Nursery and Landscape Performance of Ornamental Junipers in the
Transcription
Nursery and Landscape Performance of Ornamental Junipers in the
VAnJETY TRIALS Nursery and Landscape Performance of Ornamental Junipers in the Southern Rocky Mountains John T. Han-ington 1 and James T. Fishcr2 ADDITION... INDEX IIOIIH. xcri5QIp~, Junipenu) l;1~dscaping SUNIIIAIIY. SupplyinS llndsClpc plants fur expandillg urban ~ntl:rs ill the southC:J:n Roder MI)11ftta.ins pnmcles a 501ution to I.Im.iteci·l'eSOurcc pl'l)duc:c~ wi~hing to convert from traciJtloIL11 ;agrktl1tural crop5 tQ hlJ;ller value honicultural crops in this region. Thirty-ravc: c:ultivul of ornamental junipers (Jlmipn-us sp.) were pl:mb!:d in an abandontd ;J~u1tural field in Mora, N .M., to evaluate their swtabi.l. ity tor nursery prodUttion In this region. The pl~lltings were meQsurccl ;iller 4 )'Cl~, and ~dtlv"rs were rankl!d for nnrsery sultabilfty. l'he planting wa!: then grown tru an additional 16 y=n; to examine 1:\lldscapc performance. Nineteen cultiv:u:s were considered suitable for nursery prodllction with five cultlvars being higbly recommended based on 5unrival and growth. Twenty-fiye of the: C:\11tiv:lrs WCl'e colu:i.dcrc:d suit:.tblc tOI' .'\llwcape WIt! in th~ foothill {CgiOIl rains of the ~outbcrn Rocky Moun· the 20-year measure b~6ed 011 ment9. Nine: c:u.ltiVU$ w-=re cwslfle:d as highly I:'Ccoaumcnded. PlOdu~olt of orIWllCnt:i1l junipers pro1'ides an eoonomil;:I! aitcrnative 1:0 traditional agric:\JJtural prodw:tion systr:.ms_ M",,,llc:illm'h C:cn:cr, Dcp;""I1~ntDrAsr()nUlI1~"\:ld Hnr[:c;J!~"n:, New Mexiw Sllle: Un!v;nlty, I..t!. ~ru;:c:,. MSOO~ I'M Tl!i~ ,'c\OCJ"h Will funded. in I~II'!, t!uDUs;b 1,,'''11 n'om MC:licrc,SlCI\J1il ruul th;: New l.lcxLcU A.gria:L!ltur~i F.x~erim~'" ~l.tiD:'. Tho ~'l'[ rfp1.,bli.hll1!l LhL; papt, "'n cial',y"oJ. in iJ1rt. by Ihe ~ymc~! (lrl"lllC C!l3Cjp.::'. Under rl'~'.~ rCKul~jcn'. ,hi' j:Jpcr"",N ,h:rclim:- l..., bcrcb~ i1wkcd ldlvtil.:mcnt IOlriy [11 ;odiC.1t: thi~' r'Ct. 'AUUClM P'l"""'''l·. IProlu...c.". 40 2CO ·c T he sOlld:.ern Ro,ky Moun t,UIl region has expe1"iel;,ced significant population growrh si nce the mid 19705. Most growth has beell in the foothill and lower slop:: portions of the region in an cit.,,'atioll range of 1,650 to 2450 111 (5400 to HOOOft). IuNcv, Mexico, much ofthis growth has occurred in RIo Arriba, S<ln MiGud, Santa Fe, ,lila Tao~ couu ties of Ilorth cenrral New MeJrico. 1?opl1!ation incrcll~i.tl tl~etie fourcouu ties from 1980 to 1990 L".u~gcd frum J3.2% ill San Miguc:J COUllty to 3 ! .3% in $Olnt:l. Pe Co wlCy(Univcrsity ot"New Mcxic:o, 1995). Urb::m :md ~UbLll"b~".ll centcr. in this resion accounted tor :nost Clf this growth (University of New Mexico, 1994, 1995;. The growth trend is expc,tcd to coutinue ill these counties over the next several dcc"dC5 with ~ projected popl1btion ;l1cre~c from ",183,OnO to >284,O{)O in 2020 (Ul1ivc:r~ity of New Mexico, .1994). These mUllicipilIities havc ex. p;]nd~d illto semiarid reg:onswith lim. ired !lt~pplies ofur.dergroulld aI"d sur he!: water. To satisfjl the increasing demands Oil the!c watc:rsupplies, most municip:l.lities have emp.i.oyed various water conservation meilSure~, includ ing the requircd use: ofxeriscape de !Iign~ for l1ewr<:~idcntial al'~d corr:mcr. dot! developments. Entorceme:lt of these xeriscapc ordiuall,;cli hIlS ehal· lensed 'andsc::.pers and homeow)1er~ to de3ign and establish lipl.