article 68 ou un avis d’opposition à sa libération a été donné,
(i) on the expiry of 24 months after the
date of bankruptcy unless, in that 24month period, an opposition to the discharge has been filed or the bankrupt has
been required to make payments under
section 68 to the estate of the bankrupt, or
(ii) à l’expiration des trente-six mois suivant la date de la faillite sauf si un tel avis
a été donné.
(ii) on the expiry of 36 months after the
date of bankruptcy unless an opposition to
the discharge has been filed before the automatic discharge takes effect.
Application not
precluded
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) precludes a
bankrupt from applying to the court for a discharge before the bankrupt would otherwise be
automatically discharged, and that subsection
ceases to apply to a bankrupt who makes such
an application.
(2) Le paragraphe (1) n’a pas pour effet
d’empêcher le failli de demander au tribunal sa
libération avant la date où il serait normalement
libéré d’office; cependant, dans un tel cas, le
paragraphe (1) cesse de s’appliquer à cette personne.
Application
Application of
other provisions
(3) The provisions of this Act concerning
the discharge of bankrupts apply in respect of
an individual bankrupt who has never before
been bankrupt under the laws of Canada or of
(3) Les dispositions de la présente loi en matière de libération des faillis s’appliquent à la
personne physique qui n’a jamais fait faillite
sous le régime du droit canadien ou de tout
Application
d’autres
dispositions
195
-95-
any prescribed jurisdiction, to the extent that
those provisions are not inconsistent with this
section, whether or not the bankrupt applies to
the court for a discharge referred to in subsection (2).
pays prescrit dans la mesure où elles ne sont
pas incompatibles avec le présent article, peu
importe si elle demande sa libération au titre du
paragraphe (2).
Notice of
impending
discharge
(4) The trustee shall, not less than 15 days
before the date of a bankrupt’s automatic discharge, give notice of the impending discharge,
in the prescribed form, to the Superintendent,
the bankrupt and every creditor who has proved
a claim, at the creditor’s latest known address.
(4) Le syndic donne, en la forme prescrite,
un préavis d’au moins quinze jours de la libération d’office du failli à ce dernier, au surintendant et à chaque créancier qui a prouvé sa réclamation, à sa dernière adresse connue.
Préavis d’une
libération
d’office
imminente
Effect of
automatic
discharge
(5) An automatic discharge is deemed, for
all purposes, to be an absolute and immediate
order of discharge.
(5) La libération d’office équivaut à une ordonnance de libération absolue.
Effet de la
libération
Certificate
(6) Without delay after a bankrupt has been
automatically discharged, the trustee shall issue
a certificate to the discharged bankrupt, in the
prescribed form, declaring that the bankrupt is
discharged and is released from all debts except
those matters referred to in subsection 178(1).
The trustee shall send a copy of the certificate
to the Superintendent.
(6) Sans délai après la libération d’office, le
syndic délivre au failli libéré un certificat, en la
forme prescrite, attestant qu’il est libéré de
toutes ses dettes, à l’exception de celles visées
au paragraphe 178(1), et en remet un double au
surintendant.
Certificat
81; 2005, ch. 47, art. 100.
1992, c. 27, s. 61; 1997, c. 12, s. 98; 2004, c. 25, s. 81;
2005, c. 47, s. 100.
Oppositions to
automatic
discharge
168.2 (1) The following provisions apply in
respect of oppositions to the automatic discharge of an individual bankrupt:
168.2 (1) Les dispositions qui suivent s’appliquent à quiconque s’oppose à la libération
d’office d’une personne physique en faillite :
(a) if the Superintendent opposes the discharge, the Superintendent must give notice
of the opposition, together with the grounds
for it, to the trustee and to the bankrupt before the automatic discharge would otherwise take effect;
a) s’agissant du surintendant, il donne, en
tout temps avant la date où le failli serait normalement libéré d’office, un avis de son opposition, avec motif à l’appui, au syndic et
au failli;
b) s’agissant du créancier, il donne, en tout
temps avant cette date, un avis de son opposition, avec motif à l’appui, au surintendant,
au syndic et au failli;
(b) if a creditor opposes the discharge, the
creditor must give notice of the opposition,
together with the grounds for it, to the Superintendent, to the trustee and to the bankrupt
before the automatic discharge would otherwise take effect; and
c) s’agissant du syndic, il donne, en tout
temps avant cette date, un avis de son opposition en la forme et de la manière prescrites
au failli et au surintendant, avec motif à l’appui.