-d.e.s·divcrse landscapes. Mall), native plants n-tlTTI the lowcr de"'atiOll Chihuillman and Sonoran Deserts llsed in xCl'i.5CCIpes elsewherc in the so\!thwcst United States are not suIted to rhe colder c)jmate~ round ilt these. higner eleva tions. Jul1:pel' h&s bec:l' chal'm:teri:.led (1$ one of the tougr.e5t groups of tVer greet' I~mlscape plants (Dirt, 1983). Juniper species are ideally s-uced for !.Ulds,apbg in rhe foothil! region of the southo!rn Rocky Mountaim be C,U1SC of their ability to toIet'ate p:o .longed drought and wide telJlPcr~ture extremC!s. Junipers, with ,l ,,,ide rans: of growth forms, can be ust;d in lll\· merous ways in a landSCflJ?e, from il grou:1a cove.. to a solitary tree. In CO~1t:a5t to populatior. growt:, i:1 urban areas, rural popdatiolls or tht:3c arld adjaccnt counties hav~ Sl~'8· llattd, and in some cases decreased, over the p~t three deca.des ('University ofNcwMexico, 1995). T1lceconomy ofth~se rur;lj regions remains hugely b;1Sed in agricultural entclprises, prl. marily ranchillg and small agricultural rtoduction systems. Them.u'Sinal prof itability of these enterprises hilS CO.l tributcd :0 the overall downtl1.-n in these nmll econorr:ies OUld the et~ux of tlleir residents. The Morl.1. Valley, in north eeml'al New Mexico, is typical of many of the~e rl1t'3..l ;\griculrural commun.lrles in tn:: southern Rodty MOWlWns. Tradition:l.IIY311 agLict1irur:o.l valley, the Mora Valley i~ currently charac~rized by small family owned t.im".. O:1e opport\lniry to offset the o\'crull eco nomic downturn char;lcteristic ofsmJ..lI agricultural enterprises throllghoutthe country is to ch;lllge from traditional crop~ sllch as alf.tlfl. to high value hor ticultural crops. However, the: l>hot·~, l05·d growillg 3USO", the eool dgh t temperatures, ,1 limited WJ.::er stippiy, "nd the distance from huge ,omrnet c:iaJ marl:ets ,omblne fO exclude: most alternative horticultural I;rops that car. be: i'rodl1ced ecor:omic311y in thl:se arcilS. Onc 50lutiOll 15 to produce Christmas trca, whkllf'Ol'dccadc:sl:aye bee:1 h;t.....cstl:d trum native forc~:s Olnd have prOvided a !\i~ltificant and 0.1[:0 ing economic enterprise in the Mor;1. Vailey (Haningtol~, 1991), A transition f'rom tradition.ll br.d uses to Christnt;1S [rcc production wO\lld create ,I more IIUl;tl1i:lable and protibble e:m:rprisc thall is 3ttainOlbie wirh trees hill'Veltcd from the torest, b\~t such 3 transition £lees pan)' ob stacles. A primary difficulty with con versiun to Christmas tree production is its slow return on invcumellt (Gorman et aI., 1989), Produc:ti(m of marketable Cbrisrmall trees in this val ley requi~~ 6 to 9 years~ depending o:t ::h; ~ped.:s iUld management: (10rma.l et aI., 1989; Hmingtotl, J99{). A potential solution is to produce ~10 in~erim high vallIe crop, ~uch as orra ment;.\1 jlmipen, market:blc !n til, ex panding urban and sllburbilll centerl' of the region. Tuc junipers ,;oLlid be irlt.!rplanted with thc Chri5tma.~ trees, providing an interim rctUril on :n.... c.:.:;t mem in 5 to 4 years. 11lve.mncnt ill hnd would rem~in unChanged, how ever, plant materia! costs would be increased. Irrig;t1on COStS would reo main sim:IiU', as most of thi.!i area is t100d irri,!!:ated from surface W:lrer so LlW::S. The objective. of this study were ~\'owins sc~~on (Augu.st 1976) into .:I.S-L (I-gal) pots cont",wling a (:;'y to 1) examine the feclsibiliLY (b~cd on survival and growth) of commercial production ofjunipers ill north central New Mexico tbr lands~ape <1ppika tions and.2) evruLlate the pcrtonnancl! ot'these juniper cultlv<1l's over 20 years in the landscape. Materials and methods volume) mixture ofl compostcd saw- 105 d, The soilsofthe planting 5; te are dwt (mixed fit and pine) : 1 soil: 1. a BryCl1n 100m (line, loamy, mixed c:umulich..ploboroll). Following ?lam s;md. Plants were grown ;md o\'cl~Ninteredinalaruhousethroughthe ..pring .md transplanted into the field in Junc 1977. PJant~ were fertilized weekJy through tbe end of the gro.....Ing sea sons witl1liq'lid ti::rtiiiZlct (75N-llP29K). At the end ofSeptember, plant:! were fertilized with one ;;J.pplic:l1tiotl of 1ON-12~-15 1<. p TIltr:y-nvc cultivars of jl.lnipcr~, reprcscntingsevenspecies, wereev:ULlated Cfa.ble 1).APlants, ori;inally root:td 3 into 6.25-cm (0.4-inch ) rose pors, were: tr.m5planted at the end of ,he l'er, Is located ac =2,200 m (7200 tt) nnd hu an avcrDge frost-fi'eeper:odof the planting Kite, New Mexico State Uniycrsi:y~!$Mort\ Research Cen' illS, piants were irrigated once: ",very Ttll;mth tOr the fil"llt KOng, three gto\\ing sea- 1-0 examine h1.ndsc,~pe pertor• manel: (survival I1J1d growth), no fur· ther irrigll.tiol1 was p.rov[ded tTo:n the throllsh IS'i' srmving sCS.!Ions. The experimental deslSU was a randomin,'c. complete block design with six blocks. EoIC.h cLJhivar WlIS n::p resented by J 3 plants per block. Tree 4th TabJe 1. Sunlval, mean h:ight i.Uld. MCU1 apread. of 5.cJd. grcn.n ....,..ental juoiper l:Ultiwrc after three growing 1IIQII0h$ It Man, N.M, .&om 1'" tJu:2!tab Spring 1980 (;I;rwubrd error), Cn1tlTu (%) 'ArmStfODg' 45 83 J. "OjIU iurltln J. ds-ru ri~" J. l'i1'JfinilultJ :tSE 18 ± 1.0 '.Mint]ulep' 'l'Jiucri;.na Glflut::l' "aJ.' 5ugcntii 'GIaut:t' 7C 'Bar Harl-tor' <En:trnld ~'Pl'I!aciC1" 60 77 33±2.8 30 ± 1.0 35 ±4.8 18 ± 1.9 18 :!:2.6 \5 ± 1.~ Sj:lrcadcr' 40 'Emcnon', C-c:cl'er' 'Hughes' 'Nana' •AtcllCtia' 'Bloadmoor' R3 90 77 78 20::t 1.5 <TUrqUDi$1: [. /lrtJtumbens I··ralliH(/. "'18 ~8 'Buff.llo' 75 85 'Skandia' (i0 \'ar lammiscitbli1 'Tabletop Blue' 'J.{xpalUa' var pr05tri1~ 'Silver Spreader' HI±I).A 1.3:1::2.1 13:t:Ll 40 ± 1.5 15 ±2.1 15 ± 1.9 19 ± 3.8 16:t 0.2 16: c.4 19::: 1.6 18:: 6.7 14:: 2.6 11 :Q.6 = lO±Ui 211 ± 2.S 3Ui: 1.1 20 ±O.9 15 4.7 18:; ~.7 l7::: 0.0 19:t:2.i 20:t 1.ll llU;O.7 13 ± I.~ lO±l.J 2.0 ± 1.7 19± 0,2 a-l' 33.:t.O.7 b-f 30 ± 1.(1 30: l.i l3:t 1.7 is :2.1 18 :3,9 12± i..9 20±2.0 1\2 92 92 42 Scmiprostratc/Scmi.l!!rect r. cht'IUn.