(c) if the trustee opposes the discharge, the
trustee must give notice of the opposition in
the prescribed form and manner, together
with the grounds for the opposition, to the
bankrupt and the Superintendent before the
automatic discharge would otherwise take effect.
Application for
hearing
(2) If the Superintendent, a creditor or the
trustee opposes the automatic discharge of an
individual bankrupt, the trustee shall, unless the
Opposition à la
libération
d’office
(2) Sous réserve de la médiation prévue à
l’article 170.1, si le surintendant, le syndic ou
un créancier s’opposent à la libération d’office
196
Demande
d’audition de
l’opposition
-96-
ou d’un créancier, annuler l’ordonnance de libération.
Trustee to
distribute funds
payable under
conditional
discharge
(3) Where a conditional order of discharge
of a bankrupt is made providing for payment of
a further dividend or sum of money by the
bankrupt, all payments on account thereof shall
be made to the trustee for distribution to the
creditors.
(3) Lorsqu’une ordonnance conditionnelle
de libération d’un failli est rendue prescrivant
que ce dernier paie un dividende ou une somme
d’argent supplémentaire, tout versement à valoir sur ce dividende ou cette somme est fait au
syndic pour distribution aux créanciers.
R.S., c. B-3, s. 146.
S.R., ch. B-3, art. 146.
177. [Repealed, 2000, c. 12, s. 17]
Debts not
released by
order of
discharge
Le syndic doit
distribuer les
fonds payables
aux termes
d’une libération
conditionnelle
177. [Abrogé, 2000, ch. 12, art. 17]
178. (1) An order of discharge does not release the bankrupt from
178. (1) Une ordonnance de libération ne libère pas le failli :
(a) any fine, penalty, restitution order or
other order similar in nature to a fine, penalty
or restitution order, imposed by a court in respect of an offence, or any debt arising out of
a recognizance or bail;
a) de toute amende, pénalité, ordonnance de
restitution ou toute ordonnance similaire infligée ou rendue par un tribunal, ou de toute
autre dette provenant d’un engagement ou
d’un cautionnement en matière pénale;
(a.1) any award of damages by a court in
civil proceedings in respect of
a.1) de toute indemnité accordée en justice
dans une affaire civile :
(i) bodily harm intentionally inflicted, or
sexual assault, or
(i) pour des lésions corporelles causées
intentionnellement ou pour agression
sexuelle,
(ii) wrongful death resulting therefrom;
(ii) pour décès découlant de celles-ci;
(b) any debt or liability for alimony or alimentary pension;
b) de toute dette ou obligation pour pension
alimentaire;
(c) any debt or liability arising under a judicial decision establishing affiliation or respecting support or maintenance, or under an
agreement for maintenance and support of a
spouse, former spouse, former common-law
partner or child living apart from the
bankrupt;
c) de toute dette ou obligation aux termes de
la décision d’un tribunal en matière de filiation ou d’aliments ou aux termes d’une entente alimentaire au profit d’un époux, d’un
ex-époux ou ancien conjoint de fait ou d’un
enfant vivant séparé du failli;
(d) any debt or liability arising out of fraud,
embezzlement, misappropriation or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity or,
in the Province of Quebec, as a trustee or administrator of the property of others;
d) de toute dette ou obligation résultant de la
fraude, du détournement, de la concussion ou
de l’abus de confiance alors qu’il agissait,
dans la province de Québec, à titre de fiduciaire ou d’administrateur du bien d’autrui
ou, dans les autres provinces, à titre de fiduciaire;
(e) any debt or liability resulting from obtaining property or services by false pretences or fraudulent misrepresentation, other
than a debt or liability that arises from an equity claim;
e) de toute dette ou obligation résultant de
l’obtention de biens ou de services par des
faux-semblants ou la présentation erronée et
frauduleuse des faits, autre qu’une dette ou