<U 'Fntiti~ndii' 'Hc:t7,i GI;auc::<1.' ·P6tr.cri:iu\a' J. fSUi,,", PynmldaJ/Cprlght J. chi.n(;m1., ·P;;t7.cn:llU Aurea' \!~r !targcl'ltii '\'iri di!!' 'l~bc Dant'be' 't.'old Cout' 'UI3auw' '1\Iue l'()int' 'SP:lrt,U)' 'Kctcletrl ' 'Mottc:tii' 68 75 82 68 ft-15 18:!; J.O 16 :: OY J7tH· 33 i: 1.4 21:1: 0.4 ;is 2.1 ± 1.6 55 40±2.5 a8 ± 1.6 70 ± 1.3 14:t:2.7 II ± 0,2 14, :: 3.3 88 4a 77 68 ± 1.8 55 ± 1.2 1:: ± 4.2 lUI ± 0.9 53 ± 1.4 J6±3A It1 ± 5.3 Hi±2.7 15 ± 4.1'1 65 503 ± 2.8 1{1±5.6 60 a3 ± 1.6 17±4.6 'M:um"tt:tn Blue' 70 80 41 'Sky 'Rt)cket' 'lAkey."OOd Globe' 'PllthAnd<:r' J. lIirgiuianfJ 73 63 Cohmll\1l.t J. vl'1!in~'111 Globe J. I(;OpukJmm ~ ';:mu~Li'-Ml\n:h 1999 9(1) 'tol VARIETV TniALS spacing WdS I n~ (3 fr) withiulOws and 1.2 m (4 ft) betwct:n rows. Survival, height, :Uld ';[own lIPread were mea sured in the field in the sprinS of the: founn growing SCaiion (May 1980). The pla1lts were kept in the origi nal planting for the ntxt 16 years, to cxDT.'lille suitability fur UStl in the la:td scnpe. Duling this time, no supple mental water or fertilizcn were 'AP plied. Twi;ccachycar, weeds growing within plot bordersweJ."e mowed, TI1ree rimca during the 16 years, pocket go phers Iud to be: removed to prevent d~mage to the: junipers. Pocket go pher.; were removed berore: any visible aboveground. l..mc~s. Mter 16 years, survival, heIght and crowl1~pre;1d were rnclillured. Crown spread measurements were raken }:Ierp~ndicular to the planting For spre~ing v-,\1'ictic." with ir regular crown pcrimctcclI, crown spre;1.d I·OW. Jr.e4!llred to outermost line par.li ld to tht row of plallts where a con tinLlOtiS canopy exlsted_ Survival data were analyzed using anaiy&is ofvariance followed by:t means ~eparatioll procedure (PROC GLM WBI> (I.~n) of SAS (SAS Institute, CaI)', N_C.). All a1ialyM.~ were ,onducteci at the S'J!, signiflcance leveL The large variability in crown form of the culti Vjlrs negated tnc utility of t~ditiom.\ statistical analYlIis. TIlcrcfore, height \lnd crownsprad:uereporred:l5meao values with an alIliociatet;i :.tandnrd er ror. Results NUIIIIRnUnUIIJTT. Overall, early (4·ycr) study-wide survival was var: able:: both within Ilnd berween species (Table 1). The large variability associ· ated with blocking restricted the util ity ofthe mean comparison proccdL:re \l~cd. Early survival ranged from 40~ for J. horiztmralir tMoench.) ','ur quoise Spreader' to 92" forJ. da'Purira (l'arl.) 'Expansa' (non: this cultivar is aborcmTcd toasJ. .rpa.IM'~(J..amb.) 'l'moni' Whlzcomb. 1983) and J. JCflpuI.tJrHm (Sarg.) 'Table Top Blue' (Table I). TIle J chinensis (L_) cuiti· vars had til': BTcatest r.tl1gc ofsurviwI or any Spt'ic~ tested, with 8Ur>;vru ranging from 4';" for the 'Sp;u-ran' c\1ltivar to 88% for th<: <Blue point' eultivlIr. Five spreading ::ultivar:l cvallliltcd had high [>85%) survival, inc.JudinSJ. scoputorultt 'Table: Top Blae:" ]. dal'ut'iea".E,.,pansa' ,and], hor-iZDnWiJ gOO 'd 'Hughes', all having mrvival in cxcess of90% (Table I). Four ofthe j'em3in Again, block \la.rillbility limited rhc ing spreading ctdtivan eyaluated had excrell1{;:ly poor survival. with the worst .!IurviYal bcinS 40" tbr J. hot'iomeaJil 'Tltrql1ois,c. Spreader.' C\'OWn vridth of 5prtadinS culri ""aT$ afb:r r:.'-1ree grOWillgSeasCru ranged rrom 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) ~l1d was ,lOt related to mrvival (Table: 1). Ju.,J ipt:r".4J Jilbina (L.) •Skandiil' h~d the: greatest crown gft.\wtb, blu poor surt-ival In contrast, the three spre<ld ing cllltivars "'itb thc highest survival had the sm.tllest crown width atb:r 3 years in the field. Ovtrall, aU spl:'Cllding ci.1ltiVIU'$ of J. chi,.,nm, J. pro/:u.m!:Jcns [(El'ldi.) Sic:b. et Zucc.],J. sabin,..., Iltld J pirBlniana (1",_) had good latcrnl crown growth af.cr :hree growinS ~ei1 50n5 in the field. Survival for the: ~cmipl'O!tl"l\te .:tnd selniere.;t I;\llti\,;.rli ranged from 58% for J. ~incrlsiJ 'He:tZi Gla\lca' to 82% for J. Ilhimmsi,; var. s..",gentii (Henry) 'viridis' ('rablc: 1). Crown height Val' ied from Hi to 33 em (7 to 1g inches) after three: growi ng scasOn:!l in thc £el<i. Juniperus rahinfl. 'Bhle Ollnube' achiC\'Cd the greatest crown ~iz:c Qt the: cndofthenum:rytrial.]fl.1ftperuJt:.hin (.1/.1;S IFruitlandW and 'Pfiueriana' achieved the srel1test crO\\'Tl si~ oftbc five], chinr;nns c::ultivars cvaluated in this crown fbrm category. Smvival ''llried considembly tor dure used. For example, a cultiv:l!' witll the pyramidal ruld llpriaht cultivan, ranging f.om 42% for J. vir.giniiltm 'Manhattan Blue' to 88% for J dJin.n sis 'Blue Point' (Table 1). Five of the ninc cultlV'.u's in thj~ caU!gory had <60% ~urviva.1, Includin!; four of the l'ix cuI.· tivar5 of J. chin£mts and the J. Yirginianacul rivarthllt W<1S evaluated, Fill;ll crown heights were acceptable ill all but two of the six 1- eH'nennrcultl Val'S in this category _ Juniperus S'f)PJl~TU/1l. 'Pathfinder' iUld]. .hi:,,,,,,, lis 'Spartan' :L.'ld 'Kctclcc:ri' had [he grcatc.~t growth. a.chieving .linal meall hcie;htli ofB3, 70, and 68 cm (3S, 28, 27 i:1cht:s), r~pecri\'cly (Table: 1). The co1\lmnllr culdvl1r J. 11i"2~ni:m(f,. 'Sky Rocket' olI,d the globe: ct.:.ltlvu 1- scUPUlO"fU"4 'Lakewood Globe' had poor survival after three growing seasons in rhe field. Slln-ivors ofthese two cultivare did achi.eve rr.:I.t ket.lble size ;at the end of the ZlUrI>C:ry portion of thiHtudy. LAlnMcaPE SUlT&IILITY. Survlval ,'uried tren1cndouslv between ctl!tivarli ;.lnd bloeb in thix portion of the stlldy. utiUty of the means comparisoil proce 51% survival wa~ considered no differ ;l eulth~ with 74% sur'/fvll.1 (T(!b1c 2)- Twenty ye;:tr Cll1tivar !lur '*<11 ranged from 14% fc~ J chinrnris 'Gold Coast' to 7.. 91; for ]. Jabin4 'Arc:tdJ,,' (Table 2). Nin~ cultivars h:ld ~un'iv<11 rates of gl't:'l1ter than 60CKI, in ciuding 7 cultlvan; '.. i. th !;prleadil1S crown forms, one with a scmiprostr:lte form. and one wir..' m llprigl1t crown form (Table 2). Eleven c:\,ltivllfli in I:hree o:rhc four crOWll C3tI:SOriC.'l ha.d between 50% .:tnd 59% stlrvival. S~~ ent thall ere! mrvivaJ dEfen:rH::C$ c:thibited 110 Pl'rtem. A" would be expected., 20-)'car nc::isht gl'O ylth and lateral growth var ied widely (TJok 2). Overall hcig:ht growth t11.11~d from <20 em (81.1c:bc$) for J. horimntRw'E:ncr5011'!! Sprc:ad.er' to