obligation qui découle d’une réclamation relative à des capitaux propres;
(f) liability for the dividend that a creditor
would have been entitled to receive on any
provable claim not disclosed to the trustee,
unless the creditor had notice or knowledge
of the bankruptcy and failed to take reasonable action to prove his claim;
f) de l’obligation visant le dividende qu’un
créancier aurait eu droit de recevoir sur toute
réclamation prouvable non révélée au syndic,
208
L’ordonnance de
libération ne
libère pas des
dettes
-97-
(g) any debt or obligation in respect of a
loan made under the Canada Student Loans
Act, the Canada Student Financial Assistance Act or any enactment of a province that
provides for loans or guarantees of loans to
students where the date of bankruptcy of the
bankrupt occurred
à moins que ce créancier n’ait été averti ou
n’ait eu connaissance de la faillite et n’ait
omis de prendre les mesures raisonnables
pour prouver sa réclamation;
(ii) within seven years after the date on
which the bankrupt ceased to be a full- or
part-time student; or
g) de toute dette ou obligation découlant
d’un prêt consenti ou garanti au titre de la
Loi fédérale sur les prêts aux étudiants, de la
Loi fédérale sur l’aide financière aux étudiants ou de toute loi provinciale relative aux
prêts aux étudiants lorsque la faillite est survenue avant la date à laquelle le failli a cessé
d’être un étudiant, à temps plein ou à temps
partiel, au regard de la loi applicable, ou
dans les sept ans suivant cette date;
(h) any debt for interest owed in relation to
an amount referred to in any of paragraphs
(a) to (g).
h) de toute dette relative aux intérêts dus à
l’égard d’une somme visée à l’un des alinéas
a) à g).
(1.1) At any time after five years after a
bankrupt who has a debt referred to in paragraph (1)(g) ceases to be a full- or part-time
student, as the case may be, under the applicable Act or enactment, the court may, on application, order that subsection (1) does not apply
to the debt if the court is satisfied that
(1.1) Lorsque le failli qui a une dette visée à
l’alinéa (1)g) n’est plus un étudiant à temps
plein ou à temps partiel depuis au moins cinq
ans au regard de la loi applicable, le tribunal
peut, sur demande, ordonner que la dette soit
soustraite à l’application du paragraphe (1) s’il
est convaincu que le failli a agi de bonne foi relativement à ses obligations découlant de cette
dette et qu’il a et continuera à avoir des difficultés financières telles qu’il ne pourra pas acquitter celle-ci.
Ordonnance de
non-application
du paragraphe
(1)
(2) Subject to subsection (1), an order of
discharge releases the bankrupt from all claims
provable in bankruptcy.
(2) Une ordonnance de libération libère le
failli de toutes autres réclamations prouvables
en matière de faillite.
Réclamations
libérées
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 178; R.S., 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.), s.
28; 1992, c. 27, s. 64; 1997, c. 12, s. 105; 1998, c. 21, s.
103; 2000, c. 12, s. 18; 2001, c. 4, s. 32; 2004, c. 25, s. 83;
2005, c. 47, s. 107; 2007, c. 36, s. 54.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 178; L.R. (1985), ch. 3 (2e suppl.),
art. 28; 1992, ch. 27, art. 64; 1997, ch. 12, art. 105; 1998,
ch. 21, art. 103; 2000, ch. 12, art. 18; 2001, ch. 4, art. 32;
2004, ch. 25, art. 83; 2005, ch. 47, art. 107; 2007, ch. 36,
art. 54.
179. An order of discharge does not release
a person who at the time of the bankruptcy was
a partner or co-trustee with the bankrupt or was
jointly bound or had made a joint contract with
the bankrupt, or a person who was surety or in
the nature of a surety for the bankrupt.
179. Une ordonnance de libération ne libère
pas une personne qui, au moment de la faillite,
était un associé du failli ou cofiduciaire avec le
failli, ou était conjointement liée ou avait passé
un contrat en commun avec lui, ou une personne qui était caution ou semblait être une
caution pour lui.