near 3.25 m (10.6 f[) for J. scIJjlUil1nnn 'Moffi.:t:ii' ioUldJ. pirainilr-na ·M..ulhm~n Elue.' Oflhc. seven pyra mid forms cvalu3.ted, 1- ,Mn,,.,si, 't<.eteleeri,']. rCfipuLJrum. •Moifctii' and 'Pathfinder: andJ. rir..t#n"'"tIt ·M....n hl1ttall :Slue' aU 'Wc!1e ",,3.0 m (9.8 fe) In height "dtcr 20 year! ill the field.]lIni pt'tur clnnmlb 'BillC Point' and 'Spar tnn' wen: -2.5 In (8,2 ft) tall and eultiv<1r '(inld Coast' W1L~ slightIy >60 em (2+ inc:hcs) t~lI at the end of the stl~dy. 1'wenty-year height (or The scmicn:::ctjU11ipcr t;\dtiYIU'JriUlged !Tom 1.lm(3.9 ft)(J-sabina 'BJ ue Danubl:') to 1.8 III (5.9 ft) ~J. thmelf.1" 'Het:2i <.;lauclI') witb I thinenli. 'Pflul!riana Aurea' f.1.IlinS between. Final beignt also varied considcrably for The: 5cmIpro~tratccuJtiyar~ tyaluated, raJl~ ins from 60 CI11 (24 inches) for f chj,ncmi.! var_ sI:J'lI'"J,ii "Viridis' to l-3 m (4.3 tt) for 'l'fituriana' (Table 2) Spl'cadins c:ultivilr height growt;' ranged from <10 em (8 inches) for J. #,miwn:mu'Emcrak! Sl'readc:r'oo >2.3 m (7.5 rl:) tOr J. $(lIp1dtmlm 'Table Top Blue' (Table 2). All]. ho,.is;uJn~iscul byarS and J. prtJc,umbens 'N(!na' re mained dO I.:In ':16 inches) tall after 10 year~ 111 the '1cld. The spreading cl,lltivlll'S ofJ. l.bintJ, J. da'l:u~·ica., alld ,. llir,ginmna.hau 20 ytar hcighrl'Jl-ar:g from 45 to 100 em (18 to ~9 inches) (Table: 2\. C,'own spread fOr spreQdlllS c;u!ti varli 1'1Ilged frum 1.4 to nearly 3.7 m (4.6 to 12.1 ft) (Table 2). CrO'Nn spread for rhe four spl'(<<ding Cultiv,:u-8 it', 0 of). chlnemirrar,ged :rom 1.7 tl1 (;,.6 Sf: SOH SHSV 'rablc:: .2. Sun:lval,.mcao },dght Ilttd m~ crown !!prQICl aftCl" 20 yt:II.1& for eoitiv.tr8 ot]~ dd'll4UU., J 1M:Jrm~ ~ Z s~-"l: ~l: ~M. and 1: l l it,dnilmtt aomined In this !lto~ (:l:modA:rd No. of Speck, CuJuvar ett'O!'l' Mea:a. Itt Snrri_1 pLauti ('*'} 19 28 S5 50 j-l :1-1 b-j 55 .i!1 64 A6 S4 "-Ill (em) :1:0 {LSD.:L J '' Mea.a Ipread (CIII ) ±n Spl"l':;ldillll: J. chiflnIJU J £Ol'izor.tali.l 'Al'mscroni' 'Mi;ll]ulc?' 'l"fi::zerian,' (1iaLlta' VlIl' S'~rgclltii 'Glall<::I' 18 'B:lr HuboL'! 'H'11Cl"olhi .Spreader' 'Turquoise SpfQlc:lcr' . 'EmJ:~ol\'s Creeper' 29 'l-hlghc~' ). two.HI"lmu J. rdina 1. iel'pl/IoN",. J. lilJ'lluril:tl J. 1,j'=!Ji,,",lI.l" 'N;\l1a' 'Arc.1dia' 'Broadmoor' .BufF-Lb' 'Skandia' Vel' ta:nariscitollll T;\blcrop Blue' •E;<pansa' V;11' 23 23 30 30 20 30 pmstatll 'Silver Spr:.'ldcr· Sem.lprostmt.e/Scmierca J. chi,lCruu 'F!"Lutlan.;iii' 'Hetl:i Glau.:a' 'Ptlt:/:en:1l1'l' 'P!lt7..1;:nana Aure~' J.J~'himf, 28 25 i2 37 F-I :L-C 121.H: 5.6 19a.5;1;1.1 11:19.7 :1:9.5 85.0± 7.5 ::n.4:t 1.9 18.8:!; 1.6 f-! 26.4:1;6.7 364.1 ::t: 3.2.0 180.1 :!: 18.3 153.7:: 11.6 181.1 ;!; t 1.4 146.3 :t7.a :l-h 24.3:1:4.1:.1 37.7:1;3.3 138.1 :1::8.2 215.3:t 7.11 .,..b ,:"l 30 74 68 i\-\: 30 7i ~-b 22.8:1: 1.8 87.3:1:2.9 ;1 170.0 ± 12.6 391.2 ± 13.1 115.4:1: 11.0 .223.7:1: 15.4 204.3 ± 11.2 213.7 t 9.9 247.2 ± 13.4 25 58 a-g 3U 30 64 67 44 :t--<: 46.9±4.1 47.3:1:2.3 79.2 ± (1.1) 65.1 ± 2.8 a-..~ 237.5:: 13.2 240.., :!: 12.9 1.'1-:.. 29 i-I 59.5:: 2.4 99.3;1;9.1 198.7 ± 2:.4 22 22 ZS 41 29 28 S9 55 I':-k a-I" ,l-g 21 45 c-lt vnr ul'gcmii 'Viridis' 27 62 'DIlle Dl1l1ube' 26 54 'Gold Coue' 'Blanuw' 'Blue: Pt-";.,t' 11 14 12 26 15 56 a~ l06.5 ± 5.6 J86.7 ± 4.0 126.3:!: 3.9 135.7± 3.4 6':U t 1.1 ~- 117.2 ±.1'!.3 n-ll 143.1:':: 9.8 172.0;j; ~.6 267.J ::: 9.0 17.6 301.Gin.S lSS.llt 140 ;Jt.b:9.a 276.6:1:9.5 4~2.2:t PyrnmidalfUpright J. cl;inensis ! . .fCfJpu./Qyum f l';1'nitl~tl" 'Sp:ut::ll'l' 23 31 h-J 'Kettleeri' 'Metredi' 28 21 51 5t! 918:!: 11.8 03.6:1: 5.<4 86.6 == 5.l 234.8± lO.6 269.8:: Jl.! 62.7:1:5.0 171.9:\:9.7 224.4± !0.9 299.2t4.U 275.1;1;9.5 'l)athfindc:~' 15 71 'Manhatt;'\;'1 Blue' 10 23 lI-j a-i a-b k-l 'Sky Rod:.:t' 25 56 II-I; 376.6±4.S 267.2 ± 7.4 'L\I!;(;\\,ood Globe' 20 as g-l 27US±S.6 237.8±611 324.9 ± 10.3 195.4:!:6.9 291.8 ± 8.6 S,(i{UI.6 229.8 7.1 ~24.6± 14.2 318.8 ± 12.1 = CoIIlJl1J'llU' J. l.'i1$inillM Globe J. u:o{Juif11"u",," ".'10 rcim tv p"ll'WiiC com;ml!cf.lIIS Orll.lm,,1 wi.l! cuit:iv'n h,,"in8Ih~ ';\Me iotl<;J' .\'" ..,.ilill "fIldi~\Ll~ :I'6l:r~N. ft} fel' 'At-mstrO!!g' ~o 3.6 m (11.8 ft) ·Pfit:l(.'~rian... GIl:. 1.1';<1. ' lunip~ru$ hOt'jzo~ttf,li:.'cu!rivarli were ICill v:ariablc for in t:rown spread, ranging from 1.4: m to nearly 2.3 r.1 (4.6 ft 1'0 nearly i.5 ft). 1h~ r:l.l1ge in crown spread is compa t".l.blc to thespno:adingforms Of,.14f1i'~n, J. dallu-rita, lnd J. vtrgini.a.nlll. Among erect tbrm!. ev,thla.tcd, crow n spread r',ulsc:d ii-urn <:;GO I;:m (24 inches) (J. ,hiner/sir 'Bluuw' to ::.4.0 rn (13.1 ft) for J. .:hinmJ·tJ'Torulos.,' (TBble2). CrownsprcQd forpyrll.mid..u tbrms rnr:scd frOIl: <1.0 In (3.3 ft.) I}. ~binc,.si.'·C.'oldCoa$t')to >8.2 m (10.5 lbiximog,. . Jnnl.l;.ry-M~r.:h 1999 9(1) ft) for J. v;',yin;'g,na 'Mil.nhatt.m BIl,c.' The sClniprostmtll forms ufJ. r;h'"tnsi.r ('Fruirlandii,' Pfitzcriar.a; and Vllr, ml';{Jttltii 'Viridis') l~ngcci In (:~OWI1 spread f.-om 2.0 to 3.0 m (6.6 to 9.8 ft). The sc:mierec: cultiv:l!s eV;lhlilted, ,. cl1i.ne'llIis' Hetzi Gla;o.Jca.· 'Pfit7..crillL'I.il Al.m:a,' und J. JaJ...ina 'Blue DilnLlbe' had crown spread ranging /Tom 2.,7 m to m:arly 4.0 m (.3.9fttOllC21'ly le.l f\:) (Table Z). cl~lt:ivllr!i evaillated. The 19 culriv:l!s ,vith adcql1i\tc .scrlliv~l (>70r.) and growth for nursery prociw;rion In &Js region include: 11 CultlVilr~ with~pleild· ing growth forms, four ccltlvar~ with pyrl1.mi<ial $ftlwth form~, three cuiti v"n; u;irh stmiprostrati: growth forms. and on: .::uitivarwitb So .~cmierect';'l'own Discussion term. These onl~mcnt:U jUlliper culti vars c:.,.ruJci provide 11 billlis for a o-yea: n~lnery crop srown excbsivdy or, pos~ibly ilS interim crops for Christm.lS tree prod...cerl' in thislegion.lfaChr:st OVCt:\.!!. 4·'!car survival ilild growth were fuvo~h.lc for many ofthe row:; with a 2 :n (6.6 ft) spacing. <uld ma~ tree producer planted trees in 43 VARIETY TmALS jnt~1~1tedjt1njpcrwitha 1 m (3.3 ft) 1Vithu1 row ~pacing, the grower could produce ..,5,000 junipers/hi!. (2,049 Junipers/acre). GiVClll a 70'1(, tu 90% Sllrvival rate, the producer could har 'lest between 3,500 and 4,500 juni p:::rs after three ~ng SCa.lon.., in the tidd. Wbile not as rapid as container ized production, the pro?osed PI'O duction