(i) before the date on which the bankrupt
ceased to be a full- or part-time student, as
the case may be, under the applicable Act
or enactment, or
Court may order
non-application
of subsection (1)
(a) the bankrupt has acted in good faith in
connection with the bankrupt’s liabilities under the debt; and
(b) the bankrupt has and will continue to experience financial difficulty to such an extent
that the bankrupt will be unable to pay the
debt.
Claims released
Partner or cotrustee not
released
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 179; 2004, c. 25, s. 84(F); 2005, c. 47,
s. 108(E).
Court may annul
discharge
180. (1) Where a bankrupt after his discharge fails to perform the duties imposed on
Un associé n’est
pas libéré
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 179; 2004, ch. 25, art. 84(F);
2005, ch. 47, art. 108(A).
180. (1) Lorsqu’un failli, après sa libération, ne remplit pas les obligations que lui im-
209
Le tribunal peut
annuler la
libération
-98-
him by this Act, the court may, on application,
annul his discharge.
pose la présente loi, le tribunal peut, sur demande, annuler sa libération.
Annulment of
discharge
obtained by
fraud
(2) Where it appears to the court that the
discharge of a bankrupt was obtained by fraud,
the court may, on application, annul his discharge.
(2) Lorsque le tribunal juge que la libération
du failli a été obtenue par fraude, il peut, sur
demande, annuler sa libération.
Annulation de la
libération
obtenue par
fraude
Effect of
annulment of
discharge
(3) An order revoking or annulling the discharge of a bankrupt does not prejudice the validity of a sale, disposition of property, payment made or thing duly done before the
revocation or annulment of the discharge.
(3) Une ordonnance révoquant ou annulant
la libération d’un failli ne porte pas atteinte à la
validité de toute vente, de toute disposition de
biens, de tout paiement effectué ou de toute
chose dûment faite avant la révocation ou l’annulation.
Effet de
l’annulation de
la libération
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 180; 2004, c. 25, s. 85(F).
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 180; 2004, ch. 25, art. 85(F).
Power of court
to annul
bankruptcy
181. (1) If, in the opinion of the court, a
bankruptcy order ought not to have been made
or an assignment ought not to have been filed,
the court may by order annul the bankruptcy.
181. (1) Lorsque le tribunal est d’avis
qu’une ordonnance de faillite n’aurait pas dû
être rendue, ou une cession produite, il peut
rendre une ordonnance qui annule la faillite.
Pouvoir du
tribunal
d’annuler la
faillite
Effect of
annulment of
bankruptcy
(2) If an order is made under subsection (1),
all sales, dispositions of property, payments duly made and acts done before the making of the
order by the trustee or other person acting under the trustee’s authority, or by the court, are
valid, but the property of the bankrupt shall
vest in any person that the court may appoint,
or, in default of any appointment, revert to the
bankrupt for all the estate, or interest or right of
the trustee in the estate, on any terms and subject to any conditions, if any, that the court may
order.
(2) Lorsqu’une ordonnance est rendue en
vertu du paragraphe (1), toutes les ventes et dispositions de biens, tous les paiements dûment
effectués et tous les actes faits antérieurement
par le syndic, par une autre personne agissant
sous son autorité ou par le tribunal sont valides;
mais les biens du failli sont dévolus à la personne que le tribunal peut nommer, ou, à défaut
de cette nomination, retournent au failli pour
tout droit, domaine ou intérêt du syndic, aux
conditions, s’il en est, que le tribunal peut ordonner.
Effet
d’annulation de
la faillite
Final statement
of receipts and
disbursements
(3) If an order is made under subsection (1),
the trustee shall, without delay, prepare the final statements of receipts and disbursements referred to in section 151.
(3) Malgré l’annulation de la faillite, le syndic prépare sans délai l’état définitif des recettes et des débours visé à l’article 151.
État définitif des
recettes et des
débours
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 181; 2004, c. 25, s. 86; 2005, c. 47, s.
109.
Stay on issue of
order
182. (1) An order of discharge or annulment shall be dated on the day on which it is
made, but it shall not be issued or delivered until the expiration of the time allowed for an appeal, and, if an appeal is entered, not until the
appeal has been finally disposed of.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 181; 2004, ch. 25, art. 86; 2005,
ch. 47, art. 109.