sys~cm does provide: a poten rial to: illcrca<ling the short-term re mrn on investment fbr a limited reo SOtll'CC Christmas tree prodll ccr rypical ofth~ Mora Valley area. This partial !'cmrrJ en inv(:$tment may provide a sufIicient cash flow to allow" grower roconvcrtrrom a. marginally profitnble agriCLllt'llresystem to highervaiul! I'lur· tlcull1:ral crops sur;h as Christmas t:"'Cc.'l, For example, IlsinS a budget ~chedule proposcd by Gormall .and others (198;J) for Chrl:.llnas tree producers in this rt~on, uae of intercropping junipers will provide revenue 2 to ~ yearN before the tim Christ.'nas tree harv~s.t. Revcl'me generated by rile ju niper sales, could be ll!lCCi to offset a l'omoll Ot'h7 initial costs ofestablish· ing me pt,,··, non. Th,' . 44 ~ili ty ofj LI1lipcr~ fi:>r mini· is.;:a.pc:s is demon!'ltrated through the: 2O-year lik of the ~fuciy. The research plot from growing sea 50n$ fOur through 20 had no IlIlPple mcnt:tl water or ferrilizer applJed. rn addition, many cultivars were planted at densitiell much higher than appro priate. These factors provide an ev..lu .loon oftbe culrivars' perform:mcc:: in i1 poorly mall(lgcd landscape, common in mlmv ttrlJan and !!uburbll1l al'tlU. This tiSht spacing l'Csulted iI' many culrivnrs with pyramidal, uprigh t. and. eemicrec:t srowth forms failing to achieve normal crown spread. Height growth was a! expected 111 most cultl varll. The failmc of II. given Cll) tivar to achic\'e design hcisht Is likely due to rhe: im:cnse competition for water and Ilutnellts gellel';ltccl by the dense ?Iant ing. Twenty-one cultlv~r. had ad c:q'J.atc survival (:>50911) and growth, lUlder admittedly I1cBfccted drcum stances, rut la.tld!.;apc: use ill the re gion. Thc.~1! 21 cultiVllr5 represent a wici( range of crown fonns, size, foii age color, acd fOliliSc dellsley. This broild spectrum of 3uitable juniper ~LtI dvars ;llows landscapers nnd home owners to develop landsc:apes that arc acceptable to ::lndOWneIS and consis tel.1twith most xc:riscapereql1if<:mcnOl. Literature cited DIrr, M.A. 198,'- M:lllwl cfwoody hind· ~"'pc plants. Their idetlt-in.:ation, orna· mcnlnl I:hmc:tcrisDaI, (ldtl.'ln:, ptopaga· lioll and uses. Stipes Pub!.. Chrll:rll:~lli!91, Ill. ('orman. W,D.. R.B. Gl'IWbc-rgc:r, J.T. Pl!bcr, J.O. Menl, G_It.. wclsb, T. Cc:;vetlger, andB.lt L1nsiOrd 1989. Eco nomic l5eSSmet"t of growing 6-7 year scots pine and white fir pi;nC:1.tio.l Chriat mIlS IrCCS in New Mexico. 'Nu\l. State Uuiv. Aer. i!.lCl~Uita.BuI. i41i. LasCruces. HarrinitOn, J.T. 1994. Growing eMU 1lW5 t-recs III Nc'w Mexico. N.M. J. Sci. ~.:80-88. Lnccb.uk l'ub.,Stillw:1tct. Olda. Unlvcrsity I'IfNc\\' M=.'ti;;o 1994. Populi!' ~Oll pro.icetiol1 for the state ofN eW Mexico Or 111::"1: ~con. and sell. 199(1-2020. Bur. t\us. Rc::lI., Ut'liv, N.M., Albuqu.erque. UniVl:r<iicy of New Mexk.'O. 1995. ",e New Mexko. Vol IV; S(lc:iJ.i and economic clt:1r3CtCristia to,. the: stlltc :1.00 l:C"ftWi in COl.l(1tieR from the 1980 and 1990 Cr::I'\,~US, nur. Bus. :&:011. au., Umv. NM., Albu· quc:rqul:. WJ.Jtcol'l'lb, C.B. 1983. KJ1QW It 0J.nd grow it 'J1'. Lac:cbark Pl,lbl., StillW!lr:cr, Olda,