182. (1) L’ordonnance de libération ou
d’annulation porte la date à laquelle elle est
rendue, mais ne peut être émise ou délivrée
avant l’expiration du délai accordé pour un appel ni, si appel est interjeté, avant que l’appel
ait été finalement jugé.
(2) [Repealed, 1992, c. 27, s. 65]
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 182; 1992, c. 27, s. 65.
Courts vested
with jurisdiction
Suspension de
l’émission de
l’ordonnance
(2) [Abrogé, 1992, ch. 27, art. 65]
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 182; 1992, ch. 27, art. 65.
PART VII
PARTIE VII
COURTS AND PROCEDURE
TRIBUNAUX ET PROCÉDURE
JURISDICTION OF COURTS
COMPÉTENCE DES TRIBUNAUX
183. (1) The following courts are invested
with such jurisdiction at law and in equity as
183. (1) Les tribunaux suivants possèdent la
compétence en droit et en equity qui doit leur
210
Tribunaux
compétents
-99-
Costs where
opposition
frivolous or
vexatious
amount, award costs, including legal costs, to
the opposing creditor out of the estate in an
amount that is not more than the amount realized by the estate under the conditional order,
including any amount brought into the estate
under the consent to the judgment.
autres, à concurrence des sommes versées à
l’actif au titre de l’ordonnance de libération
conditionnelle ou d’un consentement à jugement visant le failli.
(7) If a creditor opposes the discharge of a
bankrupt and the court finds the opposition to
be frivolous or vexatious, the court may order
the creditor to pay costs, including legal costs,
to the estate.
(7) Si le tribunal conclut que l’opposition
d’un créancier à la libération est futile ou vexatoire, il peut, s’il l’estime indiqué, adjuger à
l’actif contre le créancier les frais de justice et
autres.
(8) [Repealed, 2005, c. 47, s. 110]
Bankruptcy
offences
(8) [Abrogé, 2005, ch. 47, art. 110]
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 197; 1997, c. 12, s. 106; 2004, c. 25,
s. 89; 2005, c. 47, s. 110.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 197; 1997, ch. 12, art. 106; 2004,
ch. 25, art. 89; 2005, ch. 47, art. 110.
PART VIII
PARTIE VIII
OFFENCES
INFRACTIONS
198. (1) Any bankrupt who
(a) makes any fraudulent disposition of the
bankrupt’s property before or after the date
of the initial bankruptcy event,
(b) refuses or neglects to answer fully and
truthfully all proper questions put to the
bankrupt at any examination held pursuant to
this Act,
Frais en cas
d’opposition
futile ou
vexatoire
198. (1) Commet une infraction et encourt,
sur déclaration de culpabilité par procédure
sommaire, une amende maximale de cinq mille
dollars et un emprisonnement maximal de un
an, ou l’une de ces peines, ou, par mise en accusation, une amende maximale de dix mille
dollars et un emprisonnement maximal de trois
ans, ou l’une de ces peines, tout failli qui, selon
le cas :
(c) makes a false entry or knowingly makes
a material omission in a statement or accounting,
a) dispose d’une façon frauduleuse de ses
biens avant ou après l’ouverture de la faillite;
b) refuse ou néglige de répondre complètement et véridiquement à toutes les questions
qui lui sont posées à bon droit au cours d’un
interrogatoire tenu conformément à la présente loi;
(d) after or within one year immediately preceding the date of the initial bankruptcy
event, conceals, destroys, mutilates, falsifies,
makes an omission in or disposes of, or is
privy to the concealment, destruction, mutilation, falsification, omission from or disposition of, a book or document affecting or relating to the bankrupt’s property or affairs,
unless the bankrupt had no intent to conceal
the state of the bankrupt’s affairs,
c) fait une fausse inscription ou commet
sciemment une omission importante dans un
état ou un compte;
(e) after or within one year immediately preceding the date of the initial bankruptcy
event, obtains any credit or any property by
false representations made by the bankrupt
or made by any other person to the
bankrupt’s knowledge,
d) après l’ouverture de la faillite, ou dans
cache, détruit, mutile ou falsifie un livre ou
document se rapportant à ses biens ou affaires, en dispose ou y fait une omission, ou
participe à ces actes, à moins qu’il n’ait eu
aucunement l’intention de cacher l’état de
ses affaires;
(f) after or within one year immediately preceding the date of the initial bankruptcy
event, fraudulently conceals or removes any
property of a value of fifty dollars or more or
any debt due to or from the bankrupt, or
e) après l’ouverture de la faillite, ou dans
obtient tout crédit ou tout bien au moyen de
fausses représentations faites par lui ou par
toute autre personne à sa connaissance;
220
Infractions en
matière de
faillite
-100-
(g) after or within one year immediately preceding the date of the initial bankruptcy
event, hypothecates, pawns, pledges or disposes of any property that the bankrupt has
obtained on credit and has not paid for, unless in the case of a trader the hypothecation,
pawning, pledging or disposing is in the ordinary way of trade and unless the bankrupt
had no intent to defraud,
f) après l’ouverture de la faillite, ou dans
cache ou transporte frauduleusement tout
bien d’une valeur de cinquante dollars ou
plus, ou une créance ou dette;
g) après l’ouverture de la faillite, ou dans
hypothèque ou met en gage ou nantit tout
bien qu’il a obtenu à crédit et qu’il n’a pas
payé, ou en dispose, à moins que, dans le cas
d’un commerçant, l’acte ne soit effectué selon les pratiques ordinaires du commerce et à
moins qu’il n’ait eu aucunement l’intention
de frauder.
is guilty of an offence and is liable, on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding one year or to both, or on conviction
on indictment, to a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three years, or to both.
Failure to
comply with
duties
(2) A bankrupt who, without reasonable
cause, fails to comply with an order of the court
made under section 68 or to do any of the
things required of the bankrupt under section
158 is guilty of an offence and is liable
(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or to
both; or
(2) Le failli qui, sans motif raisonnable, ne
se conforme pas à une ordonnance rendue en
application de l’article 68 ou omet de remplir
une obligation imposée par l’article 158 commet une infraction et encourt, sur déclaration de
culpabilité :
a) par procédure sommaire, une amende
maximale de cinq mille dollars et un emprisonnement maximal de un an, ou l’une de
ces peines;
(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine
not exceeding ten thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
years, or to both.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 198; 1992, c. 27, s. 71; 1997, c. 12, s.
107; 2004, c. 25, s. 90(F).
Failure to
disclose fact of
being
undischarged
199. An undischarged bankrupt who
b) par mise en accusation, une amende
maximale de dix mille dollars et un emprisonnement maximal de trois ans, ou l’une de
ces peines.
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 198; 1992, ch. 27, art. 71; 1997,
ch. 12, art. 107; 2004, ch. 25, art. 90(F).
(a) engages in any trade or business without
disclosing to all persons with whom the
undischarged bankrupt enters into any business transaction that the undischarged
bankrupt is an undischarged bankrupt, or
199. Commet une infraction et encourt, sur
déclaration de culpabilité par procédure sommaire, une amende maximale de cinq mille dollars et un emprisonnement maximal d’un an, ou
l’une de ces peines, le failli non libéré qui, selon le cas :
(b) obtains credit to a total of $1,000 or
more from any person or persons without informing them that the undischarged bankrupt
is an undischarged bankrupt,
a) entreprend un commerce ou un négoce
sans révéler, à toutes les personnes avec qui
il conclut des affaires, qu’il est un failli non
libéré;
is guilty of an offence punishable on summary
conviction and is liable to a fine not exceeding
five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding one year, or to both.
b) obtient du crédit de toutes personnes,
pour un montant total de mille dollars ou
plus, sans les informer qu’il est un failli non
libéré.
R.S., 1985, c. B-3, s. 199; 1992, c. 27, s. 72; 2005, c. 47, s.
111.
Manquement
aux obligations
L.R. (1985), ch. B-3, art. 199; 1992, ch. 27, art. 72; 2005,
ch. 47, art. 111.
221
Failli non libéré
qui ne se déclare
pas tel

Court File No.: 33443 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA (ON

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